1
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Naseer QA, Malik A, Zhang F, Chen S. Exploring the enigma: history, present, and future of long non-coding RNAs in cancer. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:214. [PMID: 38847897 PMCID: PMC11161455 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01077-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are more than 200 nucleotides in length and do not encode proteins, play crucial roles in governing gene expression at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. These molecules demonstrate specific expression patterns in various tissues and developmental stages, suggesting their involvement in numerous developmental processes and diseases, notably cancer. Despite their widespread acknowledgment and the growing enthusiasm surrounding their potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, the precise mechanisms through which lncRNAs function remain inadequately understood. A few lncRNAs have been studied in depth, providing valuable insights into their biological activities and suggesting emerging functional themes and mechanistic models. However, the extent to which the mammalian genome is transcribed into functional noncoding transcripts is still a matter of debate. This review synthesizes our current understanding of lncRNA biogenesis, their genomic contexts, and their multifaceted roles in tumorigenesis, highlighting their potential in cancer-targeted therapy. By exploring historical perspectives alongside recent breakthroughs, we aim to illuminate the diverse roles of lncRNA and reflect on the broader implications of their study for understanding genome evolution and function, as well as for advancing clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qais Ahmad Naseer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Abdul Malik
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Fengyuan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Shengxia Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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2
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Sun L, Chen X, Zhu S, Wang J, Diao S, Liu J, Xu J, Li X, Sun Y, Huang C, Meng X, Lv X, Li J. Decoding m 6A mRNA methylation by reader proteins in liver diseases. Genes Dis 2024; 11:711-726. [PMID: 37692496 PMCID: PMC10491919 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a dynamic and reversible epigenetic regulation. As the most prevalent internal post-transcriptional modification in eukaryotic RNA, it participates in the regulation of gene expression through various mechanisms, such as mRNA splicing, nuclear export, localization, translation efficiency, mRNA stability, and structural transformation. The involvement of m6A in the regulation of gene expression depends on the specific recognition of m6A-modified RNA by reader proteins. In the pathogenesis and treatment of liver disease, studies have found that the expression levels of key genes that promote or inhibit the development of liver disease are regulated by m6A modification, in which abnormal expression of reader proteins determines the fate of these gene transcripts. In this review, we introduce m6A readers, summarize the recognition and regulatory mechanisms of m6A readers on mRNA, and focus on the biological functions and mechanisms of m6A readers in liver cancer, viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hepatic fibrosis (HF), acute liver injury (ALI), and other liver diseases. This information is expected to be of high value to researchers deciphering the links between m6A readers and human liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiao Sun
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Sai Zhu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Department of Nephropathy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Jianan Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Shaoxi Diao
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Jinyu Liu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Jinjin Xu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yingyin Sun
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xiaoming Meng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xiongwen Lv
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Jun Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
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3
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Wang J, Zhao G, Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Yang S, Zhou A, Li P, Zhang S. N 6-methylation in the development, diagnosis, and treatment of gastric cancer. J Transl Int Med 2024; 12:5-21. [PMID: 38525439 PMCID: PMC10956730 DOI: 10.2478/jtim-2023-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) ranks third among cancers in terms of mortality rate worldwide. A clear understanding of the mechanisms underlying the genesis and progression of GC will contribute to clinical decision making. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant among diverse mRNA modification types and regulates multiple facets of RNA metabolism. In recent years, emerging studies have shown that m6A modifications are involved in gastric carcinoma tumorigenesis and progression and can potentially be valuable new prospects for diagnosis and prognosis. This article reviews the recent progress regarding m6A in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Guiping Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shuyue Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Anni Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shutian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
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4
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Palumbo RJ, Yang Y, Feigon J, Hanes SD. Catalytic activity of the Bin3/MePCE methyltransferase domain is dispensable for 7SK snRNP function in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2024; 226:iyad203. [PMID: 37982586 PMCID: PMC10763541 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylphosphate Capping Enzyme (MePCE) monomethylates the gamma phosphate at the 5' end of the 7SK noncoding RNA, a modification thought to protect 7SK from degradation. 7SK serves as a scaffold for assembly of a snRNP complex that inhibits transcription by sequestering the positive elongation factor P-TEFb. While much is known about the biochemical activity of MePCE in vitro, little is known about its functions in vivo, or what roles-if any-there are for regions outside the conserved methyltransferase domain. Here, we investigated the role of Bin3, the Drosophila ortholog of MePCE, and its conserved functional domains in Drosophila development. We found that bin3 mutant females had strongly reduced rates of egg-laying, which was rescued by genetic reduction of P-TEFb activity, suggesting that Bin3 promotes fecundity by repressing P-TEFb. bin3 mutants also exhibited neuromuscular defects, analogous to a patient with MePCE haploinsufficiency. These defects were also rescued by genetic reduction of P-TEFb activity, suggesting that Bin3 and MePCE have conserved roles in promoting neuromuscular function by repressing P-TEFb. Unexpectedly, we found that a Bin3 catalytic mutant (Bin3Y795A) could still bind and stabilize 7SK and rescue all bin3 mutant phenotypes, indicating that Bin3 catalytic activity is dispensable for 7SK stability and snRNP function in vivo. Finally, we identified a metazoan-specific motif (MSM) outside of the methyltransferase domain and generated mutant flies lacking this motif (Bin3ΔMSM). Bin3ΔMSM mutant flies exhibited some-but not all-bin3 mutant phenotypes, suggesting that the MSM is required for a 7SK-independent, tissue-specific function of Bin3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Palumbo
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Juli Feigon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Steven D Hanes
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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5
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Liu Q, Qi J, Li W, Tian X, Zhang J, Liu F, Lu X, Zang H, Liu C, Ma C, Yu Y, Jiang S. Therapeutic effect and transcriptome-methylome characteristics of METTL3 inhibition in liver hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:298. [PMID: 38012755 PMCID: PMC10683134 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) is the key subunit of methyltransferase complex responsible for catalyzing N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification on mRNA, which is the most prevalent post-transcriptional modification in eukaryotes. In this study, we utilized online databases to analyze the association between METTL3 expression and various aspects of tumorigenesis, including gene methylation, immunity, and prognosis. Our investigation revealed that METTL3 serves as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target for liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC). Through experimental studies, we observed frequent upregulation of METTL3 in LIHC tumor tissue and cells. Subsequent inhibition of METTL3 using a novel small molecule inhibitor, STM2457, significantly impeded tumor growth in LIHC cell lines, spheroids, and xenograft tumor model. Further, transcriptome and m6A sequencing of xenograft bodies unveiled that inhibition of METTL3-m6A altered genes enriched in SMAD and MAPK signaling pathways that are critical for tumorigenesis. These findings suggest that targeting METTL3 represents a promising therapeutic strategy for LIHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbin Liu
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Jining First People's Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, 272000, People's Republic of China
- Cisen Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Jining, 272000, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Jingjing Qi
- Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Weiyang Li
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Xinchen Tian
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Jining First People's Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, 272000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Jining First People's Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, 272000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fen Liu
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Jining First People's Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, 272000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiulian Lu
- Cisen Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Jining, 272000, China
| | - Hengchang Zang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Chenqiao Liu
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, Jining First People's Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, 272000, China
| | - Changlin Ma
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, Jining First People's Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, 272000, China.
| | - Yong Yu
- Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.
