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Mo HY, Moon SW, An CH, Lee SH. Regional bias of tumor suppressor gene mutations of STARD8 and WNK2 in colon cancers. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 253:155000. [PMID: 38091885 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.155000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
StAR-related lipid transfer domain protein 8 (STARD8), encoding a Rho-GTPase-activating protein, and WNK2, encoding a serine/threonine kinase are candidate tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) in human cancers. Inactivation of these genes that would promote cancer pathogenesis is largely unknown in colon cancer (CC). Our study addressed to address whether STARD8 and WNK2 genes are mutated in CC. STARD8 and WNK2 genes possess mononucleotide repeats in their exons, which could be the targets for frameshift mutations in cancers with high microsatellite instability (MSI-H). By single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis, we analyzed the repeated sequences in 140 CCs (95 CCs with MSI-H and 45 CCs with stable MSI (MSS)). By DNA sequencing, we found that five MSI-H CCs (5/95: 5.3%) harbored the frameshift mutations, whereas MSS CCs (0/45) did not. In addition, we detected regional heterogeneous frameshift mutations of these genes in four (25%) of 16 MSI-H CCs. In immunohistochemistry for WNK2, WNK2 expression in the MSI-H CCs was significantly lower than that in the MSS CCs. Our results for the mutation and expression indicate that STARD8 and WNK2 genes are altered at various levels (frameshift mutation, expression, and regional heterogeneity) in MSI-H CCs, which might play a role in the pathogenesis by inactivating their TSG functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Yoon Mo
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, the Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Won Moon
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, the Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyeok An
- General Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, the Republic of Korea.
| | - Sug Hyung Lee
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, the Republic of Korea.
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Kim HS, An CH, Teller D, Moon SJ, Hwang GW, Song JW. The role of retinoid-related orphan receptor-α in cigarette smoke-induced autophagic response. Respir Res 2022; 23:110. [PMID: 35509068 PMCID: PMC9066967 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02034-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoid-related orphan receptor-α (RORα) and autophagy dysregulation are involved in the pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but little is known regarding their association. We investigated the role of RORα in COPD-related autophagy. METHODS The lung tissues and cells from a mouse model were analyzed for autophagy markers by using western blot analysis and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Cigarette smoke increased the LC3-II level and decreased the p62 level in whole lung homogenates of a chronic cigarette smoking mouse model. Although cigarette smoke did not affect the levels of p62 in Staggerer mutant mice (RORαsg/sg), the baseline expression levels of p62 were significantly higher than those in wild type (WT) mice. Autophagy was induced by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) in Beas-2B cells and in primary fibroblasts from WT mice. In contrast, fibroblasts from RORαsg/sg mice failed to show CSE-induced autophagy and exhibited fewer autophagosomes, lower LC3-II levels, and higher p62 levels than fibroblasts from WT mice. Damage-regulated autophagy modulator (DRAM), a p53-induced modulator of autophagy, was expressed at significantly lower levels in the fibroblasts from RORαsg/sg mice than in those from WT mice. DRAM knockdown using siRNA in Beas-2B cells inhibited CSE-induced autophagy and cell death. Furthermore, RORα co-immunoprecipitated with p53 and the interaction increased p53 reporter gene activity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that RORα promotes autophagy and contributes to COPD pathogenesis via regulation of the RORα-p53-DRAM pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak-Su Kim
- Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyeok An
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanil General Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Danielle Teller
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Su-Jin Moon
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Won Hwang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Song
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
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Kim MJ, Ha EH, Lee YK, Park SJ, An CH, Park SY, Kim SK. ROP-ESAT6-CFP10 as Tuberculosis-Specific Antigen in Interferon Gamma Release Assay. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2022; 52:126-132. [PMID: 35181626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ROP-ESAT6-CFP10 antigen (Changzhou Niujin Shisong Biotech [CBI], China) was recently developed using recombinant overlapping peptide (ROP) technology. We used ROP-ESAT6-CFP10 as a tuberculosis (TB)-specific antigen and compared it with existing interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs). METHODS Healthy volunteers and patients who were diagnosed with TB within a one-year period were enrolled. Samples were tested with QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT; QIAGEN Sciences Inc., USA), T-SPOT.TB (Oxford Immunotec, UK), and ELISpot using ROP-ESAT6-CFP10 as a TB-specific antigen (ROP-TB). For ROP-TB, two concentrations (1 μg and 5 μg) of ROP-ESAT6-CFP10 were used as TB-specific antigens. Agreement between assays was evaluated. RESULTS A total of 35 TB patients and 20 healthy volunteers were evaluated. Agreement between T-SPOT.TB and ROP-TB 1 μg, QFT and ROP-TB 1 μg, and ROP-TB 1 μg and ROP-TB 5 μg/mL were 79.1% (kappa=0.483), 76.7% (kappa=0.557), and 95.3% (kappa=0.894), respectively. The median number of spots between the T-SPOT.TB and ROP-TB assays in the TB patients had no significant difference. CONCLUSIONS ELISpot using newly developed ROP-ESAT6-CFP10 showed good agreement with T-SPOT.TB and QFT. Since ROP technology can lower the manufacturing cost, ROP-ESAT6-CFP10 might work as a good source of TB-specific antigen for IGRAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Jung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University Medical Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Ha
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University Medical Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Young-Kwan Lee
- MJCELL-BIO Inc., Research and Development Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Sang Joon Park
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University Medical Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Chang Hyeok An
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanil General Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - So-Yeon Park
- Department of Rheumatology, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University Medical Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Soo-Kyung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University Medical Center, Goyang, Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Moon SW, Son HJ, Chae J, Yoo NJ, An CH, Lee SH. Expression and Mutation Alterations of ZMYM4 Gene in Gastric and Colonic Cancers. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2021; 29:570-575. [PMID: 33938481 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ZMYM4 is a zinc finger protein, whose cancer-related functions are partially known (cell shape maintenance and cell death). In this study, we analyzed 4 sites of mononucleotide repeats in the coding sequence of ZMYM4 in gastric (GC) and colonic cancers (CC). Seven of the 32 high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) GCs (21.9%) and 23 of 113 MSI-H CCs (20.4%) harbored ZMYM4 frameshift mutations with no significant difference between the 2 organs (P>0.05). There was no ZMYM4 frameshift mutations in microsatellite-stable GCs and CCs. We also identified that 6 of 16 MSI-H CCs (37.5%) exhibited intratumoral heterogeneity of the ZMYM4 frameshift mutations. In both GC and CC with MSI-H, ZMYM4 expression in ZMYM4-mutated cases was significantly lower than that in ZMYM4-nonmutated cases. Our study indicates that ZMYM4 is altered at multiple levels (frameshift mutation, mutational intratumoral heterogeneity, and loss of expression), suggesting their relations with MSI-H GC and CC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chang Hyeok An
- General Surgery
- Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sug Hyung Lee
- Departments of Pathology
- General Surgery
- Cancer Research Institute
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Lam HC, Cloonan SM, Bhashyam AR, Haspel JA, Singh A, Sathirapongsasuti JF, Cervo M, Yao H, Chung AL, Mizumura K, An CH, Shan B, Franks JM, Haley KJ, Owen CA, Tesfaigzi Y, Washko GR, Quackenbush J, Silverman EK, Rahman I, Kim HP, Mahmood A, Biswal SS, Ryter SW, Choi AM. Histone deacetylase 6-mediated selective autophagy regulates COPD-associated cilia dysfunction. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:6189. [PMID: 33136096 DOI: 10.1172/jci143863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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An CH, Son HJ, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Downregulation of a putative tumor suppressor gene PHRF1 in gastric and colorectal cancers. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:152984. [PMID: 32360246 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.152984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hyeok An
- Departments of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Son
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
| | - Nam Jin Yoo
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
| | - Sug Hyung Lee
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, South Korea; Departments of Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, South Korea.
