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Ma X, Ai X, Li C, Wang S, Zhang N, Ren J, Wang J, Zhong C, Zhao X, Zhang H, Yu H. A Genome-Wide Analysis of the Jasmonic Acid Biosynthesis Gene Families in Peanut Reveals Their Crucial Roles in Growth and Abiotic Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7054. [PMID: 39000161 PMCID: PMC11241683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stress is a limiting factor in peanut production. Peanut is an important oil crop and cash crop in China. Peanut yield is vulnerable to abiotic stress due to its seeds grown underground. Jasmonic acid (JA) is essential for plant growth and defense against adversity stresses. However, the regulation and mechanism of the jasmonic acid biosynthesis pathway on peanut defense against abiotic stresses are still limitedly understood. In this study, a total of 64 genes encoding key enzymes of JA biosynthesis were identified and classified into lipoxygenases (AhLOXs), alleno oxide synthases (AhAOSs), allene oxide cyclases (AhAOCs), and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid reductases (AhOPRs) according to gene structure, conserved motif, and phylogenetic feature. A cis-regulatory element analysis indicated that some of the genes contained stress responsive and hormone responsive elements. In addition to proteins involved in JA biosynthesis and signaling, they also interacted with proteins involved in lipid biosynthesis and stress response. Sixteen putative Ah-miRNAs were identified from four families targeting 35 key genes of JA biosynthesis. A tissue expression pattern analysis revealed that AhLOX2 was the highest expressed in leaf tissues, and AhLOX32 was the highest expressed in shoot, root, and nodule tissues. AhLOX16, AhOPR1, and AhOPR3 were up-regulated under drought stress. AhLOX16, AhAOS3, AhOPR1, and AhAOC4 had elevated transcript levels in response to cold stress. AhLOX5, AhLOX16, AhAOC3, AhOPR1, and AhOPR3 were up-regulated for expression under salt stress. Our study could provide a reference for the study of the abiotic stress resistance mechanism in peanut.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - He Zhang
- Peanut Research Institute, College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
| | - Haiqiu Yu
- Peanut Research Institute, College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
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Heyer M, Scholz SS, Reichelt M, Kunert G, Oelmüller R, Mithöfer A. The Ca 2+ sensor proteins CML37 and CML42 antagonistically regulate plant stress responses by altering phytohormone signals. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:611-625. [PMID: 34468901 PMCID: PMC9213386 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Calmodulin-like-proteins (CML) belong to a family of calcium-sensing proteins that are unique for plants and involved in many different developmental and stress-related reactions. In defense against herbivory, some pathogens and drought, CML37 acts as a positive and CML42 as a negative regulator, respectively. We provide evidence that both CMLs act antagonistically in the regulation of induced defense responses. A double knock-out line, cml37 x cml42, thus shows wild-type phenotypes upon all kind of stresses we used. A transient increase in the cytosolic calcium concentration is one of the first reactions that can be measured in plant cells upon abiotic as well as biotic stress treatments. These calcium signals are sensed by calcium binding proteins such as calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs), which transduce the sensed information into appropriate stress responses by interacting with downstream target proteins. In previous studies, CML37 has been shown to positively regulate the plants' defense against both the insect herbivore Spodoptera littoralis and the response to drought stress. In contrast, CML42 is known to negatively regulate those two stress responses. Here, we provide evidence that these two CMLs act antagonistically in the regulation of induced responses directed against drought and herbivory stress as well as in the defense against the necrotrophic pathogen Alternaria brassicicola. Both CMLs shape the plant reactions by altering the phytohormone signaling. Consequently, the phytohormone-regulated production of defensive compounds like glucosinolates is also antagonistically mediated by both CMLs. The finding that CML37 and CML42 have antagonistic roles in diverse stress-related responses suggests that these calcium sensor proteins represent important tools for the plant to balance and fine-tune the signaling and downstream reactions upon environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Heyer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra S Scholz
- Department for Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute, Friedrich Schiller University, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Grit Kunert
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Department for Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute, Friedrich Schiller University, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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Wang T, Zhang X. Genome-wide dynamic network analysis reveals the potential genes for MeJA-induced growth-to-defense transition. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:450. [PMID: 34615468 PMCID: PMC8493714 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methyl jasmonate (MeJA), which has been identified as a lipid-derived stress hormone, mediates plant resistance to biotic/abiotic stress. Understanding MeJA-induced plant defense provides insight into how they responding to environmental stimuli. RESULT In this work, the dynamic network analysis method was used to quantitatively identify the tipping point of growth-to-defense transition and detect the associated genes. As a result, 146 genes were detected as dynamic network biomarker (DNB) members and the critical defense transition was identified based on dense time-series RNA-seq data of MeJA-treated Arabidopsis thaliana. The GO functional analysis showed that these DNB genes were significantly enriched in defense terms. The network analysis between DNB genes and differentially expressed genes showed that the hub genes including SYP121, SYP122, WRKY33 and MPK11 play a vital role in plant growth-to-defense transition. CONCLUSIONS Based on the dynamic network analysis of MeJA-induced plant resistance, we provide an important guideline for understanding the growth-to-defense transition of plants' response to environment stimuli. This study also provides a database with the key genes of plant defense induced by MeJA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430074, Wuhan, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430074, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Xiujun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430074, Wuhan, China.
