1
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Nie H, Zhang Y, Li M, Wang W, Wang Z, Zheng J. Expression of microbial lipase in filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger: a review. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:172. [PMID: 38841267 PMCID: PMC11147998 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03998-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipase has high economic importance and is widely used in biodiesel, food, detergents, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. The rapid development of synthetic biology and system biology has not only paved the way for comprehensively understanding the efficient operation mechanism of Aspergillus niger cell factories but also introduced a new technological system for creating and optimizing high-efficiency A. niger cell factories. In this review, all relevant data on microbial lipase enzyme sources and general properties are gathered and updated. The relationship between A. niger strain morphology and protein production is discussed. The safety of A. niger strain is investigated to ensure product safety. The biotechnologies and factors influencing lipase expression in A. niger are summarized. This review focuses on various strategies to improve lipase expression in A. niger. The summary of these methods and the application of the gene editing technology CRISPR/Cas9 system can further improve the efficiency of constructing the engineered lipase-producing A. niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Nie
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Yueting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Mengjiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Weili Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Jianyong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
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2
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Pinotsis N, Krüger A, Tomas N, Chatziefthymiou SD, Litz C, Mortensen SA, Daffé M, Marrakchi H, Antranikian G, Wilmanns M. Discovery of a non-canonical prototype long-chain monoacylglycerol lipase through a structure-based endogenous reaction intermediate complex. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7649. [PMID: 38012138 PMCID: PMC10682391 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43354-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification and characterization of enzyme function is largely lacking behind the rapidly increasing availability of large numbers of sequences and associated high-resolution structures. This is often hampered by lack of knowledge on in vivo relevant substrates. Here, we present a case study of a high-resolution structure of an unusual orphan lipase in complex with an endogenous C18 monoacylglycerol ester reaction intermediate from the expression host, which is insoluble under aqueous conditions and thus not accessible for studies in solution. The data allowed its functional characterization as a prototypic long-chain monoacylglycerol lipase, which uses a minimal lid domain to position the substrate through a hydrophobic tunnel directly to the enzyme's active site. Knowledge about the molecular details of the substrate binding site allowed us to modulate the enzymatic activity by adjusting protein/substrate interactions, demonstrating the potential of our findings for future biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Pinotsis
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Anna Krüger
- Hamburg University of Technology, Kasernenstrasse 12, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Tomas
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Claudia Litz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Arnold Mortensen
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mamadou Daffé
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Hedia Marrakchi
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Garabed Antranikian
- Hamburg University of Technology, Kasernenstrasse 12, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wilmanns
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
- University Hamburg Clinical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany.
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3
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Honeder SE, Tomin T, Schinagl M, Pfleger R, Hoehlschen J, Darnhofer B, Schittmayer M, Birner‐Gruenberger R. Research Advances Through Activity‐Based Lipid Hydrolase Profiling. Isr J Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Elisabeth Honeder
- Research and Diagnostic Institute of Pathology Medical University of Graz Stiftingtalstraße 6 8036 Graz Austria
| | - Tamara Tomin
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics University of Technology Vienna Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Maximilian Schinagl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics University of Technology Vienna Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Raphael Pfleger
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics University of Technology Vienna Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Julia Hoehlschen
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics University of Technology Vienna Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Barbara Darnhofer
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry Center for Medical Research Medical University of Graz Neue Stiftingtalstraße 24 8036 Graz Austria
| | - Matthias Schittmayer
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics University of Technology Vienna Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Ruth Birner‐Gruenberger
- Research and Diagnostic Institute of Pathology Medical University of Graz Stiftingtalstraße 6 8036 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics University of Technology Vienna Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Wien Austria
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4
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Efficient monoacylglycerol synthesis by carboxylesterase EstGtA2 from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans in a solvent-free two-phase system. J Biosci Bioeng 2022; 134:89-94. [PMID: 35644798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated high-yield monoacylglycerol (MAG) synthesis by bacterial lipolytic enzymes in a solvent-free two-phase system. Esterification by monoacylglycerol lipase from Bacillus sp. H-257 (H257) required a high glycerol/fatty acid molar ratio for efficient MAG synthesis. Screening of H257 homologues revealed that carboxylesterase derived from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans, EstGtA2, exhibited a higher esterification rate than H257. Moreover, neutralizing the pH of the acidic reaction solution by adding potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution further increased the esterification rate. The esterification rate by EstGtA2 reached 75% under conditions of equivalent molar amounts of glycerol and fatty acid, and the MAG rate (MAG/total glyceride) was 97%. The neutralized pH of the reaction solution likely affected the thermal stability of EstGtA2 during the esterification reaction. Screening for thermal-tolerant variants revealed that the EstGtA2S26I variant was stable at 75 °C for 30 min, a condition under which wild-type EstGtA2 was completely inactivated. The esterification rate by the EstGtA2S26I variant reached 90%, and the MAG rate was 96%. The addition of alkali and the use of a thermal-tolerant enzyme were important for obtaining high-yield MAG in a solvent-free two-phase system utilizing EstGtA2.
