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Gómez Borrego J, Torrent Burgas M. Structural assembly of the bacterial essential interactome. eLife 2024; 13:e94919. [PMID: 38226900 PMCID: PMC10863985 DOI: 10.7554/elife.94919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The study of protein interactions in living organisms is fundamental for understanding biological processes and central metabolic pathways. Yet, our knowledge of the bacterial interactome remains limited. Here, we combined gene deletion mutant analysis with deep-learning protein folding using AlphaFold2 to predict the core bacterial essential interactome. We predicted and modeled 1402 interactions between essential proteins in bacteria and generated 146 high-accuracy models. Our analysis reveals previously unknown details about the assembly mechanisms of these complexes, highlighting the importance of specific structural features in their stability and function. Our work provides a framework for predicting the essential interactomes of bacteria and highlight the potential of deep-learning algorithms in advancing our understanding of the complex biology of living organisms. Also, the results presented here offer a promising approach to identify novel antibiotic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Gómez Borrego
- Systems Biology of Infection Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biosciences Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaCerdanyola del VallèsSpain
| | - Marc Torrent Burgas
- Systems Biology of Infection Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biosciences Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaCerdanyola del VallèsSpain
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2
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Lee Upton S, Tay JW, Schwartz DK, Sousa MC. Similarly slow diffusion of BAM and SecYEG complexes in live E. coli cells observed with 3D spt-PALM. Biophys J 2023; 122:4382-4394. [PMID: 37853695 PMCID: PMC10698321 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) complex is responsible for inserting outer membrane proteins (OMPs) into the Escherichia coli outer membrane. The SecYEG translocon inserts inner membrane proteins into the inner membrane and translocates both soluble proteins and nascent OMPs into the periplasm. Recent reports describe Sec possibly playing a direct role in OMP biogenesis through interactions with the soluble polypeptide transport-associated (POTRA) domains of BamA (the central OMP component of BAM). Here we probe the diffusion behavior of these protein complexes using photoactivatable super-resolution localization microscopy and single-particle tracking in live E. coli cells of BAM and SecYEG components BamA and SecE and compare them to other outer and inner membrane proteins. To accurately measure trajectories on the highly curved cell surface, three-dimensional tracking was performed using double-helix point-spread function microscopy. All proteins tested exhibit two diffusive modes characterized by "slow" and "fast" diffusion coefficients. We implement a diffusion coefficient analysis as a function of the measurement lag time to separate positional uncertainty from true mobility. The resulting true diffusion coefficients of the slow and fast modes showed a complete immobility of full-length BamA constructs in the time frame of the experiment, whereas the OMP OmpLA displayed a slow diffusion consistent with the high viscosity of the outer membrane. The periplasmic POTRA domains of BamA were found to anchor BAM to other cellular structures and render it immobile. However, deletion of individual distal POTRA domains resulted in increased mobility, suggesting that these domains are required for the full set of cellular interactions. SecE diffusion was much slower than that of the inner membrane protein PgpB and was more like OMPs and BamA. Strikingly, SecE diffused faster upon POTRA domain deletion. These results are consistent with the existence of a BAM-SecYEG trans-periplasmic assembly in live E. coli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Lee Upton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Jian Wei Tay
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Daniel Keith Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
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Biochemical and proteomic insights revealed selenium priming induced phosphorus stress tolerance in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:3141-3153. [PMID: 36693987 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08242-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mineral stress is one of the dominating abiotic stresses, which leads to decrease in crop production. Selenium (Se) seed priming is a recent approach to mitigate the plant's mineral deficiency stress. Although not an essential element, Se has beneficial effects on the plants in terms of growth, quality, yield and plant defense system thus, enhancing plant tolerance to mineral deficiency. METHODS AND RESULTS The present research was accomplished to find out the effect of Se priming on common bean plant (SFB-1 variety) under phosphorus (P) stress. The seeds were grown invitro on four different MGRL media which are normal MGRL media as control with non-Se primed seeds (Se- P+), non -Se primed seeds grown on P deficient MGRL media (Se- P-), Se primed seeds grown on normal MGRL media (Se+P+) and Se primed seeds grown on P deficient MGRL media (Se+P -). The various morphological and biochemical parameters such as proline content, total sugar content, polyphenols and expression of proteins were analyzed under P stress. The results showed that Se priming has significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected the morphological as well as biochemical parameters under normal and P stress conditions. The morphological parameters-length, weight, number of nodes and leaves of Se+P+, Se+P- root and shoot tissue showed significant increase as compared to Se-P+, Se-P-. Similarly various biochemical parameters such as total chlorophyll content, proline, total sugar content and polyphenols of Se+P+, Se+P- increased significantly as compared to Se-P+, Se-P-. The differential protein expression in both Se+P+, Se+P- and Se-P+, Se-P- plants were determined using MALDI-MS/MS. The differentially expressed proteins in Se+P+, Se+P- plants were identified as caffeic acid-3-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and SecA protein (a subunit of Protein Translocan transporter), and are found responsible for lignin synthesis in root cell walls and ATP dependent movement of thylakoid proteins across the membranes in shoot respectively. The differential expression of proteins in plant tissues, validated morphological and biochemical responses such as maintaining membrane integrity, enhanced modifications in cellular metabolism, improved polyphenol activities and expression of defensive proteins against mineral deficiency. CONCLUSIONS The study provided an understanding of Se application as a potential approach increasing tolerance and yield in crop plants against mineral deficiency.
