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Rahbar Saadat Y, Hosseiniyan Khatibi SM, Sani A, Zununi Vahed S, Ardalan M. Ischemic tubular injury: Oxygen-sensitive signals and metabolic reprogramming. Inflammopharmacology 2023:10.1007/s10787-023-01232-x. [PMID: 37131045 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The kidneys are the most vulnerable organs to severe ischemic insult that results in cellular hypoxia under pathophysiological conditions. Large amounts of oxygen are consumed by the kidneys, mainly to produce energy for tubular reabsorption. Beyond high oxygen demand and the low oxygen supply, different other factors make kidneys vulnerable to ischemia which is deemed to be a major cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). On the other hand, kidneys are capable of sensing and responding to oxygen alternations to evade harms resulting from inadequate oxygen. The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is the main conserved oxygen-sensing mechanism that maintains homeostasis under hypoxia through direct/indirect regulation of several genes that contribute to metabolic adaptation, angiogenesis, energy conservation, erythropoiesis, and so on. In response to oxygen availability, prolyl-hydroxylases (PHDs) control the HIF stability. This review focuses on the oxygen-sensing mechanisms in kidneys, particularly in proximal tubular cells (PTCs) and discusses the molecules involved in ischemic response and metabolic reprogramming. Moreover, the possible roles of non-coding RNAs (microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs) in the development of ischemic AKI are put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anis Sani
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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2
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Intracellular prostaglandin E2 contributes to hypoxia-induced proximal tubular cell death. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7047. [PMID: 33782420 PMCID: PMC8007803 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86219-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Proximal tubular cells (PTC) are particularly vulnerable to hypoxia-induced apoptosis, a relevant factor for kidney disease. We hypothesized here that PTC death under hypoxia is mediated by cyclo-oxygenase (COX-2)-dependent production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which was confirmed in human proximal tubular HK-2 cells because hypoxia (1% O2)-induced apoptosis (i) was prevented by a COX-2 inhibitor and by antagonists of prostaglandin (EP) receptors and (ii) was associated to an increase in intracellular PGE2 (iPGE2) due to hypoxia-inducible factor-1α-dependent transcriptional up-regulation of COX-2. Apoptosis was also prevented by inhibitors of the prostaglandin uptake transporter PGT, which indicated that iPGE2 contributes to hypoxia-induced apoptosis (on the contrary, hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced PTC death was exclusively due to extracellular PGE2). Thus, iPGE2 is a new actor in the pathogenesis of hypoxia-induced tubular injury and PGT might be a new therapeutic target for the prevention of hypoxia-dependent lesions in renal diseases.
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Nakatsuji M, Urakami-Takebayashi Y, Miyadokoro S, Ikeda T, Takehara I, Sun H, Motohashi H, Ohno Y, Nagai J. Fatty acids bound to albumin induce prostaglandin E 2 production in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line HK-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 530:273-277. [PMID: 32828298 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids bound to albumin have been reported to be involved in various responses in renal proximal tubular cells following albumin overload, leading to progression of tubulointerstitial damage in the kidneys. In addition, it has been reported that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays an important role in nephrotoxicity. The aim of this study was to examine whether albumin-bound fatty acids induce PGE2 production in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line HK-2. Fatty acid-bearing human serum albumin increased PGE2 release in the culture medium in concentration-dependent and time-dependent manners, but fatty acid-depleted albumin had no effect on PGE2 production. Next, we investigated the effect of arachidonic acid, a precursor of eicosanoids, on PGE2 production. Arachidonic acid with fatty acid-free albumin significantly enhanced the release of PGE2 into the medium in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, we examined the effect of arachidonic acid on mRNA expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). Arachidonic acid increased HIF-1α mRNA expression in a concentration-dependent manner. These findings suggest that fatty acids, at least in part arachidonic acid, bound to albumin increase PGE2 production and expression of HIF-1α mRNA and protein, possibly resulting in various cell responses induced by albumin overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minori Nakatsuji
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Yumiko Urakami-Takebayashi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Sae Miyadokoro
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Ikeda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Ikki Takehara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Hongxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Motohashi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ohno
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1, Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Junya Nagai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan.