| | - Shulong Jiang
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Jining First People's Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, 272000, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Wang Q, Fan X, Sheng Q, Yang M, Zhou P, Lu S, Gao Y, Kong Z, Shen N, Lv Z, Wang R. N6-methyladenosine methylation in kidney injury. Clin Epigenetics 2023; 15:170. [PMID: 37865763 PMCID: PMC10590532 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-023-01586-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple mechanisms are involved in kidney damage, among which the role of epigenetic modifications in the occurrence and development of kidney diseases is constantly being revealed. However, N6-methyladenosine (M6A), a well-known post-transcriptional modification, has been regarded as the most prevalent epigenetic modifications in higher eukaryotic, which is involved in various biological processes of cells such as maintaining the stability of mRNA. The role of M6A modification in the mechanism of kidney damage has attracted widespread attention. In this review, we mainly summarize the role of M6A modification in the progression of kidney diseases from the following aspects: the regulatory pattern of N6-methyladenosine, the critical roles of N6-methyladenosine in chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury and renal cell carcinoma, and then reveal its potential significance in the diagnosis and treatment of various kidney diseases. A better understanding of this field will be helpful for future research and clinical treatment of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qimeng Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoting Fan
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Qinghao Sheng
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Meilin Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Shangwei Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Zhijuan Kong
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Ning Shen
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Zhimei Lv
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
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Zhang T, Yu B, Cai Z, Jiang Q, Fu X, Zhao W, Wang H, Gu Y, Zhang J. Regulatory role of N 6-methyladenosine in intramuscular fat deposition in chicken. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102972. [PMID: 37573849 PMCID: PMC10448335 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular fat (IMF) has a pivotal influence on meat quality, with its deposition being a multifaceted physiological interaction of several regulatory factors. N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the preeminent epigenetic alteration among eukaryotic RNA modifications, holds a crucial role in moderating post-transcriptional gene expression. However, there is a dearth of comprehensive understanding regarding the functional machinery of m6A modification in the context of IMF deposition in poultry. Our current study entails an analysis of the disparities in IMF within the breast and leg of 180-day-old Jingyuan chickens. We implemented methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to delve into the distribution of m6A and its putative regulatory frameworks on IMF deposition in chickens. The findings demonstrated a markedly higher IMF content in leg relative to breast (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the expression of METTL14, WTAP, FTO, and ALKBH5 was significantly diminished in comparison to that of breast (P < 0.01). The m6A peaks in the breast and leg primarily populated 3'untranslated regions (3'UTR) and coding sequence (CDS) regions. The leg, when juxtaposed with the breast, manifested 176 differentially methylated genes (DMGs), including 151 hyper-methylated DMGs and 25 hypo-methylated DMGs. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed a pronounced enrichment of DMGs in the biosynthesis of amino acids, peroxisome, Fatty acid biosynthesis, fatty acid elongation, and cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) pathways. Key DMGs, namely ECH1, BCAT1, and CYP1B1 were implicated in the regulation of muscle lipid anabolism. Our study offers substantial insight and forms a robust foundation for further exploration of the functional mechanisms of m6A modification in modulating IMF deposition. This holds profound theoretical importance for improving and leveraging meat quality in indigenous chicken breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Baojun Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Zhengyun Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Qiufei Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xi Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Haorui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yaling Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
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8
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Ensinck I, Maman A, Albihlal WS, Lassandro M, Salzano G, Sideri T, Howell SA, Calvani E, Patel H, Bushkin G, Ralser M, Snijders AP, Skehel M, Casañal A, Schwartz S, van Werven FJ. The yeast RNA methylation complex consists of conserved yet reconfigured components with m6A-dependent and independent roles. eLife 2023; 12:RP87860. [PMID: 37490041 PMCID: PMC10393049 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most abundant mRNA modification, is deposited in mammals/insects/plants by m6A methyltransferase complexes (MTC) comprising a catalytic subunit and at least five additional proteins. The yeast MTC is critical for meiosis and was known to comprise three proteins, of which two were conserved. We uncover three novel MTC components (Kar4/Ygl036w-Vir1/Dyn2). All MTC subunits, except for Dyn2, are essential for m6A deposition and have corresponding mammalian MTC orthologues. Unlike the mammalian bipartite MTC, the yeast MTC is unipartite, yet multifunctional. The mRNA interacting module, comprising Ime4, Mum2, Vir1, and Kar4, exerts the MTC's m6A-independent function, while Slz1 enables the MTC catalytic function in m6A deposition. Both functions are critical for meiotic progression. Kar4 also has a mechanistically separate role from the MTC during mating. The yeast MTC constituents play distinguishable m6A-dependent, MTC-dependent, and MTC-independent functions, highlighting their complexity and paving the path towards dissecting multi-layered MTC functions in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Maman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guy Bushkin
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeUnited States
| | - Markus Ralser
- The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of BiochemistryBerlinGermany
| | | | - Mark Skehel
- The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Schraga Schwartz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
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9
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Meng Q, Schatten H, Zhou Q, Chen J. Crosstalk between m6A and coding/non-coding RNA in cancer and detection methods of m6A modification residues. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:6577-6619. [PMID: 37437245 PMCID: PMC10373953 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is one of the most common and well-known internal RNA modifications that occur on mRNAs or ncRNAs. It affects various aspects of RNA metabolism, including splicing, stability, translocation, and translation. An abundance of evidence demonstrates that m6A plays a crucial role in various pathological and biological processes, especially in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. In this article, we introduce the potential functions of m6A regulators, including "writers" that install m6A marks, "erasers" that demethylate m6A, and "readers" that determine the fate of m6A-modified targets. We have conducted a review on the molecular functions of m6A, focusing on both coding and noncoding RNAs. Additionally, we have compiled an overview of the effects noncoding RNAs have on m6A regulators and explored the dual roles of m6A in the development and advancement of cancer. Our review also includes a detailed summary of the most advanced databases for m6A, state-of-the-art experimental and sequencing detection methods, and machine learning-based computational predictors for identifying m6A sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingren Meng
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated with the Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Heide Schatten
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Qian Zhou
- International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jun Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated with the Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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10
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Deacon S, Walker L, Radhi M, Smith S. The Regulation of m6A Modification in Glioblastoma: Functional Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3307. [PMID: 37444417 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most prevalent primary brain tumour and invariably confers a poor prognosis. The immense intra-tumoral heterogeneity of glioblastoma and its ability to rapidly develop treatment resistance are key barriers to successful therapy. As such, there is an urgent need for the greater understanding of the tumour biology in order to guide the development of novel therapeutics in this field. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant of the RNA modifications in eukaryotes. Studies have demonstrated that the regulation of this RNA modification is altered in glioblastoma and may serve to regulate diverse mechanisms including glioma stem-cell self-renewal, tumorigenesis, invasion and treatment evasion. However, the precise mechanisms by which m6A modifications exert their functional effects are poorly understood. This review summarises the evidence for the disordered regulation of m6A in glioblastoma and discusses the downstream functional effects of m6A modification on RNA fate. The wide-ranging biological consequences of m6A modification raises the hope that novel cancer therapies can be targeted against this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Deacon
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Lauryn Walker
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Masar Radhi
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Stuart Smith
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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11
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Palumbo RJ, Hanes SD. Catalytic activity of the Bin3/MEPCE methyltransferase domain is dispensable for 7SK snRNP function in Drosophila melanogaster. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.01.543302. [PMID: 37333392 PMCID: PMC10274667 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.01.543302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Methylphosphate Capping Enzyme (MEPCE) monomethylates the gamma phosphate at the 5' end of the 7SK noncoding RNA, a modification thought to protect 7SK from degradation. 7SK serves as a scaffold for assembly of a snRNP complex that inhibits transcription by sequestering the positive elongation factor P-TEFb. While much is known about the biochemical activity of MEPCE in vitro, little is known about its functions in vivo, or what roles- if any-there are for regions outside the conserved methyltransferase domain. Here, we investigated the role of Bin3, the Drosophila ortholog of MEPCE, and its conserved functional domains in Drosophila development. We found that bin3 mutant females had strongly reduced rates of egg-laying, which was rescued by genetic reduction of P-TEFb activity, suggesting that Bin3 promotes fecundity by repressing P-TEFb. bin3 mutants also exhibited neuromuscular defects, analogous to a patient with MEPCE haploinsufficiency. These defects were also rescued by genetic reduction of P-TEFb activity, suggesting that Bin3 and MEPCE have conserved roles in promoting neuromuscular function by repressing P-TEFb. Unexpectedly, we found that a Bin3 catalytic mutant (Bin3Y795A) could still bind and stabilize 7SK and rescue all bin3 mutant phenotypes, indicating that Bin3 catalytic activity is dispensable for 7SK stability and snRNP function in vivo. Finally, we identified a metazoan-specific motif (MSM) outside of the methyltransferase domain and generated mutant flies lacking this motif (Bin3ΔMSM). Bin3ΔMSM mutant flies exhibited some-but not all-bin3 mutant phenotypes, suggesting that the MSM is required for a 7SK-independent, tissue-specific function of Bin3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Palumbo
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University 750 East Adams Street, 4283 Weiskotten Hall, Syracuse, New York, 13210
| | - Steven D Hanes
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University 750 East Adams Street, 4283 Weiskotten Hall, Syracuse, New York, 13210
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12
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Liu X, Chen J, Chen W, Xu Y, Shen Y, Xu X. Targeting IGF2BP3 in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119423. [PMID: 37298373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) can regulate multiple pathways by binding to RNAs, playing a variety of functions, such as localization, stability, and immunity. In recent years, with the development of technology, researchers have discovered that RBPs play a key role in the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification process. M6A methylation is the most abundant form of RNA modification in eukaryotes, which is defined as methylation on the sixth N atom of adenine in RNA. Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3) is one of the components of m6A binding proteins, which plays an important role in decoding m6A marks and performing various biological functions. IGF2BP3 is abnormally expressed in many human cancers, often associated with poor prognosis. Here, we summarize the physiological role of IGF2BP3 in organisms and describe its role and mechanism in tumors. These data suggest that IGF2BP3 may be a valuable therapeutic target and prognostic marker in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jiayu Chen
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Wenliang Chen
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yangtao Xu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Ximing Xu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
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13
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Parker HV, Schaner Tooley CE. Opposing regulation of the Nα-trimethylase METTL11A by its family members METTL11B and METTL13. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104588. [PMID: 36889590 PMCID: PMC10166787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
N-terminal protein methylation (Nα-methylation) is a posttranslational modification that influences numerous biological processes by regulating protein stability, protein-DNA interactions, and protein-protein interactions. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the biological roles of Nα-methylation, we still do not completely understand how the modifying methyltransferases are regulated. A common mode of methyltransferase regulation is through complex formation with close family members, and we have previously shown that the Nα-trimethylase METTL11A (NRMT1/NTMT1) is activated through binding of its close homolog METTL11B (NRMT2/NTMT2). Other recent reports indicate that METTL11A co-fractionates with a third METTL family member METTL13, which methylates both the N-terminus and lysine 55 (K55) of eukaryotic elongation factor 1 alpha. Here, using co-immunoprecipitations, mass spectrometry, and in vitro methylation assays, we confirm a regulatory interaction between METTL11A and METTL13 and show that while METTL11B is an activator of METTL11A, METTL13 inhibits METTL11A activity. This is the first example of a methyltransferase being opposingly regulated by different family members. Similarly, we find that METTL11A promotes the K55 methylation activity of METTL13 but inhibits its Nα-methylation activity. We also find that catalytic activity is not needed for these regulatory effects, demonstrating new, noncatalytic functions for METTL11A and METTL13. Finally, we show METTL11A, METTL11B, and METTL13 can complex together, and when all three are present, the regulatory effects of METTL13 take precedence over those of METTL11B. These findings provide a better understanding of Nα-methylation regulation and suggest a model where these methyltransferases can serve in both catalytic and noncatalytic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley V Parker
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Christine E Schaner Tooley
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.