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430074, Wuhan, China.
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4
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The interplay of phloem-mobile signals in plant development and stress response. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:226464. [PMID: 32955092 PMCID: PMC7538631 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants integrate a variety of biotic and abiotic factors for optimal growth in their given environment. While some of these responses are local, others occur distally. Hence, communication of signals perceived in one organ to a second, distal part of the plant and the coordinated developmental response require an intricate signaling system. To do so, plants developed a bipartite vascular system that mediates the uptake of water, minerals, and nutrients from the soil; transports high-energy compounds and building blocks; and traffics essential developmental and stress signals. One component of the plant vasculature is the phloem. The development of highly sensitive mass spectrometry and molecular methods in the last decades has enabled us to explore the full complexity of the phloem content. As a result, our view of the phloem has evolved from a simple transport path of photoassimilates to a major highway for pathogens, hormones and developmental signals. Understanding phloem transport is essential to comprehend the coordination of environmental inputs with plant development and, thus, ensure food security. This review discusses recent developments in its role in long-distance signaling and highlights the role of some of the signaling molecules. What emerges is an image of signaling paths that do not just involve single molecules but rather, quite frequently an interplay of several distinct molecular classes, many of which appear to be transported and acting in concert.
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Eng F, Marin JE, Zienkiewicz K, Gutiérrez-Rojas M, Favela-Torres E, Feussner I. Jasmonic acid biosynthesis by fungi: derivatives, first evidence on biochemical pathways and culture conditions for production. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10873. [PMID: 33604199 PMCID: PMC7869668 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives called jasmonates (JAs) are lipid-derived signalling molecules that are produced by plants and certain fungi. Beside this function, JAs have a great variety of applications in flavours and fragrances production. In addition, they may have a high potential in agriculture. JAs protect plants against infections. Although there is much information on the biosynthesis and function of JA concerning plants, knowledge on these aspects is still scarce for fungi. Taking into account the practical importance of JAs, the objective of this review is to summarize knowledge on the occurrence of JAs from fungal culture media, their biosynthetic pathways and the culture conditions for optimal JA production as an alternative source for the production of these valuable metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Eng
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Biotechnology Division, Cuban Research Institute on Sugar Cane Byproducts (ICIDCA), Havana, Cuba.,Laboratório de Processos Biológicos, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo (LPB/EESC/USP), São Carlos, Brasil
| | - Jorge Erick Marin
- Laboratório de Processos Biológicos, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo (LPB/EESC/USP), São Carlos, Brasil
| | - Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mariano Gutiérrez-Rojas
- Campus Iztapalapa, Biotechnology Department, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Favela-Torres
- Campus Iztapalapa, Biotechnology Department, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Department of Plant Biochemistry, International Center for advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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6
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Figueroa-Macías JP, García YC, Núñez M, Díaz K, Olea AF, Espinoza L. Plant Growth-Defense Trade-Offs: Molecular Processes Leading to Physiological Changes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020693. [PMID: 33445665 PMCID: PMC7828132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to survive in a hostile habitat, plants have to manage the available resources to reach a delicate balance between development and defense processes, setting up what plant scientists call a trade-off. Most of these processes are basically responses to stimuli sensed by plant cell receptors and are influenced by the environmental features, which can incredibly modify such responses and even cause changes upon both molecular and phenotypic level. Therefore, significant differences can be detected between plants of the same species living in different environments. The comprehension of plant growth-defense trade-offs from the molecular basis to the phenotypic expression is one of the fundamentals for developing sustainable agriculture, so with this review we intend to contribute to the increasing of knowledge on this topic, which have a great importance for future development of agricultural crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yamilet Coll García
- Center for Natural Products Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Habana 10400, Cuba;
- Correspondence: (Y.C.G.); (L.E.); Tel.: +56-32-2654225 (L.E.)