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7
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Mo HY, An CH, Choi EJ, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Somatic mutation and loss of expression of a candidate tumor suppressor gene TET3 in gastric and colorectal cancers. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 216:152759. [PMID: 31859118 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ten-eleven translocation 3 (TET3) is responsible for the DNA methylation and plays an important role in regulation of the gene expression. TET2, another TET, is frequently mutated in hematologic malignancies and considered a driver gene for leukemogenesis. TET3 mRNA downregulation has been identified in many solid cancers, suggesting its role as a candidate tumor suppressor gene (TSG). However, somatic inactivating mutation and protein expression in solid cancers are largely unknown. The aim of our study was to find whether TET3 gene was mutated and expressionally altered in gastric (GC) and colorectal cancers (CRC). TET3 gene possesses mononucleotide repeats in the coding sequence that could be mutated in cancers with high microsatellite instability (MSI-H). We analyzed 79 GCs and 124 CRCs, and found that GCs (2.9 %) and CRCs (7.6 %) with MSI-H, but not those with microsatellite stable/low MSI (MSS), harbored frameshift mutations within the repeats. In immunohistochemistry, loss of TET3 expression was identified in 32 % of GCs and 28 % of CRCs. Positive TET3 immunostaining in MSI-H cancers with TET3 frameshift mutation (1/7) was significantly lower than that without TET3 frameshift mutations (75/110). Our data may indicate TET3 harbored not only frameshift mutation but also loss of expression, which together could play a role in tumorigenesis of GC and CRC with MSI-H by inhibiting TSG functions of TET3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Yoon Mo
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
| | - Chang Hyeok An
- General Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
| | - Eun Ji Choi
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
| | - Nam Jin Yoo
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
| | - Sug Hyung Lee
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, South Korea.
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Abstract
CD133 is currently believed to be one of the best colorectal cancer stem cell markers. This study aimed to evaluate prognostic significance of CD133 expression in colorectal cancer patients.A total of 303 patients with stage I to III colorectal cancer who underwent curative surgical resection from 2003 to 2008 at a single institution were included. CD133 expression was evaluated using immunohistochemical staining, and clinicopathological data were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were dichotomized after scoring CD133 expression (0 to 2+: low CD133 expression vs 3+ to 4+: high CD133 expression) according to the extent of area of CD133 positive tumor cells (<50% vs ≥50%) and pattern of staining (membranous staining of the luminal surface and/or staining of cellular debris in the tumor glands and cytoplasm).The 5-year overall survival (OS) (61.9% vs 80.2%, P = .001) and disease-free survival (64.8% vs 75.8%, P = .026) were poorer in the high CD133 expression group than the low CD133 expression group. In the multivariate analysis for risk factors of OS in the whole population, higher nodal stage (N2 compared to N0: hazard ratio [HR] 3.141; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.718-5.744, P < .001), perineural invasion (HR 2.262; 95% CI 1.347-3.798, P = .002) and high CD133 expression (HR 1.929; 95% CI 1.221-3.048, P = .005) were independent poor prognostic factors of OS. Subgroup analyses according to each TNM stage revealed that CD133 expression was associated with OS only within the stage II patients (HR 3.167 95% CI 1.221-8.216, P = .018). Furthermore, the stage II patients demonstrating the high CD133 expression showed survival benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy, regardless of high-risk feature positivity (HR 0.201 95% CI 0.054-0.750, P = .017).High CD133 expression is correlated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer patients after radical resection. The CD133 expression may serve as a more potent and informative biomarker for prognosis than conventional high-risk features in the stage II colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eun Deock Chang
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Jung SH, Kim SY, An CH, Lee SH, Jung ES, Park HC, Kim MS, Chung YJ, Lee SH. Clonal Structures of Regionally Synchronous Gastric Adenomas and Carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:4715-4725. [PMID: 29945994 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Gastric adenoma (GA) is a premalignant lesion that precedes intestinal-type gastric carcinoma (GC). However, genetic progression mechanisms from GA to GC have not been clarified.Experimental Design: We performed whole-exome sequencing-based mutational analyses for 15 synchronous pairs of attached GAs and GCs.Results: There was no significant difference in the number of driver mutations or copy-number alterations between GAs and GCs. Well-known mutations of TP53, APC, RNF43, and RPL22 were recurrently detected in synchronous GA/GC pairs. In addition, we discovered novel KDM6A, PREX2, FAT1, KMT2C, GLI3, and RPL22 mutations and hypermutation in GAs, but did not identify recurrent drivers for GA-to-GC progression. Clonal structure analyses revealed that most GA/GC pairs exhibit parallel evolution with early divergence rather than stepwise evolution during GA-to-GC progression. Of note, three cases were identified as clonally nonrelated GA/GC pairs despite the lack of histologic differences. We found differences in dominant mutational signatures 1, 6, 15, and 17 in GA/GC trunks, GA branches, and GC branches. Compared with our previous work on synchronous colon adenoma/carcinoma genome structures, where most drivers were in the trunk with parallel evolution, synchronous GA/GC genomes showed a different model of parallel evolution, with many drivers in the branches.Conclusions: The preferred sequence of mutational events during GA-to-GC progression might be more context-dependent than colon adenoma progression. Our results show that nonclonal synchronous GA/GC is common and that GA genomes have already acquired distinct genomic alterations, suggesting caution in the diagnosis of synchronous GA and GC, especially in residual or recurrent cases. Clin Cancer Res; 24(19); 4715-25. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Jung
- Department of Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Young Kim
- Department of Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyeok An
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hak Lee
- Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sun Jung
- Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Chun Park
- Department of Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sung Kim
- Department of Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeun-Jun Chung
- Department of Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sug Hyung Lee
- Department of Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Yoo NJ, Kim MS, Lee JH, An CH, Lee SH. Expressional analysis of APLNR, an essential gene for cancer immunotherapy, in colon and prostate cancers. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:599-600. [PMID: 29573866 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nam Jin Yoo
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sung Kim
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwa Lee
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyeok An
- Departments of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sug Hyung Lee
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Lee JH, An CH, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Mutational intratumoral heterogeneity of a putative tumor suppressor gene RARRES3 in colorectal cancers. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:601-602. [PMID: 29496306 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hwa Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyeok An
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Jin Yoo
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sug Hyung Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Lee SH, Jung SH, Kim TM, Rhee JK, Park HC, Kim MS, Kim SS, An CH, Lee SH, Chung YJ. Whole-exome sequencing identified mutational profiles of high-grade colon adenomas. Oncotarget 2018; 8:6579-6588. [PMID: 28179590 PMCID: PMC5351654 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although gene-to-gene analyses identified genetic alterations such as APC, KRAS and TP53 mutations in colon adenomas, it is largely unknown whether there are any others in them. Mutational profiling of high-grade colon adenoma (HGCA) that just precedes colon carcinoma might identify not only novel adenoma-specific genes but also critical genes for its progression to carcinoma. For this, we performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) of 12 HGCAs and identified 11 non-hypermutated and one hypermutated (POLE-mutated) cases. We identified 22 genes including APC, KRAS, TP53, GNAS, NRAS, SMAD4, ARID2, and PIK3CA with non-silent mutations in the cancer Census Genes. Bi-allelic and mono-allelic APC alterations were found in nine and one HGCAs, respectively, while the other two harbored wild-type APC. Five HGCAs harbored either mono-allelic (four HGCAs) or bi-allelic (one HGCA) SMAD4 mutation or 18q loss that had been known as early carcinoma-specific changes. We identified MTOR, ACVR1B, GNAQ, ATM, CNOT1, EP300, ARID2, RET and MAP2K4 mutations for the first time in colon adenomas. Our WES data is largely matched with the earlier 'adenoma-carcinoma model' (APC, KRAS, NRAS and GNAS mutations), but there are newly identified SMAD4, MTOR, ACVR1B, GNAQ, ATM, CNOT1, EP300, ARID2, RET and MAP2K4 mutations in this study. Our findings provide resource for understanding colon premalignant lesions and for identifying genomic clues for differential diagnosis and therapy options for colon adenomas and carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hak Lee
