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Sánchez Pérez LDC, Zubillaga RA, García-Gutiérrez P, Landa A. Sigma-Class Glutathione Transferases (GSTσ): A New Target with Potential for Helminth Control. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:85. [PMID: 38668546 PMCID: PMC11053550 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9040085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs EC 2.5.1.18) are critical components of phase II metabolism, instrumental in xenobiotics' metabolism. Their primary function involves conjugating glutathione to both endogenous and exogenous toxic compounds, which increases their solubility and enables their ejection from cells. They also play a role in the transport of non-substrate compounds and immunomodulation, aiding in parasite establishment within its host. The cytosolic GST subfamily is the most abundant and diverse in helminths, and sigma-class GST (GSTσ) belongs to it. This review focuses on three key functions of GSTσ: serving as a detoxifying agent that provides drug resistance, functioning as an immune system modulator through its involvement in prostaglandins synthesis, and acting as a vaccine antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael A. Zubillaga
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City C.P. 09310, Mexico; (L.d.C.S.P.); (P.G.-G.)
| | - Ponciano García-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City C.P. 09310, Mexico; (L.d.C.S.P.); (P.G.-G.)
| | - Abraham Landa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City C.P. 04510, Mexico
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Dalvin S, Eichner C, Dondrup M, Øvergård AC. Roles of three putative salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) prostaglandin E 2 synthases in physiology and host-parasite interactions. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:206. [PMID: 33874988 PMCID: PMC8056522 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04690-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) is a parasite of salmonid fish. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exhibit only a limited and ineffective immune response when infested with this parasite. Prostaglandins (PGs) have many biological functions in both invertebrates and vertebrates, one of which is the regulation of immune responses. This has led to the suggestion that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is important in the salmon louse host-parasite interaction, although studies of a salmon louse prostaglandin E2 synthase (PGES) 2 gene have not enabled conformation of this hypothesis. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to characterize two additional PGES-like genes. METHODS Lepeophtheirus salmonis microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 like (LsMGST1L) and LsPGES3L were investigated by sequencing, phylogenetics, transcript localization and expression studies. Moreover, the function of these putative PGES genes in addition to the previously identified LsPGES2 gene was analyzed in double stranded (ds) RNA-mediated knockdown (KD) salmon louse. RESULTS Analysis of the three putative LsPGES genes showed a rather constitutive transcript level throughout development from nauplius to the adult stages, and in a range of tissues, with the highest levels in the ovaries or gut. DsRNA-mediated KD of these transcripts did not produce any characteristic changes in phenotype, and KD animals displayed a normal reproductive output. The ability of the parasite to infect or modulate the immune response of the host fish was also not affected by KD. CONCLUSIONS Salmon louse prostaglandins may play endogenous roles in the management of reproduction and oxidative stress and may be a product of salmon louse blood digestions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sussie Dalvin
- Institute of Marine Research, SLCR-Sea Lice Research Centre, Nordnes, P. box 1870, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christiane Eichner
- Department of Biological Sciences, SLCR-Sea Lice Research Centre, University of Bergen, P. box 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Michael Dondrup
- Department of Informatics, SLRC-Sea Lice Research Centre, University of Bergen, P. box 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Aina-Cathrine Øvergård
- Department of Biological Sciences, SLCR-Sea Lice Research Centre, University of Bergen, P. box 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
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Yamamoto K, Hirowatari A. Investigation of the Substrate-Binding Site of a Prostaglandin E Synthase in Bombyx mori. Protein J 2021; 40:63-67. [PMID: 33403608 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-020-09956-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E synthase (PGES) catalyzes the conversion of prostaglandin H2 to prostaglandin E2 in the presence of glutathione (GSH) in mammals. Amid the limited knowledge on prostaglandin and its related enzymes in insects, we recently identified PGES from the silkworm Bombyx mori (bmPGES) and determined its crystal structure complexed with GSH. In the current study, we investigated the substrate-binding site of bmPGES by site-directed mutagenesis and X-ray crystallography. We found that the residues Tyr107, Val155, Met159, and Glu203 are located in the catalytic pockets of bmPGES, and mutagenesis of each residue reduced the bmPGES activity. Our results suggest that these four residues contribute to the catalytic activity of bmPGES. Overall, this structure-function study holds implications in controlling pests by designing rational and efficient pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Yamamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University Graduate School, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819- 0395, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Aiko Hirowatari
