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Xu M, Yang L, Lin Y, Lu Y, Bi X, Jiang T, Deng W, Zhang L, Yi W, Xie Y, Li M. Emerging nanobiotechnology for precise theranostics of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:427. [PMID: 36175957 PMCID: PMC9524074 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer has become the second most fatal cancer in the world, and its five-year survival rate is only 10%. Most patients are in the middle and advanced stages at the time of diagnosis, losing the opportunity for radical treatment. Liver cancer is not sensitive to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. At present, conventional molecularly targeted drugs for liver cancer show some problems, such as short residence time, poor drug enrichment, and drug resistance. Therefore, developing new diagnosis and treatment methods to effectively improve the diagnosis, treatment, and long-term prognosis of liver cancer is urgent. As an emerging discipline, nanobiotechnology, based on safe, stable, and efficient nanomaterials, constructs highly targeted nanocarriers according to the unique characteristics of tumors and further derives a variety of efficient diagnosis and treatment methods based on this transport system, providing a new method for the accurate diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer. This paper aims to summarize the latest progress in this field according to existing research and the latest clinical diagnosis and treatment guidelines in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), as well as clarify the role, application limitations, and prospects of research on nanomaterials and the development and application of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Xu
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Yanjie Lin
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, 8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Xiaoyue Bi
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Tingting Jiang
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Wen Deng
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Wei Yi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, China.
| | - Yao Xie
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, China. .,Department of Hepatology Division 2, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, 8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, China.
| | - Minghui Li
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, China. .,Department of Hepatology Division 2, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, 8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, China.
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Restoring Mitochondrial Function While Avoiding Redox Stress: The Key to Preventing Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Machine Perfused Liver Grafts? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093132. [PMID: 32365506 PMCID: PMC7246795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria sense changes resulting from the ischemia and subsequent reperfusion of an organ and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production initiates a series of events, which over time result in the development of full-fledged ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), severely affecting graft function and survival after transplantation. ROS activate the innate immune system, regulate cell death, impair mitochondrial and cellular performance and hence organ function. Arresting the development of IRI before the onset of ROS production is currently not feasible and clinicians are faced with limiting the consequences. Ex vivo machine perfusion has opened the possibility to ameliorate or antagonize the development of IRI and may be particularly beneficial for extended criteria donor organs. The molecular events occurring during machine perfusion remain incompletely understood. Accumulation of succinate and depletion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) have been considered key mechanisms in the initiation; however, a plethora of molecular events contribute to the final tissue damage. Here we discuss how understanding mitochondrial dysfunction linked to IRI may help to develop novel strategies for the prevention of ROS-initiated damage in the evolving era of machine perfusion.
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Durymanov M, Permyakova A, Sene S, Guo A, Kroll C, Giménez-Marqués M, Serre C, Reineke J. Cellular Uptake, Intracellular Trafficking, and Stability of Biocompatible Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) Particles in Kupffer Cells. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2315-2325. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Durymanov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, 1055 Campanile Avenue, SD-57007 Brookings, South Dakota, United States
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutsky per. 9, 141701, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasia Permyakova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, 1055 Campanile Avenue, SD-57007 Brookings, South Dakota, United States
| | - Saad Sene
- Institut des Matériaux Poreux de Paris, FRE 2000 CNRS Ecole Normale Supérieure Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de Paris, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ailin Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, 1055 Campanile Avenue, SD-57007 Brookings, South Dakota, United States
| | - Christian Kroll
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, 1055 Campanile Avenue, SD-57007 Brookings, South Dakota, United States
| | - Mónica Giménez-Marqués
- Institut des Matériaux Poreux de Paris, FRE 2000 CNRS Ecole Normale Supérieure Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de Paris, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christian Serre