- Departments of Hospital Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Jung
- Departments of Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Departments of Cancer Evolution Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Min Kim
- Departments of Medical Informatics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Je-Keun Rhee
- Departments of Medical Informatics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Chun Park
- Departments of Microbiology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Departments of Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Sung Kim
- Departments of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Departments of Cancer Evolution Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Hyeok An
- Departments of General Surgery The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sug Hyung Lee
- Departments of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Departments of Cancer Evolution Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeun-Jun Chung
- Departments of Microbiology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Departments of Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Departments of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Aims and background Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) activates expression of cytoprotective proteins such as GCLC and enhances cancer cell survival, whereas KEAP1 inhibits NRF2 by mediating NRF2 degradation. Somatic mutation of NRF2 and KEAP1 genes and loss of KEAP1 expression are detected in many carcinomas and contribute to cancer development. The aim of this study was to see whether mutational and expressional alterations of NRF2 and KEAP1 genes are features of human sarcomas as well. Methods We analyzed somatic mutations of NRF2 and KEAP1 genes in 108 sarcoma tissues from malignant fibrous histiocytomas, rhabdomyosarcomas, osteosarcomas, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, leiomyosarcomas, synovial sarcomas, liposarcomas, angiosarcomas, chondrosarcomas and Ewing sarcomas by single-strand conformation polymorphism. Also, we analyzed expressions of NRF2, KEAP1 and GCLC in sarcoma tissues by immunohistochemistry. Results Tissue expressions of NRF2 and GCLC were found in 93% and 76% of the sarcomas, respectively, indicating that NRF2 signaling might be activated in most sarcomas. Loss of KEAP1 expression was observed in 24% of the sarcomas, whereas neither NRF2 nor KEAP1 somatic gene mutation was seen in the sarcomas. Conclusions Our data suggest a possible activation of the NRF2/KEAP1 system in sarcomas and a possible contribution to cytopretection of sarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Mi Mi Je
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Hyeok An
- Departments of General Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Jin Yoo
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sug Hyung Lee
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Departments of Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Lee JH, An CH, Kim MS, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Rare frameshift mutations of putative tumor suppressor genes CSMD1 and SLX4 in colorectal cancers. Pathol Res Pract 2017; 214:325-326. [PMID: 29258766 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hwa Lee
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyeok An
- Departments of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sung Kim
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Jin Yoo
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sug Hyung Lee
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Won Y, Lee SL, Ku YM, Kim KT, Won HS, An CH. Clinical effect of double coaxial self-expandable metallic stent in management of malignant colon obstruction. Diagn Interv Radiol 2016; 21:167-72. [PMID: 25698096 DOI: 10.5152/dir.2014.14260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and safety of double coaxial self-expandable metallic stent (DCSEMS) in management of malignant colonic obstruction as a bridge to surgery or palliation for inoperable patients. METHODS Between April 2006 and December 2012, 49 patients (27 males and 22 females; median age, 68 years; age range, 38-91 years) were selected to receive decompressive therapy for malignant colonic obstruction by implanting a DCSEMS. Application of DCSEMS was attempted in 49 patients under fluoroscopic guidance. The obstruction was located in the transverse colon (n=2), descending colon (n=7), sigmoid colon (n=24), rectosigmoid junction (n=6), and the rectum (n=10). The intended use of DCSEMS was as a bridge to elective surgery in 23 patients and palliation in 26 patients. RESULTS Clinical success, defined as >50% dilatation of the stent with subsequent symptomatic improvement, was achieved in 48 of 49 patients (98%). The stent was properly inserted in all patients. No immediate major procedure-related complications occurred. One patient in the bridge-to-surgery group had colon perforation three days after DCSEMS application. Four patients had late migrations of the double stent. CONCLUSION Application of DCSEMS is safe and effective in management of malignant colonic obstruction; it prevents stent migration and tumor ingrowth and lowers perforation rate during the stent application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoodong Won
- Department of Radiology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea,Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Lee JH, Yoo NJ, Kim MS, An CH, Lee SH. Mutational and expressional alterations of ZMPSTE24, DNA damage response-related gene, in gastric and colorectal cancers. Pathol Res Pract 2016; 212:1113-1118. [PMID: 27729169 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Loss of ZMPSTE24 is related to progeroid phenotypes in human. Cells in zmpste24-deficient mice show delayed DNA damage response, increased aneuploidy and increased genomic instability, which are considered features of cancer cells. The aim of this study was to address whether ZMPSTE24 gene was mutated in colorectal cancers (CRCs) and gastric (GCs), and its expression was altered. ZMPSTE24 possesses a T9 mononucleotide repeat in an exon, which could be mutated in cancers with defects in mismatch repair that can result in microsatellite instability (MSI). For this, the current study studied 124 CRCs and 79 GCs for mutation and expression analyses. For mutations in the T9, CRCs (16.4%) and GCs (8.8%) with high MSI (MSI-H), but not microsatellite stable/low MSI (MSS/MSI-L), exhibited frameshift mutations. Also, the ZMPSTE24 mutations showed intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) in 4 of 16 CRC cases. Downregulation of ZMPSTE24 protein expression was found in 16.9% of CRCs and 8.9% of GCs by immunohistochemistry. Our study found frameshift mutation and its ITH in ZMPSTE24 gene as well as downregulation of ZMPSTE24 expression. Based on these observations, the present study suggests that inhibition of ZMPSTE24 by both mutational and expressional pathways might together play a role in tumorigenesis of CRC and GC harboring MSI-H phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hwa Lee
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Jin Yoo
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sung Kim
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyeok An
- General Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sug Hyung Lee
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Choi EJ, Yoo NJ, Kim MS, An CH, Lee SH. Putative Tumor Suppressor Genes EGR1 and BRSK1 Are Mutated in Gastric and Colorectal Cancers. Oncology 2016; 91:289-294. [PMID: 27677186 DOI: 10.1159/000450616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The transcription factor-encoding EGR1 and the kinase-encoding BRSK1 are considered putative tumor suppressor genes (TSGs). However, EGR1 and BRSK1 mutations that could inactivate their functions are not reported in colorectal (CRC) and gastric (GC) cancers. METHODS There are mononucleotide repeats in EGR1 and BRSK1, which could be mutated in cancers with defects in mismatch repair, resulting in microsatellite instability (MSI). We analyzed 124 CRCs and 79 GCs for mutations and their intratumoral heterogeneities (ITHs). RESULTS Twenty-one out of 79 CRCs (26.6%) and 5 out of 34 GCs (14.7%) carrying high MSI (MSI-H) exhibited frameshift mutations. However, we found no such mutations in cancers with microsatellite stability. In addition, we studied ITH for these mutations in 16 cases of CRCs and observed that EGR1 and BRSK1 mutations exhibited ITH in 3 (18.8%) and 2 (12.5%) cases, respectively. CONCLUSION Our data in this study reveal that the TSG genes EGR1 and BRSK1 carry mutational ITH as well as frameshift mutations in MSI-H CRC and GC, which together may be features of GC and CRC with MSI-H. These results suggest that frameshift mutations of EGR1 and BRSK1 might play a role in tumorigenesis through TSG inactivation in CRC and GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ji Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Oh HR, An CH, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Frameshift Mutations in the Mononucleotide Repeats of TAF1 and TAF1L Genes in Gastric and Colorectal Cancers with Regional Heterogeneity. Pathol Oncol Res 2016; 23:125-130. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-016-0107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kim TM, An CH, Rhee JK, Jung SH, Lee SH, Baek IP, Kim MS, Lee SH, Chung YJ. Clonal origins and parallel evolution of regionally synchronous colorectal adenoma and carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:27725-35. [PMID: 26336987 PMCID: PMC4695021 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the colorectal adenoma-to-carcinoma sequence represents a classical cancer progression model, the evolution of the mutational landscape underlying this model is not fully understood. In this study, we analyzed eight synchronous pairs of colorectal high-grade adenomas and carcinomas, four microsatellite-unstable (MSU) and four -stable (MSS) pairs, using whole-exome sequencing. In the MSU adenoma-carcinoma pairs, we observed no subclonal mutations in adenomas that became fixed in paired carcinomas, suggesting a ‘parallel’ evolution of synchronous adenoma-to-carcinoma, rather than a ‘stepwise’ evolution. The abundance of indel (in MSU and MSS pairs) and microsatellite instability (in MSU pairs) was noted in the later adenoma- or carcinoma-specific mutations, indicating that the mutational processes and functional constraints operative in early and late colorectal carcinogenesis are different. All MSU cases exhibited clonal, truncating mutations in ACVR2A, TGFBR2, and DNA mismatch repair genes, but none were present in APC or KRAS. In three MSS pairs, both APC and KRAS mutations were identified as both early and clonal events, often accompanying clonal copy number changes. An MSS case uniquely exhibited clonal ERBB2 amplification, followed by APC and TP53 mutations as carcinoma-specific events. Along with the previously unrecognized clonal origins of synchronous colorectal adenoma-carcinoma pairs, our study revealed that the preferred sequence of mutational events during colorectal carcinogenesis can be context-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Min Kim
- Department of Medical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang Hyeok An
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Je-Keun Rhee
- Department of Medical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Jung
- Department of Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Hak Lee
- Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In-Pyo Baek
- Department of Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Sung Kim
- Department of Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sug Hyung Lee
- Department of Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeun-Jun Chung
- Department of Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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20
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Lim CW, Choi Y, An CH, Park SJ, Hwang HJ, Chung JH, Min JW. Facility characteristics as independent prognostic factors of nursing home-acquired pneumonia. Korean J Intern Med 2016; 31:296-304. [PMID: 26837007 PMCID: PMC4773711 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2014.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Recently, the incidence of nursing home-acquired pneumonia (NHAP) has been increasing and is now the leading cause of death among nursing home residents. This study was performed to identify risk factors associated with NHAP mortality, focusing on facility characteristics. METHODS Data on all patients ≥ 70 years of age admitted with newly diagnosed pneumonia were reviewed. To compare the quality of care in nursing facilities, the following three groups were defined: patients who acquired pneumonia in the community, care homes, and care hospitals. In these patients, 90-day mortality was compared. RESULTS Survival analyses were performed in 282 patients with pneumonia. In the analyses, 90-day mortality was higher in patients in care homes (12.2%, 40.3%, and 19.6% in community, care homes, and care hospitals, respectively). Among the 118 NHAP patients, residence in a care home, structural lung diseases, treatment with inappropriate antimicrobial agents for accompanying infections, and a high pneumonia severity index score were risk factors associated with higher 90-day mortality. However, infection by potentially drug-resistant pathogens was not important. CONCLUSIONS Unfavorable institutional factors in care homes are important prognostic factors for NHAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Wan Lim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Seonam University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Younghoon Choi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Seonam University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Chang Hyeok An
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Seonam University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Sang Joon Park
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Seonam University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Hwang
- Geriatric Center, Department of Family Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, International St. Mary’s Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jae Ho Chung
- Division of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, International St. Mary’s Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Joo-Won Min
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Seonam University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
- Correspondence to Joo-Won Min, M.D. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Seonam University College of Medicine, 55 Hwasu-ro 14beon-gil, Deokyang-gu, Goyang 10475, Korea Tel: +82-31-810-5419 Fax: +82-31-969-0500 E-mail:
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21
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Kim TM, Jung SH, An CH, Lee SH, Baek IP, Kim MS, Park SW, Rhee JK, Lee SH, Chung YJ. Subclonal Genomic Architectures of Primary and Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Based on Intratumoral Genetic Heterogeneity. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:4461-72. [PMID: 25979483 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) and the evolution of genomic architectures associated with the development of distant metastases are not well understood in colorectal cancers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We performed multiregion biopsies of primary and liver metastatic regions from five colorectal cancers with whole-exome sequencing and copy number profiling. RESULTS In addition to a substantial level of genetic ITH, multiregion genetic profiling identifies the subclonal mutational architecture, leading to the region-based or spatial categorization of somatic mutations and the inference of intratumoral evolutionary history of cancers. The universal mutations (those observed in all the regional biopsies) are enriched in known cancer genes such as APC and TP53 with distinct mutational spectra compared with biopsy- or region-specific mutations, suggesting that major operative mutational mechanisms and their selective pressures are not constant across the metastatic progression. The phylogenies inferred from genomic data show branching evolutionary patterns where some primary biopsies are often segregated with metastastic lesions. Our analyses also revealed that copy number changes such as the chromosomal gains of c-MYC and chromothripsis can be region specific and the potential source of genetic ITH. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that the genetic ITH is prevalent in colorectal cancer serving as a potential driving force to generate metastasis-initiating clones and also as a means to infer the intratumoral evolutionary history of cancers. The paucity of recurrent metastasis-clonal events suggests that colorectal cancer distant metastases may not follow a uniform course of genomic evolution, which should be considered in the genetic diagnosis and the selection of therapeutic targets for the advanced colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Min Kim
- Department of Medical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea. Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Jung
- Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea. Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang Hyeok An
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Hak Lee
- Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In-Pyo Baek
- Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea. Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Sung Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Won Park
- Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea. Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Je-Keun Rhee
- Department of Medical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sug-Hyung Lee
- Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea. Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea. Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Yeun-Jun Chung
- Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea. Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea. Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
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22
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Je EM, An CH, Chung YJ, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. GNAS mutation affecting codon 201 is rare in most human tumors. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 21:859-60. [PMID: 25740075 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-015-9919-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Mi Je
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Socho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