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5
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Grininger C, Leypold M, Aschauer P, Pavkov-Keller T, Riegler-Berket L, Breinbauer R, Oberer M. Structural Changes in the Cap of Rv0183/mtbMGL Modulate the Shape of the Binding Pocket. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1299. [PMID: 34572512 PMCID: PMC8472722 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis continues to be a major threat to the human population. Global efforts to eradicate the disease are ongoing but are hampered by the increasing occurrence of multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Therefore, the development of new treatment, and the exploration of new druggable targets and treatment strategies, are of high importance. Rv0183/mtbMGL, is a monoacylglycerol lipase of M. tuberculosis and it is involved in providing fatty acids and glycerol as building blocks and as an energy source. Since the lipase is expressed during the dormant and active phase of an infection, Rv0183/mtbMGL is an interesting target for inhibition. In this work, we determined the crystal structures of a surface-entropy reduced variant K74A Rv0183/mtbMGL in its free form and in complex with a substrate mimicking inhibitor. The two structures reveal conformational changes in the cap region that forms a major part of the substrate/inhibitor binding region. We present a completely closed conformation in the free form and semi-closed conformation in the ligand-bound form. These conformations differ from the previously published, completely open conformation of Rv0183/mtbMGL. Thus, this work demonstrates the high conformational plasticity of the cap from open to closed conformations and provides useful insights into changes in the substrate-binding pocket, the target of potential small-molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Grininger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.G.); (P.A.); (T.P.-K.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Mario Leypold
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (M.L.); (R.B.)
| | - Philipp Aschauer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.G.); (P.A.); (T.P.-K.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Tea Pavkov-Keller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.G.); (P.A.); (T.P.-K.); (L.R.-B.)
- BioHealth Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lina Riegler-Berket
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.G.); (P.A.); (T.P.-K.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (M.L.); (R.B.)
- BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Oberer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.G.); (P.A.); (T.P.-K.); (L.R.-B.)