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Barik K, Arya PK, Singh AK, Kumar A. Potential therapeutic targets for combating Mycoplasma genitalium. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:9. [PMID: 36532859 PMCID: PMC9755450 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03423-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma genitalium (M. genitalium) has emerged as a sexually transmitted infection (STI) all over the world in the last three decades. It has been identified as a cause of male urethritis, and there is now evidence that it also causes cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease in women. However, the precise role of M. genitalium in diseases such as pelvic inflammatory disease, and infertility is unknown, and more research is required. It is a slow-growing organism, and with the advent of the nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT), more studies are being conducted and knowledge about the pathogenicity of this organism is being elucidated. The accumulation of data has improved our understanding of the pathogen and its role in disease transmission. Despite the widespread use of single-dose azithromycin in the sexual health field, M. genitalium is known to rapidly develop antibiotic resistance. As a result, the media frequently refer to this pathogen as the "new STI superbug." Despite their rarity, antibiotics available today have serious side effects. As the cure rates for first-line antimicrobials have decreased, it is now a challenge to determine the effective antimicrobial therapy. In this review, we summarise recent M. genitalium research and investigate potential therapeutic targets for combating this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Barik
- Department of Bioinformatics, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, 824236 India
| | - Praffulla Kumar Arya
- Department of Bioinformatics, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, 824236 India
| | - Ajay Kumar Singh
- Department of Bioinformatics, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, 824236 India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, 824236 India
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Listeria monocytogenes-How This Pathogen Uses Its Virulence Mechanisms to Infect the Hosts. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121491. [PMID: 36558825 PMCID: PMC9783847 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeriosis is a serious food-borne illness, especially in susceptible populations, including children, pregnant women, and elderlies. The disease can occur in two forms: non-invasive febrile gastroenteritis and severe invasive listeriosis with septicemia, meningoencephalitis, perinatal infections, and abortion. Expression of each symptom depends on various bacterial virulence factors, immunological status of the infected person, and the number of ingested bacteria. Internalins, mainly InlA and InlB, invasins (invasin A, LAP), and other surface adhesion proteins (InlP1, InlP4) are responsible for epithelial cell binding, whereas internalin C (InlC) and actin assembly-inducing protein (ActA) are involved in cell-to-cell bacterial spread. L. monocytogenes is able to disseminate through the blood and invade diverse host organs. In persons with impaired immunity, the elderly, and pregnant women, the pathogen can also cross the blood-brain and placental barriers, which results in the invasion of the central nervous system and fetus infection, respectively. The aim of this comprehensive review is to summarize the current knowledge on the epidemiology of listeriosis and L. monocytogenes virulence mechanisms that are involved in host infection, with a special focus on their molecular and cellular aspects. We believe that all this information is crucial for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of L. monocytogenes infection.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa: pathogenesis, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, interaction with host, technology advances and emerging therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:199. [PMID: 35752612 PMCID: PMC9233671 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that infects patients with cystic fibrosis, burn wounds, immunodeficiency, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), cancer, and severe infection requiring ventilation, such as COVID-19. P. aeruginosa is also a widely-used model bacterium for all biological areas. In addition to continued, intense efforts in understanding bacterial pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa including virulence factors (LPS, quorum sensing, two-component systems, 6 type secretion systems, outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), CRISPR-Cas and their regulation), rapid progress has been made in further studying host-pathogen interaction, particularly host immune networks involving autophagy, inflammasome, non-coding RNAs, cGAS, etc. Furthermore, numerous technologic advances, such as bioinformatics, metabolomics, scRNA-seq, nanoparticles, drug screening, and phage therapy, have been used to improve our understanding of P. aeruginosa pathogenesis and host defense. Nevertheless, much remains to be uncovered about interactions between P. aeruginosa and host immune responses, including mechanisms of drug resistance by known or unannotated bacterial virulence factors as well as mammalian cell signaling pathways. The widespread use of antibiotics and the slow development of effective antimicrobials present daunting challenges and necessitate new theoretical and practical platforms to screen and develop mechanism-tested novel drugs to treat intractable infections, especially those caused by multi-drug resistance strains. Benefited from has advancing in research tools and technology, dissecting this pathogen's feature has entered into molecular and mechanistic details as well as dynamic and holistic views. Herein, we comprehensively review the progress and discuss the current status of P. aeruginosa biophysical traits, behaviors, virulence factors, invasive regulators, and host defense patterns against its infection, which point out new directions for future investigation and add to the design of novel and/or alternative therapeutics to combat this clinically significant pathogen.
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Dwivedi M, Bajpai K. The chamber of secretome in Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a potential therapeutic target. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022; 39:1-44. [PMID: 35613080 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2076031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) causes one of the ancient diseases, Tuberculosis, affects people around the globe and its severity can be understood by its classification as a second infectious disease after COVID-19 and the 13th leading cause of death according to a WHO report. Despite having advanced diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies, unfortunately, TB is still spreading across the population due to the emergence of drug-resistance MTB and Latent TB infection (LTBI). We are seeking for effective approaches to overcome these hindrances and efficient treatment for this perilous disease. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop drugs based on operative targeting of the bacterial system that could result in both efficient treatment and lesser emergence of MDR-TB. One such promising target could be the secretory systems and especially the Type 7 secretory system (T7SS-ESX) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is crucial for the secretion of effector proteins as well as in establishing host-pathogen interactions of the tubercle bacilli. The five paralogous ESX systems (ESX-1 to EXS-5) have been observed by in silico genome analysis of MTB, among which ESX-1 and ESX-5 are substantial for virulence and mediating host cellular inflammasome. The bacterium growth and virulence can be modulated by targeting the T7SS. In the present review, we demonstrate the current status of therapeutics against MTB and focus on the function and cruciality of T7SS along with other secretory systems as a promising therapeutic target against Tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Dwivedi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
| | - Kriti Bajpai
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India