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University Graduate School, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819- 0395, Fukuoka, Japan
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4
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Comparative analyses and structural insights of new class glutathione transferases in Cryptosporidium species. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20370. [PMID: 33230237 PMCID: PMC7683740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium, is estimated to rank as a leading cause in the global burden of neglected zoonotic parasitic diseases. This diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under 5 years of age. Based on the C. parvum transcriptome data, glutathione transferase (GST) has been suggested as a drug target against this pathogen. GSTs are diverse multifunctional proteins involved in cellular defense and detoxification in organisms and help pathogens to alleviate chemical and environmental stress. In this study, we performed genome-wide data mining, identification, classification and in silico structural analysis of GSTs in fifteen Cryptosporidium species. The study revealed the presence three GSTs in each of the Cryptosporidium species analyzed in the study. Based on the percentage identity and comprehensive comparative phylogenetic analysis, we assigned Cryptosporidium species GSTs to three new GST classes, named Vega (ϑ), Gamma (γ) and Psi (ψ). The study also revealed an atypical thioredoxin-like fold in the C. parvum GST1 of the Vega class, whereas C. parvum GST2 of the Gamma class and C. melagridis GST3 of the Psi class has a typical thioredoxin-like fold in the N-terminal region. This study reports the first comparative analysis of GSTs in Cryptosporidium species.
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Yamamoto K, Yamaguchi M, Yamada N. Investigation of the active site of an unclassified glutathione transferase in Bombyx mori by alanine scanning. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2020; 45:238-240. [PMID: 33304193 PMCID: PMC7691559 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d20-036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione transferase (GST) is an important class of detoxification enzymes that are vital for defense against various xenobiotics and cellular oxidative stress. Previously, we had reported an unclassified glutathione transferase 2 in Bombyx mori (bmGSTu2) to be responsible for detoxifying diazinon. In this study, we aimed to identify the amino acid residues that constitute a hydrogen-bonding network important for GST activity. Site-directed mutagenesis of bmGSTu2 suggested that residues Asn102, Pro162, and Ser166 contribute to its catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Yamamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University Graduate School
| | - Misuzu Yamaguchi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University Graduate School
| | - Naotaka Yamada
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University Graduate School
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A defective prostaglandin E synthase could affect egg formation in the silkworm Bombyx mori. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 521:347-352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yamamoto K, Higashiura A, Hirowatari A, Yamada N, Tsubota T, Sezutsu H, Nakagawa A. Characterisation of a diazinon-metabolising glutathione S-transferase in the silkworm Bombyx mori by X-ray crystallography and genome editing analysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16835. [PMID: 30443011 PMCID: PMC6237972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we found an unclassified glutathione S-transferase 2 (bmGSTu2) in the silkworm Bombyx mori that conjugates glutathione to 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and also metabolises diazinon, an organophosphate insecticide. Here, we provide a structural and genome-editing characterisation of the diazinon-metabolising glutathione S-transferase in B. mori. The structure of bmGSTu2 was determined at 1.68 Å by X-ray crystallography. Mutation of putative amino acid residues in the substrate-binding site showed that Pro13, Tyr107, Ile118, Phe119, and Phe211 are crucial for enzymatic function. bmGSTu2 gene disruption resulted in a decrease in median lethal dose values to an organophosphate insecticide and a decrease in acetylcholine levels in silkworms. Taken together, these results indicate that bmGSTu2 could metabolise an organophosphate insecticide. Thus, this study provides insights into the physiological role of bmGSTu2 in silkworms, detoxification of organophosphate insecticides, and drug targets for the development of a novel insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Yamamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University Graduate School, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Akifumi Higashiura
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Aiko Hirowatari