- BioHealth Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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6
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de Vries S, Fürst-Jansen JMR, Irisarri I, Dhabalia Ashok A, Ischebeck T, Feussner K, Abreu IN, Petersen M, Feussner I, de Vries J. The evolution of the phenylpropanoid pathway entailed pronounced radiations and divergences of enzyme families. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:975-1002. [PMID: 34165823 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Land plants constantly respond to fluctuations in their environment. Part of their response is the production of a diverse repertoire of specialized metabolites. One of the foremost sources for metabolites relevant to environmental responses is the phenylpropanoid pathway, which was long thought to be a land-plant-specific adaptation shaped by selective forces in the terrestrial habitat. Recent data have, however, revealed that streptophyte algae, the algal relatives of land plants, have candidates for the genetic toolkit for phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and produce phenylpropanoid-derived metabolites. Using phylogenetic and sequence analyses, we here show that the enzyme families that orchestrate pivotal steps in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis have independently undergone pronounced radiations and divergence in multiple lineages of major groups of land plants; sister to many of these radiated gene families are streptophyte algal candidates for these enzymes. These radiations suggest a high evolutionary versatility in the enzyme families involved in the phenylpropanoid-derived metabolism across embryophytes. We suggest that this versatility likely translates into functional divergence, and may explain the key to one of the defining traits of embryophytes: a rich specialized metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie de Vries
- Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Janine M R Fürst-Jansen
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Iker Irisarri
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- University of Goettingen, Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), Goldschmidstr. 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Amra Dhabalia Ashok
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Goettingen Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kirstin Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Goettingen Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ilka N Abreu
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Maike Petersen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Goettingen Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jan de Vries
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- University of Goettingen, Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), Goldschmidstr. 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goldschmidtsr. 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
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7
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Structure and Dynamics of an Archeal Monoglyceride Lipase from Palaeococcus ferrophilus as Revealed by Crystallography and In Silico Analysis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040533. [PMID: 33916727 PMCID: PMC8065475 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The crystallographic analysis of a lipase from Palaeococcus ferrophilus (PFL) previously annotated as a lysophospholipase revealed high structural conservation with other monoglyceride lipases, in particular in the lid domain and substrate binding pockets. In agreement with this observation, PFL was shown to be active on various monoacylglycerols. Molecular Dynamics (MD) studies performed in the absence and in the presence of ligands further allowed characterization of the dynamics of this system and led to a systematic closure of the lid compared to the crystal structure. However, the presence of ligands in the acyl-binding pocket stabilizes intermediate conformations compared to the crystal and totally closed structures. Several lid-stabilizing or closure elements were highlighted, i.e., hydrogen bonds between Ser117 and Ile204 or Asn142 and its facing amino acid lid residues, as well as Phe123. Thus, based on this complementary crystallographic and MD approach, we suggest that the crystal structure reported herein represents an open conformation, at least partially, of the PFL, which is likely stabilized by the ligand, and it brings to light several key structural features prone to participate in the closure of the lid.
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8
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Kim HJ, Lee BJ, Kwon AR. The grease trap: uncovering the mechanism of the hydrophobic lid in Cutibacterium acnes lipase. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:722-733. [PMID: 32165394 PMCID: PMC7193963 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acne is one of the most common dermatological conditions, but the details of its pathology are unclear, and current management regimens often have adverse effects. Cutibacterium acnes is known as a major acne-associated bacterium that derives energy from lipase-mediated sebum lipid degradation. C. acnes is commensal, but lipase activity has been observed to differ among C. acnes types. For example, higher populations of the type IA strains are present in acne lesions with higher lipase activity. In the present study, we examined a conserved lipase in types IB and II that was truncated in type IA C. acnes strains. Closed, blocked, and open structures of C. acnes ATCC11828 lipases were elucidated by X-ray crystallography at 1.6-2.4 Å. The closed crystal structure, which is the most common form in aqueous solution, revealed that a hydrophobic lid domain shields the active site. By comparing closed, blocked, and open structures, we found that the lid domain-opening mechanisms of C. acnes lipases (CAlipases) involve the lid-opening residues, Phe-179 and Phe-211. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first structure-function study of CAlipases, which may help to shed light on the mechanisms involved in acne development and may aid in future drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jung Kim
- College of Pharmacy,Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, Republic of Korea,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Jin Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae-Ran Kwon