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14
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Ranjbar M, Heydarzadeh S, Shekari Khaniani M, Foruzandeh Z, Seif F, Pornour M, Rahmanpour D, Tarhriz V, Alivand M. Mutual interaction of lncRNAs and epigenetics: focusing on cancer. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-023-00404-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractLong noncoding RNAs are characterized as noncoding transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides in response to a variety of functions within the cells. They are involved in almost all cellular mechanisms so as epigenetics. Given that epigenetics is an important phenomenon, which participates in the biology of complex diseases, many valuable studies have been performed to demonstrate the control status of lncRNAs and epigenetics. DNA methylation and histone modifications as epigenetic mechanisms can regulate the expression of lncRNAs by affecting their coding genes. Reciprocally, the three-dimensional structure of lncRNAs could mechanistically control the activity of epigenetic-related enzymes. Dysregulation in the mutual interaction between epigenetics and lncRNAs is one of the hallmarks of cancer. These mechanisms are either directly or indirectly involved in various cancer properties such as proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis. For instance, lncRNA HOTAIR plays a role in regulating the expression of many genes by interacting with epigenetic factors such as DNA methyltransferases and EZH2, and thus plays a role in the initiation and progression of various cancers. Conversely, the expression of this lncRNA is also controlled by epigenetic factors. Therefore, focusing on this reciprocated interaction can apply to cancer management and the identification of prognostic, diagnostic, and druggable targets. In the current review, we discuss the reciprocal relationship between lncRNAs and epigenetic mechanisms to promote or prevent cancer progression and find new potent biomarkers and targets for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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15
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Wu Y, Zhang S, Chen C, Pang J. Dysregulation and implications of N6-methyladenosine modification in renal cell carcinoma. Curr Urol 2023; 17:45-51. [PMID: 37692138 PMCID: PMC10487297 DOI: 10.1097/cu9.0000000000000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation modification serves important functions in biological metabolism. Dysregulation of m6A regulators is related to the progression of different malignancies, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Recent studies have reported preliminary findings on the influence of m6A regulator dysregulation on RCC tumorigenesis and development. However, no comprehensive review that integrates and analyzes the roles of m6A modification in RCC has been published to date. In this review, we focus on the dysregulation of m6A regulators as it relates to RCC tumorigenesis and development, as well as possible applications of m6A modification in RCC diagnosis and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jun Pang
- Department of Urology, Kidney and Urology Center, Pelvic Floor Disorders Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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16
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Wang C, Danli Ma, Yu H, Zhuo Z, Ye Z. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) as a regulator of carcinogenesis and drug resistance by targeting epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cells. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14001. [PMID: 36915498 PMCID: PMC10006539 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Emergence of drug resistance to chemotherapeutic agents is the principal obstacle towards curative cancer treatment in human cancer patients. It is in an urgent to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms to overcome the drug resistance. N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification is the most abundant reversible RNA modification and has emerged in recent years to regulate gene expression in eukaryotes. Recent evidence has identified m6A is associated with cancer pathogenesis and drug resistance, contributing to the self-renewal and differentiation of cancer stem cell, tumor epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor metastasis. Here we reviewed up-to-date knowledge of the relationship between m6A modulation and drug resistance. Furthermore, we illustrated the underlying mechanisms of m6A modulation in drug resistance. Lastly, we discussed the regulation of m6A modulation in EMT and cancer stem cells. Hence, it will help to provide significant therapeutic strategies to overcome drug resistance for cancer patients by changing m6A-related proteins via targeting cancer stem cells and EMT-phenotypic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuhan Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 31500, China.,Medical School of NingBo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 31500, China
| | - Danli Ma
- Department of Gynecology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 31500, China
| | - Huimin Yu
- Department of Gynecology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 31500, China
| | - Zhihong Zhuo
- Department of Gynecology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 31500, China
| | - Zhiying Ye
- Department of Gynecology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 31500, China
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17
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Chuong NN, Doan PPT, Wang L, Kim JH, Kim J. Current Insights into m 6A RNA Methylation and Its Emerging Role in Plant Circadian Clock. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:624. [PMID: 36771711 PMCID: PMC9920239 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
N6-adenosine methylation (m6A) is a prevalent form of RNA modification found in the expressed transcripts of many eukaryotic organisms. Moreover, m6A methylation is a dynamic and reversible process that requires the functioning of various proteins and their complexes that are evolutionarily conserved between species and include methylases, demethylases, and m6A-binding proteins. Over the past decade, the m6A methylation process in plants has been extensively studied and the understanding thereof has drastically increased, although the regulatory function of some components relies on information derived from animal systems. Notably, m6A has been found to be involved in a variety of factors in RNA processing, such as RNA stability, alternative polyadenylation, and miRNA regulation. The circadian clock in plants is a molecular timekeeping system that regulates the daily and rhythmic activity of many cellular and physiological processes in response to environmental changes such as the day-night cycle. The circadian clock regulates the rhythmic expression of genes through post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA. Recently, m6A methylation has emerged as an additional layer of post-transcriptional regulation that is necessary for the proper functioning of the plant circadian clock. In this review, we have compiled and summarized recent insights into the molecular mechanisms behind m6A modification and its various roles in the regulation of RNA. We discuss the potential role of m6A modification in regulating the plant circadian clock and outline potential future directions for the study of mRNA methylation in plants. A deeper understanding of the mechanism of m6A RNA regulation and its role in plant circadian clocks will contribute to a greater understanding of the plant circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Nguyen Chuong
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 690756, Republic of Korea
| | - Phan Phuong Thao Doan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 690756, Republic of Korea
| | - Lanshuo Wang
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 690756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 690756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongsik Kim
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 690756, Republic of Korea
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 690756, Republic of Korea
- Faculty of Science Education, Jeju National University, Jeju 690756, Republic of Korea
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18
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Ma M, Ye T, Wang J, Zhao H, Zhang S, Li P, Zhao G. N6-methyladenosine Modification of Noncoding RNAs: Mechanisms and Clinical Applications in Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12122996. [PMID: 36553003 PMCID: PMC9776883 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12122996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification remains the most pivotal epigenetic modification on RNA. As we know, m6A not only affects physiological processes but is also involved in carcinoma. Noncoding RNAs play an indispensable role in the occurrence and development of carcinoma. However, a large amount of research is focused on mRNA currently. Insufficient research has been done on the relationship between noncoding RNA (ncRNA) methylation and cancer. Therefore, this review aims to introduce the theoretical knowledge of m6A modification in noncoding RNA, discuss its function in tumorigenesis and progression, and ultimately summarize its potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Peng Li
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (G.Z.)