- Institut des Matériaux Poreux de Paris, FRE 2000 CNRS Ecole Normale Supérieure Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de Paris, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Joshua Reineke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, 1055 Campanile Avenue, SD-57007 Brookings, South Dakota, United States
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Hajiasgharzadeh K, Somi MH, Shanehbandi D, Mokhtarzadeh A, Baradaran B. Small interfering RNA-mediated gene suppression as a therapeutic intervention in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:3263-3276. [PMID: 30362510 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the lethal and difficult-to-cure cancers worldwide. Owing to the late diagnosis and drug resistance of malignant hepatocytes, treatment of this cancer by conventional chemotherapy agents is challenging, and researchers are seeking new alternative treatment options to overcome therapy resistance in this neoplasm. RNA interference (RNAi) is a potent and specific approach in targeting gene expression and has emerged as a novel therapeutic tool for many diseases, including cancers. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a type of RNAi that is produced intracellularly from exogenous synthetic oligonucleotides and can selectively knock down target gene expression in a sequence-specific manner. Various factors play roles in the initiation and progression of HCC and provide multiple candidate targets for siRNA intervention. In addition, due to the liver's unique architecture and availability of some hepatic siRNA delivery methods, this organ has received much more attention as a target tissue for such oligonucleotide action. Recent advances in designing nanoparticle systems for the in vivo delivery of siRNAs have markedly enhanced the potency of siRNA-mediated gene silencing under clinical development for HCC therapy. The utility of siRNAs as anti-HCC agents is the subject of the current review. siRNA-based gene therapies could be one of the main feasible approaches for HCC therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Hossein Somi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Uemura Y, Naoi T, Kanai Y, Kobayashi K. The efficiency of lipid nanoparticles with an original cationic lipid as a siRNA delivery system for macrophages and dendritic cells. Pharm Dev Technol 2018; 24:263-268. [PMID: 29688101 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2018.1469149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Small interfering of RNA (siRNA) technology has the potential to be a next-generation therapy. However, naked siRNA does not have high transfection efficiency and is rapidly degraded after systemic injection, so an appropriate drug delivery system (DDS) is required for clinical use. Several potential systems have been assessed, clinically focusing on hepatocyte or cancer tissue using siRNA. However, targeting immune cells using siRNA is still challenging, and a new DDS is required. In this study, we prepared lipid nanoparticles (LNP) composed of original cationic lipid, neutral lipid of DOPE (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine) and PEG2000-DMPE (N-(carbonyl-methoxypolyethyleneglycol 2000)-1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, sodium salt). Our LNP encapsulating siRNA (LNP/siRNA) exerted a knock-down (KD) effect on mouse inflammatory peritoneal macrophages in vitro. In addition, an in vivo KD effect by systemic administration of LNP/siRNA was observed in macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) in mice. Furthermore, our LNP/siRNA showed in vitro KD effects not only on murine cells but also on human cells like monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs). These results indicate the potential utility of our LNP for siRNA-based therapy targeting macrophages and DCs. Because these cells are known to have a significant role in several kinds of diseases, and siRNA can specifically suppress target genes that are closely associated with disease states and are untreatable by small molecules or antibodies. Therefore, delivering siRNA by our LNP to macrophages and DCs could provide novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Uemura
- a R&D Division , Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd , Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun , Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Naoi
- b R&D Division , Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd , Machida , Japan
| | - Yasumasa Kanai
- a R&D Division , Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd , Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun , Japan
| | - Katsuya Kobayashi
- a R&D Division , Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd , Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun , Japan
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Abstract
Immune-mediated diseases are emerging as a major healthcare concern in the present era. TNF-α, a proinflammatory cytokine, plays a major role in the manifestation of these diseases by mediating different pathways and inducing the expression of other cytokines. In last decades, monoclonal antibodies and extracellular portion of human TNF-α receptors are explored in this area; however, the risk of immunological response and undesired effects urge a need to develop more effective therapies to control TNF-α levels. siRNA therapeutic strategies are emerging for the treatment of myriad of diseases, but the delivery challenges associated with siRNA require the development of suitable delivery vectors. For delivery of TNF-α siRNA, both viral and nonviral vectors are explored. This review attempts to describe different delivery approaches for TNF-α siRNA with special focus on nonviral delivery vectors.