- Department of Beauty Care, College of Medical Science, Deagu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Republic of Korea,To whom correspondence should be addressed. e-mail:
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9
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Li PY, Zhang YQ, Zhang Y, Jiang WX, Wang YJ, Zhang YS, Sun ZZ, Li CY, Zhang YZ, Shi M, Song XY, Zhao LS, Chen XL. Study on a Novel Cold-Active and Halotolerant Monoacylglycerol Lipase Widespread in Marine Bacteria Reveals a New Group of Bacterial Monoacylglycerol Lipases Containing Unusual C(A/S)HSMG Catalytic Motifs. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:9. [PMID: 32038595 PMCID: PMC6989442 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipases (MGLs) are present in all domains of life. However, reports on bacterial MGLs are still limited. Until now, reported bacterial MGLs are all thermophilic/mesophilic enzymes from warm terrestrial environments or deep-sea hydrothermal vent, and none of them originates from marine environments vastly subject to low temperature, high salts, and oligotrophy. Here, we characterized a novel MGL, GnMgl, from the marine cold-adapted and halophilic bacterium Glaciecola nitratireducens FR1064T. GnMgl shares quite low sequence similarities with characterized MGLs (lower than 31%). GnMgl and most of its bacterial homologs harbor a catalytic Ser residue located in the conserved C(A/S)HSMG motif rather than in the typical GxSxG motif reported on other MGLs, suggesting that GnMgl-like enzymes might be different from reported MGLs in catalysis. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that GnMgl and its bacterial homologs are clustered as a separate group in the monoglyceridelipase_lysophospholipase family of the Hydrolase_4 superfamily. Recombinant GnMgl has no lysophospholipase activity but could hydrolyze saturated (C12:0-C16:0) and unsaturated (C18:1 and C18:2) MGs and short-chain triacylglycerols, displaying distinct substrate selectivity from those of reported bacterial MGLs. The substrate preference of GnMgl, predicted to be a membrane protein, correlates to the most abundant fatty acids within the strain FR1064T, suggesting the role of GnMgl in the lipid catabolism in this marine bacterium. In addition, different from known bacterial MGLs that are all thermostable enzymes, GnMgl is a cold-adapted enzyme, with the maximum activity at 30°C and retaining 30% activity at 0°C. GnMgl is also a halotolerant enzyme with full activity in 3.5M NaCl. The cold-adapted and salt-tolerant characteristics of GnMgl may help its source strain FR1064T adapt to the cold and saline marine environment. Moreover, homologs to GnMgl are found to be abundant in various marine bacteria, implying their important physiological role in these marine bacteria. Our results on GnMgl shed light on marine MGLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan-Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wen-Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yi-Shuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhong-Zhi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chun-Yang Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.,College of Marine Life Sciences, Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Mei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Long-Sheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiu-Lan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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10
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Dahabiyeh LA, Abu-rish EY, Taha MO. Inhibition of monoglyceride lipase by proton pump inhibitors: investigation using docking and in vitro experiments. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 72:435-442. [DOI: 10.1007/s43440-019-00013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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11
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Grimsey NL, Savinainen JR, Attili B, Ahamed M. Regulating membrane lipid levels at the synapse by small-molecule inhibitors of monoacylglycerol lipase: new developments in therapeutic and PET imaging applications. Drug Discov Today 2019; 25:330-343. [PMID: 31622747 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a major endocannabinoid hydrolyzing enzyme and can be regulated to control endogenous lipid levels in the brain. This review highlights the pharmacological roles and in vivo PET imaging of MAGL in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha L Grimsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Juha R Savinainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Bala Attili
- Department of Radiology, The University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Muneer Ahamed
- ARC Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Australia.
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12
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A Thermostable Monoacylglycerol Lipase from Marine Geobacillus sp. 12AMOR1: Biochemical Characterization and Mutagenesis Study. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030780. [PMID: 30759774 PMCID: PMC6386982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipases with unique substrate specificity are highly desired in biotechnological applications. In this study, a putative marine Geobacillus sp. monoacylglycerol lipase (GMGL) encoded gene was identified by a genomic mining strategy. The gene was expressed in Escherichia coli as a His-tag fusion protein and purified by affinity chromatography with a yield of 264 mg per liter fermentation broth. The recombinant GMGL shows the highest hydrolysis activity at 60 °C and pH 8.0, and the half-life was 60 min at 70 °C. The GMGL is active on monoacylglycerol (MAG) substrate but not diacylglycerol (DAG) or triacylglycerol (TAG), and produces MAG as the single product in the esterification reaction. Modeling structure analysis showed that the catalytic triad is formed by Ser97, Asp196 and His226, and the flexible cap region is constituted by residues from Ala120 to Thr160. A mutagenesis study on Leu142, Ile145 and Ile170 located in the substrate binding tunnel revealed that these residues were related with its substrate specificity. The kcat/Km value toward the pNP-C6 substrate in mutants Leu142Ala, Ile145Ala and Ile170Phe increased to 2.3-, 1.4- and 2.2-fold as compared to that of the wild type, respectively.