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Oh HR, An CH, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Somatic mutations of amino acid metabolism-related genes in gastric and colorectal cancers and their regional heterogeneity--a short report. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2014; 37:455-61. [PMID: 25450519 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-014-0209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic reprogramming is an emerging topic in cancer research. However, genetic alterations in genes encoding enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to explore whether genes known to be involved in amino acid metabolism are mutated in gastric cancer (GC) and/or colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS Through a public database search, we found that a number of genes known to be involved in amino acid metabolism, i.e., AGXT, ALDH2, APIP, MTR, DNMT1, ASH1L, ASPA, CAD, DDC, GCDH, DLD, LAP3, MCEE and MUT, harbor mononucleotide repeats that may serve as mutation targets in cancers exhibiting microsatellite instability (MSI). We assessed these genes for the presence of the mutations in 79 GCs and 124 CRCs using single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and direct sequencing analyses. RESULTS Using SSCP in conjunction with DNA sequencing we detected frameshift mutations in AGXT (17 cases), ALDH2 (3 cases), APIP (4 cases), MTR (5 cases), DNMT1 (1 case), ASH1L (1 case), ASPA (2 cases), CAD (2 cases), DDC (1 case), GCDH (3 cases), DLD (1 case), LAP3 (1 case), MCEE (5 cases) and MUT (1 case). These mutations were exclusively detected in MSI-high (MSI-H), and not in MSI-low or MSI-stable (MSI-L/MSS) cases. In addition, we analyzed 16 CRCs for the presence of intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH) and found that two CRCs harbored regional ITH for GCDH frameshift mutations. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that genes known to be involved in amino acid metabolism recurrently acquire somatic mutations in MSH-H GCs and MSH-H CRCs and that, in addition, mutation ITH does occur in at least some of these tumors. Together, these data suggest that metabolic reprogramming may play a role in the etiology of MSI-H GCs and CRCs. Our data also suggest that ultra-regional mutation analysis is required for a more comprehensive evaluation of the mutation status in these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Rim Oh
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Socho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea
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Choi MR, An CH, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Laminin geneLAMB4is somatically mutated and expressionally altered in gastric and colorectal cancers. APMIS 2014; 123:65-71. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ryoung Choi
- Department of Pathology; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Chang Hyeok An
- Department of Surgery; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Nam Jin Yoo
- Department of Pathology; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Sug Hyung Lee
- Department of Pathology; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
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Choi MR, An CH, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Frameshift mutations of PRKAG1 gene encoding an AMPK gamma subunit in colorectal cancers. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2014; 23:343-345. [PMID: 25267969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ryoung Choi
- Departments of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Hyeok An
- General Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Jin Yoo
- Departments of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sug Hyung Lee
- Departments of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
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Oh HR, An CH, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Frameshift Mutations of TAF7L Gene, a Core Component for Transcription by RNA Polymerase II, in Colorectal Cancers. Pathol Oncol Res 2014; 21:849-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-014-9832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Choi MR, An CH, Chung YJ, Choi YJ, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Mutational and expressional analysis of ERBB3 gene in common solid cancers. APMIS 2014; 122:1207-12. [PMID: 24909266 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
ERBB3 is a member of EGFR family receptor tyrosine kinases, genetic alterations of which are common and therapeutically targeted in human cancers. Recently, somatic mutations of ERBB3 gene, including recurrent mutation in exon 3 altering Val104, were reported in gastric cancers (GC) and colorectal cancers (CRC), strongly suggesting its role in the development of GC and CRC. To examine whether the recurrent ERBB3 mutations of exon 3 occur in GC and CRC, and other malignancies as well, we analyzed the ERBB3 in 1677 cancer tissues by a single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) assay. We identified ERBB3 mutations altering the Val104 mutations in GC (0.5%) and CRC (2.2%). However, we did not find the ERBB3 mutations in the other cancers besides GC and CRC. We observed that an increased intensity of phosphorylated ERBB3 (pERBB3) in GC and CRC. Of note, all of the cancers with ERBB3 mutations displayed an increased intensity of pERBB3 immunostaining. Our data indicate that the recurrent ERBB3 mutations altering Val104 occur predominantly in GC and CRC. Also, the data suggest that ERBB3 is altered in GC and CRC by various ways, including somatic mutations and increased expression that might play roles in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ryoung Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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An CH, Je EM, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Frameshift Mutations of Cadherin Genes DCHS2, CDH10 and CDH24 Genes in Gastric and Colorectal Cancers with High Microsatellite Instability. Pathol Oncol Res 2014; 21:181-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-014-9804-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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29
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Choi YJ, Kim MS, An CH, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Regional bias of intratumoral genetic heterogeneity of nucleotide repeats in colon cancers with microsatellite instability. Pathol Oncol Res 2014; 20:965-71. [PMID: 24748498 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-014-9781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) may produce regional biases in genotype and phenotype evaluation in a single tumor and may impede proper cancer diagnosis. To evaluate the extent of ITH in colorectal cancer (CRC) with microsatellite instability (MSI), we obtained 4-7 biopsies from 39 CRCs followed by MSI analysis either using the Bethesda MSI evaluation system or Promega system with 5 mononucleotide markers. We found decreased prevalence of MSI (+) by the Promega system compared to the Bethesda system. The overall discordance between the two systems was 54 %. In contrast to the previous studies that had shown discordance only in low MSI (MSI-L), our results showed the discordance not only in MSI-L, but also in high MSI (MSI-H) cases. Among the MSI (+) CRCs, ITH of MSI status was identified in 41.7 % of CRC by the Bethesda system and 22.2 % by the Promega system. In terms of MSI markers, the ITH originated from dinucleotide markers in most cases (69 %), but it originated from mononucleotide markers (31 %) as well. Pooling of DNA from a regional biopsy with MSI (+) with additional biopsies from stable MSI (MSS) showed that this approach was beneficial to increase the sensitivity of MSI detection. Our results indicate that ITH of MSI phenotype by the Bethesda system is more overestimated than previously identified. However, because there was considerable ITH of MSI subtypes and markers even by the Promega system, our data suggest that analysis of MSI status in multiple regional biopsies is needed for a better evaluation of MSI status in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Jin Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Socho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
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Lam HC, Cloonan SM, Bhashyam AR, Haspel JA, Singh A, Sathirapongsasuti JF, Cervo M, Yao H, Chung AL, Mizumura K, An CH, Shan B, Franks JM, Haley KJ, Owen CA, Tesfaigzi Y, Washko GR, Quackenbush J, Silverman EK, Rahman I, Kim HP, Mahmood A, Biswal SS, Ryter SW, Choi AMK. Histone deacetylase 6-mediated selective autophagy regulates COPD-associated cilia dysfunction. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:5212-30. [PMID: 24200693 DOI: 10.1172/jci69636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) involves aberrant airway inflammatory responses to cigarette smoke (CS) that are associated with epithelial cell dysfunction, cilia shortening, and mucociliary clearance disruption. Exposure to CS reduced cilia length and induced autophagy in vivo and in differentiated mouse tracheal epithelial cells (MTECs). Autophagy-impaired (Becn1+/- or Map1lc3B-/-) mice and MTECs resisted CS-induced cilia shortening. Furthermore, CS increased the autophagic turnover of ciliary proteins, indicating that autophagy may regulate cilia homeostasis. We identified cytosolic deacetylase HDAC6 as a critical regulator of autophagy-mediated cilia shortening during CS exposure. Mice bearing an X chromosome deletion of Hdac6 (Hdac6-/Y) and MTECs from these mice had reduced autophagy and were protected from CS-induced cilia shortening. Autophagy-impaired Becn1-/-, Map1lc3B-/-, and Hdac6-/Y mice or mice injected with an HDAC6 inhibitor were protected from CS-induced mucociliary clearance (MCC) disruption. MCC was preserved in mice given the chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyric acid, but was disrupted in mice lacking the transcription factor NRF2, suggesting that oxidative stress and altered proteostasis contribute to the disruption of MCC. Analysis of human COPD specimens revealed epigenetic deregulation of HDAC6 by hypomethylation and increased protein expression in the airways. We conclude that an autophagy-dependent pathway regulates cilia length during CS exposure and has potential as a therapeutic target for COPD.