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Filloux A. Bacterial protein secretion systems: Game of types. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168. [PMID: 35536734 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein trafficking across the bacterial envelope is a process that contributes to the organisation and integrity of the cell. It is the foundation for establishing contact and exchange between the environment and the cytosol. It helps cells to communicate with one another, whether they establish symbiotic or competitive behaviours. It is instrumental for pathogenesis and for bacteria to subvert the host immune response. Understanding the formation of envelope conduits and the manifold strategies employed for moving macromolecules across these channels is a fascinating playground. The diversity of the nanomachines involved in this process logically resulted in an attempt to classify them, which is where the protein secretion system types emerged. As our knowledge grew, so did the number of types, and their rightful nomenclature started to be questioned. While this may seem a semantic or philosophical issue, it also reflects scientific rigour when it comes to assimilating findings into textbooks and science history. Here I give an overview on bacterial protein secretion systems, their history, their nomenclature and why it can be misleading for newcomers in the field. Note that I do not try to suggest a new nomenclature. Instead, I explore the reasons why naming could have escaped our control and I try to reiterate basic concepts that underlie protein trafficking cross membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Filloux
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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9
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Petit GA, Hong Y, Djoko KY, Whitten AE, Furlong EJ, McCoy AJ, Gulbis JM, Totsika M, Martin JL, Halili MA. The suppressor of copper sensitivity protein C from Caulobacter crescentus is a trimeric disulfide isomerase that binds copper(I) with subpicomolar affinity. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2022; 78:337-352. [PMID: 35234148 PMCID: PMC8900818 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798322000729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of the suppressor of copper sensitivity protein C from C. crescentus is reported. The introduction of disulfide bonds into periplasmic proteins is a critical process in many Gram-negative bacteria. The formation and regulation of protein disulfide bonds have been linked to the production of virulence factors. Understanding the different pathways involved in this process is important in the development of strategies to disarm pathogenic bacteria. The well characterized disulfide bond-forming (DSB) proteins play a key role by introducing or isomerizing disulfide bonds between cysteines in substrate proteins. Curiously, the suppressor of copper sensitivity C proteins (ScsCs), which are part of the bacterial copper-resistance response, share structural and functional similarities with DSB oxidase and isomerase proteins, including the presence of a catalytic thioredoxin domain. However, the oxidoreductase activity of ScsC varies with its oligomerization state, which depends on a poorly conserved N-terminal domain. Here, the structure and function of Caulobacter crescentus ScsC (CcScsC) have been characterized. It is shown that CcScsC binds copper in the copper(I) form with subpicomolar affinity and that its isomerase activity is comparable to that of Escherichia coli DsbC, the prototypical dimeric bacterial isomerase. It is also reported that CcScsC functionally complements trimeric Proteus mirabilis ScsC (PmScsC) in vivo, enabling the swarming of P. mirabilis in the presence of copper. Using mass photometry and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) the protein is demonstrated to be trimeric in solution, like PmScsC, and not dimeric like EcDsbC. The crystal structure of CcScsC was also determined at a resolution of 2.6 Å, confirming the trimeric state and indicating that the trimerization results from interactions between the N-terminal α-helical domains of three CcScsC protomers. The SAXS data analysis suggested that the protomers are dynamic, like those of PmScsC, and are able to sample different conformations in solution.
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10
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Blackholly LR, Harris NJ, Findlay HE, Booth PJ. Cell-Free Expression to Probe Co-Translational Insertion of an Alpha Helical Membrane Protein. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:795212. [PMID: 35187078 PMCID: PMC8847741 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.795212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of alpha helical membrane proteins fold co-translationally during their synthesis on the ribosome. In contrast, most mechanistic folding studies address refolding of full-length proteins from artificially induced denatured states that are far removed from the natural co-translational process. Cell-free translation of membrane proteins is emerging as a useful tool to address folding during translation by a ribosome. We summarise the benefits of this approach and show how it can be successfully extended to a membrane protein with a complex topology. The bacterial leucine transporter, LeuT can be synthesised and inserted into lipid membranes using a variety of in vitro transcription translation systems. Unlike major facilitator superfamily transporters, where changes in lipids can optimise the amount of correctly inserted protein, LeuT insertion yields are much less dependent on the lipid composition. The presence of a bacterial translocon either in native membrane extracts or in reconstituted membranes also has little influence on the yield of LeuT incorporated into the lipid membrane, except at high reconstitution concentrations. LeuT is considered a paradigm for neurotransmitter transporters and possesses a knotted structure that is characteristic of this transporter family. This work provides a method in which to probe the formation of a protein as the polypeptide chain is being synthesised on a ribosome and inserting into lipids. We show that in comparison with the simpler major facilitator transporter structures, LeuT inserts less efficiently into membranes when synthesised cell-free, suggesting that more of the protein aggregates, likely as a result of the challenging formation of the knotted topology in the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paula J. Booth
- Department of Chemistry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Harris AJ, Goldman AD. The very early evolution of protein translocation across membranes. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008623. [PMID: 33684113 PMCID: PMC7987157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we used a computational approach to investigate the early evolutionary history of a system of proteins that, together, embed and translocate other proteins across cell membranes. Cell membranes comprise the basis for cellularity, which is an ancient, fundamental organizing principle shared by all organisms and a key innovation in the evolution of life on Earth. Two related requirements for cellularity are that organisms are able to both embed proteins into membranes and translocate proteins across membranes. One system that accomplishes these tasks is the signal recognition particle (SRP) system, in which the core protein components are the paralogs, FtsY and Ffh. Complementary to the SRP system is the Sec translocation channel, in which the primary channel-forming protein is SecY. We performed phylogenetic analyses that strongly supported prior inferences that FtsY, Ffh, and SecY were all present by the time of the last universal common ancestor of life, the LUCA, and that the ancestor of FtsY and Ffh existed before the LUCA. Further, we combined ancestral sequence reconstruction and protein structure and function prediction to show that the LUCA had an SRP system and Sec translocation channel that were similar to those of extant organisms. We also show that the ancestor of Ffh and FtsY that predated the LUCA was more similar to FtsY than Ffh but could still have comprised a rudimentary protein translocation system on its own. Duplication of the ancestor of FtsY and Ffh facilitated the specialization of FtsY as a membrane bound receptor and Ffh as a cytoplasmic protein that could bind nascent proteins with specific membrane-targeting signal sequences. Finally, we analyzed amino acid frequencies in our ancestral sequence reconstructions to infer that the ancestral Ffh/FtsY protein likely arose prior to or just after the completion of the canonical genetic code. Taken together, our results offer a window into the very early evolutionary history of cellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- AJ Harris
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Biology, Oberlin College and Conservatory, K123 Science Center, Oberlin, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Aaron David Goldman
