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Dikalova A, Fehrenbach D, Mayorov V, Panov A, Ao M, Lantier L, Amarnath V, Lopez MG, Billings FT, Sack MN, Dikalov S. Mitochondrial CypD Acetylation Promotes Endothelial Dysfunction and Hypertension. Circ Res 2024; 134:1451-1464. [PMID: 38639088 PMCID: PMC11116043 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.323596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nearly half of adults have hypertension, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Mitochondrial hyperacetylation is linked to hypertension, but the role of acetylation of specific proteins is not clear. We hypothesized that acetylation of mitochondrial CypD (cyclophilin D) at K166 contributes to endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. METHODS To test this hypothesis, we studied CypD acetylation in patients with essential hypertension, defined a pathogenic role of CypD acetylation in deacetylation mimetic CypD-K166R mutant mice and endothelial-specific GCN5L1 (general control of amino acid synthesis 5 like 1)-deficient mice using an Ang II (angiotensin II) model of hypertension. RESULTS Arterioles from hypertensive patients had 280% higher CypD acetylation coupled with reduced Sirt3 (sirtuin 3) and increased GCN5L1 levels. GCN5L1 regulates mitochondrial protein acetylation and promotes CypD acetylation, which is counteracted by mitochondrial deacetylase Sirt3. In human aortic endothelial cells, GCN5L1 depletion prevents superoxide overproduction. Deacetylation mimetic CypD-K166R mice were protected from vascular oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and Ang II-induced hypertension. Ang II-induced hypertension increased mitochondrial GCN5L1 and reduced Sirt3 levels resulting in a 250% increase in GCN5L1/Sirt3 ratio promoting CypD acetylation. Treatment with mitochondria-targeted scavenger of cytotoxic isolevuglandins (mito2HOBA) normalized GCN5L1/Sirt3 ratio, reduced CypD acetylation, and attenuated hypertension. The role of mitochondrial acetyltransferase GCN5L1 in the endothelial function was tested in endothelial-specific GCN5L1 knockout mice. Depletion of endothelial GCN5L1 prevented Ang II-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress, reduced the maladaptive switch of vascular metabolism to glycolysis, prevented inactivation of endothelial nitric oxide, preserved endothelial-dependent relaxation, and attenuated hypertension. CONCLUSIONS These data support the pathogenic role of CypD acetylation in endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. We suggest that targeting cytotoxic mitochondrial isolevuglandins and GCN5L1 reduces CypD acetylation, which may be beneficial in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dikalova
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | | | - Mingfang Ao
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sergey Dikalov
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Xu W, Ma X, Wang Q, Ye J, Wang N, Ye Z, Chen T. GCN5L1 regulates pulmonary surfactant production by modulating lamellar body biogenesis and trafficking in mouse alveolar epithelial cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:90. [PMID: 37936104 PMCID: PMC10631113 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pulmonary surfactant that lines the air-liquid surface within alveoli is a protein-lipid mixture essential for gas exchange. Surfactant lipids and proteins are synthesized and stored in the lamellar body (LB) before being secreted from alveolar type II (AT2) cells. The molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate these processes are incompletely understood. We previously identified an essential role of general control of amino acid synthesis 5 like 1 (GCN5L1) and the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelle complex 1 subunit 1 (BLOS1) in surfactant system development in zebrafish. Here, we explored the role of GCN5L1 in pulmonary surfactant regulation. METHOD GCN5L1 knockout cell lines were generated with the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Cell viability was analyzed by MTT assay. Released surfactant proteins were measured by ELISA. Released surfactant lipids were measured based on coupled enzymatic reactions. Gene overexpression was mediated through lentivirus. The RNA levels were detected through RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)- polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The protein levels were detected through western blotting. The cellular localization was analyzed by immunofluorescence. Morphology of the lamellar body was analyzed through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Lysotracker staining, and BODIPY phosphatidylcholine labeling. RESULTS Knocking out GCN5L1 in MLE-12 significantly decreased the release of surfactant proteins and lipids. We detected the downregulation of some surfactant-related genes and misregulation of the ROS-Erk-Foxo1-Cebpα axis in mutant cells. Modulating the activity of the axis or reconstructing the mitochondrial expression of GCN5L1 could partially restore the expression of these surfactant-related genes. We further showed that MLE-12 cells contained many LB-like organelles that were lipid enriched and positive for multiple LB markers. These organelles were smaller in size and accumulated in the absence of GCN5L1, indicating both biogenesis and trafficking defects. Accumulated endogenous surfactant protein (SP)-B or exogenously expressed SP-B/SP-C in adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporterA3 (ABCA3)-positive organelles was detected in mutant cells. GCN5L1 localized to the mitochondria and LBs. Reconstruction of mitochondrial GCN5L1 expression rescued the organelle morphology but failed to restore the trafficking defect and surfactant release, indicating specific roles associated with different subcellular localizations. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our study identified GCN5L1 as a new regulator of pulmonary surfactant that plays a role in the biogenesis and positioning/trafficking of surfactant-containing LBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqin Xu
- Central Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- Clinical Research Center for Critical Respiratory Medicine of Anhui Province, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Xiaocui Ma
- Henan Clinical Research Center of Childhood Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Central Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- Clinical Research Center for Critical Respiratory Medicine of Anhui Province, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Jingjing Ye
- Central Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- Clinical Research Center for Critical Respiratory Medicine of Anhui Province, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Nengqian Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Zhenzhen Ye
- Department of Pediatrics, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Tianbing Chen
- Central Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Critical Respiratory Medicine of Anhui Province, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China.