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Liggins MC, Li F, Zhang LJ, Dokoshi T, Gallo RL. Retinoids Enhance the Expression of Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide during Reactive Dermal Adipogenesis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:1589-1597. [PMID: 31420464 PMCID: PMC9233297 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
A subset of dermal fibroblasts undergo rapid differentiation into adipocytes in response to infection and acutely produce the cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide gene Camp Vitamin A and other retinoids inhibit adipogenesis yet can show benefit to skin disorders, such as cystic acne, that are exacerbated by bacteria. We observed that retinoids potently increase and sustain the expression of Camp in preadipocytes undergoing adipogenesis despite inhibition of markers of adipogenesis, such as Adipoq, Fabp4, and Rstn Retinoids increase cathelicidin in both mouse and human preadipocytes, but this enhancement of antimicrobial peptide expression did not occur in keratinocytes or a sebocyte cell line. Preadipocytes undergoing adipogenesis more effectively inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus when exposed to retinoic acid. Whole transcriptome analysis identified hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α) as a mechanism through which retinoids mediate this response. These observations uncouple the lipid accumulation element of adipogenesis from the innate immune response and uncover a mechanism, to our knowledge previously unsuspected, that may explain therapeutic benefits of retinoids in some skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc C Liggins
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Fengwu Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Ling-Juan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Tatsuya Dokoshi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
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5
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García-Pastor C, Blázquez-Serra R, Bosch RJ, Lucio Cazaña FJ, Fernández-Martínez AB. Apoptosis and cell proliferation in proximal tubular cells exposed to apoptotic bodies. Novel pathophysiological implications in cisplatin-induced renal injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:2504-2515. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Al-Qassab Y, Grassilli S, Brugnoli F, Vezzali F, Capitani S, Bertagnolo V. Protective role of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) against hypoxia-induced malignant potential of non-invasive breast tumor derived cells. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1194. [PMID: 30497437 PMCID: PMC6267073 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of hypoxic areas is common in all breast lesions but no data clearly correlate low oxygenation with the acquisition of malignant features by non-invasive cells, particularly by cells from ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), the most frequently diagnosed tumor in women. Methods By using a DCIS-derived cell line, we evaluated the effects of low oxygen availability on malignant features of non-invasive breast tumor cells and the possible role of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a well-known anti-leukemic drug, in counteracting the effects of hypoxia. The involvement of the β2 isoform of PI-PLC (PLC-β2), an ATRA target in myeloid leukemia cells, was also investigated by specific modulation of the protein expression. Results We demonstrated that moderate hypoxia is sufficient to induce, in DCIS-derived cells, motility, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and expression of the stem cell marker CD133, indicative of their increased malignant potential. Administration of ATRA supports the epithelial-like phenotype of DCIS-derived cells cultured under hypoxia and keeps down the number of CD133 positive cells, abrogating almost completely the effects of poor oxygenation. We also found that the mechanisms triggered by ATRA in non-invasive breast tumor cells cultured under hypoxia is in part mediated by PLC-β2, responsible to counteract the effects of low oxygen availability on CD133 levels. Conclusions Overall, we assigned to hypoxia a role in increasing the malignant potential of DCIS-derived cells and we identified in ATRA, currently used in treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), an agonist potentially useful in preventing malignant progression of non-invasive breast lesions showing hypoxic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasamin Al-Qassab
- Signal Transduction Unit, Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 70, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.,College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Silvia Grassilli
- Signal Transduction Unit, Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 70, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federica Brugnoli
- Signal Transduction Unit, Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 70, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federica Vezzali
- Signal Transduction Unit, Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 70, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvano Capitani
- Signal Transduction Unit, Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 70, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.,LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valeria Bertagnolo
- Signal Transduction Unit, Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 70, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
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Madrigal‐Martínez A, Constâncio V, Lucio‐Cazaña FJ, Fernández‐Martínez AB. PROSTAGLANDIN E
2
stimulates cancer‐related phenotypes in prostate cancer PC3 cells through cyclooxygenase‐2. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:7548-7559. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vera Constâncio
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas Universidad de Alcalá Madrid Spain
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Retinoic Acid Is Required for Neural Stem and Progenitor Cell Proliferation in the Adult Hippocampus. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 10:1705-1720. [PMID: 29805108 PMCID: PMC5993652 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem and precursor cell (NSPC) proliferation in the rodent adult hippocampus is essential to maintain stem cell populations and produce new neurons. Retinoic acid (RA) signaling is implicated in regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, but its exact role in control of NSPC behavior has not been examined. We show RA signaling in all hippocampal NSPC subtypes and that inhibition of RA synthesis or signaling significantly decreases NSPC proliferation via abrogation of cell-cycle kinetics and cell-cycle regulators. RA signaling controls NSPC proliferation through hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF1α), where stabilization of HIF1α concurrent with disruption of RA signaling can prevent NSPC defects. These studies demonstrate a cell-autonomous role for RA signaling in hippocampal NSPCs that substantially broadens RA's function beyond its well-described role in neuronal differentiation.