- Department of Biology, Oberlin College and Conservatory, K123 Science Center, Oberlin, Ohio, United States of America
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Wang H, Zhang H, Zhong Z, Sun Y, Wang M, Chen H, Zhou L, Cao L, Lian C, Li C. Molecular analyses of the gill symbiosis of the bathymodiolin mussel Gigantidas platifrons. iScience 2020; 24:101894. [PMID: 33364583 PMCID: PMC7750550 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the deep-sea bathymodiolin mussels have been intensively studied as a model of animal-bacteria symbiosis, it remains challenging to assess the host-symbiont interactions due to the complexity of the symbiotic tissue-the gill. Using cold-seep mussel Gigantidas platifrons as a model, we isolated the symbiont harboring bacteriocytes and profiled the transcriptomes of the three major parts of the symbiosis-the gill, the bacteriocyte, and the symbiont. This breakdown of the complex symbiotic tissue allowed us to characterize the host-symbiont interactions further. Our data showed that the gill's non-symbiotic parts play crucial roles in maintaining and protecting the symbiosis; the bacteriocytes supply the symbiont with metabolites, control symbiont population, and shelter the symbiont from phage infection; the symbiont dedicates to the methane oxidation and energy production. This study demonstrates that the bathymodiolin symbiosis interacts at the tissue, cellular, and molecular level, maintaining high efficiency and harmonic chemosynthetic micro niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Center of Deep-Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Center of Deep-Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoshan Zhong
- Center of Deep-Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Minxiao Wang
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- Center of Deep-Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhou
- Center of Deep-Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Lei Cao
- Center of Deep-Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Chao Lian
- Center of Deep-Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Chaolun Li
- Center of Deep-Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, P. R. China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Comparison of Single and Multiple Turnovers of SecYEG in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:JB.00462-20. [PMID: 32989086 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00462-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Precursor proteins are translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane in Escherichia coli by the general secretory, or Sec, pathway. The main components of the pathway are the integral membrane heterotrimeric SecYEG complex and the peripheral membrane ATPase, SecA. In this study, we have applied an in vitro assay using inverted cytoplasmic membrane vesicles to investigate the complex cycle that leads to translocation. We compared the apparent rate constants for nine precursors under two experimental conditions, single turnover and multiple turnovers. For each precursor, the rate constant for a single turnover was higher than for multiple turnovers, indicating that a different step limits the rate under the two conditions. We conclude that the rate-limiting step for a single turnover is an early step in the initial phase of transit through the channel, whereas the rate of multiple turnovers is limited by the resetting of the translocon. The presence of the chaperone SecB during multiple turnovers increased the maximal amplitude translocated for the three precursor species tested, pGBP, pPhoA, and proOmpA, and also increased the apparent rate constants for both pGBP and pPhoA. The rate constant for proOmpA was decreased by the presence of SecB.IMPORTANCE Vastly different experimental techniques and conditions have been used to study export in E. coli We demonstrated that altering experimental conditions can change the step that is observed during study. Investigators should consider specific experimental conditions when comparing data from different laboratories, as well as when comparing data from different experiments within a laboratory. We have shown that each precursor species has inherent properties that determine the translocation rate; thus generalizations from studies of a single species must be made with caution. A summary of advantages and disadvantages in use of nine precursors is presented.
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De Geyter J, Portaliou AG, Srinivasu B, Krishnamurthy S, Economou A, Karamanou S. Trigger factor is a bona fide secretory pathway chaperone that interacts with SecB and the translocase. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49054. [PMID: 32307852 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial secretory preproteins are translocated across the inner membrane post-translationally by the SecYEG-SecA translocase. Mature domain features and signal peptides maintain preproteins in kinetically trapped, largely soluble, folding intermediates. Some aggregation-prone preproteins require chaperones, like trigger factor (TF) and SecB, for solubility and/or targeting. TF antagonizes the contribution of SecB to secretion by an unknown molecular mechanism. We reconstituted this interaction in vitro and studied targeting and secretion of the model preprotein pro-OmpA. TF and SecB display distinct, unsuspected roles in secretion. Tightly associating TF:pro-OmpA targets the translocase at SecA, but TF prevents pro-OmpA secretion. In solution, SecB binds TF:pro-OmpA with high affinity. At the membrane, when bound to the SecA C-tail, SecB increases TF and TF:pro-OmpA affinities for the translocase and allows pro-OmpA to resume translocation. Our data reveal that TF, a main cytoplasmic folding pathway chaperone, is also a bona fide post-translational secretory chaperone that directly interacts with both SecB and the translocase to mediate regulated protein secretion. Thus, TF links the cytoplasmic folding and secretion chaperone networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozefien De Geyter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Athina G Portaliou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bindu Srinivasu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Srinath Krishnamurthy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anastassios Economou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Spyridoula Karamanou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Synthetic hydrophobic peptides derived from MgtR weaken Salmonella pathogenicity and work with a different mode of action than endogenously produced peptides. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15253. [PMID: 31649255 PMCID: PMC6813294 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51760-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the antibiotic resistance crisis, novel therapeutic strategies need to be developed against bacterial pathogens. Hydrophobic bacterial peptides (small proteins under 50 amino acids) have emerged as regulatory molecules that can interact with bacterial membrane proteins to modulate their activity and/or stability. Among them, the Salmonella MgtR peptide promotes the degradation of MgtC, a virulence factor involved in Salmonella intramacrophage replication, thus providing the basis for an antivirulence strategy. We demonstrate here that endogenous overproduction of MgtR reduced Salmonella replication inside macrophages and lowered MgtC protein level, whereas a peptide variant of MgtR (MgtR-S17I), which does not interact with MgtC, had no effect. We then used synthetic peptides to evaluate their action upon exogenous addition. Unexpectedly, upon addition of synthetic peptides, both MgtR and its variant MgtR-S17I reduced Salmonella intramacrophage replication and lowered MgtC and MgtB protein levels, suggesting a different mechanism of action of exogenously added peptides versus endogenously produced peptides. The synthetic peptides did not act by reducing bacterial viability. We next tested their effect on various recombinant proteins produced in Escherichia coli and showed that the level of several inner membrane proteins was strongly reduced upon addition of both peptides, whereas cytoplasmic or outer membrane proteins remained unaffected. Moreover, the α-helical structure of synthetic MgtR is important for its biological activity, whereas helix-helix interacting motif is dispensable. Cumulatively, these results provide perspectives for new antivirulence strategies with the use of peptides that act by reducing the level of inner membrane proteins, including virulence factors.
