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Jones AC, Pinki F, Stewart GS, Costello DA. Inhibition of Urea Transporter (UT)-B Modulates LPS-Induced Inflammatory Responses in BV2 Microglia and N2a Neuroblastoma Cells. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1322-1329. [PMID: 33675462 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Urea is the major nitrogen-containing product of protein metabolism, and the urea cycle is intrinsically linked to nitric oxide (NO) production via the common substrate L-arginine. Urea accumulates in the brain in neurodegenerative states, including Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease. Urea transporter B (UT-B, SLC14A1) is the primary transport protein for urea in the CNS, identified most abundantly in astrocytes. Moreover, enhanced expression of the Slc14a1 gene has been reported under neurodegenerative conditions. While the role of UT-B in disease pathology remains unclear, UT-B-deficient mice display behavioural impairment coupled with urea accumulation, NO disruption and neuronal loss. Recognising the role of inflammation in neurodegenerative disease pathology, the current short study evaluates the role of UT-B in regulating inflammatory responses. Using the specific inhibitor UTBinh-14, we investigated the impact of UT-B inhibition on LPS-induced changes in BV2 microglia and N2a neuroblastoma cells. We found that UTBinh-14 significantly attenuated LPS-induced production of TNFα and IL-6 from BV2 cells, accompanied by reduced release of NO. While we observed a similar reduction in supernatant concentration of IL-6 from N2a cells, the LPS-stimulated NO release was further augmented by UTBinh-14. These changes were accompanied by a small, but significant downregulation in UT-B expression in both cell types following incubation with LPS, which was not restored by UTBinh-14. Taken together, the current evidence implicates UT-B in regulation of inflammatory responses in microglia and neuronal-like cells. Moreover, our findings offer support for the further investigation of UT-B as a novel therapeutic target for neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée C Jones
- UCD School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Farhana Pinki
- UCD School of Biology & Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Gavin S Stewart
- UCD School of Biology & Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Derek A Costello
- UCD School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Haloperidol Abrogates Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Expression by Inhibition of NF- κB Activation in Stimulated Human Monocytic Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:9541459. [PMID: 29849502 PMCID: PMC5925083 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9541459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Much evidence has indicated that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) participate in the progression of neuroinflammatory disorders. The present study was undertaken to investigate the inhibitory effect and mechanism of the antipsychotic haloperidol on MMP activation in the stimulated THP-1 monocytic cells. Haloperidol exerted a strong inhibition on tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α-induced MMP-9 gelatinolysis of THP-1 cells. A concentration-dependent inhibitory effect of haloperidol was observed in TNF-α-induced protein and mRNA expression of MMP-9. On the other hand, haloperidol slightly affected cell viability and tissue inhibition of metalloproteinase-1 levels. It significantly inhibited the degradation of inhibitor-κB-α (IκBα) in activated cells. Moreover, it suppressed activated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) detected by a mobility shift assay, NF-κB reporter gene, and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses. Consistent with NF-κB inhibition, haloperidol exerted a strong inhibition of lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced MMP-9 gelatinolysis but not of transforming growth factor-β1-induced MMP-2. In in vivo studies, administration of haloperidol significantly attenuated LPS-induced intracerebral MMP-9 activation of the brain homogenate and the in situ in C57BL/6 mice. In conclusion, the selective anti-MMP-9 activation of haloperidol could possibly involve the inhibition of the NF-κB signal pathway. Hence, it was found that haloperidol treatment may represent a bystander of anti-MMP actions for its conventional psychotherapy.