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Merry HE, Phelan P, Hwang B, Mulligan MS. Validating the use of short interfering RNA as a novel technique for cell-specific target gene knockdown in lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2015; 151:499-506. [PMID: 26687890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.09.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Short interfering RNA is an effective method for target gene knockdown. However, concerns surround the design, administration, efficacy, specificity, and immunostimulatory potential. Although uptake by alveolar macrophages has been demonstrated, studies have not examined its use in lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. We describe the validation of short interference RNA as a novel technique for cell-specific target gene knockdown in our model of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS Dose-response experiments were performed, and 3 distinct sequences of toll-like receptor-4, toll-like receptor-2, and myeloid differentiation factor-88 short interference RNA were tested for efficacy of knockdown. Saline, lipid vector, and noncoding short interference RNA controls were used. Similar experiments were performed in primary cultures of resident pulmonary cells. Target protein knockdown was assessed by Western blot. Rat serum and cell culture media were assessed for interferon and cytokine production. Biotin labeling was used to assess short interference RNA uptake. RESULTS Target protein expression was significantly reduced using short interference RNA. However, toll-like receptor-4 knockdown was isolated to alveolar macrophages, and biotin labeling confirmed toll-like receptor-4 short interference RNA localization to alveolar macrophages. There was significant knockdown of toll-like receptor-4 expression in cultured cells treated with toll-like receptor-4 short interference RNA. There was no significant change in interferon production after short interference RNA treatment. There was effective target protein knockdown with each sequence used. CONCLUSIONS Short interference RNA is a valid method for achieving target protein knockdown in alveolar macrophages and is an important tool in the evaluation of its role in the development of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Merry
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash
| | - Patrick Phelan
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash
| | - Billanna Hwang
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; University of Washington, Center for Lung Biology, Seattle, Wash.
| | - Michael S Mulligan
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; University of Washington, Center for Lung Biology, Seattle, Wash
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Tencerova M, Aouadi M, Vangala P, Nicoloro SM, Yawe JC, Cohen JL, Shen Y, Garcia-Menendez L, Pedersen DJ, Gallagher-Dorval K, Perugini RA, Gupta OT, Czech MP. Activated Kupffer cells inhibit insulin sensitivity in obese mice. FASEB J 2015; 29:2959-69. [PMID: 25805830 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-270496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity promotes insulin resistance associated with liver inflammation, elevated glucose production, and type 2 diabetes. Although insulin resistance is attenuated in genetic mouse models that suppress systemic inflammation, it is not clear whether local resident macrophages in liver, denoted Kupffer cells (KCs), directly contribute to this syndrome. We addressed this question by selectively silencing the expression of the master regulator of inflammation, NF-κB, in KCs in obese mice. We used glucan-encapsulated small interfering RNA particles (GeRPs) that selectively silence gene expression in macrophages in vivo. Following intravenous injections, GeRPs containing siRNA against p65 of the NF-κB complex caused loss of NF-κB p65 expression in KCs without disrupting NF-κB in hepatocytes or macrophages in other tissues. Silencing of NF-κB expression in KCs in obese mice decreased cytokine secretion and improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance without affecting hepatic lipid accumulation. Importantly, GeRPs had no detectable toxic effect. Thus, KCs are key contributors to hepatic insulin resistance in obesity and a potential therapeutic target for metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Tencerova
- *Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Myriam Aouadi
- *Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pranitha Vangala
- *Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah M Nicoloro
- *Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph C Yawe
- *Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica L Cohen
- *Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuefei Shen
- *Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lorena Garcia-Menendez
- *Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David J Pedersen
- *Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen Gallagher-Dorval
- *Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard A Perugini
- *Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olga T Gupta
- *Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael P Czech
- *Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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El-Shenawy NS, AL-Harbi MS, Hamza RZ. Effect of vitamin E and selenium separately and in combination on biochemical, immunological and histological changes induced by sodium azide in male mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:65-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Knockdown of Ki-67 by dicer-substrate small interfering RNA sensitizes bladder cancer cells to curcumin-induced tumor inhibition. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48567. [PMID: 23152782 PMCID: PMC3495973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder is the most common cancer of the urinary tract. Most of the TCC cases are of the superficial type and are treated with transurethral resection (TUR). However, the recurrence rate is high and the current treatments have the drawback of inducing strong systemic toxicity or cause painful cystitis. Therefore, it would be of therapeutic value to develop novel concepts and identify novel drugs for the treatment of bladder cancer. Ki-67 is a large nucleolar phosphoprotein whose expression is tightly linked to cell proliferation, and curcumin, a phytochemical derived from the rhizome Curcuma longa, has been shown to possess powerful anticancer properties. In this study, we evaluated the combined efficacy of curcumin and a siRNA against Ki-67 mRNA (Ki-67-7) in rat (AY-27) and human (T-24) bladder cancer cells. The anticancer effects were assessed by the determination of cell viability, apoptosis and cell cycle analysis. Ki-67-7 (10 nM) and curcumin (10 µM), when treated independently, were moderately effective. However, in their combined presence, proliferation of bladder cancer cells was profoundly (>85%) inhibited; the rate of apoptosis in the combined presence of curcumin and Ki-67-7 (36%) was greater than that due to Ki-67-7 (14%) or curcumin (13%) alone. A similar synergy between curcumin and Ki-67-7 in inducing cell cycle arrest was also observed. Western blot analysis suggested that pretreatment with Ki-67-7 sensitized bladder cancer cells to curcumin-mediated apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by p53- and p21-independent mechanisms. These data suggest that a combination of anti-Ki-67 siRNA and curcumin could be a viable treatment against the proliferation of bladder cancer cells.