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16
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Wang L, Sun Y, Zhao L, Xu X, Huang L, Qin Y, Su Y, Zhang J, Yan Q. Dual RNA-seq uncovers the immune response of Larimichthys crocea to the secY gene of Pseudomonas plecoglossicida from the perspective of host-pathogen interactions. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:949-957. [PMID: 31433996 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas plecoglossicida is a Gram-negative aerobic bacterium that causes high mortality and serious economic losses in some commercial marine fish. Expression of secY was found to be significantly upregulated at 18 °C compared to 28 °C by RNA-seq and qRT-PCR. All five tested recombinant vectors (pCM130/tac + shRNA) significantly reduced secY mRNA levels in P. plecoglossicida. The recombinant vector encoding shRNA-1165 exhibited the best gene-silencing efficiency, 82.4% and was used to create an RNAi strain for further studies. Compared with the wildtype strain, infections of Larimichthys crocea with the RNAi strain resulted in a 2-day delay in onset time and a 35% reduction in mortality, as well as the alleviation of spleen symptoms. The spleens of L. crocea infected by the wild type or RNAi strain of P. plecoglossicida were subjected to dual RNA-seq at 2 dpi. Compared with the wildtype strain, infection of P. plecoglossicida with the RNAi strain resulted in significant changes in the transcriptomes of both host and pathogen. KEGG analysis showed that the complement and coagulation cascade and the Toll-like receptor signalling pathway were the most enriched host pathways. In the pathogen, genes of the "Sec secretion system" were significantly downregulated. This downregulation of "Sec secretion system" genes hindered the secretion of bacterial proteins and reduced the virulence of P. plecoglossicida. Thus, it was easier for L. crocea to clear the RNAi strain of P. plecoglossicida, and the immune response was similarly reduced. The results indicated that secY was a virulence gene of P. plecoglossicida and played roles in the host-pathogen interactions of L. crocea and P. plecoglossicida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luying Wang
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Yunjia Sun
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Lingmin Zhao
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Xiaojin Xu
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Lixing Huang
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Yingxue Qin
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Yongquan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde, Fujian, 352000, China
| | - Jiaonan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Aquatic Feed for Fujian, Fujian Tianma Technology Company Limited, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350308, China
| | - Qingpi Yan
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China; State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde, Fujian, 352000, China.
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17
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van Veen HW, Singh H, Agboh K, Fagg LA, Guo D, Swain B, de Kruijf RF, Guffick C. Energy coupling in ABC exporters. Res Microbiol 2019; 170:392-398. [PMID: 31442612 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug transporters are important and interesting molecular machines that extrude a wide variety of cytotoxic drugs from target cells. This review summarizes novel insights in the energetics and mechanisms of bacterial ATP-binding cassette multidrug transporters as well as recent advances connecting multidrug transport to ion and lipid translocation processes in other membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik W van Veen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK.
| | - Himansha Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Kelvin Agboh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Lisa A Fagg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Dawei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Brendan Swain
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Robbin F de Kruijf
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Charlotte Guffick
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
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18
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Knyazev DG, Kuttner R, Zimmermann M, Sobakinskaya E, Pohl P. Driving Forces of Translocation Through Bacterial Translocon SecYEG. J Membr Biol 2018; 251:329-343. [PMID: 29330604 PMCID: PMC6028853 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-017-0012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review focusses on the energetics of protein translocation via the Sec translocation machinery. First we complement structural data about SecYEG's conformational rearrangements by insight obtained from functional assays. These include measurements of SecYEG permeability that allow assessment of channel gating by ligand binding and membrane voltage. Second we will discuss the power stroke and Brownian ratcheting models of substrate translocation and the role that the two models assign to the putative driving forces: (i) ATP (SecA) and GTP (ribosome) hydrolysis, (ii) interaction with accessory proteins, (iii) membrane partitioning and folding, (iv) proton motive force (PMF), and (v) entropic contributions. Our analysis underlines how important energized membranes are for unravelling the translocation mechanism in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis G Knyazev
- Johannes Kepler University Linz, Institute of Biophysics, Linz, Austria.
| | - Roland Kuttner
- Johannes Kepler University Linz, Institute of Biophysics, Linz, Austria
| | - Mirjam Zimmermann
- Johannes Kepler University Linz, Institute of Biophysics, Linz, Austria
| | | | - Peter Pohl
- Johannes Kepler University Linz, Institute of Biophysics, Linz, Austria
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19
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Firrman J, Liu L, Argoty GA, Zhang L, Tomasula P, Wang M, Pontious S, Kobori M, Xiao W. Analysis of Temporal Changes in Growth and Gene Expression for Commensal Gut Microbes in Response to the Polyphenol Naringenin. Microbiol Insights 2018; 11:1178636118775100. [PMID: 30013359 PMCID: PMC6044793 DOI: 10.1177/1178636118775100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effect of the flavanone naringenin on the growth and genetic expression of the commensal gut microbes, Ruminococcus gauvreauii, Bifidobacterium catenulatum, and Enterococcus caccae, was analyzed. Analysis of growth curves revealed that Ruminococcus gauvreauii was unaffected by naringenin, Bifidobacterium catenulatum was slightly enhanced by naringenin, and Enterococcus caccae was severely inhibited by naringenin. Changes in genetic expression due to naringenin were determined using single-molecule RNA sequencing. Analysis revealed the following responses to naringenin: Ruminococcus gauvreauii upregulated genes involved in iron uptake; Bifidobacterium catenulatum upregulated genes involved in cellular metabolism, DNA repair and molecular transport, and downregulated genes involved in thymidine biosynthesis and metabolism; Enterococcus caccae upregulated pathways involved in transcription and protein transport and downregulated genes responsible for sugar transport and purine synthesis. For the first time, changes in growth and gene expression for commensal gut bacteria in response to naringenin were documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Firrman
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - LinShu Liu
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - Gustavo Arango Argoty
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech College of Engineering, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Liqing Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech College of Engineering, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Peggy Tomasula
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - Minqian Wang