| | - María Núñez
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; (M.N.); (K.D.)
| | - Katy Díaz
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; (M.N.); (K.D.)
| | - Andres F. Olea
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, Santiago 8900000, Chile;
| | - Luis Espinoza
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; (M.N.); (K.D.)
- Correspondence: (Y.C.G.); (L.E.); Tel.: +56-32-2654225 (L.E.)
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7
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Schulze A, Zimmer M, Mielke S, Stellmach H, Melnyk CW, Hause B, Gasperini D. Wound-Induced Shoot-to-Root Relocation of JA-Ile Precursors Coordinates Arabidopsis Growth. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:1383-1394. [PMID: 31181337 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms rely on the movement of signaling molecules across cells, tissues, and organs to communicate among distal sites. In plants, localized leaf damage activates jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent transcriptional reprogramming in both harmed and unharmed tissues. Although it has been indicated that JA species can translocate from damaged into distal sites, the identity of the mobile compound(s), the tissues through which they translocate, and the effect of their relocation remain unknown. Here, we found that following shoot wounding, the relocation of endogenous jasmonates through the phloem is essential to initiate JA signaling and stunt growth in unharmed roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. By employing grafting experiments and hormone profiling, we uncovered that the hormone precursor cis-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and its derivatives, but not the bioactive JA-Ile conjugate, translocate from wounded shoots into undamaged roots. Upon root relocation, the mobile precursors cooperatively regulated JA responses through their conversion into JA-Ile and JA signaling activation. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the existence of long-distance translocation of endogenous OPDA and its derivatives, which serve as mobile molecules to coordinate shoot-to-root responses, and highlight the importance of a controlled redistribution of hormone precursors among organs during plant stress acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Schulze
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marlene Zimmer
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stefan Mielke
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Hagen Stellmach
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Charles W Melnyk
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75651 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Debora Gasperini
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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8
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Omega hydroxylated JA-Ile is an endogenous bioactive jasmonate that signals through the canonical jasmonate signaling pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:158520. [PMID: 31473347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Jasmonates are fatty acid derivatives that control several plant processes including growth, development and defense. Despite the chemical diversity of jasmonates, only jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile) has been clearly characterized as the endogenous ligand of the jasmonate co-receptors (COI1-JAZs) in higher plants. Currently, it is accepted that ω-hydroxylation of JA-Ile leads to inactivation of the molecule. This study shows that ω-hydroxylated JA-Ile (12-OH-JA-Ile) retains bioactivity and signals through the canonical JA-pathway. The results suggest that 12-OH-JA-Ile differentially activates a subset of JA-Ile co-receptors that may control and/or modulate particular jasmonate dependent responses. It is proposed that after a strong immune response mediated by JA-Ile, the ω-hydroxylated form modulates JA-Ile activated processes thereby improving plant resilience.