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13
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Dahabiyeh LA, Bustanji Y, Taha MO. The herbicide quinclorac as potent lipase inhibitor: Discovery via virtual screening and in vitro/in vivo validation. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 93:787-797. [PMID: 30570819 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipolysis is primarily controlled by the stepwise action of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and monoglyceride lipase (MGL) to release free fatty acids and glycerol. A high level of circulating free fatty acids is well-known to mediate insulin resistance. Thus, the need to discover lipase inhibitors against both enzyme systems remains urgent. Agrochemicals are tightly regulated chemicals and therefore are potential source of new medicinal agents. Accordingly, we implemented a computational workflow to search for new lipase inhibitory leads by virtually screening commercial agrochemicals against HSL and MGL employing binding pharmacophores and docking experiments. Ten agrochemicals were identified as potential lipase inhibitors, out of which quinclorac, a safe herbicide, achieved high-ranking score. Subsequent in vitro evaluation against rat epididymal lipase activity showed quinclorac to exhibit nanomolar anti-lipase IC50 . Subsequent in vivo testing showed quinclorac to significantly decrease blood glycerol levels after acute exposure (150 mg/kg) and multiple dosing (50 or 25 mg/kg) (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina A Dahabiyeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Yasser Bustanji
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mutasem O Taha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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14
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Kind L, Kursula P. Structural properties and role of the endocannabinoid lipases ABHD6 and ABHD12 in lipid signalling and disease. Amino Acids 2018; 51:151-174. [PMID: 30564946 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2682-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) system is an important part of both the human central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues. It is involved in the regulation of various physiological and neuronal processes and has been associated with various diseases. The eCB system is a complex network composed of receptor molecules, their cannabinoid ligands, and enzymes regulating the synthesis, release, uptake, and degradation of the signalling molecules. Although the eCB system and the molecular processes of eCB signalling have been studied extensively over the past decades, the involved molecules and underlying signalling mechanisms have not been described in full detail. An example pose the two poorly characterised eCB-degrading enzymes α/β-hydrolase domain protein six (ABHD6) and ABHD12, which have been shown to hydrolyse 2-arachidonoyl glycerol-the main eCB in the CNS. We review the current knowledge about the eCB system and the role of ABHD6 and ABHD12 within this important signalling system and associated diseases. Homology modelling and multiple sequence alignments highlight the structural features of the studied enzymes and their similarities, as well as the structural basis of disease-related ABHD12 mutations. However, homologies within the ABHD family are very low, and even the closest homologues have widely varying substrate preferences. Detailed experimental analyses at the molecular level will be necessary to understand these important enzymes in full detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kind
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Petri Kursula
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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15
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Álvarez-Cao ME, González R, Pernas MA, Rúa ML. Contribution of the Oligomeric State to the Thermostability of Isoenzyme 3 from Candida rugosa. Microorganisms 2018; 6:E108. [PMID: 30347699 PMCID: PMC6313406 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6040108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermophilic proteins have evolved different strategies to maintain structure and function at high temperatures; they have large, hydrophobic cores, and feature increased electrostatic interactions, with disulfide bonds, salt-bridging, and surface charges. Oligomerization is also recognized as a mechanism for protein stabilization to confer a thermophilic adaptation. Mesophilic proteins are less thermostable than their thermophilic homologs, but oligomerization plays an important role in biological processes on a wide variety of mesophilic enzymes, including thermostabilization. The mesophilic yeast Candida rugosa contains a complex family of highly related lipase isoenzymes. Lip3 has been purified and characterized in two oligomeric states, monomer (mLip3) and dimer (dLip3), and crystallized in a dimeric conformation, providing a perfect model for studying the effects of homodimerization on mesophilic enzymes. We studied kinetics and stability at different pHs and temperatures, using the response surface methodology to compare both forms. At the kinetic level, homodimerization expanded Lip3 specificity (serving as a better catalyst on soluble substrates). Indeed, dimerization increased its thermostability by more than 15 °C (maximum temperature for dLip3 was out of the experimental range; >50 °C), and increased the pH stability by nearly one pH unit, demonstrating that oligomerization is a viable strategy for the stabilization of mesophilic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Efigenia Álvarez-Cao