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Schatz V, Neubert P, Schröder A, Binger K, Gebhard M, Müller DN, Luft FC, Titze J, Jantsch J. Elementary immunology: Na + as a regulator of immunity. Pediatr Nephrol 2017; 32:201-210. [PMID: 26921211 PMCID: PMC5203836 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-016-3349-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The skin can serve as an interstitial Na+ reservoir. Local tissue Na+ accumulation increases with age, inflammation and infection. This increased local Na+ availability favors pro-inflammatory immune cell function and dampens their anti-inflammatory capacity. In this review, we summarize available data on how NaCl affects various immune cells. We particularly focus on how salt promotes pro-inflammatory macrophage and T cell function and simultaneously curtails their regulatory and anti-inflammatory potential. Overall, these findings demonstrate that local Na+ availability is a promising novel regulator of immunity. Hence, the modulation of tissue Na+ levels bears broad therapeutic potential: increasing local Na+ availability may help in treating infections, while lowering tissue Na+ levels may be used to treat, for example, autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Schatz
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg-Universität Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Neubert
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg-Universität Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Schröder
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen-Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katrina Binger
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthias Gebhard
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Research Building, Charité Lindenberger Weg 80, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik N Müller
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Research Building, Charité Lindenberger Weg 80, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedrich C Luft
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Research Building, Charité Lindenberger Weg 80, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jens Titze
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen-Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg-Universität Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Upregulates TNF-α Expression via TLR2/ERK Signaling and Induces MMP-1 and MMP-9 Production in Human Pleural Mesothelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137979. [PMID: 26367274 PMCID: PMC4569295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are elevated in pleural fluids of tuberculous pleuritis (TBP) where pleural mesothelial cells (PMCs) conduct the first-line defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). However, the clinical implication of TNF-α and MMPs in TBP and the response of PMCs to MTB infection remain unclear. METHODS We measured pleural fluid levels of TNF-α and MMPs in patients with TBP (n = 18) or heart failure (n = 18) as controls. Radiological scores for initial effusion amount and residual pleural fibrosis at 6-month follow-up were assessed. In vitro human PMC experiments were performed to assess the effect of heat-killed M. tuberculosis H37Ra (MTBRa) on the expression of TNF-α and MMPs. RESULTS As compared with controls, the effusion levels of TNF-α, MMP-1 and MMP-9 were significantly higher and correlated positively with initial effusion amount in patients with TBP, while TNF-α and MMP-1, but not MMP-9, were positively associated with residual pleural fibrosis of TBP. Moreover, effusion levels of TNF-α had positive correlation with those of MMP-1 and MMP-9 in TBP. In cultured PMCs, MTBRa enhanced TLR2 and TLR4 expression, activated ERK signaling, and upregulated TNF-α mRNA and protein expression. Furthermore, knockdown of TLR2, but not TLR4, significantly inhibited ERK phosphorylation and TNF-α expression. Additionally, both MTBRa and TNF-α markedly induced MMP-1 and MMP-9 synthesis in human PMCs, and TNF-α neutralization substantially reduced the production of MMP-1, but not MMP-9, in response to MTBRa stimulation. CONCLUSION MTBRa activates TLR2/ERK signalings to induce TNF-α and elicit MMP-1 and MMP-9 in human PMCs, which are associated with effusion volume and pleural fibrosis and may contribute to pathogenesis of TBP. Further investigation of manipulation of TNF-α and MMP expression in pleural mesothelium may provide new insights into the mechanisms and rational treatment strategies for TBP.
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Wang H, Ferraris JD, Klein JD, Sands JM, Burg MB, Zhou X. PKC-α contributes to high NaCl-induced activation of NFAT5 (TonEBP/OREBP) through MAPK ERK1/2. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 308:F140-8. [PMID: 25391900 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00471.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High NaCl in the renal medullary interstitial fluid powers the concentration of urine but can damage cells. The transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) activates the expression of osmoprotective genes. We studied whether PKC-α contributes to the activation of NFAT5. PKC-α protein abundance was greater in the renal medulla than in the cortex. Knockout of PKC-α reduced NFAT5 protein abundance and expression of its target genes in the inner medulla. In human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells, high NaCl increased PKC-α activity, and small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of PKC-α attenuated high NaCl-induced NFAT5 transcriptional activity. Expression of ERK1/2 protein and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 were higher in the renal inner medulla than in the cortex. Knockout of PKC-α decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the inner medulla, as did knockdown of PKC-α in HEK-293 cells. Also, knockdown of ERK2 reduced high NaCl-dependent NFAT5 transcriptional activity in HEK-293 cells. Combined knockdown of PKC-α and ERK2 had no greater effect than knockdown of either alone. Knockdown of either PKC-α or ERK2 reduced the high NaCl-induced increase of NFAT5 transactivating activity. We have previously found that the high NaCl-induced increase of phosphorylation of Ser(591) on Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP-1-S591-P) contributes to the activation of NFAT5 in cell culture, and here we found high levels of SHP-1-S591-P in the inner medulla. PKC-α has been previously shown to increase SHP-1-S591-P, which raised the possibility that PKC-α might be acting through SHP-1. However, we did not find that knockout of PKC-α in the renal medulla or knockdown in HEK-293 cells affected SHP-1-S591-P. We conclude that PKC-α contributes to high NaCl-dependent activation of NFAT5 through ERK1/2 but not through SHP-1-S591.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joan D Ferraris
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Janet D Klein
- Renal Division, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jeff M Sands
- Renal Division, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Maurice B Burg