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9
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Heyer M, Scholz SS, Voigt D, Reichelt M, Aldon D, Oelmüller R, Boland W, Mithöfer A. Herbivory-responsive calmodulin-like protein CML9 does not guide jasmonate-mediated defenses in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197633. [PMID: 29768484 PMCID: PMC5955546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium is an important second messenger in plants that is released into the cytosol early after recognition of various environmental stimuli. Decoding of such calcium signals by calcium sensors is the key for the plant to react appropriately to each stimulus. Several members of Calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs) act as calcium sensors and some are known to mediate both abiotic and biotic stress responses. Here, we study the role of the Arabidopsis thaliana CML9 in different stress responses. CML9 was reported earlier as defense regulator against Pseudomonas syringae. In contrast to salicylic acid-mediated defense against biotrophic pathogens such as P. syringae, defenses against herbivores and necrotrophic fungi are mediated by jasmonates. We demonstrate that CML9 is induced upon wounding and feeding of the insect herbivore Spodoptera littoralis. However, neither different CML9 loss-of-function mutant lines nor overexpression lines were impaired upon insect feeding. No difference in herbivore-induced phytohormone elevation was detected in cml9 lines. The defense against the spider mite Tetranychus urticae was also unaffected. In addition, cml9 mutant lines showed a wild type-like reaction to the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola. Thus, our data suggest that CML9 might be a regulator involved only in the defense against biotrophic pathogens, independent of jasmonates. In addition, our data challenge the involvement of CML9 in plant drought stress response. Taken together, we suggest that CML9 is a specialized rather than a general regulator of stress responses in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Heyer
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra S Scholz
- Department for Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Dagmar Voigt
- Institute for Botany, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Didier Aldon
- UMR 5546 CNRS-Université Toulouse III, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Department for Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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10
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Heyer M, Reichelt M, Mithöfer A. A Holistic Approach to Analyze Systemic Jasmonate Accumulation in Individual Leaves of Arabidopsis Rosettes Upon Wounding. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1569. [PMID: 30425725 PMCID: PMC6218591 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones, especially jasmonates, are known to be mediators of the plant responses to wounding and herbivore feeding. Their role in such stress responses has been largely studied locally in treated leaves. However, less is known about the induced systemic distribution of phytohormone signals upon these kinds of stresses. Here, a holistic approach was performed in order to investigate the systemic phytohormone pattern in the rosette of Arabidopsis thaliana after herbivore-related wounding. Levels of different stress-related phytohormones such as jasmonates, abscisic acid, and salicylic acid were analyzed in individual leaves. We demonstrate that the typically used sampling method, where leaves are first cut and immediately frozen, causes false-positive results since cutting already induces systemic jasmonate elevations within less than 1.6 min. Therefore, this approach is not suitable to study systemic phytohormone changes in the whole plant. By developing a new method where leaves are frozen first and subsequently cut, sampling-induced phytohormone elevations could be reduced. Using this new method, we show that jasmonic acid and its active isoleucine conjugate (jasmonoyl-isoleucine) are involved in the fast systemic wound response of Arabidopsis. A systemic induction of the jasmonates' precursor, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, was not observed throughout our treatments. The systemic phytohormone distribution pattern is strongly linked to the vascular connections between the leaves, providing further evidence that the vascular system is used for long distance-signaling in Arabidopsis. Besides already known vascular connections, we also demonstrate that the systemic distribution of jasmonate signals can be extended to distant leaves, which are systemically but indirectly connected via another vascularly connected leaf. This holistic approach covering almost the whole Arabidopsis rosette introduces a method to overcome false-positive results in systemic phytohormone determinations and demonstrates that wounding-induced long-distance signaling includes fast changes in jasmonate levels in systemic, non-treated leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Heyer
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Axel Mithöfer,
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11
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Vahabi K, Reichelt M, Scholz SS, Furch ACU, Matsuo M, Johnson JM, Sherameti I, Gershenzon J, Oelmüller R. Alternaria Brassicae Induces Systemic Jasmonate Responses in Arabidopsis Which Travel to Neighboring Plants via a Piriformsopora Indica Hyphal Network and Activate Abscisic Acid Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:626. [PMID: 29868082 PMCID: PMC5952412 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stress information received by a particular local plant tissue is transferred to other tissues and neighboring plants, but how the information travels is not well understood. Application of Alternaria Brassicae spores to Arabidopsis leaves or roots stimulates local accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA), the expression of JA-responsive genes, as well as of NITRATE TRANSPORTER (NRT)2.5 and REDOX RESPONSIVE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1 (RRTF1). Infection information is systemically spread over the entire seedling and propagates radially from infected to non-infected leaves, axially from leaves to roots, and vice versa. The local and systemic NRT2.5 responses are reduced in the jar1 mutant, and the RRTF1 response in the rbohD mutant. Information about A. brassicae infection travels slowly to uninfected neighboring plants via a Piriformospora Indica hyphal network, where NRT2.5 and RRTF1 are up-regulated. The systemic A. brassicae-induced JA response in infected plants is converted to an abscisic acid (ABA) response in the neighboring plant where ABA and ABA-responsive genes are induced. We propose that the local threat information induced by A. brassicae infection is spread over the entire plant and transferred to neighboring plants via a P. indica hyphal network. The JA-specific response is converted to a general ABA-mediated stress response in the neighboring plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khabat Vahabi
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra S. Scholz
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexandra C. U. Furch
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Mitsuhiro Matsuo
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Joy M. Johnson
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Irena Sherameti
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ralf Oelmüller
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12
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Jimenez-Aleman GH, Machado RAR, Baldwin IT, Boland W. JA-Ile-macrolactones uncouple growth and defense in wild tobacco. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:3391-3395. [PMID: 28261738 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00249a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules capable of uncoupling growth-defense in plants are currently not known. In this study, for the first time, semi-synthetic analogues of the phytohormone JA-Ile are employed to uncouple growth and defense responses in wild tobacco. The JA-Ile analogues are easily synthesized from inexpensive substrates via olefin metathesis.