- Department of Food and Analytical Chemistry, Sciences Faculty of Ourense, University of Vigo, As Lagoas s/n, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - Roberto González
- Department of Food and Analytical Chemistry, Sciences Faculty of Ourense, University of Vigo, As Lagoas s/n, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - María A Pernas
- Department of Food and Analytical Chemistry, Sciences Faculty of Ourense, University of Vigo, As Lagoas s/n, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - María Luisa Rúa
- Department of Food and Analytical Chemistry, Sciences Faculty of Ourense, University of Vigo, As Lagoas s/n, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
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16
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Aschauer P, Zimmermann R, Breinbauer R, Pavkov-Keller T, Oberer M. The crystal structure of monoacylglycerol lipase from M. tuberculosis reveals the basis for specific inhibition. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8948. [PMID: 29895832 PMCID: PMC5997763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27051-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipases (MGLs) are enzymes that hydrolyze monoacylglycerol into a free fatty acid and glycerol. Fatty acids can be used for triacylglycerol synthesis, as energy source, as building blocks for energy storage, and as precursor for membrane phospholipids. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, fatty acids also serve as precursor for polyketide lipids like mycolic acids, major components of the cellular envelope associated to resistance for drug. We present the crystal structure of the MGL Rv0183 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtbMGL) in open conformation. The structure reveals remarkable similarities with MGL from humans (hMGL) in both, the cap region and the α/β core. Nevertheless, mtbMGL could not be inhibited with JZL-184, a known inhibitor of hMGL. Docking studies provide an explanation why the activity of mtbMGL was not affected by the inhibitor. Our findings suggest that specific inhibition of mtbMGL from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, one of the oldest recognized pathogens, is possible without influencing hMGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Aschauer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/3, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/3, 8010, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Tea Pavkov-Keller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/3, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Oberer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/3, 8010, Graz, Austria. .,BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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17
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Riegler-Berket L, Leitmeier A, Aschauer P, Dreveny I, Oberer M. Identification of lipases with activity towards monoacylglycerol by criterion of conserved cap architectures. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:679-687. [PMID: 29627382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipases (MGL) are a subclass of lipases that predominantly hydrolyze monoacylglycerol (MG) into glycerol and fatty acid. MGLs are ubiquitous enzymes across species and play a role in lipid metabolism, affecting energy homeostasis and signaling processes. Structurally, MGLs belong to the α/β hydrolase fold family with a cap covering the substrate binding pocket. Analysis of the known 3D structures of human, yeast and bacterial MGLs revealed striking similarity of the cap architecture. Since MGLs from different organisms share very low sequence similarity, it is difficult to identify MGLs based on the amino acid sequence alone. Here, we investigated whether the cap architecture could be a characteristic feature of this subclass of lipases with activity towards MG and whether it is possible to identify MGLs based on the cap shape. Through database searches, we identified the structures of five different candidate α/β hydrolase fold proteins with unknown or reported esterase activity. These proteins exhibit cap architecture similarities to known human, yeast and bacterial MGL structures. Out of these candidates we confirmed MGL activity for the protein LipS, which displayed the highest structural similarity to known MGLs. Two further enzymes, Avi_0199 and VC1974, displayed low level MGL activities. These findings corroborate our hypothesis that this conserved cap architecture can be used as criterion to identify lipases with activity towards MGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Riegler-Berket
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Leitmeier
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Austria
| | - Philipp Aschauer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Austria
| | - Ingrid Dreveny
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Monika Oberer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Austria.