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Sherri Pontious
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Masuko Kobori
- Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Weidong Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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20
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Xin Y, Zhao Y, Zheng J, Zhou H, Zhang XC, Tian C, Huang Y. Structure of YidC from Thermotoga maritima and its implications for YidC-mediated membrane protein insertion. FASEB J 2018; 32:2411-2421. [PMID: 29295859 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700893rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved YidC/Oxa1/Alb3 family of proteins represents a unique membrane protein family that facilitates the insertion, folding, and assembly of a cohort of α-helical membrane proteins in all kingdoms of life, yet its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We report the crystal structures of the full-length Thermotoga maritima YidC (TmYidC) and the TmYidC periplasmic domain (TmPD) at a resolution of 3.8 and 2.5 Å, respectively. The crystal structure of TmPD reveals a β-supersandwich fold but with apparently shortened β strands and different connectivity, as compared to the Escherichia coli YidC (EcYidC) periplasmic domain (EcPD). TmYidC in a detergent-solubilized state also adopts a monomeric form and its conserved core domain, which consists of 2 loosely associated α-helical bundles, assemble a fold similar to that of the other YidC homologues, yet distinct from that of the archaeal YidC-like DUF106 protein. Functional analysis using in vivo photo-crosslinking experiments demonstrates that Pf3 coat protein, a Sec-independent YidC substrate, exits to the lipid bilayer laterally via one of the 2 α-helical bundle interfaces: TM3-TM5. Engineered intramolecular disulfide bonds in TmYidC, in combination with complementation assays, suggest that significant rearrangement of the 2 α-helical bundles at the top of the hydrophilic groove is critical for TmYidC function. These experiments provide a more detailed mechanical insight into YidC-mediated membrane protein biogenesis.-Xin, Y., Zhao, Y., Zheng, J., Zhou, H., Zhang, X. C., Tian, C., Huang, Y. Structure of YidC from Thermotoga maritima and its implications for YidC-mediated membrane protein insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Xin
- National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangge Zheng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haizhen Zhou
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Cai Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changlin Tian
- National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Yihua Huang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Stone TA, Schiller N, Workewych N, von Heijne G, Deber CM. Hydrophobic Clusters Raise the Threshold Hydrophilicity for Insertion of Transmembrane Sequences in Vivo. Biochemistry 2016; 55:5772-5779. [PMID: 27620701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Insertion of a nascent membrane protein segment by the translocon channel into the bilayer is naturally promoted by high segmental hydrophobicity, but its selection as a transmembrane (TM) segment is complicated by the diverse environments (aqueous vs lipidic) the protein encounters and by the fact that most TM segments contain a substantial amount (∼30%) of polar residues, as required for protein structural stabilization and/or function. To examine the contributions of these factors systematically, we designed and synthesized a peptide library consisting of pairs of compositionally identical, but sequentially different, peptides with 19-residue core sequences varying (i) in Leu positioning (with five or seven Leu residues clustered into a contiguous "block" in the middle of the segment or "scrambled" throughout the sequence) and (ii) in Ser content (0-6 residues). The library was analyzed by a combination of biophysical and biological techniques, including HPLC retention times, circular dichroism measurements of helicity in micelle and phospholipid bilayer media, and relative blue shifts in Trp fluorescence maxima, as well as by the extent of membrane insertion in a translocon-mediated assay using microsomal membranes from dog pancreas endoplasmic reticulum. We found that local blocks of high hydrophobicity heighten the translocon's propensity to insert moderately hydrophilic sequences, until a "threshold hydrophilicity" is surpassed whereby segments no longer insert even in the presence of Leu blocks. This study codifies the prerequisites of apolar/polar content and residue positioning that define nascent TM segments, illustrates the accuracy in their prediction, and highlights how a single disease-causing mutation can tip the balance toward anomalous translocation/insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy A Stone
- Division of Molecular Structure & Function, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto M5G 0A4, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto M5S 1A8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nina Schiller
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University , Box 1031, SE-171 21 Solna, Sweden
| | - Natalie Workewych
- Division of Molecular Structure & Function, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto M5G 0A4, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gunnar von Heijne
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University , Box 1031, SE-171 21 Solna, Sweden
| | - Charles M Deber
- Division of Molecular Structure & Function, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto M5G 0A4, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto M5S 1A8, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Dantu SC, Khavnekar S, Kale A. Conformational dynamics of Peb4 exhibit “mother’s arms” chain model: a molecular dynamics study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:2186-2196. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1209131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarath Chandra Dantu
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sagar Khavnekar
- UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Science, University of Mumbai, Vidhyanagari Campus, Mumbai 400098, India
| | - Avinash Kale
- UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Science, University of Mumbai, Vidhyanagari Campus, Mumbai 400098, India
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23
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Sinha A, Ray A, Ganguly S, Ghosh Dastidar S, Sarkar S. Variation in the ribosome interacting loop of the Sec61α from Giardia lamblia. Biol Direct 2015; 10:56. [PMID: 26424409 PMCID: PMC4588681 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-015-0087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the ribosome and the endoplasmic reticulum-located Sec61 protein translocon is mediated through an arginine residue of Sec61α, which is conserved in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic orthologues characterized to date. Using in silico approaches we report that instead of arginine, this ribosome-interaction function is most likely discharged by a lysine residue in the protist Giardia lamblia. This functional substitution of the R with a K in GlSec61α may have taken place to accommodate a G-rich rRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Road, Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054,, West Bengal, India.
| | - Atrayee Ray
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Road, Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054,, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sandipan Ganguly
- Molecular Parasitology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T Road, Scheme XM, Kolkata, 700010,, West Bengal, India.
| | - Shubhra Ghosh Dastidar
- Bioinformatics Center, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054,, West Bengal, India.
| | - Srimonti Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Road, Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054,, West Bengal, India.