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Wei S, Moon HG, Zheng Y, Liang X, An CH, Jin Y. Flotillin-2 modulates fas signaling mediated apoptosis after hyperoxia in lung epithelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77519. [PMID: 24204853 PMCID: PMC3799625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid rafts are subdomains of the cell membrane with distinct protein composition and high concentrations of cholesterol and glycosphingolipids. Raft proteins are thought to mediate diverse cellular processes including signal transduction. However, its cellular mechanisms remain unclear. Caveolin-1 (cav-1, marker protein of caveolae) has been thought as a switchboard between extracellular matrix (ECM) stimuli and intracellular signals. Flotillin-2/reggie-1(Flot-2) is another ubiquitously expressed raft protein which defines non-caveolar raft microdomains (planar raft). Its cellular function is largely uncharacterized. Our novel studies demonstrated that Flot-2, in conjunction with cav-1, played important functions on controlling cell death via regulating Fas pathways. Using Beas2B epithelial cells, we found that in contrast to cav-1, Flot-2 conferred cytoprotection via preventing Fas mediated death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) formation, subsequently suppressed caspase-8 mediated extrinsic apoptosis. Moreover, Flot-2 reduced the mitochondria mediated intrinsic apoptosis by regulating the Bcl-2 family and suppressing cytochrome C release from mitochondria to cytosol. Flot-2 further modulated the common apoptosis pathway and inhibited caspase-3 activation via up-regulating the members in the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family. Last, Flot-2 interacted with cav-1 and limited its expression. Taken together, we found that Flot-2 protected cells from Fas induced apoptosis and counterbalanced the pro-apoptotic effects of cav-1. Thus, Flot-2 played crucial functions in cellular homeostasis and cell survival, suggesting a differential role of individual raft proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuquan Wei
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hyung-Geun Moon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yijie Zheng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xiaoliang Liang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chang Hyeok An
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yang Jin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Moon HG, Zheng Y, An CH, Kim YK, Jin Y. CCN1 secretion induced by cigarette smoking extracts augments IL-8 release from bronchial epithelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68199. [PMID: 23874538 PMCID: PMC3706594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation involves in many cigarette smoke (CS) related diseases including the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Lung epithelial cell released IL-8 plays a crucial role in CS induced lung inflammation. CS and cigarette smoke extracts (CSE) both induce IL-8 secretion and subsequently, IL-8 recruits inflammatory cells into the lung parenchyma. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which CSE triggers IL-8 release remain not completely understood. In this study, we identified a novel extracellular matrix (ECM) molecule, CCN1, which mediated CSE induced IL-8 secretion by lung epithelial cells. We first found that CS and CSE up-regulated CCN1 expression and secretion in lung epithelial cells in vivo and in vitro. CSE up-regulated CCN1 via induction of reactive oxygen spices (ROS) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. p38 MAPK and JNK activation were also found to mediate the signal pathways in CSE induced CCN1. CCN1 was secreted into ECM via Golgi and membrane channel receptor aquaporin4. After CSE exposure, elevated ECM CCN1 functioned via an autocrine or paracrine manner. Importantly, CCN1 activated Wnt pathway receptor LRP6, subsequently stimulated Wnt pathway component Dvl2 and triggered beta-catenin translocation from cell membrane to cytosol and nucleus. Treatment of Wnt pathway inhibitor suppressed CCN1 induced IL-8 secretion from lung epithelial cells. Taken together, CSE increased CCN1 expression and secretion in lung epithelial cells via induction of ROS and ER stress. Increased ECM CCN1 resulted in augmented IL-8 release through the activation of Wnt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Geun Moon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Life Science and Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yijie Zheng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chang Hyeok An
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yoon-Keun Kim
- Department of Life Science and Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Jin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Lee JI, An CH, Kim HJ, Lee SC, Oh ST. Clinical significance of tumor budding in colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.31.4_suppl.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
422 Background: Tumor budding was defined as an isolated single cancer cell or a small cluster of cancer cells at the invasive margins. We assessed the clinical significance of tumor budding, as a predictor of outcomes in patients with non-metastatic colorectal cancer. Methods: We studied a total of 148 patients with colorectal cancer who underwent curative resection. Tumor budding was assessed on slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Tissue specimens including the entire invasive margin from largest cut sections of the whole tumor were examined. Tumor budding was not classified according to previously described classification. The actual number of tumor budding along the entire invasive margin was counted at a magnification of x200 with the use of light microscopy. We determined cut-off point of tumor budding, lymph node ratio and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: Univariate analysis revealed that poorly differentiation (p=0.009), lymphatic invasion (p=0.035) venous invasion (p=0.007), CEA >6.3 (p=0.0007) and tumor budding >13 (p=0.0006) were significantly related to poor survival. Cumulative five survival rates differed significantly between patients with tumor budding ≤13 (92.3%) and those with tumor budding >13 (73.1 %). Multivariate analysis with Cox’s regression analysis demonstrated that tumor budding >13 (hazard ratio=4.925, p=0.003), poorly differentiation (hazard ratio=3.696, p=0.01) and CEA >6.3 (hazard ratio=3.085, p=0.024) were independent prognostic factors for overall survival. CEA >6.3 (hazard ratio=2.361, p=0.034) and tumor budding >20 (hazard ratio=3.293, p=0.008) were significant prognostic predictors for disease free survival Conclusions: Tumor budding is useful for prognosis and identifying patients with colorectal cancer who have a high-risk of disease recurrence after curative surgery. The proper cut-off level of tumor budding is 13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Im Lee
- Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The University of Korea, South Korea, Uijeongbu, South Korea
| | - Chang Hyeok An
- Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, South Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Kim
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Daejeon St' Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Oh
- Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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Abstract
AIMS AND BACKGROUND Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) activates expression of cytoprotective proteins such as GCLC and enhances cancer cell survival, whereas KEAP1 inhibits NRF2 by mediating NRF2 degradation. Somatic mutation of NRF2 and KEAP1 genes and loss of KEAP1 expression are detected in many carcinomas and contribute to cancer development. The aim of this study was to see whether mutational and expressional alterations of NRF2 and KEAP1 genes are features of human sarcomas as well. METHODS We analyzed somatic mutations of NRF2 and KEAP1 genes in 108 sarcoma tissues from malignant fibrous histiocytomas, rhabdomyosarcomas, osteosarcomas, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, leiomyosarcomas, synovial sarcomas, liposarcomas, angiosarcomas, chondrosarcomas and Ewing sarcomas by single-strand conformation polymorphism. Also, we analyzed expressions of NRF2, KEAP1 and GCLC in sarcoma tissues by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Tissue expressions of NRF2 and GCLC were found in 93% and 76% of the sarcomas, respectively, indicating that NRF2 signaling might be activated in most sarcomas. Loss of KEAP1 expression was observed in 24% of the sarcomas, whereas neither NRF2 nor KEAP1 somatic gene mutation was seen in the sarcomas. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a possible activation of the NRF2/KEAP1 system in sarcomas and a possible contribution to cytopretection of sarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Mi Je