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9
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Madrigal-Martínez A, Fernández-Martínez AB, Lucio Cazaña FJ. Intracrine prostaglandin E 2 pro-tumoral actions in prostate epithelial cells originate from non-canonical pathways. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:3590-3602. [PMID: 29154474 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) increases cell proliferation and stimulates migratory and angiogenic abilities in prostate cancer cells. However, the effects of PGE2 on non-transformed prostate epithelial cells are unknown, despite the fact that PGE2 overproduction has been found in benign hyperplastic prostates. In the present work we studied the effects of PGE2 in immortalized, non-malignant prostate epithelial RWPE-1 cells and found that PGE2 increased cell proliferation, cell migration, and production of vascular endothelial growth factor-A, and activated in vitro angiogenesis. These actions involved a non-canonic intracrine mechanism in which the actual effector was intracellular PGE2 (iPGE2 ) instead of extracellular PGE2 : inhibition of the prostaglandin uptake transporter (PGT) or antagonism of EP receptors prevented the effects of PGE2 , which indicated that PGE2 activity depended on its carrier-mediated translocation from the outside to the inside of cells and that EP receptors located intracellularly (iEP) mediated the effects of PGE2 . iPGE2 acted through transactivation of epidermal growth factor-receptor (EGFR) by iEP, leading to increased expression and activity of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). Interestingly, iPGE2 also mediates the effects of PGE2 on prostate cancer PC3 cells through the axis iPGE2 -iEP receptors-EGFR-HIF-1α. Thus, this axis might be responsible for the growth-stimulating effects of PGE2 on prostate epithelial cells, thereby contributing to prostate proliferative diseases associated with chronic inflammation. Since this PGT-dependent non-canonic intracrine mechanism of PGE2 action operates in both benign and malignant prostate epithelial cells, PGT inhibitors should be tested as a novel therapeutic modality to treat prostate proliferative disease.