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Wu K, Zou J, Sack MN. The endo-lysosomal regulatory protein BLOC1S1 modulates hepatic lysosomal content and lysosomal lipolysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 642:1-10. [PMID: 36535215 PMCID: PMC9852072 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BLOC1S1 is a common component of BLOC and BORC multiprotein complexes which play distinct roles in endosome and lysosome biology. Recent human mutations in BLOC1S1 associate with juvenile leukodystrophy. As leukodystrophy is linked to perturbed lysosomal lipid storage we explored whether BLOC1S1 itself modulates this biology. Given the central role of the liver in lipid storage, our investigations were performed in hepatocyte specific liver bloc1s1 knockout (LKO) mice and in human hepatocyte-like lines (HLCs) derived from inducible pluripotential stem cells (iPSCs) from a juvenile leukodystrophy subject's with bloc1s1 mutations and from isogenic corrected iPSCs. Here we show that hepatocyte lipid stores are diminished in parallel with increased lysosomal content, increased lysosomal lipid uptake and lipolysis in LKO mice. The lysosomal lipolysis program was independent of macro- and chaperone-mediated lipophagy but dependent on cellular lysosome content. In parallel, genetic induction of lysosomal biogenesis in a transformed hepatocyte cell line replicated depletion of intracellular lipid stores. Interestingly bloc1s1 mutant and isogenic corrected HLCs both showed normal lysosomal enzyme activity. However, relative to the isogenic corrected HLCs, mutant bloc1s1 HLCs showed reduced lysosomal content and increased lipid storage. Together these data show distinct phenotypes in human mutant HLCs compared to murine knockout cells. At the same time, human blcs1s1 mutation and murine hepatocyte bloc1s1 depletion disrupt lysosome content and the cellular lipid storage. These data support that BLOC1S1 modulates lysosome content and lipid handling independent of autophagy and show that lysosomal lipolysis is dependent on the cellular content of functional lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyuan Wu
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jizhong Zou
- Stem Cell Core Facility, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Michael N Sack
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Wu K, Takanohashi A, Woidill S, Seylani A, Helman G, Dias P, Beers J, Lin Y, Simons C, Wolvetang E, Zou J, Vanderver A, Sack MN. Generation of human induced pluripotential stem cells from individuals with complex heterozygous, isogenic corrected, and homozygous Bloc1s1 mutations. Stem Cell Res 2022; 64:102905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2022.102905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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Wells KM, He K, Pandey A, Cabello A, Zhang D, Yang J, Gomez G, Liu Y, Chang H, Li X, Zhang H, Feng X, da Costa LF, Metz R, Johnson CD, Martin CL, Skrobarczyk J, Berghman LR, Patrick KL, Leibowitz J, Ficht A, Sze SH, Song J, Qian X, Qin QM, Ficht TA, de Figueiredo P. Brucella activates the host RIDD pathway to subvert BLOS1-directed immune defense. eLife 2022; 11:e73625. [PMID: 35587649 PMCID: PMC9119680 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phagocytosis and destruction of pathogens in lysosomes constitute central elements of innate immune defense. Here, we show that Brucella, the causative agent of brucellosis, the most prevalent bacterial zoonosis globally, subverts this immune defense pathway by activating regulated IRE1α-dependent decay (RIDD) of Bloc1s1 mRNA encoding BLOS1, a protein that promotes endosome-lysosome fusion. RIDD-deficient cells and mice harboring a RIDD-incompetent variant of IRE1α were resistant to infection. Inactivation of the Bloc1s1 gene impaired the ability to assemble BLOC-1-related complex (BORC), resulting in differential recruitment of BORC-related lysosome trafficking components, perinuclear trafficking of Brucella-containing vacuoles (BCVs), and enhanced susceptibility to infection. The RIDD-resistant Bloc1s1 variant maintains the integrity of BORC and a higher-level association of BORC-related components that promote centrifugal lysosome trafficking, resulting in enhanced BCV peripheral trafficking and lysosomal destruction, and resistance to infection. These findings demonstrate that host RIDD activity on BLOS1 regulates Brucella intracellular parasitism by disrupting BORC-directed lysosomal trafficking. Notably, coronavirus murine hepatitis virus also subverted the RIDD-BLOS1 axis to promote intracellular replication. Our work establishes BLOS1 as a novel immune defense factor whose activity is hijacked by diverse pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Michelle Wells
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science CenterBryanUnited States
| | - Kai He
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Aseem Pandey
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science CenterBryanUnited States
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Ana Cabello