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Lee HH, Seo KJ, An CH, Kim JS, Jeon HM. CD133 expression is correlated with chemoresistance and early recurrence of gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 2012; 106:999-1004. [PMID: 22674531 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD133 has been suggested to be a cancer stem cell (CSC) marker in various types of cancers. The present study assessed the relationship between CD133 expression and clinicopathological features of gastric cancer. In addition, the prognostic value of CD133 for gastric cancer was evaluated. METHODS In total, 100 advanced gastric cancer patients who received curative gastrectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy were included. CD133 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry and clinicopathological results, including survival, were analyzed. RESULTS CD133 was expressed in 23% of advanced gastric cancer patients (23/100). CD133 expression was significantly associated with serosal exposure (P = 0.036), venous invasion (P = 0.047), well and moderate differentiation (P = 0.002), and intestinal-type Lauren classification (P = 0.001). CD133-positive patients had a significantly worse 5-year disease-free (28.1% vs. 65.8%, P = 0.002) and overall (47.5% vs. 74.0%, P = 0.037) survival rate than those who were CD133-negative. A multivariate analysis suggested that CD133 expression significantly affected the 5-year disease-free and overall survival. CONCLUSIONS CD133 may play an important role in chemoresistance and recurrence, thus representing a promising predictive marker for the prognosis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Hong Lee
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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An CH, Wang XM, Lam HC, Ifedigbo E, Washko GR, Ryter SW, Choi AMK. TLR4 deficiency promotes autophagy during cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary emphysema. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 303:L748-57. [PMID: 22983353 PMCID: PMC3517684 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00102.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) exert important nonimmune functions in lung homeostasis. TLR4 deficiency promotes pulmonary emphysema. We examined the role of TLR4 in regulating cigarette smoke (CS)-induced autophagy, apoptosis, and emphysema. Lung tissue was obtained from chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) patients. C3H/HeJ (Tlr4-mutated) mice and C57BL/10ScNJ (Tlr4-deficient) mice and their respective control strains were exposed to chronic CS or air. Human or mouse epithelial cells (wild-type, Tlr4-knockdown, and Tlr4-deficient) were exposed to CS-extract (CSE). Samples were analyzed for TLR4 expression, and for autophagic or apoptotic proteins by Western blot analysis or confocal imaging. Chronic obstructive lung disease lung tissues and human pulmonary epithelial cells exposed to CSE displayed increased TLR4 expression, and increased autophagic [microtubule-associated protein-1 light-chain-3B (LC3B)] and apoptotic (cleaved caspase-3) markers. Beas-2B cells transfected with TLR4 siRNA displayed increased expression of LC3B relative to control cells, basally and after exposure to CSE. The basal and CSE-inducible expression of LC3B and cleaved caspase-3 were elevated in pulmonary alveolar type II cells from Tlr4-deficient mice. Wild-type mice subjected to chronic CS-exposure displayed airspace enlargement;, however, the Tlr4-mutated or Tlr4-deficient mice exhibited a marked increase in airspace relative to wild-type mice after CS-exposure. The Tlr4-mutated or Tlr4-deficient mice showed higher levels of LC3B under basal conditions and after CS exposure. The expression of cleaved caspase-3 was markedly increased in Tlr4-deficient mice exposed to CS. We describe a protective regulatory function of TLR4 against emphysematous changes of the lung in response to CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hyeok An
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is a basic cellular homeostatic process important to cell fate decisions under conditions of stress. Dysregulation of autophagy impacts numerous human diseases including cancer and chronic obstructive lung disease. This study investigates the role of autophagy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS Human lung tissues from patients with IPF were analyzed for autophagy markers and modulating proteins using western blotting, confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. To study the effects of TGF-β(1) on autophagy, human lung fibroblasts were monitored by fluorescence microscopy and western blotting. In vivo experiments were done using the bleomycin-induced fibrosis mouse model. RESULTS Lung tissues from IPF patients demonstrate evidence of decreased autophagic activity as assessed by LC3, p62 protein expression and immunofluorescence, and numbers of autophagosomes. TGF-β(1) inhibits autophagy in fibroblasts in vitro at least in part via activation of mTORC1; expression of TIGAR is also increased in response to TGF-β(1). In the bleomycin model of pulmonary fibrosis, rapamycin treatment is antifibrotic, and rapamycin also decreases expression of á-smooth muscle actin and fibronectin by fibroblasts in vitro. Inhibition of key regulators of autophagy, LC3 and beclin-1, leads to the opposite effect on fibroblast expression of á-smooth muscle actin and fibronectin. CONCLUSION Autophagy is not induced in pulmonary fibrosis despite activation of pathways known to promote autophagy. Impairment of autophagy by TGF-β(1) may represent a mechanism for the promotion of fibrogenesis in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avignat S. Patel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvainia, United States of America
| | - Alexander Geyer
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A. Haspel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chang Hyeok An
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jiaofei Cao
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ivan O. Rosas
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Danielle Morse
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DM)
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Manoli SE, Smith LA, Vyhlidal CA, An CH, Porrata Y, Cardoso WV, Baron RM, Haley KJ. Maternal smoking and the retinoid pathway in the developing lung. Respir Res 2012; 13:42. [PMID: 22651576 PMCID: PMC3479035 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-13-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal smoking is a risk factor for pediatric lung disease, including asthma. Animal models suggest that maternal smoking causes defective alveolarization in the offspring. Retinoic acid signaling modulates both lung development and postnatal immune function. Thus, abnormalities in this pathway could mediate maternal smoking effects. We tested whether maternal smoking disrupts retinoic acid pathway expression and functioning in a murine model. METHODS Female C57Bl/6 mice with/without mainstream cigarette smoke exposure (3 research cigarettes a day, 5 days a week) were mated to nonsmoking males. Cigarette smoke exposure continued throughout the pregnancy and after parturition. Lung tissue from the offspring was examined by mean linear intercept analysis and by quantitative PCR. Cell culture experiments using the type II cell-like cell line, A549, tested whether lipid-soluble cigarette smoke components affected binding and activation of retinoic acid response elements in vitro. RESULTS Compared to tobacco-naïve mice, juvenile mice with tobacco toxin exposure had significantly (P < 0.05) increased mean linear intercepts, consistent with an alveolarization defect. Tobacco toxin exposure significantly (P < 0.05) decreased mRNA and protein expression of retinoic acid signaling pathway elements, including retinoic acid receptor alpha and retinoic acid receptor beta, with the greatest number of changes observed between postnatal days 3-5. Lipid-soluble cigarette smoke components significantly (P < 0.05) decreased retinoic acid-induced binding and activation of the retinoic acid receptor response element in A549 cells. CONCLUSIONS A murine model of maternal cigarette smoking causes abnormal alveolarization in association with altered retinoic acid pathway element expression in the offspring. An in vitro cell culture model shows that lipid-soluble components of cigarette smoke decrease retinoic acid response element activation. It is feasible that disruption of retinoic acid signaling contributes to the pediatric lung dysfunction caused by maternal smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Manoli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Dolinay T, Kim YS, Howrylak J, Hunninghake GM, An CH, Fredenburgh L, Massaro AF, Rogers A, Gazourian L, Nakahira K, Haspel JA, Landazury R, Eppanapally S, Christie JD, Meyer NJ, Ware LB, Christiani DC, Ryter SW, Baron RM, Choi AMK. Inflammasome-regulated cytokines are critical mediators of acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 185:1225-34. [PMID: 22461369 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201201-0003oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Despite advances in clinical management, there are currently no reliable diagnostic and therapeutic targets for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The inflammasome/caspase-1 pathway regulates the maturation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-18). IL-18 is associated with injury in animal models of systemic inflammation. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the contribution of the inflammasome pathway in experimental acute lung injury and human ARDS. METHODS We performed comprehensive gene expression profiling on peripheral blood from patients with critical illness. Gene expression changes were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction, and IL-18 levels were measured in the plasma of the critically ill patients. Wild-type mice or mice genetically deficient in IL-18 or caspase-1 were mechanically ventilated using moderate tidal volume (12 ml/kg). Lung injury parameters were assessed in lung tissue, serum, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In mice, mechanical ventilation enhanced IL-18 levels in the lung, serum, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. IL-18-neutralizing antibody treatment, or genetic deletion of IL-18 or caspase-1, reduced lung injury in response to mechanical ventilation. In human patients with ARDS, inflammasome-related mRNA transcripts (CASP1, IL1B, and IL18) were increased in peripheral blood. In samples from four clinical centers, IL-18 was elevated in the plasma of patients with ARDS (sepsis or trauma-induced ARDS) and served as a novel biomarker of intensive care unit morbidity and mortality. CONCLUSIONS The inflammasome pathway and its downstream cytokines play critical roles in ARDS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Dolinay