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10
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Pourjafar M, Saidijam M, Mansouri K, Ghasemibasir H, Karimi dermani F, Najafi R. All-trans retinoic acid preconditioning enhances proliferation, angiogenesis and migration of mesenchymal stem cell in vitro and enhances wound repair in vivo. Cell Prolif 2017; 50:e12315. [PMID: 27862498 PMCID: PMC6529123 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Stem cell therapy is considered to be a suitable alternative in treatment of a number of diseases. However, there are challenges in their clinical application in cell therapy, such as to reduce survival and loss of transplanted stem cells. It seems that chemical and pharmacological preconditioning enhances their therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we investigated effects of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on survival, angiogenesis and migration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro and in a wound-healing model. MATERIALS AND METHODS MSCs were treated with a variety of concentrations of ATRA, and mRNA expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) and Ang-4 were examined by qRT-PCR. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels were measured using an ELISA kit and MSC angiogenic potential was evaluated using three-dimensional tube formation assay. Finally, benefit of ATRA-treated MSCs in wound healing was determined with a rat excisional wound model. RESULTS In ATRA-treated MSCs, expressions of COX-2, HIF-1, CXCR4, CCR2, VEGF, Ang-2 and Ang-4 increased compared to control groups. Overexpression of the related genes was reversed by celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor. Tube formation and in vivo wound healing of ATRA-treated MSCs were also significantly enhanced compared to untreated MSCs. CONCLUSION Pre-conditioning of MSCs with ATRA increased efficacy of cell therapy by activation of survival signalling pathways, trophic factors and release of pro-angiogenic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Pourjafar
- Research Center for Molecular MedicineHamedan University of Medical SciencesHamedanIran
| | - M. Saidijam
- Research Center for Molecular MedicineHamedan University of Medical SciencesHamedanIran
| | - K. Mansouri
- Medical Biology Research CenterKermanshah University of Medical, SciencesKermanshahIran
| | - H. Ghasemibasir
- Department of PathologyHamedan University of Medical SciencesHamedanIran
| | - F. Karimi dermani
- Research Center for Molecular MedicineHamedan University of Medical SciencesHamedanIran
| | - R. Najafi
- Research Center for Molecular MedicineHamedan University of Medical SciencesHamedanIran
- Endometrium and Endometriosis Research CenterHamadan University of Medical SciencesHamadanIran
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11
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Ramanan M, Pilli V, Aradhyam G, Doble M. Transcriptional regulation of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 by the proto-oncogene, c-myc, in the pathogenesis of inflammation and cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 482:556-562. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Yang T, Liu M. Regulation and function of renal medullary cyclooxygenase-2 during high salt loading. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2017; 22:128-136. [PMID: 27814606 DOI: 10.2741/4476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are important autocrine/paracrine regulators that contribute to sodium balance and blood pressure control. Along the nephron, the highest amount of PGE2 is found in the distal nephron, an important site for fine-tuning of urinary sodium and water excretion. Cylooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is abundantly expressed in the renal medulla and its expression along with urinary PGE2 excretion is highly induced by chronic salt loading. Factors involved in high salt-induced COX-2 expression in the renal medulla include the hypertonicity, fluid shear stress (FSS), and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha). Site-specific inhibition of COX-2 in the renal medulla of Sprague-Dawley rats causes sodium retention and salt-sensitive hypertension. Together, these results support the concept that renal medullary COX-2 functions an important natriuretic mediator that is activated by salt loading and its products promote sodium excretion and contribute to maintenance of sodium balance and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxin Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah,
| | - Mi Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah and Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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Mishra S, Choe Y, Pleasure SJ, Siegenthaler JA. Cerebrovascular defects in Foxc1 mutants correlate with aberrant WNT and VEGF-A pathways downstream of retinoic acid from the meninges. Dev Biol 2016; 420:148-165. [PMID: 27671872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Growth and maturation of the cerebrovasculature is a vital event in neocortical development however mechanisms that control cerebrovascular development remain poorly understood. Mutations in or deletions that include the FOXC1 gene are associated with congenital cerebrovascular anomalies and increased stroke risk in patients. Foxc1 mutant mice display severe cerebrovascular