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19
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The Critical Role of RNA m6A Methylation in Gliomas: Targeting the Hallmarks of Cancer. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022:10.1007/s10571-022-01283-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01283-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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20
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RNA Editing Enzyme ADAR1 Regulates METTL3 in an Editing Dependent Manner to Promote Breast Cancer Progression via METTL3/ARHGAP5/YTHDF1 Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179656. [PMID: 36077054 PMCID: PMC9456332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A-to-I RNA editing and m6A modification are two of the most prevalent types of RNA modifications controlling gene expression in mammals and play very important roles in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. However, the functional roles and correlations of these two RNA modifications remain to be further investigated in cancer. Herein, we show that ADAR1, an A-to-I RNA-editing enzyme, interacts with METTL3 and increases its protein level to promote the proliferation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells through a mechanism connecting ADAR1, METTL3 and YTHDF1. We show that both ADAR1 and METTL3 are upregulated in breast cancer samples, and ADAR1 positively correlates with METTL3; ADAR1 edits METTL3 mRNA and changes its binding site to miR532-5p, leading to increased METTL3 protein, which further targets ARHGAP5, recognized by YTHDF1. Additionally, we show that loss of ADAR1 significantly inhibits breast cancer growth in vivo. Collectively, our findings identify the ADAR1–METTL3 axis as a novel, important pathway that connects A-to-I editing and m6A RNA modifications during breast cancer progression.
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21
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Dynamic Alteration Profile and New Role of RNA m6A Methylation in Replicative and H2O2-Induced Premature Senescence of Human Embryonic Lung Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169271. [PMID: 36012545 PMCID: PMC9408987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation is one of the most common RNA modifications, regulating RNA fate at the posttranscriptional level, and is closely related to cellular senescence. Both models of replicative and premature senescence induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were used to detect m6A regulation during the senescence of human embryonic lung fibroblasts (HEFs). The ROS level accumulated gradually with senescence, leading to normal replicative senescence. H2O2-treated cells had dramatically increased ROS level, inducing the onset of acute premature senescence. Compared with replicative senescence, ROS changed the expression profiles for m6A-related enzymes and binding proteins, including higher levels of METTL3, METTL14, WTAP, KIAA1429, and FTO, and lower levels of METTL16, ALKBH5, YTHDC1, and YTHDF1/2/3 in the premature senescence persistence group, respectively. Meanwhile, senescent cells decreased total m6A content and RNA methylation enzymes activity, regardless of replicative or premature senescence. Moreover, specific m6A methylation levels regulated the expression of SIRT3, IRS2, and E2F3 between replicative and premature senescence separately. Taken together, differential m6A epitranscription microenvironment and the targeted genes can be used as epigenetic biomarkers to cell senescence and the related diseases, offering new clues for the prevention and intervention of cellular senescence.
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22
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Yu B, Liu J, Zhang J, Mu T, Feng X, Ma R, Gu Y. Regulatory role of RNA N6-methyladenosine modifications during skeletal muscle development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:929183. [PMID: 35990615 PMCID: PMC9389409 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.929183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional cells in embryonic myogenesis and postnatal muscle development undergo multiple stages of proliferation and differentiation, which are strict procedural regulation processes. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant RNA modification that regulates gene expression in specific cell types in eukaryotes and regulates various biological activities, such as RNA processing and metabolism. Recent studies have shown that m6A modification-mediated transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation plays an essential role in myogenesis. This review outlines embryonic and postnatal myogenic differentiation and summarizes the important roles played by functional cells in each developmental period. Furthermore, the key roles of m6A modifications and their regulators in myogenesis were highlighted, and the synergistic regulation of m6A modifications with myogenic transcription factors was emphasized to characterize the cascade of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation during myogenesis. This review also discusses the crosstalk between m6A modifications and non-coding RNAs, proposing a novel mechanism for post-transcriptional regulation during skeletal muscle development. In summary, the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms mediated by m6A and their regulators may help develop new strategies to maintain muscle homeostasis, which are expected to become targets for animal muscle-specific trait breeding and treatment of muscle metabolic diseases.
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23
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Yang M, Sun M, Zhang H. The Interaction Between Epigenetic Changes, EMT, and Exosomes in Predicting Metastasis of Colorectal Cancers (CRC). Front Oncol 2022; 12:879848. [PMID: 35712512 PMCID: PMC9197117 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.879848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the third most common malignancy, and the second most deadly with nearly one million attributable deaths in 2020. Metastatic disease is present in nearly 25% of newly diagnosed CRC, and despite advances in chemotherapy, less than 20% will remain alive at 5 years. Epigenetic change plays a key role in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is a crucial phenotype for metastasis and mainly includes DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), and N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA, seemingly valuable biomarkers in CRCs. For ncRNAs, there exists a “molecular sponge effect” between long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs). The detection of exosomes is a novel method in CRC monitoring, especially for predicting metastasis. There is a close relationship between exosomes and EMT in CRCs. This review summarizes the close relationship between epigenetic changes and EMT in CRCs and emphasizes the crucial function of exosomes in regulating the EMT process.
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Li W, Yu Y, Chen X, Fang Q, Yang A, Chen X, Wu L, Wang C, Wu D, Ye S, Wu D, Sun G. N6-Methyladenosine dynamic changes and differential methylation in wheat grain development. PLANTA 2022; 255:125. [PMID: 35567638 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03893-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
More methylation changes occur in late interval than in early interval of wheat seed development with protein and the starch synthesis-related pathway enriched in the later stages. Wheat seed development is a critical process to determining wheat yield and quality, which is controlled by genetics, epigenetics and environments. The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is a reversible and dynamic process and plays regulatory role in plant development and stress responses. To better understand the role of m6A in wheat grain development, we characterized the m6A modification at 10 day post-anthesis (DPA), 20 DPA and 30 DPA in wheat grain development. m6A-seq identified 30,615, 30,326, 27,676 high confidence m6A peaks from the 10DPA, 20DPA, and 30DPA, respectively, and enriched at 3'UTR. There were 29,964, 29,542 and 26,834 unique peaks identified in AN0942_10d, AN0942_20d and AN0942_30d. One hundred and forty-two genes were methylated by m6A throughout seed development, 940 genes methylated in early grain development (AN0942_20d vs AN0942_10d), 1542 genes in late grain development (AN0942_30d vs AN0942_20d), and 1190 genes between early and late development stage (AN0942_30d vs AN0942_10d). KEGG enrichment analysis found that protein-related pathways and the starch synthesis-related pathway were significantly enriched in the later stages of seed development. Our results provide novel knowledge on m6A dynamic changes and its roles in wheat grain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Li
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Yi Yu
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Xuanrong Chen
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Qian Fang
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Anqi Yang
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Wu
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Chengyu Wang
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Dechuan Wu
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Sihong Ye
- Cotton Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
| | - Dexiang Wu
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Genlou Sun
- Biology Department, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, NS, B3H 3C3, Canada.
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METTL3 stabilizes HDAC5 mRNA in an m 6A-dependent manner to facilitate malignant proliferation of osteosarcoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:179. [PMID: 35396379 PMCID: PMC8993827 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00926-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a prevalent primary bone sarcoma. Methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) is dysregulated in human malignancies. This study explored the mechanism of METTL3 in OS cell proliferation. Our results demonstrated that METTL3 was highly expressed in OS, and correlated with the tumor size, clinical stage, and distant metastasis of OS patients. Higher METTL3 expression indicated poorer prognosis. METTL3 silencing inhibited the malignant proliferation of OS cells, while METTL3 overexpression led to an opposite trend. METTL3 upregulated histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) expression in OS cells by increasing the m6A level. HDAC5 reduced the enrichment of H3K9/K14ac on miR-142 promoter, thus suppressing miR-142-5p expression and upregulating armadillo-repeat-containing 8 (ARMC8) level. HDAC5 overexpression or miR-142-5p silencing attenuated the inhibitory effect of METTL3 silencing on OS cell proliferation. Xenograft tumor experiment in nude mice confirmed that METTL3 silencing repressed OS cell proliferation in vivo via the HDAC5/miR-142-5p/ARMC8 axis. Collectively, METTL3-mediated m6A modification facilitated OS cell proliferation via the HDAC5/miR-142-5p/ARMC8 axis.