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland;
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Wang H, Ferraris JD, Klein JD, Sands JM, Burg MB, Zhou X. PKC-α contributes to high NaCl-induced activation of NFAT5 (TonEBP/OREBP) through MAPK ERK1/2. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014. [PMID: 25391900 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High NaCl in the renal medullary interstitial fluid powers the concentration of urine but can damage cells. The transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) activates the expression of osmoprotective genes. We studied whether PKC-α contributes to the activation of NFAT5. PKC-α protein abundance was greater in the renal medulla than in the cortex. Knockout of PKC-α reduced NFAT5 protein abundance and expression of its target genes in the inner medulla. In human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells, high NaCl increased PKC-α activity, and small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of PKC-α attenuated high NaCl-induced NFAT5 transcriptional activity. Expression of ERK1/2 protein and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 were higher in the renal inner medulla than in the cortex. Knockout of PKC-α decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the inner medulla, as did knockdown of PKC-α in HEK-293 cells. Also, knockdown of ERK2 reduced high NaCl-dependent NFAT5 transcriptional activity in HEK-293 cells. Combined knockdown of PKC-α and ERK2 had no greater effect than knockdown of either alone. Knockdown of either PKC-α or ERK2 reduced the high NaCl-induced increase of NFAT5 transactivating activity. We have previously found that the high NaCl-induced increase of phosphorylation of Ser(591) on Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP-1-S591-P) contributes to the activation of NFAT5 in cell culture, and here we found high levels of SHP-1-S591-P in the inner medulla. PKC-α has been previously shown to increase SHP-1-S591-P, which raised the possibility that PKC-α might be acting through SHP-1. However, we did not find that knockout of PKC-α in the renal medulla or knockdown in HEK-293 cells affected SHP-1-S591-P. We conclude that PKC-α contributes to high NaCl-dependent activation of NFAT5 through ERK1/2 but not through SHP-1-S591.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joan D Ferraris
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Janet D Klein
- Renal Division, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jeff M Sands
- Renal Division, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Maurice B Burg
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland;
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Abdolalizadeh J, Majidi Zolbanin J, Nouri M, Baradaran B, Movassaghpour A, Farajnia S, Omidi Y. Affinity Purification of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Expressed in Raji Cells by Produced scFv Antibody Coupled CNBr-Activated Sepharose. Adv Pharm Bull 2013; 3:19-23. [PMID: 24312807 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2013.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) has been utilized as an antineoplastic agent for the treatment of patients with melanoma and sarcoma. It targets tumor cell antigens by impressing tumor-associated vessels. Protein purification with affinity chromatography has been widely used in the downstream processing of pharmaceutical-grade proteins. METHODS In this study, we examined the potential of our produced anti-TNF-α scFv fragments for purification of TNF-α produced by Raji cells. The Raji cells were induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to express TNF-α. Western blotting and Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) flow cytometry analyses were used to evaluate the TNF-α expression. The anti-TNF-α scFv selected from antibody phage display library was coupled to CNBr-activated sepharose 4B beads used for affinity purification of expressed TNF-α and the purity of the protein was assessed by SDS-PAGE. RESULTS Western blot and FACS flow cytometry analyses showed the successful expression of TNF-α with Raji cells. SDS-PAGE analysis showed the performance of scFv for purification of TNF-α protein with purity over 95%. CONCLUSION These findings confirm not only the potential of the produced scFv antibody fragments but also this highly pure recombinant TNF-α protein can be applied for various in vitro and in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Abdolalizadeh
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. ; Student' Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Catalán Ú, Fernández-Castillejo S, Anglès N, Morelló JR, Yebras M, Solà R. Inhibition of the transcription factor c-Jun by the MAPK family, and not the NF-κB pathway, suggests that peanut extract has anti-inflammatory properties. Mol Immunol 2012; 52:125-32. [PMID: 22673210 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is involved in inflammatory responses in atherosclerosis. We propose an in vitro cellular assay to evaluate the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of potential modifiers such as food extracts. In the current model we assessed an anti-inflammatory effect of polyphenol-rich peanut extract in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced THP-1 monocytes. METHODS THP-1 monocytes were incubated with peanut extract (5, 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL) consisting of 39% flavonols, 37% flavanols and 24% phenolic acid (or BAY 11-7082 (5 μM) as experiment control) for 1 h and then stimulated with LPS (500 ng/mL) for 4 h. Cytotoxicity was measured as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity release. NF-κB and MAPK family were determined by TransAm kit while TNF-α mRNA levels and its mRNA stability by RT-PCR. Intra- and extracellular TNF-α protein was measured by ELISA, and TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE) activity by a fluorimetric assay. RESULTS Peanut extract inhibited the maximal LPS-induced extracellular TNF-α protein secretion by 18%, 29% and 47% at 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL, respectively (P<0.05). LPS stimulation revealed that 85% of TNF-α was released extracellularly while 15% remained intracellular. Peanut extract did not modify NF-κB but, instead, reduced c-Jun transcription factor activity (P<0.05), decreased TNF-α mRNA (albeit non-significantly) and had no effect on mRNA stability and TACE activity. CONCLUSION Polyphenol-rich peanut extract reduces extracellular TNF-α protein by inhibiting c-Jun transcription factor from MAPK family, suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect. The proposed THP-1 monocyte model could be used to assess food extract impact (site and size effects) on the inflammation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Úrsula Catalán
- Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, CIBERDEM, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, Spain
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2011; 5:365-8. [DOI: 10.1097/spc.0b013e32834db0e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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