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University Graduate School, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Naotaka Yamada
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University Graduate School, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takuya Tsubota
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakagawa
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Ahmed S, Stanley D, Kim Y. An Insect Prostaglandin E 2 Synthase Acts in Immunity and Reproduction. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1231. [PMID: 30233407 PMCID: PMC6131586 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Eicosanoids, oxygenated metabolites of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), mediate fundamental physiological processes, including immune reactions and reproduction, in insects. Prostaglandins (PGs) make up one group of eicosanoids, of which PGE2 is a relatively well-known mediator in various insect taxa. While PG biosynthesis has been reported, the specific biosynthetic pathway for PGE2 is not known in insects. Here, we posed the hypothesis that Se-mPGES2 mediates biosynthesis of physiologically active PGE2 through its cognate protein. To test this hypothesis, we interrogated a transcriptome of the lepidopteran insect, Spodoptera exigua, to identify a candidate PGE2 synthase (Se-mPGES2) and analyzed its sequence and expression. Its predicted amino acid sequence contains a consensus thioredoxin homology sequence (Cys-x-x-Cys) responsible for catalytic activity along with an N-terminal membrane-associated hydrophobic domain and C-terminal cytosolic domain. It also shares sequence homology (36.5%) and shares almost overlapping three dimensional structures with a membrane-bound human PGES2 (mPGES2). Se-mPGES2 was expressed in all developmental stages with high peaks during the late larval instar and adult stages. Immune challenge significantly up-regulated its expression levels in hemocytes and fat body. Injecting double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) specific to Se-mPGES2 significantly impaired two cellular immune responses, hemocyte-spreading behavior and nodule formation following bacterial challenge. Humoral immunity was also significantly suppressed, registered as reduced phenoloxidase activity and antimicrobial peptide expression levels. The suppressed immune responses were reversed following PGE2, but not arachidonic acid (AA), treatments. RNAi treatments also reduced the egg-laying behavior of females. Control females mated with the RNAi-treated males led to substantially reduced egg-laying behavior, which was also reversed following PGE2 injections into females. These results strongly bolster our hypothesis that Se-mPGES2 acts in the biosynthesis of PGE2, a crucial biochemical signal mediating immune and reproductive physiology of S. exigua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabbir Ahmed
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Natural Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
| | - David Stanley
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Natural Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
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9
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Hirowatari A, Chen Z, Mita K, Yamamoto K. Enzymatic characterization of two epsilon-class glutathione S-transferases of Spodoptera litura. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 97:e21443. [PMID: 29235695 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two cDNAs encoding glutathione S-transferase (GST) of the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura, were cloned by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The deduced amino acid sequences of the resulting clones revealed 32-51% identities to the epsilon-class GSTs from other organisms. The recombinant proteins were functionally overexpressed in Escherichia coli cells in soluble form and were purified to homogeneity. The enzymes were capable of catalyzing the bioconjugation of glutathione with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, 1,2-epoxy-3-(4-nitrophenoxy)-propane, and ethacrynic acid. A competition assay revealed that the GST activity was inhibited by insecticides, suggesting that it could be conducive to insecticide tolerance in the tobacco cutworm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kazuei Mita
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Yamamoto K, Higashiura A, Suzuki M, Aritake K, Urade Y, Nakagawa A. Molecular structure of a prostaglandin D synthase requiring glutathione from the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 492:166-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yamamoto K, Hirowatari A, Shiotsuki T, Yamada N. Biochemical characterization of an unclassified glutathione S-transferase of Plutella xylostella. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2016; 41:145-151. [PMID: 30363080 PMCID: PMC6140639 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d16-048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