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26
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Xu P, Ge R. Roles and drug development of METTL3 (methyltransferase-like 3) in anti-tumor therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 230:114118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Suo L, Liu C, Zhang QY, Yao MD, Ma Y, Yao J, Jiang Q, Yan B. METTL3-mediated N 6-methyladenosine modification governs pericyte dysfunction during diabetes-induced retinal vascular complication. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:277-289. [PMID: 34987645 PMCID: PMC8690932 DOI: 10.7150/thno.63441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Microvascular complication is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among the patients with diabetes. Pericyte dysfunction is the predominant pathological manifestation of microvascular complication. N 6-methyladenosine (m6A) serves as the most prevalent modification in eukaryotic mRNAs. However, the role of m6A RNA modification in pericyte dysfunction is still unclear. Methods: Quantitative polymerase chain reactions and western blots were conducted to detect the change of m6A RNA modification in pericytes and mouse retinas following diabetic stress. MTT assay, transwell migration assay, caspase 3/7 activity assay, calcein-AM/propidium iodide (PI) staining, and TUNEL staining were conducted to determine the role of METTL3 in pericyte biology in vitro. Retinal trypsin digestion, vascular permeability assay, and IB4-NG2 double immunofluorescent staining were conducted to determine the role of METTL3 in retinal pericyte dysfunction and vascular complication. RNA sequencing, RNA pull-down assays and immunoblots were conducted to clarify the mechanism of METTL3-mediated pericyte dysfunction and vascular complication. Results: The levels of m6A RNA methylation were significantly up-regulated in pericytes and mouse retinas following diabetic stress, which were caused by increased expression of METTL3. METTL3 regulated the viability, proliferation, and differentiation of pericytes in vitro. Specific depletion of METTL3 in pericytes suppressed diabetes-induced pericyte dysfunction and vascular complication in vivo. METTL3 overexpression impaired pericyte function by repressing PKC-η, FAT4, and PDGFRA expression, which was mediated by YTHDF2-dependent mRNA decay. Conclusion: METTL3-mediated m6A methylation epigenetically regulates diabetes-induced pericyte dysfunction. METTL3-YTHDF2-PKC-η/FAT4/PDGFRA signaling axis could be therapeutically targeted for treating microvascular complications.
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Motorin Y, Helm M. RNA nucleotide methylation: 2021 update. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2022; 13:e1691. [PMID: 34913259 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Among RNA modifications, transfer of methylgroups from the typical cofactor S-adenosyl-l-methionine by methyltransferases (MTases) to RNA is by far the most common reaction. Since our last review about a decade ago, the field has witnessed the re-emergence of mRNA methylation as an important mechanism in gene regulation. Attention has then spread to many other RNA species; all being included into the newly coined concept of the "epitranscriptome." The focus moved from prokaryotes and single cell eukaryotes as model organisms to higher eukaryotes, in particular to mammals. The perception of the field has dramatically changed over the past decade. A previous lack of phenotypes in knockouts in single cell organisms has been replaced by the apparition of MTases in numerous disease models and clinical investigations. Major driving forces of the field include methylation mapping techniques, as well as the characterization of the various MTases, termed "writers." The latter term has spilled over from DNA modification in the neighboring epigenetics field, along with the designations "readers," applied to mediators of biological effects upon specific binding to a methylated RNA. Furthermore "eraser" enzymes effect the newly discovered oxidative removal of methylgroups. A sense of reversibility and dynamics has replaced the older perception of RNA modification as a concrete-cast, irreversible part of RNA maturation. A related concept concerns incompletely methylated residues, which, through permutation of each site, lead to inhomogeneous populations of numerous modivariants. This review recapitulates the major developments of the past decade outlined above, and attempts a prediction of upcoming trends. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > RNA Editing and Modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Motorin
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, INSERM, UMS2008/US40 IBSLor, EpiRNA-Seq Core Facility, Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, CNRS, UMR7365 IMoPA, Nancy, France
| | - Mark Helm
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
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Dong G, Yu J, Shan G, Su L, Yu N, Yang S. N6-Methyladenosine Methyltransferase METTL3 Promotes Angiogenesis and Atherosclerosis by Upregulating the JAK2/STAT3 Pathway via m6A Reader IGF2BP1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:731810. [PMID: 34950654 PMCID: PMC8689138 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.731810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a life-threatening vascular disease. RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification level is dysregulated in multiple pathophysiologic processes including AS. In this text, the roles and molecular mechanisms of m6A writer METTL3 in AS progression were explored in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, cell proliferative, migratory, and tube formation capacities were assessed through CCK-8, Transwell migration, and tube formation assays, respectively. RNA m6A level was examined through a commercial kit. RNA and protein levels of genes were measured through RT-qPCR and western blot assays, respectively. VEGF secretion level was tested through ELISA assay. JAK2 mRNA stability was detected through actinomycin D assay. The relationship of METTL3, IGF2BP1, and JAK2 was investigated through bioinformatics analysis, MeRIP, RIP, RNA pull-down, and luciferase reporter assays. An AS mouse model was established to examine the effect of METTL3 knockdown on AS development in vivo. The angiogenetic activity was examined through chick chorioallantoic membrane assay in vivo. The results showed that METTL3 was highly expressed in ox-LDL-induced dysregulated HUVECs. METTL3 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation, migration, tube formation, and VEGF expression/secretion in ox-LDL-treated HUVECs, hampered AS process in vivo, and prevented in vivo angiogenesis of developing embryos. METTL3 positively regulated JAK2 expression and JAK2/STAT3 pathway in an m6A dependent manner in HUVECs. IGF2BP1 positively regulated JAK2 expression through directly binding to an m6A site within JAK2 mRNA in HUVECs. METTL3 knockdown weakened the interaction of JAK2 and IGF2BP1. METTL3 exerted its functions through JAK2/STAT3 pathway. In conclusion, METTL3 knockdown prevented AS progression by inhibiting JAK2/STAT3 pathway via IGF2BP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiangbo Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Gaojun Shan
- Department of Cardiovascular, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lide Su
- Department of Cardiovascular, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Nannan Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shusen Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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30
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Gao C, Yu H, Li H, Liu C, Ma X, Zhuang J, Sun C. Analysis of the expression patterns and clinical relevance of m6A regulators in 33 cancer types. Future Oncol 2021; 18:565-577. [PMID: 34927443 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-0788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The role of N6-methyladenine (m6A) RNA methylation in a variety of biological processes is gradually being revealed. Methods: Here, we systematically describe the correlation between the expression pattern of m6A RNA methylation regulatory factors and clinical phenotype, immunity, drug sensitivity, stem cells and prognosis in more than 10,000 samples of 33 types of cancer. Results: The results show that there are significant differences in the expression of 20 m6A RNA methylation regulatory factors in different cancers, and there was a significant correlation with the analysis indicators. Conclusion: In this study, the m6A RNA methylation regulatory factor was found not only to potentially assist in stratifying the prognosis but also to predict or improve the sensitivity of clinical drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chundi Gao
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, PR China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, PR China
| | - Huayao Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, PR China
| | - Cun Liu
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiaoran Ma
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, 261041, Shandong, PR China
| | - Changgang Sun
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, 261041, Shandong, PR China.,Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
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31
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Wang N, Yao F, Liu D, Jiang H, Xia X, Xiong S. RNA N6-methyladenosine in nonocular and ocular disease. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:1686-1710. [PMID: 34913163 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
N6 -methyladenosine (m6 A), the sixth N methylation of adenylate (A) in RNA, is the most abundant transcriptome modification in eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNAs). m6 A modification exists in both coding mRNA and noncoding RNAs, and its functions are controlled by methyltransferase, demethylase, and m6 A reading proteins. Methylation modification of m6 A can regulate RNA cleavage, transport, stability, and expression. This review summarizes the enzymes involved in RNA m6 A methylation and the commonly used detection methods. The role of m6 A modification in physiological processes is described, and its impact on tumorigenesis, viral infection, and diabetes is further highlighted. Moreover, up-to-date knowledge of the implications of RNA m6 A modification in ocular diseases such as uveal melanoma and diabetic retinopathy is introduced. Clarifying the mechanism of RNA m6 A methylation will help elucidate the pathogenesis of various diseases, providing options for subsequent treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Opthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Yao
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Opthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Die Liu
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Opthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Opthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Opthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Siqi Xiong
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Opthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
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32
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m 6A RNA Immunoprecipitation Followed by High-Throughput Sequencing to Map N 6-Methyladenosine. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2404:355-362. [PMID: 34694619 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1851-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant internal modification on messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in eukaryotes. It influences gene expression by regulating RNA processing, nuclear export, mRNA decay, and translation. Hence, m6A controls fundamental cellular processes, and dysregulated deposition of m6A has been acknowledged to play a role in a broad range of human diseases, including cancer. m6A RNA immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (MeRIP-seq or m6A-seq) is a powerful technique to map m6A in a transcriptome-wide level. After immunoprecipitation of fragmented polyadenylated (poly(A)+) rich RNA by using specific anti-m6A antibodies, both the immunoprecipitated RNA fragments together with the input control are subjected to massively parallel sequencing. The generation of such comprehensive methylation profiles of signal enrichment relative to input control is necessary in order to better comprehend the pathogenesis behind aberrant m6A deposition.
