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Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidines: Isosteres of Nifedipine and Evaluation of Their Calcium Channel Blocking Efficiency. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020784. [PMID: 36677842 PMCID: PMC9867414 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension and cardiovascular diseases related to it remain the leading medical challenges globally. Several drugs have been synthesized and commercialized to manage hypertension. Some of these drugs have a dihydropyrimidine skeleton structure, act as efficient calcium channel blockers, and affect the calcium ions' intake in vascular smooth muscle, hence managing hypertension. The synthesis of such moieties is crucial, and documenting their structure-activity relationship, their evolved and advanced synthetic procedures, and future opportunities in this area is currently a priority. Tremendous efforts have been made after the discovery of the Biginelli condensation reaction in the synthesis of dihydropyrimidines. From the specific selection of Biginelli adducts to the variation in the formed intermediates to achieve target compounds containing heterocylic rings, aldehydes, a variety of ketones, halogens, and many other desired functionalities, extensive studies have been carried out. Several substitutions at the C3, C4, and C5 positions of dihydropyrimidines have been explored, aiming to produce feasible derivatives with acceptable yields as well as antihypertensive activity. The current review aims to cover this requirement in detail.
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Dong L, Wang Y, Zhang W, Mo L, Zhang Z. Nickel supported on magnetic biochar as a highly efficient and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for the one‐pot synthesis of spirooxindole‐dihydropyridines. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Na Dong
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, National Experimental Chemistry Teaching Center, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang Hebei P. R. China
| | - Ya‐Meng Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, National Experimental Chemistry Teaching Center, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang Hebei P. R. China
| | - Wan‐Lu Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, National Experimental Chemistry Teaching Center, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang Hebei P. R. China
| | - Li‐Ping Mo
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, National Experimental Chemistry Teaching Center, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang Hebei P. R. China
| | - Zhan‐Hui Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, National Experimental Chemistry Teaching Center, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang Hebei P. R. China
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Efficient synthesis of decahydroacridine-1,8-diones and polyhydroquinolines using the step-wise method. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-021-04643-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Liu M, Zhang G, Song M, Wang J, Shen C, Chen Z, Huang X, Gao Y, Zhu C, Lin C, Mi S, Liu C. Activation of Farnesoid X Receptor by Schaftoside Ameliorates Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity by Modulating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:87-116. [PMID: 32037847 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aims: Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose leads to acute liver injury by inducing hepatic mitochondrial oxidative stress and inflammation. However, the molecular mechanisms involved are still unclear. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) serves as a therapeutic target for the treatment of liver disorders, whose activation has been proved to protect APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. In this study, we examined whether FXR activation by schaftoside (SS), a naturally occurring flavonoid from Desmodium styracifolium, could protect mice against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity via regulation of oxidative stress and inflammation. Results: We first found that SS exhibited potent protective effects against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. The study reveals that SS is a potential agonist of FXR, which protects mice from hepatotoxicity mostly via regulation of oxidative stress and inflammation. Mechanistically, the hepatoprotective SS is associated with the induction of the genes of phase II detoxifying enzymes (e.g., UGT1A1, GSTα1), phase III drug efflux transporters (e.g., bile salt export pump, organic solvent transporter protein β), and glutathione metabolism-related enzymes (e.g., glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit [Gclm], glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit [Gclc]). More importantly, SS-mediated FXR activation could fine-tune the pro- and anti-inflammatory eicosanoids generation via altering eicosanoids metabolic pathway, thereby resulting in decrease of hepatic inflammation. In contrast, FXR deficiency can abrogate the above effects. Innovation and Conclusion: Our results provided the direct evidence that FXR activation by SS could attenuate APAP-induced hepatotoxicity via inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-B signaling and fine-tuning the generation of proinflammatory mediators' eicosanoids. Our findings indicate that strategies to activate FXR signaling in hepatocytes may provide a promising therapeutic approach to alleviate liver injury induced by APAP overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijing Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Guohui Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Zhuhai Precision Medicine Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, China
| | - Meng Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jueyu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuangpeng Shen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingan Huang
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Gao
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Chenchen Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaozhan Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suiqing Mi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changhui Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Jin LH, Fang ZP, Fan MJ, Huang WD. Bile-ology: from bench to bedside. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2019; 20:414-427. [PMID: 31090267 PMCID: PMC6568232 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1900158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are originally known as detergents essential for the digestion and absorption of lipids. In recent years, extensive research has unveiled new functions of BAs as gut hormones that modulate physiological and pathological processes, including glucose and lipid metabolism, energy expenditure, inflammation, tumorigenesis, cardiovascular disease, and even the central nervous system in addition to cholesterol homeostasis, enterohepatic protection and liver regeneration. BAs are closely linked with gut microbiota which might explain some of their crucial roles in organs. The signaling actions of BAs can also be mediated through specific nuclear receptors and membrane-bound G protein-coupled receptors. Several pharmacological agents or bariatric surgeries have demonstrated efficacious therapeutic effects on metabolic diseases through targeting BA signaling. In this mini-review, we summarize recent advances in bile-ology, focusing on its translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-hua Jin
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology; Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network; School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhi-peng Fang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Min-jie Fan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen-dong Huang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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