hemorrhage at late gestational ages. While these data demonstrate Foxc1 is required for cerebrovascular development, its broad expression in the brain vasculature combined with Foxc1 mutant's complex developmental defects have made it difficult to pinpoint its function(s). Using global and conditional Foxc1 mutants, we find 1) significant cerebrovascular growth defects precede cerebral hemorrhage and 2) expression of Foxc1 in neural crest-derived meninges and brain pericytes, though not endothelial cells, is required for normal cerebrovascular development. We provide evidence that reduced levels of meninges-derived retinoic acid (RA), caused by defects in meninges formation in Foxc1 mutants, is a major contributing factor to the cerebrovascular growth defects in Foxc1 mutants. We provide data that suggests that meninges-derived RA ensures adequate growth of the neocortical vasculature via regulating expression of WNT pathway proteins and neural progenitor derived-VEGF-A. Our findings offer the first evidence for a role of the meninges in brain vascular development and provide new insight into potential causes of cerebrovascular defects in patients with FOXC1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Mishra
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Youngshik Choe
- Department of Neurology, Programs in Neuroscience and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Samuel J Pleasure
- Department of Neurology, Programs in Neuroscience and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Julie A Siegenthaler
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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14
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Madrigal-Martínez A, Cazaña FJL, Fernández-Martínez YAB. Role of intracellular prostaglandin E₂ in cancer-related phenotypes in PC3 cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 59:52-61. [PMID: 25462156 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) affect many mechanisms that have been shown to play a role in prostate cancer. In PGE2-treated LNCaP cells, up-regulation of HIF-1α requires the internalization of PGE2, which is in sharp contrast with the generally accepted view that PGE2 acts through EP receptors located at the cell membrane. Here we aimed to study in androgen-independent PC3 cells the role of intracellular PGE2 in several events linked to prostate cancer progression. To this end, we used bromocresol green, an inhibitor of prostaglandin uptake that blocked the immediate rise in intracellular immunoreactive PGE2 following treatment with 16,16-dimethyl-PGE2. Bromocresol green prevented the stimulatory effect of 16,16-dimethyl-PGE on cell proliferation, adhesion, migration and invasion and on HIF-1α expression and activity, the latter assessed as the HIF-dependent activation of (i) a hypoxia response element-luciferase plasmid construct, (ii) production of angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor-A and (iii) in vitro angiogenesis. The basal phenotype of PC3 cells was also affected by bromocresol green, that substantially lowered expression of HIF-1α, production of vascular endothelial growth factor-A and cell proliferation. These results, and the fact that we found functional intracellular EP receptors in PC3 cells, suggest that PGE2-dependent intracrine mechanisms play a role in prostate cancer Therefore, inhibition of the prostaglandin uptake transporter might be a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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15
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Liang C, Guo S, Yang L. Effects of all‑trans retinoic acid on VEGF and HIF‑1α expression in glioma cells under normoxia and hypoxia and its anti‑angiogenic effect in an intracerebral glioma model. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:2713-9. [PMID: 25201493 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
All‑trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is one of the most potent inducers of differentiation and is capable of inducing differentiation and apoptosis in glioma cells. However, the effect of ATRA on glioma angiogenesis is yet to be elucidated. The present study investigated the effects of ATRA on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia‑inducible factor‑1α (HIF‑1α) in various glioma cell lines under normoxia and hypoxia. The effect of ATRA on angiogenesis in a rat intracerebral glioma model was also investigated, with the aim of revealing the effect of ATRA on glioma angiogenesis. In the present study, U‑87 MG and SHG44 glioma cells were treated with ATRA at various concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 µmol/l) under normoxia or hypoxia. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were used to investigate VEGF and HIF‑1α mRNA and protein expression, respectively. An intracerebral glioma model was generated using intracerebral implantation of C6 glioma cells into rats. Tumor‑bearing rats were treated with ATRA at different doses (0, 5 and 10 mg/kg/day) for two weeks, and immunohistochemical assays were performed to detect the cluster of differentiation 34‑positive cells in order to evaluate the microvessel density (MVD) in each group. Following ATRA treatment, the expression of VEGF and HIF‑1α was found to vary among the different concentration groups. In the glioma cells in the lower concentration groups (5 and 10 µmol/l ATRA), a significant increase in VEGF and HIF‑1α expression was observed. Conversely, a significant decrease in VEGF and HIF‑1α expression was found in the glioma cells in the high ATRA concentration group (40 µmol/l), compared with that in the cells in the control group. Furthermore, in the rat intracerebral glioma model, ATRA decreased glioma MVD, particularly in the high‑dose group (10 mg/kg/day), compared with the control group. These results suggest that ATRA may exhibit a dose‑dependent effect on glioma angiogenesis and may inhibit glioma angiogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Shiwen Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Aeromedical Physical Examination, Xi'an Civil Aviation Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710082, P.R. China