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Poelstra K, Prakash J, Beljaars L. Drug targeting to the diseased liver. J Control Release 2012; 161:188-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Goldsmith M, Mizrahy S, Peer D. Grand challenges in modulating the immune response with RNAi nanomedicines. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 6:1771-85. [PMID: 22122585 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
RNAi is a ubiquitous and highly specific, endogenous, evolutionarily conserved mechanism of gene silencing. RNAi holds great promise as a novel therapeutic modality. Despite the rapid progress in the understanding and utilization of RNAi in vitro, the application of RNAi in vivo has been met with great difficulties, mainly in the delivery of these molecules into specific cell types. Here, we describe the major systemic nanomedicine platforms that have been developed. Focus is given to the development of new strategies to target subsets of leukocytes, which are among the most difficult cells to transduce with RNAi. Finally, we discuss the hurdles and potential opportunities for in vivo manipulation of the immune response utilizing RNAi nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meir Goldsmith
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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Buyens K, De Smedt SC, Braeckmans K, Demeester J, Peeters L, van Grunsven LA, de Mollerat du Jeu X, Sawant R, Torchilin V, Farkasova K, Ogris M, Sanders NN. Liposome based systems for systemic siRNA delivery: stability in blood sets the requirements for optimal carrier design. J Control Release 2011; 158:362-70. [PMID: 22023849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
siRNA therapeutics are currently regarded as promising candidates to make a leap forward in the search for treatments of various hard to cure diseases. In order to exploit the full potential of siRNA based therapeutics, development of delivery systems that can efficiently guide the siRNA molecules to their target without major side effects will be the key to success. Lipid based delivery systems, originating from earlier research in the fields of gene delivery, are the most studied candidates for siRNA delivery. Here we discuss the requirements that need to be met by these siRNA delivery systems to ensure adequate stability after systemic application and subsequent deposition in the target tissue. The encountered hurdles in the blood stream and the solutions proposed in literature are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Buyens
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Pichu S, Krishnamoorthy S, Zhang B, Jing Y, Shishkov A, Ponnappa BC. Dicer-substrate siRNA inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha secretion in Kupffer cells in vitro: in vivo targeting of Kupffer cells by siRNA-liposomes. Pharmacol Res 2011; 65:48-55. [PMID: 21933712 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) plays a major role in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases. Neutralizing TNF-α by antibodies or antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, alleviate disease symptoms. In this study, we introduce the new generation of gene-silencing molecules, namely the small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to reduce TNF-α. Although siRNAs of 19-21bp are commonly used, it is reported that longer siRNAs have much higher efficacies. Here, we report the identification of a 27-mer Dicer-substrate siRNA (DsiRNA) against TNF-α mRNA. Primary cells of rat Kupffer cells were transfected with five 27-mer siRNA constructs (si27-1, si27-2 si27-3, si27-4 and si27-5) for 24h, following which, TNF-α secretion was induced by exposure to LPS (0.1μg/ml) for 2h. TNF-α released to the medium was measured by ELISA. Of the five si27 constructs, si27-3 had the highest inhibitory effect on TNF-α secretion. At 10nM, si27-3 inhibited TNF-α secretion by 80% compared to a 60% inhibition by a 21-mer (SSL3). Following encapsulation in anionic liposomes, si27-3 at 100μg/kg body weight, on two successive days by intravenous administration, inhibited the secretion of TNF-α by 50%. These data demonstrate the identification of a highly efficacious siRNA formulation, which can be used in the treatment of TNF-α mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakamasundari Pichu
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
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15
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Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), a proinflammatory cytokine, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases, including arthritis. Neutralization of this cytokine by anti-TNF-α antibodies has shown its efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and is now widely used. Nevertheless, some patients currently treated with anti-TNF-α remain refractory or become nonresponder to these treatments. In this context, there is a need for new or complementary therapeutic strategies. In this study, we investigated in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory potentialities of an anti-TNF-α triplex-forming oligonucleotide (TFO), as judged from effects on two rat arthritis models. The inhibitory activity of this TFO on articular cells (synoviocytes and chondrocytes) was verified and compared to that of small interfering RNA (siRNA) in vitro. The use of the anti-TNF-α TFO as a preventive and local treatment in both acute and chronic arthritis models significantly reduced disease development. Furthermore, the TFO efficiently blocked synovitis and cartilage and bone destruction in the joints. The results presented here provide the first evidence that gene targeting by anti-TNF-α TFO modulates arthritis in vivo, thus providing proof-of-concept that it could be used as therapeutic tool for TNF-α-dependent inflammatory disorders.