cDNA encoding an unclassified glutathione S-transferase (GST) of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, was cloned by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The resulting clone was sequenced and the amino acid sequence deduced, revealing 67%-73% identities with unclassified GSTs from other organisms. A recombinant protein was functionally overexpressed in Escherichia coli cells in a soluble form and purified to homogeneity. The enzyme was capable to catalyze the transformation of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and ethacrynic acid with glutathione. A competition assay revealed that GST activity was inhibited by insecticides, suggesting that the enzyme could contribute to insecticide metabolism in the diamondback moth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Yamamoto
- Kyushu University Graduate School, 6–10–1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812–8581, Japan
| | - Aiko Hirowatari
- Kyushu University Graduate School, 6–10–1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812–8581, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shiotsuki
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8634, Japan
| | - Naotaka Yamada
- Kyushu University Graduate School, 6–10–1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812–8581, Japan
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12
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Identification of a diazinon-metabolizing glutathione S-transferase in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30073. [PMID: 27440377 PMCID: PMC4954967 DOI: 10.1038/srep30073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferase superfamily play key roles in the metabolism of numerous xenobiotics. We report herein the identification and characterization of a novel glutathione S-transferase in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. The enzyme (bmGSTu2) conjugates glutathione to 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, as well as metabolizing diazinon, one of the organophosphate insecticides. Quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction analysis of transcripts demonstrated that bmGSTu2 expression was induced 1.7-fold in a resistant strain of B. mori. Mutagenesis of putative amino acid residues in the glutathione-binding site revealed that Ile54, Glu66, Ser67, and Asn68 are crucial for enzymatic function. These results provide insights into the catalysis of glutathione conjugation in silkworm by bmGSTu2 and into the detoxification of organophosphate insecticides.
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13
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Meyer JM, Markov GV, Baskaran P, Herrmann M, Sommer RJ, Rödelsperger C. Draft Genome of the Scarab Beetle Oryctes borbonicus on La Réunion Island. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:2093-105. [PMID: 27289092 PMCID: PMC4987105 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Beetles represent the largest insect order and they display extreme morphological, ecological and behavioral diversity, which makes them ideal models for evolutionary studies. Here, we present the draft genome of the scarab beetle Oryctes borbonicus, which has a more basal phylogenetic position than the two previously sequenced pest species Tribolium castaneum and Dendroctonus ponderosae providing the potential for sequence polarization. Oryctes borbonicus is endemic to La Réunion, an island located in the Indian Ocean, and is the host of the nematode Pristionchus pacificus, a well-established model organism for integrative evolutionary biology. At 518 Mb, the O. borbonicus genome is substantially larger and encodes more genes than T. castaneum and D. ponderosae. We found that only 25% of the predicted genes of O. borbonicus are conserved as single copy genes across the nine investigated insect genomes, suggesting substantial gene turnover within insects. Even within beetles, up to 21% of genes are restricted to only one species, whereas most other genes have undergone lineage-specific duplications and losses. We illustrate lineage-specific duplications using detailed phylogenetic analysis of two gene families. This study serves as a reference point for insect/coleopteran genomics, although its original motivation was to find evidence for potential horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between O. borbonicus and P. pacificus. The latter was previously shown to be the recipient of multiple horizontally transferred genes including some genes from insect donors. However, our study failed to provide any clear evidence for additional HGTs between the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Meyer
- Department for Evolutionary Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gabriel V Markov
- Department for Evolutionary Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany Present address: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227 Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff Cedex, France
| | - Praveen Baskaran
- Department for Evolutionary Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Herrmann
- Department for Evolutionary Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ralf J Sommer
- Department for Evolutionary Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Rödelsperger
- Department for Evolutionary Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