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16
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McCarthy TL, Yun Z, Madri JA, Centrella M. Stratified control of IGF-I expression by hypoxia and stress hormones in osteoblasts. Gene 2014; 539:141-51. [PMID: 24440782 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Bone cells respond to the integrated effects of local and systemic regulation. Here we show that hypoxia and the stress hormones PGE2 and glucocorticoid interact in complex ways in osteoblasts, converging on insulin like growth factor I (IGF-I) expression. Whereas hypoxia alone rapidly increased transcription factor HIF activity, it suppressed DNA synthesis, had no significant effects on protein synthesis or alkaline phosphatase activity, and drove discrete changes in a panel of osteoblast mRNAs. Notably, hypoxia increased expression of the acute phase response transcription factor C/EBPδ which can induce IGF-I in response to PGE2, but conversely prevented the stimulatory effect of PGE2 on IGF-I mRNA. However, unlike its effect on C/EBPδ, hypoxia suppressed expression of the obligate osteoblast transcription factor Runx2, which can activate an upstream response element in the IGF-I gene promoter. Hypoxic inhibition of IGF-I and Runx2 were enforced by glucocorticoid, and continued with prolonged exposure. Our studies thus reveal that IGF-I expression is stratified by two critical transcriptional elements in osteoblasts, which are resolved by the individual and combined effects of hypoxic stress and stress hormones. In so doing, hypoxia suppresses Runx2, limits the enhancing influence of PGE2, and interacts with glucocorticoid to reduce IGF-I expression by osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L McCarthy
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, New Haven, CT 06520-8041, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, New Haven, CT 06520-8023, USA.
| | - Zhong Yun
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Therapeutic Radiology, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA
| | - Joseph A Madri
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, New Haven, CT 06520-8023, USA
| | - Michael Centrella
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, New Haven, CT 06520-8041, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, New Haven, CT 06520-8023, USA.
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17
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Fernández-Martínez AB, Lucio Cazaña FJ. Epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation by intracellular prostaglandin E2-activated prostaglandin E2 receptors. Role in retinoic acid receptor-β up-regulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2029-38. [PMID: 23644172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological modulation of renoprotective factor vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) in the proximal tubule has therapeutic interest. In human proximal tubular HK-2 cells, treatment with all-trans retinoic acid or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) triggers the production of VEGF-A. The pathway involves an initial increase in intracellular PGE2, followed by activation of EP receptors (PGE2 receptors, most likely an intracellular subset) and increase in retinoic acid receptor-β (RARβ) expression. RARβ then up-regulates transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which increases the transcription and production of VEGF-A. Here we studied the role in this pathway of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation by EP receptors. We found that EGFR inhibitor AG1478 prevented the increase in VEGF-A production induced by PGE2- and all-trans retinoic acid. This effect was due to the inhibition of the transcriptional up-regulation of RARβ, which resulted in loss of the RARβ-dependent transcriptional up-regulation of HIF-1α. PGE2 and all-trans retinoic acid also increased EGFR phosphorylation and this effect was sensitive to antagonists of EP receptors. The role of intracellular PGE2 was indicated by two facts; i) PGE2-induced EGFR phosphorylation was substantially prevented by inhibitor of prostaglandin uptake transporter bromocresol green and ii) all-trans retinoic acid treatment, which enhanced intracellular but not extracellular PGE2, had lower effect on EGFR phosphorylation upon pre-treatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitor diclofenac. Thus, EGFR transactivation by intracellular PGE2-activated EP receptors results in the sequential activation of RARβ and HIF-1α leading to increased production of VEGF-A and it may be a target for the therapeutic modulation of HIF-1α/VEGF-A.