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18
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Padmanabha Das KM, Wechselberger L, Liziczai M, De la Rosa Rodriguez M, Grabner GF, Heier C, Viertlmayr R, Radler C, Lichtenegger J, Zimmermann R, Borst JW, Zechner R, Kersten S, Oberer M. Hypoxia-inducible lipid droplet-associated protein inhibits adipose triglyceride lipase. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:531-541. [PMID: 29326160 PMCID: PMC5832925 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m082388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Elaborate control mechanisms of intracellular triacylglycerol (TAG) breakdown are critically involved in the maintenance of energy homeostasis. Hypoxia-inducible lipid droplet-associated protein (HILPDA)/hypoxia-inducible gene-2 (Hig-2) has been shown to affect intracellular TAG levels, yet, the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. Here, we show that HILPDA inhibits adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), the enzyme catalyzing the first step of intracellular TAG hydrolysis. HILPDA shares structural similarity with G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2), an established inhibitor of ATGL. HILPDA inhibits ATGL activity in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of ∼2 μM. ATGL inhibition depends on the direct physical interaction of both proteins and involves the N-terminal hydrophobic region of HILPDA and the N-terminal patatin domain-containing segment of ATGL. Finally, confocal microscopy combined with Förster resonance energy transfer-fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy analysis indicated that HILPDA and ATGL colocalize and physically interact intracellularly. These findings provide a rational biochemical explanation for the tissue-specific increased TAG accumulation in HILPDA-overexpressing transgenic mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Wechselberger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Márton Liziczai
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Gernot F Grabner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Heier
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Viertlmayr
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Claudia Radler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jörg Lichtenegger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jan Willem Borst
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Microspectroscopy Research Facility, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sander Kersten
- Division of Human Nutrition University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Oberer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria .,BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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19
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Casas-Godoy L, Gasteazoro F, Duquesne S, Bordes F, Marty A, Sandoval G. Lipases: An Overview. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1835:3-38. [PMID: 30109644 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8672-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lipases are ubiquitous enzymes, widespread in nature. They were first isolated from bacteria in the early nineteenth century, and the associated research continuously increased due to the characteristics of these enzymes. This chapter reviews the main sources, structural properties, and industrial applications of these highly studied enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Casas-Godoy
- Cátedras CONACYT-Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C. (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Francisco Gasteazoro
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C. (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Sophie Duquesne
- Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INP; LISBP, Toulouse, France.,INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR5504, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Bordes
- Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INP; LISBP, Toulouse, France.,INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR5504, Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Marty
- Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INP; LISBP, Toulouse, France.,INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR5504, Toulouse, France
| | - Georgina Sandoval
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C. (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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20
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Riccardi L, Arencibia JM, Bono L, Armirotti A, Girotto S, De Vivo M. Lid domain plasticity and lipid flexibility modulate enzyme specificity in human monoacylglycerol lipase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:441-451. [PMID: 28088576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a membrane-interacting enzyme that generates pro-inflammatory signaling molecules. For this reason, MAGL inhibition is a promising strategy to treat pain, cancer, and neuroinflammatory diseases. MAGL can hydrolyze monoacylglycerols bearing an acyl chain of different lengths and degrees of unsaturation, cleaving primarily the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Importantly, the enzymatic binding site of MAGL is confined by a 75-amino-acid-long, flexible cap domain, named 'lid domain', which is structurally similar to that found in several other lipases. However, it is unclear how lid domain plasticity affects catalysis in MAGL. By integrating extensive molecular dynamics simulations and free-energy calculations with mutagenesis and kinetic experiments, we here define a lid-domain-mediated mechanism for substrate selection and binding in MAGL catalysis. In particular, we clarify the key role of Phe159 and Ile179, two conserved residues within the lid domain, in regulating substrate specificity in MAGL. We conclude by proposing that other structurally related lipases may share this lid-domain-mediated mechanism for substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Riccardi