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24
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25
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Plohnke N, Seidel T, Kahmann U, Rögner M, Schneider D, Rexroth S. The proteome and lipidome of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 cells grown under light-activated heterotrophic conditions. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:572-84. [PMID: 25561504 PMCID: PMC4349978 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.042382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are photoautotrophic prokaryotes with a plant-like photosynthetic machinery. Because of their short generation times, the ease of their genetic manipulation, and the limited size of their genome and proteome, cyanobacteria are popular model organisms for photosynthetic research. Although the principal mechanisms of photosynthesis are well-known, much less is known about the biogenesis of the thylakoid membrane, hosting the components of the photosynthetic, and respiratory electron transport chain in cyanobacteria. Here we present a detailed proteome analysis of the important model and host organism Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 under light-activated heterotrophic growth conditions. Because of the mechanistic importance and severe changes in thylakoid membrane morphology under light-activated heterotrophic growth conditions, a focus was put on the analysis of the membrane proteome, which was supported by a targeted lipidome analysis. In total, 1528 proteins (24.5% membrane integral) were identified in our analysis. For 641 of these proteins quantitative information was obtained by spectral counting. Prominent changes were observed for proteins associated with oxidative stress response and protein folding. Because of the heterotrophic growth conditions, also proteins involved in carbon metabolism and C/N-balance were severely affected. Although intracellular thylakoid membranes were significantly reduced, only minor changes were observed in their protein composition. The increased proportion of the membrane-stabilizing sulfoqinovosyl diacyl lipids found in the lipidome analysis, as well as the increased content of lipids with more saturated acyl chains, are clear indications for a coordinated synthesis of proteins and lipids, resulting in stabilization of intracellular thylakoid membranes under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Plohnke
- From the ‡Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Tobias Seidel
- §Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Uwe Kahmann
- ¶Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Matthias Rögner
- From the ‡Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk Schneider
- §Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Sascha Rexroth
- From the ‡Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany;
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26
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Luck AN, Evans CC, Riggs MD, Foster JM, Moorhead AR, Slatko BE, Michalski ML. Concurrent transcriptional profiling of Dirofilaria immitis and its Wolbachia endosymbiont throughout the nematode life cycle reveals coordinated gene expression. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1041. [PMID: 25433394 PMCID: PMC4289336 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dirofilaria immitis, or canine heartworm, is a filarial nematode parasite that infects dogs and other mammals worldwide. Current disease control relies on regular administration of anthelmintic preventives, however, relatively poor compliance and evidence of developing drug resistance could warrant alternative measures against D. immitis and related human filarial infections be taken. As with many other filarial nematodes, D. immitis contains Wolbachia, an obligate bacterial endosymbiont thought to be involved in providing certain critical metabolites to the nematode. Correlations between nematode and Wolbachia transcriptomes during development have not been examined. Therefore, we detailed the developmental transcriptome of both D. immitis and its Wolbachia (wDi) in order to gain a better understanding of parasite-endosymbiont interactions throughout the nematode life cycle. Results Over 215 million single-end 50 bp reads were generated from total RNA from D. immitis adult males and females, microfilariae (mf) and third and fourth-stage larvae (L3 and L4). We critically evaluated the transcriptomes of the various life cycle stages to reveal sex-biased transcriptional patterns, as well as transcriptional differences between larval stages that may be involved in larval maturation. Hierarchical clustering revealed both D. immitis and wDi transcriptional activity in the L3 stage is clearly distinct from other life cycle stages. Interestingly, a large proportion of both D. immitis and wDi genes display microfilarial-biased transcriptional patterns. Concurrent transcriptome sequencing identified potential molecular interactions between parasite and endosymbiont that are more prominent during certain life cycle stages. In support of metabolite provisioning between filarial nematodes and Wolbachia, the synthesis of the critical metabolite, heme, by wDi appears to be synchronized in a stage-specific manner (mf-specific) with the production of heme-binding proteins in D. immitis. Conclusions Our integrated transcriptomic study has highlighted interesting correlations between Wolbachia and D. immitis transcription throughout the life cycle and provided a resource that may be used for the development of novel intervention strategies, not only for the treatment and prevention of D. immitis infections, but of other closely related human parasites as well. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1041) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michelle L Michalski
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI 54901, USA.
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Na B, You Z, Yang H, Tai PC. Characterization of the minimal length of functional SecA in Escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 456:213-8. [PMID: 25446126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that certain regions of E. coli SecA can be deleted from its N- and/or C-termini to complement a SecA amber ts mutant. In this study, we determined and characterized the dispensability of both ends of SecA molecules. With N-terminal intact or 9-aa deleted, 826aa (SecA1-826 and SecA10-826, respectively) is the minimum for complementation activity, while with N-terminus deleted by 2-21aa, SecA22-829 is the minimum. Further deletion at the C-terminus of SecA1-826/SecA10-826/SecA22-829 abolished the complementation activity in the cells. A hydrophobic amino acid is required for the 826th residue in the minimal-length SecAs. Chemical crosslinking and gel filtration result showed that both purified SecA22-828 and SecA22-829 could form a dimer. Moreover, the in vitro ATPase and protein translocation activities of SecA22-828 and SecA22-829 were similar, though lower than wild-type SecA. The active mutants had more truncated SecA in soluble than membrane-bound form, but was more stably embedded in membranes. In contrast, the inactive mutants tended to have truncated SecA more membrane-bound than soluble form, and were more loosely bound and easily chased out. Thus, the loss of complementation appears to be related to their altered subcellular localization and stability in the membranes. This study defines the substantial regions of N- and C-termini of SecA that may be deleted without losing complementation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Na
- Department of Biology, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Zhipeng You
- Department of Biology, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Hsiuchin Yang
- Department of Biology, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Phang C Tai
- Department of Biology, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States.
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28
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Escherichia coli SecG is required for residual export mediated by mutant signal sequences and for SecY-SecE complex stability. J Bacteriol 2014; 197:542-52. [PMID: 25404704 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02136-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein export to the bacterial periplasm is achieved by SecYEG, an inner membrane heterotrimer. SecY and SecE are encoded by essential genes, while SecG is not essential for growth under standard laboratory conditions. Using a quantitative and sensitive export assay, we show that SecG plays a critical role for the residual export mediated by mutant signal sequences; the magnitude of this effect is not proportional to the strength of the export defect. In contrast, export mediated by wild-type signal sequences is only barely retarded in the absence of SecG. When probed with mutant signal sequences, secG loss of function mutations display a phenotype opposite to that of prlA mutations in secY. The analysis of secG and prlA single and double mutant strains shows that the increased export conferred by several prlA alleles is enhanced in the absence of SecG. Several combinations of prlA alleles with a secG deletion cannot be easily constructed. This synthetic phenotype is conditional, indicating that cells can adapt to the presence of both alleles. The biochemical basis of this phenomenon is linked to the stability of the SecYE dimer in solubilized membranes. With prlA alleles that can be normally introduced in a secG deletion strain, SecG has only a limited effect on the stability of the SecYE dimer. With the other prlA alleles, the SecYE dimer can often be detected only in the presence of SecG. A possible role for the maintenance of SecG during evolution is proposed.