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33
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Cheng C, Zhang H, Zheng J, Jin Y, Wang D, Dai Z. METTL14 benefits the mesenchymal stem cells in patients with steroid-associated osteonecrosis of the femoral head by regulating the m6A level of PTPN6. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:25903-25919. [PMID: 34910686 PMCID: PMC8751613 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Imbalanced osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) is considered the core pathological characteristic of steroid-associated osteonecrosis of the femoral head (SONFH). N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) is the most common type of RNA modification in eukaryotic cells and participates in various physiological and pathological processes. However, the relationship between m6A modification and SONFH has not been reported. In the present study, we aimed to explore the roles of m6A modifications and methyltransferase METTL14 in SONFH. Our results showed that the m6A levels were down-regulated in femoral head tissues and BMSCs from SONFH patients, and this effect was attributed to the reduction of METTL14. Furthermore, METTL14 overexpression in BMSCs from SONFH patients enhanced cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. We further identified PTPN6 as the downstream target of METTL14 by mRNA sequencing. Mechanistically, METTL14 regulated PTPN6 expression by increasing PTPN6 mRNA stability in an m6A-dependent manner. Moreover, PTPN6 knockdown abrogated the beneficial effects of METTL14 overexpression on BMSCs. Additionally, we found that METTL14 activated the Wnt signaling pathway, and this effect was caused by the interaction of PTPN6 and GSK-3β. In conclusion, we elucidated the functional roles of METTL14 and m6A methylation in SONFH BMSCs and identified a novel RNA regulatory mechanism, providing a potential therapeutic target for SONFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haoping Zhang
- Department of Mini-invasive Spinal Surgery, Third Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jia Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Donghui Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhipeng Dai
- Department of Orthopedics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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34
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Wang Y, Li L, Li J, Zhao B, Huang G, Li X, Xie Z, Zhou Z. The Emerging Role of m6A Modification in Regulating the Immune System and Autoimmune Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:755691. [PMID: 34869344 PMCID: PMC8635162 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.755691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past several decades, RNA modifications have rapidly emerged as an indispensable topic in epitranscriptomics. N6-methyladenosine (m6A), namely, methylation at the sixth position of an adenine base in an RNA molecule, is the most prevalent RNA modification in both coding and noncoding RNAs. m6A has emerged as a crucial posttranscriptional regulator involved in both physiological and pathological processes. Based on accumulating evidence, m6A participates in the pathogenesis of immune-related diseases by regulating both innate and adaptive immune cells through various mechanisms. Autoimmune diseases are caused by a self-destructive immune response in the setting of genetic and environmental factors, and recent studies have discovered that m6A may play an essential role in the development of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we focus on the important role of m6A modification in biological functions and highlight its contributions to immune cells and the development of autoimmune diseases, thereby providing promising epitranscriptomic targets for preventing and treating autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lifang Li
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gan Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguo Xie
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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35
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Wang L, Qi H, Li D, Liu L, Chen D, Gao X. METTL3 is a key regulator of milk synthesis in mammary epithelial cells. Cell Biol Int 2021; 46:359-369. [PMID: 34865263 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme m6 A methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) catalyzes N6 -methyladenosine (m6 A) modification in eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs). However, the physiological function and molecular mechanism of METTL3 in mammalian cells have not been fully understood. Here we showed that METTL3 was highly expressed in mouse mammary gland of the lactation period. METTL3 was located in the nucleus of bovine mammary epithelial cells (MECs), and methionine (Met) and β-estrodial (E2) upregulated METTL3 protein level. METTL3 knockdown decreased milk protein and fat synthesis, whereas its overexpression had the opposite effects. METTL3 overexpression stimulated mRNA expression and protein phosphorylation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and mRNA and protein expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), whereas METTL3 knockdown blocked the stimulatory effects of Met and E2 on these processes. Furthermore, METTL3 overexpression led to increased mRNA m6 A methylation of mTOR and SREBP1, whereas METTL3 knockdown suppressed the stimulatory effects of Met and E2 on these processes. The interaction between METTL3 and glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GlyRS) was confirmed by Co-immunoprecipitation and fluorescence resonance energy transfer approaches, and colocalization observation further showed that Met and E2 treatment increased this interaction. GlyRS knockdown abolished METTL3 protein levels upregulated by Met and E2, and METTL3 knockdown markedly decreased the effects of GlyRS overexpression on mTOR expression and phosphorylation and SREBP1 expression. In summary, we demonstrate that METTL3 is a key positive regulator of Met and E2-stimulated and GlyRS-mediated mTOR and SREBP1 signaling pathways and milk protein and fat synthesis in mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Qi
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Dong Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lijie Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Dongying Chen
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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36
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Pauli C, Kienhöfer M, Göllner S, Müller-Tidow C. Epitranscriptomic modifications in acute myeloid leukemia: m 6A and 2'- O-methylation as targets for novel therapeutic strategies. Biol Chem 2021; 402:1531-1546. [PMID: 34634841 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Modifications of RNA commonly occur in all species. Multiple enzymes are involved as writers, erasers and readers of these modifications. Many RNA modifications or the respective enzymes are associated with human disease and especially cancer. Currently, the mechanisms how RNA modifications impact on a large number of intracellular processes are emerging and knowledge about the pathogenetic role of RNA modifications increases. In Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), the N 6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification has emerged as an important modulator of leukemogenesis. The writer proteins METTL3 and METTL14 are both involved in AML pathogenesis and might be suitable therapeutic targets. Recently, close links between 2'-O-methylation (2'-O-me) of ribosomal RNA and leukemogenesis were discovered. The AML1-ETO oncofusion protein which specifically occurs in a subset of AML was found to depend on induction of snoRNAs and 2'-O-me for leukemogenesis. Also, NPM1, an important tumor suppressor in AML, was associated with altered snoRNAs and 2'-O-me. These findings point toward novel pathogenetic mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions. The current knowledge and the implications are the topic of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Pauli
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Kienhöfer
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Göllner
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)-Heidelberg University Hospital, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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37
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Zhang J, Shan B, Lin L, Dong J, Sun Q, Zhou Q, Chen J, Han X. Dissecting the Role of N6-Methylandenosine-Related Long Non-coding RNAs Signature in Prognosis and Immune Microenvironment of Breast Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:711859. [PMID: 34692676 PMCID: PMC8526800 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.711859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) represents a molecularly and clinically heterogeneous disease. Recent progress in immunotherapy has provided a glimmer of hope for several BC subtypes. The relationship between N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification and long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) is still largely unexplored in BC. Here, with the intention to dissect the landscape of m6A-related lncRNAs and explore the immunotherapeutic value of the m6A-related lncRNA signature, we identified m6A-related lncRNAs by co-expression analysis from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and stratified BC patients into different subgroups. Furthermore, we generated an m6A-related lncRNA prognostic signature. Four molecular subtypes were identified by consensus clustering. Cluster 3 preferentially had favorable prognosis, upregulated immune checkpoint expression, and high level of immune cell infiltration. Twenty-one m6A-related lncRNAs were applied to construct the m6A-related lncRNA model (m6A-LncRM). Survival analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves further confirmed the prognostic value and prediction performance of m6A-LncRM. Finally, high- and low-risk BC subgroups displayed significantly different clinical features and immune cell infiltration status. Overall, our study systematically explored the prognostic value of the m6A-related LncRNAs and identified a high immunogenicity BC subtype. The proposed m6A-related LncRNA model might serve as a robust prognostic signature and attractive immunotherapeutic targets for BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinguo Zhang
- Division of Life Science and Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Benjie Shan
- Division of Life Science and Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Division of Life Science and Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Division of Life Science and Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qingqing Sun
- Division of Life Science and Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Division of Life Science and Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Division of Life Science and Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xinghua Han
- Division of Life Science and Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Tan X, Li Q, Zhang Q, Fan G, Liu Z, Zhou K. Integrative Analysis Reveals Potentially Functional N6-Methylandenosine-Related Long Noncoding RNAs in Colon Adenocarcinoma. Front Genet 2021; 12:739344. [PMID: 34603397 PMCID: PMC8484874 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.739344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is one of the most prevalent RNA modifications in mRNA and non-coding RNA. In this study, we identified 10 upregulated m6A regulators at both mRNA and protein levels, and 2,479 m6A-related lncRNAs. Moreover, the m6A-related long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) could clearly stratify the colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) samples into three subtypes. The subtype 2 had nearly 40% of samples with microsatellite instability (MSI), significantly higher than the two other subtypes. In accordance with this finding, the inflammatory response-related pathways were highly activated in this subtype. The subtype-3 had a shorter overall survival and a higher proportion of patients with advanced stage than subtypes 1 and 2 (p-value < 0.05). Pathway analysis suggested that the energy metabolism-related pathways might be aberrantly activated in subtype 3. In addition, we observed that most of the m6A readers and m6A-related lncRNAs were upregulated in subtype 3, suggesting that the m6A readers and the m6A-related lncRNAs might be associated with metabolic reprogramming and unfavorable outcome in COAD. Among the m6A-related lncRNAs in subtype 3, four were predicted as prognostically relevant. Functional inference suggested that CTD-3184A7.4, RP11-458F8.4, and RP11-108L7.15 were positively correlated with the energy metabolism-related pathways, further suggesting that these lncRNAs might be involved in energy metabolism-related pathways. In summary, we conducted a systematic data analysis to identify the key m6A regulators and m6A-related lncRNAs, and evaluated their clinical and functional importance in COAD, which may provide important evidences for further m6A-related researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Tan