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Discovery, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Jose M Arencibia
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Discovery, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Luca Bono
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Stefania Girotto
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Marco De Vivo
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Discovery, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; IAS-5/INM-9 Computational Biomedicine Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
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21
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Wittenborn EC, Jost M, Wei Y, Stubbe J, Drennan CL. Structure of the Catalytic Domain of the Class I Polyhydroxybutyrate Synthase from Cupriavidus necator. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25264-25277. [PMID: 27742839 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.756833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyhydroxybutyrate synthase (PhaC) catalyzes the polymerization of 3-(R)-hydroxybutyryl-coenzyme A as a means of carbon storage in many bacteria. The resulting polymers can be used to make biodegradable materials with properties similar to those of thermoplastics and are an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional petroleum-based plastics. A full biochemical and mechanistic understanding of this process has been hindered in part by a lack of structural information on PhaC. Here we present the first structure of the catalytic domain (residues 201-589) of the class I PhaC from Cupriavidus necator (formerly Ralstonia eutropha) to 1.80 Å resolution. We observe a symmetrical dimeric architecture in which the active site of each monomer is separated from the other by ∼33 Å across an extensive dimer interface, suggesting a mechanism in which polyhydroxybutyrate biosynthesis occurs at a single active site. The structure additionally highlights key side chain interactions within the active site that play likely roles in facilitating catalysis, leading to the proposal of a modified mechanistic scheme involving two distinct roles for the active site histidine. We also identify putative substrate entrance and product egress routes within the enzyme, which are discussed in the context of previously reported biochemical observations. Our structure lays a foundation for further biochemical and structural characterization of PhaC, which could assist in engineering efforts for the production of eco-friendly materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Catherine L Drennan
- From the Departments of Chemistry, .,Biology, and.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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22
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Heier C, Taschler U, Radulovic M, Aschauer P, Eichmann TO, Grond S, Wolinski H, Oberer M, Zechner R, Kohlwein SD, Zimmermann R. Monoacylglycerol Lipases Act as Evolutionarily Conserved Regulators of Non-oxidative Ethanol Metabolism. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:11865-75. [PMID: 27036938 PMCID: PMC4882453 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.705541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) are non-oxidative metabolites of ethanol that accumulate in human tissues upon ethanol intake. Although FAEEs are considered as toxic metabolites causing cellular dysfunction and tissue damage, the enzymology of FAEE metabolism remains poorly understood. In this study, we used a biochemical screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to identify and characterize putative hydrolases involved in FAEE catabolism. We found that Yju3p, the functional orthologue of mammalian monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), contributes >90% of cellular FAEE hydrolase activity, and its loss leads to the accumulation of FAEE. Heterologous expression of mammalian MGL in yju3Δ mutants restored cellular FAEE hydrolase activity and FAEE catabolism. Moreover, overexpression or pharmacological inhibition of MGL in mouse AML-12 hepatocytes decreased or increased FAEE levels, respectively. FAEEs were transiently incorporated into lipid droplets (LDs) and both Yju3p and MGL co-localized with these organelles. We conclude that the storage of FAEE in inert LDs and their mobilization by LD-resident FAEE hydrolases facilitate a controlled metabolism of these potentially toxic lipid metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Heier
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz and
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz and
| | - Maja Radulovic
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz and
| | - Philip Aschauer
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz and
| | | | - Susanne Grond
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz and
| | - Heimo Wolinski
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz and BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Oberer
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz and
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz and
| | - Sepp D Kohlwein
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz and BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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