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science CenterBryanUnited States
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science CenterBryanUnited States
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science CenterBryanUnited States
| | - Gabriel Gomez
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin UniversityJilinChina
| | - Haowu Chang
- Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Xueqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Xuehuang Feng
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science CenterBryanUnited States
| | | | - Richard Metz
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Services, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Charles D Johnson
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Services, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Cameron Lee Martin
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Jill Skrobarczyk
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Luc R Berghman
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Kristin L Patrick
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science CenterBryanUnited States
| | - Julian Leibowitz
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science CenterBryanUnited States
| | - Allison Ficht
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science CenterCollege StationUnited States
| | - Sing-Hoi Sze
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Jianxun Song
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science CenterBryanUnited States
| | - Xiaoning Qian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
- TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics & Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Qing-Ming Qin
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science CenterBryanUnited States
- College of Plant Sciences, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin UniversityJilinChina
| | - Thomas A Ficht
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Paul de Figueiredo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science CenterBryanUnited States
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
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Lechado Terradas A, Zittlau KI, Macek B, Fraiberg M, Elazar Z, Kahle PJ. Regulation of mitochondrial cargo-selective autophagy by posttranslational modifications. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101339. [PMID: 34688664 PMCID: PMC8591368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are important organelles in eukaryotes. Turnover and quality control of mitochondria are regulated at the transcriptional and posttranslational level by several cellular mechanisms. Removal of defective mitochondrial proteins is mediated by mitochondria resident proteases or by proteasomal degradation of individual proteins. Clearance of bulk mitochondria occurs via a selective form of autophagy termed mitophagy. In yeast and some developing metazoan cells (e.g., oocytes and reticulocytes), mitochondria are largely removed by ubiquitin-independent mechanisms. In such cases, the regulation of mitophagy is mediated via phosphorylation of mitochondria-anchored autophagy receptors. On the other hand, ubiquitin-dependent recruitment of cytosolic autophagy receptors occurs in situations of cellular stress or disease, where dysfunctional mitochondria would cause oxidative damage. In mammalian cells, a well-studied ubiquitin-dependent mitophagy pathway induced by mitochondrial depolarization is regulated by the mitochondrial protein kinase PINK1, which upon activation recruits the ubiquitin ligase parkin. Here, we review mechanisms of mitophagy with an emphasis on posttranslational modifications that regulate various mitophagy pathways. We describe the autophagy components involved with particular emphasis on posttranslational modifications. We detail the phosphorylations mediated by PINK1 and parkin-mediated ubiquitylations of mitochondrial proteins that can be modulated by deubiquitylating enzymes. We also discuss the role of accessory factors regulating mitochondrial fission/fusion and the interplay with pro- and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members. Comprehensive knowledge of the processes of mitophagy is essential for the understanding of vital mitochondrial turnover in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lechado Terradas
- Laboratory of Functional Neurogenetics, Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Boris Macek
- Proteome Center Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Milana Fraiberg
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zvulun Elazar
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Philipp J Kahle
- Laboratory of Functional Neurogenetics, Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Scott
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA (I.S., M.N.S.)
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD (I.S., M.N.S.)
| | - Michael N Sack
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA (I.S., M.N.S.)
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD (I.S., M.N.S.)
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