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qinya Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Gang Fan
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China.,Department of Urology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- Third Department of General Surgery, The Central Hospital of Xiangtan, Xiangtan, China
| | - Kunyan Zhou
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
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39
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Kumari K, Groza P, Aguilo F. Regulatory roles of RNA modifications in breast cancer. NAR Cancer 2021; 3:zcab036. [PMID: 34541538 PMCID: PMC8445368 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcab036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Collectively referred to as the epitranscriptome, RNA modifications play important roles in gene expression control regulating relevant cellular processes. In the last few decades, growing numbers of RNA modifications have been identified not only in abundant ribosomal (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA) but also in messenger RNA (mRNA). In addition, many writers, erasers and readers that dynamically regulate the chemical marks have also been characterized. Correct deposition of RNA modifications is prerequisite for cellular homeostasis, and its alteration results in aberrant transcriptional programs that dictate human disease, including breast cancer, the most frequent female malignancy, and the leading cause of cancer-related death in women. In this review, we emphasize the major RNA modifications that are present in tRNA, rRNA and mRNA. We have categorized breast cancer-associated chemical marks and summarize their contribution to breast tumorigenesis. In addition, we describe less abundant tRNA modifications with related pathways implicated in breast cancer. Finally, we discuss current limitations and perspectives on epitranscriptomics for use in therapeutic strategies against breast and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Kumari
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Paula Groza
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Francesca Aguilo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden
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40
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Su T, Huang M, Liao J, Lin S, Yu P, Yang J, Cai Y, Zhu S, Xu L, Peng Z, Peng S, Chen S, Kuang M. Insufficient Radiofrequency Ablation Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis Through N6-Methyladenosine mRNA Methylation-Dependent Mechanism. Hepatology 2021; 74:1339-1356. [PMID: 33638162 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The dynamic N6-methyladenosine (m6 A) mRNA modification is essential for acute stress response and cancer progression. Sublethal heat stress from insufficient radiofrequency ablation (IRFA) has been confirmed to promote HCC progression; however, whether m6 A machinery is involved in IRFA-induced HCC recurrence remains open for study. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using an IRFA HCC orthotopic mouse model, we detected a higher level of m6 A reader YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 1-3 (YTHDF1) in the sublethal-heat-exposed transitional zone close to the ablation center than that in the farther area. In addition, we validated the increased m6 A modification and elevated YTHDF1 protein level in sublethal-heat-treated HCC cell lines, HCC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse model, and patients' HCC tissues. Functionally, gain-of-function/loss-of-function assays showed that YTHDF1 promotes HCC cell viability and metastasis. Knockdown of YTHDF1 drastically restrains the tumor metastasis evoked by sublethal heat treatment in tail vein injection lung metastasis and orthotopic HCC mouse models. Mechanistically, we found that sublethal heat treatment increases epidermal factor growth receptor (EGFR) m6 A modification in the vicinity of the 5' untranslated region and promotes its binding with YTHDF1, which enhances the translation of EGFR mRNA. The sublethal-heat-induced up-regulation of EGFR level was further confirmed in the IRFA HCC PDX mouse model and patients' tissues. Combination of YTHDF1 silencing and EGFR inhibition suppressed the malignancies of HCC cells synergically. CONCLUSIONS The m6 A-YTHDF1-EGFR axis promotes HCC progression after IRFA, supporting the rationale for targeting m6 A machinery combined with EGFR inhibitors to suppress HCC metastasis after RFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhong Su
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manling Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junbin Liao
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuibin Lin
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhong Cai
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shenghua Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixia Xu
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenwei Peng
- Clinical Trials Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sui Peng
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Clinical Trials Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuling Chen
- Division of Interventional Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Kuang
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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41
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Na Z, Fan L, Wang X. Gene Signatures and Prognostic Values of N6-Methyladenosine Related Genes in Ovarian Cancer. Front Genet 2021; 12:542457. [PMID: 34484284 PMCID: PMC8416414 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.542457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) is one of the most prominent modification regulating RNA processing and metabolism. Increasing studies have illuminated the vital role of m6A methylation in carcinogenesis. However, little is known about the interaction between m6A-related genes and survival of ovarian cancer (OC) patients. The purpose of this study was to obtain more reliable m6A-related genes that could be used as prognostic markers of OC using bioinformatics analysis performed on the RNA-seq data of OC. Gene expression datasets of all m6A-related genes as well as corresponding clinical data were obtained from the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. We detected differential expressed m6A-related candidate genes as well as their relationship and interaction. m6A RNA methylation regulator ALKBH5 and 35 m6A-related genes are dysregulated in OC. A gene set that could be used as a potential independent prognostic risk feature was further screened including NEBL, PDGFRA, WDR91, and ZBTB4. The results of mRNA expression analysis by PCR were consistent with those of bioinformatics analysis. We applied consensus clustering analysis on the expression of the four prognostic genes and obtained four OC subgroups TM1-TM4. There were significant differences in age, stage and grade among the subgroups, and the overall survival (OS) as well as Disease-free survival (DFS) of TM2 group were shorter than those of the other three groups. Further GO and KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that these differential genes were closely related to biological processes and key signaling pathways involved in OC. In summary, our study has indicated that m6A-related genes are key factors in the progression of OC and have potential effects on the prognostic stratification of OC and the development of treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijing Na
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ling Fan
- Nursing Department, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiuxia Wang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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42
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Decoding m 6A mRNA methylation by reader proteins in cancer. Cancer Lett 2021; 518:256-265. [PMID: 34339799 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most prevalent internal modification in eukaryotic mRNAs, regulates gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. The reader proteins of m6A, mainly YTH domain-containing proteins, specifically recognize m6A-modified mRNAs and regulate their metabolism. Recent studies have highlighted essential roles of m6A readers in the initiation and development of human cancers. In this review, we summarize recent findings about the biological functions of YTH domain proteins in cancers, the underlying mechanisms, and clinical implications. Gene expression reprogramming by dysregulated m6A reader proteins offers potential targets for cancer treatment, while targeted m6A editors and readers provide tools to manipulate m6A metabolism in cancers.
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43
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m6A RNA methylation facilitates pre-mRNA 3'-end formation and is essential for viability of Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009335. [PMID: 34324585 PMCID: PMC8354455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can cause serious opportunistic disease in the immunocompromised or through congenital infection. To progress through its life cycle, Toxoplasma relies on multiple layers of gene regulation that includes an array of transcription and epigenetic factors. Over the last decade, the modification of mRNA has emerged as another important layer of gene regulation called epitranscriptomics. Here, we report that epitranscriptomics machinery exists in Toxoplasma, namely the methylation of adenosines (m6A) in mRNA transcripts. We identified novel components of the m6A methyltransferase complex and determined the distribution of m6A marks within the parasite transcriptome. m6A mapping revealed the modification to be preferentially located near the 3’-boundary of mRNAs. Knockdown of the m6A writer components METTL3 and WTAP resulted in diminished m6A marks and a complete arrest of parasite replication. Furthermore, we examined the two proteins in Toxoplasma that possess YTH domains, which bind m6A marks, and showed them to be integral members of the cleavage and polyadenylation machinery that catalyzes the 3’-end processing of pre-mRNAs. Loss of METTL3, WTAP, or YTH1 led to a defect in transcript 3’-end formation. Together, these findings establish that the m6A epitranscriptome is essential for parasite viability by contributing to the processing of mRNA 3’-ends. Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite of medical importance that causes disease upon immuno-suppression. Uncovering essential pathways that the parasite uses for its basic biological processes may reveal opportunities for new anti-parasitic drug therapies. Here, we describe the machinery that Toxoplasma uses to modify specific adenosine residues within its messenger RNAs (mRNA) by N6-adenosine methylation (m6A). We discovered that m6A mRNA methylation is prevalent in multiple stages of the parasite life cycle and is required for parasite replication. We also establish that m6A plays a major role in the proper maturation of mRNA. Two proteins that bind m6A modifications on mRNA associate with factors responsible for the cleavage and final processing steps of mRNA maturation. Since all of the machinery is conserved from plants to Toxoplasma and other related parasites, we propose that this system operates similarly in these organisms.