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Scholz SS, Malabarba J, Reichelt M, Heyer M, Ludewig F, Mithöfer A. Evidence for GABA-Induced Systemic GABA Accumulation in Arabidopsis upon Wounding. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:388. [PMID: 28382046 PMCID: PMC5360728 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The non-proteinogenic amino acid γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is present in all plant species analyzed so far. Its synthesis is stimulated by either acidic conditions occurring after tissue disruption or higher cytosolic calcium level. In mammals, GABA acts as inhibitory neurotransmitter but its function in plants is still not well understood. Besides its involvement in abiotic stress resistance, GABA has a role in the jasmonate-independent defense against invertebrate pests. While the biochemical basis for GABA accumulation in wounded leaves is obvious, the underlying mechanisms for wounding-induced GABA accumulation in systemic leaves remained unclear. Here, the Arabidopsis thaliana knock-out mutant lines pop2-5, unable to degrade GABA, and tpc1-2, lacking a wounding-induced systemic cytosolic calcium elevation, were employed for a comprehensive investigation of systemic GABA accumulation. A wounding-induced systemic GABA accumulation was detected in tpc1-2 plants demonstrating that an increased calcium level was not involved. Similarly, after both mechanical wounding and Spodoptera littoralis feeding, GABA accumulation in pop2-5 plants was significantly higher in local and systemic leaves, compared to wild-type plants. Consequently, larvae feeding on these GABA-enriched mutant plants grew significantly less. Upon exogenous application of a D2-labeled GABA to wounded leaves of pop2-5 plants, its uptake but no translocation to unwounded leaves was detected. In contrast, an accumulation of endogenous GABA was observed in vascular connected systemic leaves. These results suggest that the systemic accumulation of GABA upon wounding does not depend on the translocation of GABA or on an increase in cytosolic calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra S. Scholz
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller UniversityJena, Germany
| | - Jaiana Malabarba
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJena, Germany
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJena, Germany
| | - Monika Heyer
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJena, Germany
| | - Frank Ludewig
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-NurembergErlangen, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Axel Mithöfer,
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Kao CW, Bakshi M, Sherameti I, Dong S, Reichelt M, Oelmüller R, Yeh KW. A Chinese cabbage (Brassica campetris subsp. Chinensis) τ-type glutathione-S-transferase stimulates Arabidopsis development and primes against abiotic and biotic stress. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 92:643-659. [PMID: 27796720 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial root-colonizing fungus Piriformospora indica stimulates root development of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris subsp. Chinensis) and this is accompanied by the up-regulation of a τ-class glutathione (GSH)-S-transferase gene (BcGSTU) (Lee et al. 2011) in the roots. BcGSTU expression is further promoted by osmotic (salt and PEG) and heat stress. Ectopic expression of BcGSTU in Arabidopsis under the control of the 35S promoter results in the promotion of root and shoot growth as well as better performance of the plants under abiotic (150 mM NaCl, PEG, 42 °C) and biotic (Alternaria brassicae infection) stresses. Higher levels of glutathione, auxin and stress-related (salicylic and jasmonic acid) phytohormones as well as changes in the gene expression profile result in better performance of the BcGSTU expressors upon exposure to stress. Simultaneously the plants are primed against upcoming stresses. We propose that BcGSTU is a target of P. indica in Chinese cabbage roots because the enzyme participates in balancing growth and stress responses, depending on the equilibrium of the symbiotic interaction. A comparable function of BcGST in transgenic Arabidopsis makes the enzyme a valuable tool for agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Kao
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Madhunita Bakshi
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Irena Sherameti
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Michael Reichelt
- Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.
| | - Kai-Wun Yeh
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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