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
AIMS KEAP1 inhibits nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-induced cytoprotection, and is considered to be a candidate tumour suppressor. Somatic mutation of NRF2 has been analysed in a wide variety of human cancers, whereas somatic mutation of KEAP1 has been reported only in lung and gall bladder cancers. The aim of our study was to investigate whether KEAP1 mutations are widespread in human cancers. METHODS AND RESULTS We analysed 499 cancer tissues from lung, breast, colon, stomach, liver, larynx and prostate, and leukaemias, by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis. We detected somatic mutations of KEAP1 in gastric (11.1%), hepatocellular (8.9%), colorectal (7.8%), lung (4.6%), breast (2.0%) and prostate (1.3%) carcinomas. Allelic losses of the KEAP1 locus were identified in 42.9% of cancers with KEAP1 mutations, but no NRF2 mutations were detected in these cancers. The NRF2-activated cytoprotective proteins (NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 and glutamine-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit) were expressed in all of the cancers with KEAP1 mutations. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that KEAP1 mutations occur widely in solid cancers, irrespective of histological type. Biallelic inactivation of KEAP1 and increased levels of cytoprotective proteins in the cancers suggest that KEAP1 mutations might protect cancer cells from oxidative insults and play a role in the development of solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Jin Yoo
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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An CH, Kim YR, Kim HS, Kim SS, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Frameshift mutations of vacuolar protein sorting genes in gastric and colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability. Hum Pathol 2012; 43:40-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Park YH, Lee JI, Park JK, Jo HJ, Kang WK, An CH. Clinical Significance of Lymph Node Ratio in Stage III Colorectal Cancer. J Korean Soc Coloproctol 2011; 27:260-5. [PMID: 22102977 PMCID: PMC3218131 DOI: 10.3393/jksc.2011.27.5.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Recent literature has shown that lymph node ratio is superior to the absolute number of metastatic lymph nodes in predicting the prognosis in several malignances other than colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of the lymph node ratio (LNR) in patients with stage III colorectal cancer. Methods We included 186 stage III colorectal cancer patients who underwent a curative resection over a 10-year period in one hospital. The cutoff point of LNR was chosen as 0.07 because there was significant survival difference at that LNR. The Kaplan-Meier and the Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate the prognostic effect according to LNR. Results There was statistically significant longer overall survival in the group of LNR > 0.07 than in the group of LNR ≤ 7 (P = 0.008). Especially, there was a survival difference for the N1 patients group (LN < 4) according to LNR (5-year survival of N1 patients was lower in the group of LNR > 0.07, P = 0.025), but there was no survival difference for the N2 group (4 ≥ LN) according to LNR. The multivariate analysis showed that the LNR is an independent prognostic factor. Conclusions LNR can be considered as a more accurate and potent modality for prognostic stratifications in patients with stage III colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Han Park
- Department of Surgery, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea School of Medicine, Uijeongbu, Korea
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Kim MS, An CH, Kim SS, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Frameshift mutations of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase genes in gastric and colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability. Hum Pathol 2011; 42:1289-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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An CH, Kim MS, Yoo NJ, Park SW, Lee SH. Mutational and expressional analyses of ATG5, an autophagy-related gene, in gastrointestinal cancers. Pathol Res Pract 2011; 207:433-7. [PMID: 21664058 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is mounting evidence that alterations of cell death processes are involved in cancer pathogenesis. ATG5 is a key regulator of autophagic and apoptotic cell death. The aim of this study was to see whether alterations of ATG5 protein expression and somatic mutation of ATG5 gene are features of human gastrointestinal cancers. In this study, we analyzed ATG5 somatic mutation in 45 gastric, 45 colorectal, and 45 hepatocellular carcinomas by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). Also, we analyzed ATG5 protein expression in 100 gastric, as well as in 95 colorectal and hepatocellular carcinomas using immunohistochemistry. Overall, we detected two somatic missense mutations of ATG5 gene in the coding sequences p.Leu112Phe and p.His41Tyr. The mutations were observed in one gastric and one hepatocellular carcinoma. Immunohistochemically, ATG5 protein was well expressed in normal stomach, colon, and liver epithelial cells, while it was lost in 21 (21%) of the gastric carcinomas, in 22 (23%) of the colorectal carcinomas, and in 5 (10%) of the hepatocellular carcinomas. Our data suggest that ATG5 gene could be altered in gastrointestinal cancers at the mutational or expressional level. Despite the low incidences of the alterations, our data led us to conclude that somatic mutation and loss of expression of ATG5 gene might play a role in gastrointestinal cancer pathogenesis by altering autophagic and apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hyeok An
- Department of General Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutation status is critical to predicting responsiveness to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapies in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, a vast majority of the patients experience recurrence of the cancers by a secondary mutation of EGFR (T790M). Earlier studies suggested evidence that subclones bearing EGFR T790M mutation pre-exist in NSCLCs even prior to the therapies. However, to date, the status of T790M mutation in primary NSCLC is largely known. In this study, we developed an assay using peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-clamping PCR for detection of low-level EGFR T790M mutation. We found that the assay showed the highest sensitivity (0.01% mutation detection) in the clamping condition. We analyzed 147 NSCLC tissues [70 adenocarcinomas (AD), 62 squamous cell carcinomas (SQ), 12 large cell carcinomas (LC), and three adenosquamous carcinomas] that had not been exposed to the TKI therapies, and found 12 (8.2%; 12/147) EGFR T790M mutation in eight AD (11.4%), three SQ (4.8%), and one LC (8.3%) by the PNA-clamping PCR. However, this mutation was not detected by conventional DNA sequencing. Our data indicate that EGFR T790M exists in pretreatment NSCLC at low levels irrespective of histologic types. This study provides a basis for developing an applicable protocol for detecting low-level EGFR T790M mutation in primary NSCLC, which might contribute to predicting recurrence of the tumor in response to the TKI therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Oh
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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An CH, Kim MS, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Mutational and expressional analysis of a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor gene DOK2 in gastric and colorectal cancers. APMIS 2011; 119:562-4. [PMID: 21749457 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2011.02749.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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An CH, Kim SS, Kang MR, Kim YR, Kim HS, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Frameshift mutations of ATBF1, WNT9A, CYLD and PARK2 in gastric and colorectal carcinomas with high microsatellite instability. Pathology 2011; 42:583-5. [PMID: 20854080 DOI: 10.3109/00313025.2010.508735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Kim YR, Kim HS, An CH, Kim SS, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Frameshift mutation of MAPRE3, a microtubule-related gene, in gastric and colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability. Pathology 2010; 42:493-6. [PMID: 20632835 DOI: 10.3109/00313025.2010.494285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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