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44
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Qiu W, Zhou Y, Wu H, Lv X, Yang L, Ren Z, Tian H, Yu Q, Li J, Lin W, Zhao L, Luo S, Gao J. RNA Demethylase FTO Mediated RNA m 6A Modification Is Involved in Maintaining Maternal-Fetal Interface in Spontaneous Abortion. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:617172. [PMID: 34350169 PMCID: PMC8326377 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.617172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification regulates the expression of genes associated with various biological and pathological processes, including spontaneous abortion (SA). The aim of this study was to determine the role of the m6A demethylase fat mass and obesity (FTO)- associated protein in SA. The FTO,IGF2BP1 and IGF2BP2 mRNA levels were significantly lower in the chorionic villi obtained from spontaneously aborted pregnancies compared to that of normal pregnancies, while the expression levels of METTL3 and WTAP were significantly elevated. However, ALKBH5, YTHDF2, and IGF2BP3 were elevated with no statistical significance between groups. In addition, MDA was elevated and SOD levels were decreased in the villi tissues of the SA group compared to the normal group, which was indicative of placental oxidative stress in the former. Furthermore, the expression of FTO and HLA-G were significantly decreased in the trophoblasts of the SA patients compared to that of normal pregnant women, while that of m6A was markedly higher in the former. In addition, the HLA-G and VEGFR mRNA levels were downregulated in the SA versus the control group, and that of MMP2, MMP7, MMP9 and VEGFA were upregulated. Finally, The RIP assay showed significantly decreased levels of FTO-bound HLA-G, VEGFR and MMP9 RNA in SA patients (P < 0.05), which corresponded to an increase in transcripts enriched with the m6A antibody (P < 0.05). However, compared with normal pregnant women, the levels of HLA-G, VEGFA, VEGFR, and MMP2 mRNA bound by YTHDF2 were significantly decreased in SA patients. Compared to the normal pregnant women, both FTO- and m6A-bound MMP7 were significantly increased in SA patients (P < 0.05), but YTHDF2 almost unbound to MMP7 mRNA. In summary, the downregulation of FTO in the chorionic villi disrupts immune tolerance and angiogenesis at the maternal-fetal interface, resulting in aberrant methylation and oxidative stress that eventually leads to SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Qiu
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuexi Zhou
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiwang Wu
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Lv
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lilin Yang
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenxing Ren
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - He Tian
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingying Yu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixian Lin
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Songping Luo
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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45
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Novikov DA, Beletsky AP, Kolosov PM. The Putative Role of m6A-RNA Methylation in Memory Consolidation. NEUROCHEM J+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712421020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Stixová L, Komůrková D, Svobodová Kovaříková A, Fagherazzi P, Bártová E. Localization of METTL16 at the Nuclear Periphery and the Nucleolus Is Cell Cycle-Specific and METTL16 Interacts with Several Nucleolar Proteins. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11070669. [PMID: 34357041 PMCID: PMC8305168 DOI: 10.3390/life11070669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
METTL16 methyltransferase is responsible for the methylation of N6-adenosine (m6A) in several RNAs. In mouse cells, we showed that the nuclear distribution of METTL16 is cell cycle-specific. In the G1/S phases, METTL16 accumulates to the nucleolus, while in the G2 phase, the level of METTL16 increases in the nucleoplasm. In metaphase and anaphase, there is a very low pool of the METTL16 protein, but in telophase, residual METTL16 appears to be associated with the newly formed nuclear lamina. In A-type lamin-depleted cells, we observed a reduction of METTL16 when compared with the wild-type counterpart. However, METTL16 does not interact with A-type and B-type lamins, but interacts with Lamin B Receptor (LBR) and Lap2α. Additionally, Lap2α depletion caused METTL16 downregulation in the nuclear pool. Furthermore, METTL16 interacted with DDB2, a key protein of the nucleotide excision repair (NER), and also with nucleolar proteins, including TCOF, NOLC1, and UBF1/2, but not fibrillarin. From this view, the METTL16 protein may also regulate the transcription of ribosomal genes because we observed that the high level of m6A in 18S rRNA appeared in cells with upregulated METTL16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Stixová
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (D.K.); (A.S.K.); (P.F.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (E.B.); Tel.: +420-5-41517141 (E.B.)
| | - Denisa Komůrková
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (D.K.); (A.S.K.); (P.F.)
| | - Alena Svobodová Kovaříková
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (D.K.); (A.S.K.); (P.F.)
| | - Paolo Fagherazzi
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (D.K.); (A.S.K.); (P.F.)
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 601 77 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Bártová
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (D.K.); (A.S.K.); (P.F.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (E.B.); Tel.: +420-5-41517141 (E.B.)
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47
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Satterwhite ER, Mansfield KD. RNA methyltransferase METTL16: Targets and function. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2021; 13:e1681. [PMID: 34227247 PMCID: PMC9286414 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methyltransferase METTL16 is an emerging player in the RNA modification landscape of the human cell. Originally thought to be a ribosomal RNA methyltransferase, it has now been shown to bind and methylate the MAT2A messenger RNA (mRNA) and U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA). It has also been shown to bind the MALAT1 long noncoding RNA and several other RNAs. METTL16's methyltransferase domain contains the Rossmann-like fold of class I methyltransferases and uses S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as the methyl donor. It has an RNA methylation consensus sequence of UACAGARAA (modified A underlined), and structural requirements for its known RNA interactors. In addition to the methyltransferase domain, METTL16 protein has two other RNA binding domains, one of which resides in a vertebrate conserved region, and a putative nuclear localization signal. The role of METTL16 in the cell is still being explored, however evidence suggests it is essential for most cells. This is currently hypothesized to be due to its role in regulating the splicing of MAT2A mRNA in response to cellular SAM levels. However, one of the more pressing questions remaining is what role METTL16's methylation of U6 snRNA plays in splicing and potentially cellular survival. METTL16 also has several other putative coding and noncoding RNA interactors but the definitive methylation status of those RNAs and the role METTL16 plays in their life cycle is yet to be determined. Overall, METTL16 is an intriguing RNA binding protein and methyltransferase whose important functions in the cell are just beginning to be understood. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > RNA Editing and Modification RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA-Protein Complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Satterwhite
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kyle D Mansfield
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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48
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Hu Y, Zhao X. Role of m6A in osteoporosis, arthritis and osteosarcoma (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:926. [PMID: 34306195 PMCID: PMC8281110 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA modification is a type of post-transcriptional modification that regulates important cellular pathways, such as the processing and metabolism of RNA. The most abundant form of methylation modification is RNA N6-methyladenine (m6A), which plays various post-transcriptional regulatory roles in cellular biological functions, including cell differentiation, embryonic development and disease occurrence. Bones play a pivotal role in the skeletal system as they support and protect muscles and other organs, facilitate movement and ensure haematopoiesis. The development and remodelling of bones require a delicate and accurate regulation of gene expression by epigenetic mechanisms that involve modifications of histone, DNA and RNA. The present review discusses the enzymes and proteins involved in mRNA m6A methylation modification and summarises current research progress and the mechanisms of mRNA m6A methylation in common orthopaedic diseases, including osteoporosis, arthritis and osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, The Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, The Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810000, P.R. China
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49
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Han X, Guo J, Fan Z. Interactions between m6A modification and miRNAs in malignant tumors. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:598. [PMID: 34108450 PMCID: PMC8190295 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03868-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the regulatory role of epigenetic modifications in the occurrence and development of malignant tumors has attracted extensive attention. RNA m6A methylation is the most abundant RNA modification in eukaryotic cells and regulates RNA transcription, processing, splicing, degradation, and translation. As important biomarkers, miRNAs play a crucial role in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases as well as in the development of anti-tumor drugs. Recently, increasing evidence has shown that m6A modification plays a vital role in regulating miRNA biosynthesis. We, herein, have reviewed the enzyme system involved in m6A methylation and the crosstalk between m6A modification and miRNAs in cancer. In addition, we have discussed the potential clinical applications and possible development directions of this field in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jing Guo
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhipeng Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China. .,Research Unit of Tooth Development and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China.
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Tang M, Lv Y. The Role of N6 -Methyladenosine Modified Circular RNA in Pathophysiological Processes. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:2262-2277. [PMID: 34239354 PMCID: PMC8241720 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.60131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNA (circRNA) is a type of covalently closed and endogenous non-coding RNA (ncRNA) with tissue- and cell-specific expression patterns generated by a non-canonical splicing event. Previous reports have indicated that circRNAs exert their functions in different ways, thereby participating in various pathophysiological processes. N6 -methyladenosine (m6A) methylation occurs in the N6-position, which is the most abundant and conserved internal transcriptional modification in eukaryotes, including mRNA and ncRNAs. Accumulating evidences confirm that m6A modification also exists in the circRNA and greatly affects the biological functions of circRNA. Their dysregulated expression can be a cause of various pathophysiological processes, such as spermatogenesis, myoblast differentiation, cancer, cardiovascular disease, mental illness and so on. Understanding the role of m6A-modified circRNAs in pathophysiological processes may contribute to better understanding the physiological mechanisms and develop new biomarkers. This review summarizes the regulatory mechanism of m6A modification on circRNA metabolism and the role of m6A-modified circRNAs in pathophysiological processes. This article may pave the way for a better understanding of the role of epigenetically modified circRNAs in pathophysiological process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yonggang Lv
- Mechanobiology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
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