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18
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Fernández-Martínez AB, Jiménez MIA, Manzano VM, Lucio-Cazaña FJ. Intracrine prostaglandin E(2) signalling regulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression through retinoic acid receptor-β. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:2185-93. [PMID: 22964004 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously found in human renal proximal tubular HK-2 cells that hypoxia- and all-trans retinoic acid-induced hypoxia-inducible factor-1α up-regulation is accompanied by retinoic acid receptor-β up-regulation. Here we first investigated whether hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression is dependent on retinoic acid receptor-β and our results confirmed it since (i) hypoxia-inducible factor-1α-inducing agents hypoxia, hypoxia-mimetic agent desferrioxamine, all-trans retinoic acid and interleukin-1β increased retinoic acid receptor-β expression, (ii) hypoxia-inducible factor-1α up-regulation was prevented by retinoic acid receptor-β antagonist LE-135 or siRNA retinoic acid receptor-β and (iii) there was direct binding of retinoic acid receptor-β to the retinoic acid response element in hypoxia-inducible factor-1α promoter upon treatment with all-trans retinoic acid and 16,16-dimethyl-prostaglandin E(2). Since intracellular prostaglandin E(2) mediates hypoxia-inducible factor-1α up-regulation in normoxia in HK-2 cells, we next investigated and confirmed, its role in the up-regulation of retinoic acid receptor-β in normoxia by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α-inducing agents all-trans retinoic acid, interleukin-1β and 16,16-dimethyl-prostaglandin E(2) by inhibiting cyclooxygenases, prostaglandin influx transporter or EP receptors. Interestingly, the hypoxia-induced increase in retinoic acid receptor-β expression and accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α was also blocked by the inhibitors tested. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that retinoic acid receptor-β signalling is involved in the control of the expression of transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in both normoxia and hypoxia and that retinoic acid receptor-β expression is found to be strictly regulated by intracellular prostaglandin E(2). Given the relevance of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in the kidney in terms of tumorigenesis, progressive renal failure, production of erythropoietin and protection in several models of renal disease, our results open new therapeutic opportunities on the control of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α based upon the pharmacological modulation of retinoic acid receptor-β, either directly or through the control of intracellular prostaglandin E(2) levels/signalling.
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19
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Manoli SE, Smith LA, Vyhlidal CA, An CH, Porrata Y, Cardoso WV, Baron RM, Haley KJ. Maternal smoking and the retinoid pathway in the developing lung. Respir Res 2012; 13:42. [PMID: 22651576 PMCID: PMC3479035 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-13-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal smoking is a risk factor for pediatric lung disease, including asthma. Animal models suggest that maternal smoking causes defective alveolarization in the offspring. Retinoic acid signaling modulates both lung development and postnatal immune function. Thus, abnormalities in this pathway could mediate maternal smoking effects. We tested whether maternal smoking disrupts retinoic acid pathway expression and functioning in a murine model. METHODS Female C57Bl/6 mice with/without mainstream cigarette smoke exposure (3 research cigarettes a day, 5 days a week) were mated to nonsmoking males. Cigarette smoke exposure continued throughout the pregnancy and after parturition. Lung tissue from the offspring was examined by mean linear intercept analysis and by quantitative PCR. Cell culture experiments using the type II cell-like cell line, A549, tested whether lipid-soluble cigarette smoke components affected binding and activation of retinoic acid response elements in vitro. RESULTS Compared to tobacco-naïve mice, juvenile mice with tobacco toxin exposure had significantly (P < 0.05) increased mean linear intercepts, consistent with an alveolarization defect. Tobacco toxin exposure significantly (P < 0.05) decreased mRNA and protein expression of retinoic acid signaling pathway elements, including retinoic acid receptor alpha and retinoic acid receptor beta, with the greatest number of changes observed between postnatal days 3-5. Lipid-soluble cigarette smoke components significantly (P < 0.05) decreased retinoic acid-induced binding and activation of the retinoic acid receptor response element in A549 cells. CONCLUSIONS A murine model of maternal cigarette smoking causes abnormal alveolarization in association with altered retinoic acid pathway element expression in the offspring. An in vitro cell culture model shows that lipid-soluble components of cigarette smoke decrease retinoic acid response element activation. It is feasible that disruption of retinoic acid signaling contributes to the pediatric lung dysfunction caused by maternal smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Manoli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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