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Bae YA, Kim JG, Kong Y. Phylogenetic characterization of Clonorchis sinensis proteins homologous to the sigma-class glutathione transferase and their differential expression profiles. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 206:46-55. [PMID: 26792248 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione transferase (GST) is one of the major antioxidant proteins with diverse supplemental activities including peroxidase, isomerase, and thiol transferase. GSTs are classified into multiple classes on the basis of their primary structures and substrate/inhibitor specificity. However, the evolutionary routes and physiological environments specific to each of the closely related bioactive enzymes remain elusive. The sigma-like GSTs exhibit amino acid conservation patterns similar to the prostaglandin D synthases (PGDSs). In this study, we analyzed the phylogenetic position of the GSTs of the biocarcinogenic liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis. We also observed induction profile of the GSTs in association with the parasite's maturation and in response to exogenous oxidative stresses, with special attention to sigma-class GSTs and PGDSs. The C. sinensis genome encoded 12 GST protein species, which were separately assigned to cytosolic (two omega-, one zeta-, two mu-, and five sigma-class), mitochondrial (one kappa-class), and microsomal (one membrane-associated proteins in eicosanoid and glutathione metabolism-like protein) GST families. Multiple sigma GST (or PGDS) orthologs were also detected in Opisthorchis viverrini. Other trematode species possessed only a single sigma-like GST gene. A phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that one of the sigma GST lineages duplicated in the common ancestor of trematodes were specifically expanded in the opisthorchiids, but deleted in other trematodes. The induction profiles of these sigma GST genes along with the development and aging of C. sinensis, and against various exogenous chemical stimuli strongly suggest that the paralogous sigma GST genes might be undergone specialized evolution to cope with the diverse hostile biochemical environments within the mammalian hepatobiliary ductal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-An Bae
- Department of Microbiology, Gachon University Graduate School of Medicine, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Geun Kim
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kong
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Hossain MT, Yamamoto K. Structural insight into the active site of a Bombyx mori unclassified glutathione transferase. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:989-91. [PMID: 25608724 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.1002450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are major detoxification enzymes that play central roles in the defense against various environmental toxicants as well as oxidative stress. Here, we identify amino acid residues of an unclassified GST from Bombyx mori, bmGSTu-interacting glutathione (GSH). Site-directed mutagenesis of bmGSTu mutants indicated that amino acid residues Asp103, Ser162, and Ser166 contribute to catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Tofazzal Hossain
- a Faculty of Agriculture , Kyushu University Graduate School , Fukuoka , Japan
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Longkumer T, Parthasarathy S, Vemuri SG, Siddavattam D. OxyR-dependent expression of a novel glutathione S-transferase (Abgst01) gene in Acinetobacter baumannii DS002 and its role in biotransformation of organophosphate insecticides. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2013; 160:102-112. [PMID: 24136898 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.070664-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
While screening a genomic library of Acinetobacter baumannii DS002 isolated from organophosphate (OP)-polluted soils, nine ORFs were identified coding for glutathione S-transferase (GST)-like proteins. These GSTs (AbGST01-AbGST09) are phylogenetically related to a number of well-characterized GST classes found in taxonomically diverse groups of organisms. Interestingly, expression of Abgst01 (GenBank accession no. KF151191) was upregulated when the bacterium was grown in the presence of an OP insecticide, methyl parathion (MeP). The gene product, AbGST01, dealkylated MeP to desMeP. An OxyR-binding motif was identified directly upstream of Abgst01. An Abgst-lacZ gene fusion lacking the OxyR-binding site showed a drastic reduction in promoter activity. Very low β-galactosidase activity levels were observed when the Abgst-lacZ fusion was mobilized into an oxyR (GenBank accession no. KF151190) null mutant of A. baumannii DS002, confirming the important role of OxyR. The OxyR-binding sites are not found upstream of other Abgst (Abgst02-Abgst09) genes. However, they contained consensus sequence motifs that can serve as possible target sites for certain well-characterized transcription factors. In support of this observation, the Abgst genes responded differentially to different oxidative stress inducers. The Abgst genes identified in A. baumannii DS002 are found to be conserved highly among all known genome sequences of A. baumannii strains. The versatile ecological adaptability of A. baumannii strains is apparent if sequence conservation is seen together with their involvement in detoxification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshisangba Longkumer
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Sunil Parthasarathy
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Sujana Ghanta Vemuri
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Dayananda Siddavattam
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
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