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El-Shenawy NS. Effect of Streptomyces 23-2B metabolites on hepatic lipid peroxidation and some antioxidant parameters in Wister rats. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0403-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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17
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El-Shenawy NS. Oxidative stress responses of rats exposed to Roundup and its active ingredient glyphosate. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2009; 28:379-85. [PMID: 21784030 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the active ingredient and polyoxyethyleneamine, the major component, is the surfactant present in the herbicide Roundup formulation. The objective of this study was to analyze potential cytotoxicity of the Roundup and its fundamental substance (glyphosate). Albino male rats were intraperitoneally treated with sub-lethal concentration of Roundup (269.9mg/kg) or glyphosate (134.95mg/kg) each 2 days, during 2 weeks. Hepatotoxicity was monitored by quantitative analysis of the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, total protein, albumin, triglyceride and cholesterol. Creatinine and urea were used as the biochemical markers of kidney damages. The second aim of this study to investigate how glyphosate alone or included in herbicide Roundup affected hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels of animals as an index of antioxidant status and oxidative stress, respectively, as well as the serum nitric oxide (NO) and alpha tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) were measured. Treatment of animals with Roundup induced the leakage of hepatic intracellular enzymes, ALT, AST and ALP suggesting irreversible damage in hepatocytes starting from the first week. It was found that the effects were different on the enzymes in Roundup and glyphosate-treated groups. Significant time-dependent depletion of GSH levels and induction of oxidative stress in liver by the elevated levels of LPO, further confirmed the potential of Roundup to induce oxidative stress in hepatic tissue. However, glyphosate caused significant increases in NO levels more than Roundup after 2 weeks of treatment. Both treatments increased the level of TNF-α by the same manner. The results suggest that excessive antioxidant disruptor and oxidative stress is induced with Roundup than glyphosate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla S El-Shenawy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, El Daeri kilo 4, Ismailia, Egypt
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Li J, Liang Z. The consideration of synthetic short interfering RNA for therapeutic use. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 106:22-9. [PMID: 19663819 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Small RNA molecules can act as regulators of post-transcriptional gene silencing and can target any given protein via the RNA interference pathway. This leads to the high expectation of small interference RNA (siRNA) as a therapeutic platform. Many companies and organisations are active in this development, which consequently forces siRNA's pharmacokinetic studies because pharmacokinetics plays an important role in elucidating the pharmacodynamic and toxicological mechanism of test articles. In particular, pharmacokinetics is mandatory in investigational new drug application in many countries. Some pre-clinical and clinical pharmacokinetic results have already been published and the fate of siRNA compounds in biological matrices has been explored in depth. The elucidation of the siRNA's metabolism improves the rational design of siRNA for disease control. This review focuses on the study of synthetic siRNA pharmacokinetics, the challenges of siRNA as a therapeutic agent and the strategies involved for improving siRNA bioavailability from the view of siRNA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, PKU, Beijing, China.
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Mulder J, Karpen SJ, Tietge UJF, Kuipers F. Nuclear receptors: mediators and modifiers of inflammation-induced cholestasis. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2009; 14:2599-630. [PMID: 19273222 PMCID: PMC4085779 DOI: 10.2741/3400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation-induced cholestasis (IIC) is a frequently occurring phenomenon. A central role in its pathogenesis is played by nuclear receptors (NRs). These ligand-activated transcription factors not only regulate basal expression of hepatobiliary transport systems, but also mediate adaptive responses to inflammation and possess anti-inflammatory characteristics. The latter two functions may be exploited in the search for new treatments for IIC as well as for cholestasis in general. Current knowledge of the pathogenesis of IIC and the dual role NRs in this process are reviewed. Special interest is given to the use of NRs as potential targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap Mulder
- Department of Pediatrics Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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