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29
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Bacterial delivery of Staphylococcus aureus α-hemolysin causes regression and necrosis in murine tumors. Mol Ther 2014; 22:1266-1274. [PMID: 24590046 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial therapies, designed to manufacture therapeutic proteins directly within tumors, could eliminate cancers that are resistant to other therapies. To be effective, a payload protein must be secreted, diffuse through tissue, and efficiently kill cancer cells. To date, these properties have not been shown for a single protein. The gene for Staphylococcus aureus α-hemolysin (SAH), a pore-forming protein, was cloned into Escherichia coli. These bacteria were injected into tumor-bearing mice and volume was measured over time. The location of SAH relative to necrosis and bacterial colonies was determined by immunohistochemistry. In culture, SAH was released and killed 93% of cancer cells in 24 hours. Injection of SAH-producing bacteria reduced viable tissue to 9% of the original tumor volume. By inducing cell death, SAH moved the boundary of necrosis toward the tumor edge. SAH diffused 6.8 ± 0.3 µm into tissue, which increased the volume of affected tissue from 48.6 to 3,120 µm(3). A mathematical model of molecular transport predicted that SAH efficacy is primarily dependent on colony size and the rate of protein production. As a payload protein, SAH will enable effective bacterial therapy because of its ability to diffuse in tissue, kill cells, and expand tumor necrosis.
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30
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Membrane chaperone SecDF plays a role in the secretion of Listeria monocytogenes major virulence factors. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:5262-72. [PMID: 24056100 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00697-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive human intracellular pathogen that infects diverse mammalian cells. Upon invasion, L. monocytogenes secretes multiple virulence factors that target host cellular processes and promote infection. It has been presumed, but was not empirically established, that the Sec translocation system is the primary mediator of this secretion. Here, we validate an important role for SecDF, a component of the Sec system, in the secretion of several critical L. monocytogenes virulence factors. A ΔsecDF mutant is demonstrated to exhibit impaired membrane translocation of listeriolysin O (LLO), PlcA, PlcB, and ActA, factors that mediate L. monocytogenes phagosomal escape and spread from cell to cell. This impaired translocation was monitored by accumulation of the factors on the bacterial membrane and by reduced activity upon secretion. This defect in secretion is shown to be associated with a severe intracellular growth defect of the ΔsecDF mutant in macrophages and a less virulent phenotype in mice, despite normal growth in laboratory medium. We further show that SecDF is upregulated when the bacteria reside in macrophage phagosomes and that it is necessary for efficient phagosomal escape. Taken together, these data support the premise that SecDF plays a role as a chaperone that facilitates the translocation of L. monocytogenes virulence factors during infection.
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31
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Bach JN, Bramkamp M. Flotillins functionally organize the bacterial membrane. Mol Microbiol 2013; 88:1205-17. [PMID: 23651456 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Proteins and lipids are heterogeneously distributed in biological membranes. The correct function of membrane proteins depends on spatiotemporal organization into defined membrane areas, called lipid domains or rafts. Lipid microdomains are therefore thought to assist compartmentalization of membranes. However, how lipid and protein assemblies are organized and whether proteins are actively involved in these processes remains poorly understood. We now have identified flotillins to be responsible for lateral segregation of defined membrane domains in the model organism Bacillus subtilis. We show that flotillins form large, dynamic assemblies that are able to influence membrane fluidity and prevent condensation of Laurdan stained membrane regions. Absence of flotillins in vivo leads to coalescence of distinct domains of high membrane order and, hence, loss of flotillins in the bacterial plasma-membrane reduces membrane heterogeneity. We show that flotillins interact with various proteins involved in protein secretion, cell wall metabolism, transport and membrane-related signalling processes. Importantly, maintenance of membrane heterogeneity is critical for vital cellular processes such as protein secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Niño Bach
- Department of Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2-4, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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32
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Szymański W, Beierle JM, Kistemaker HAV, Velema WA, Feringa BL. Reversible Photocontrol of Biological Systems by the Incorporation of Molecular Photoswitches. Chem Rev 2013; 113:6114-78. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300179f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 847] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wiktor Szymański
- Stratingh Institute
for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The
Netherlands
| | - John M. Beierle
- Stratingh Institute
for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Hans A. V. Kistemaker
- Stratingh Institute
for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Willem A. Velema
- Stratingh Institute
for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute
for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The
Netherlands
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33
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The sortase A substrates FnbpA, FnbpB, ClfA and ClfB antagonize colony spreading of Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44646. [PMID: 22970276 PMCID: PMC3436756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen that is renowned both for its rapid transmission within hospitals and the community, and for the formation of antibiotic resistant biofilms on medical implants. Recently, it was shown that S. aureus is able to spread over wet surfaces. This motility phenomenon is promoted by the surfactant properties of secreted phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs), which are also known to inhibit biofilm formation. The aim of the present studies was to determine whether any cell surface-associated S. aureus proteins have an impact on colony spreading. To this end, we analyzed the spreading capabilities of strains lacking non-essential components of the protein export and sorting machinery. Interestingly, our analyses reveal that the absence of sortase A (SrtA) causes a hyper-spreading phenotype. SrtA is responsible for covalent anchoring of various proteins to the staphylococcal cell wall. Accordingly, we show that the hyper-spreading phenotype of srtA mutant cells is an indirect effect that relates to the sortase substrates FnbpA, FnbpB, ClfA and ClfB. These surface-exposed staphylococcal proteins are known to promote biofilm formation, and cell-cell interactions. The hyper-spreading phenotype of srtA mutant staphylococcal cells was subsequently validated in Staphylococcus epidermidis. We conclude that cell wall-associated factors that promote a sessile lifestyle of S. aureus and S. epidermidis antagonize the colony spreading motility of these bacteria.
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34
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Lin BR, Hsieh YH, Jiang C, Tai PC. Escherichia coli Membranes Depleted of SecYEG Elicit SecA-Dependent Ion-Channel Activity but Lose Signal Peptide Specificity. J Membr Biol 2012; 245:747-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-012-9477-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Albiniak AM, Baglieri J, Robinson C. Targeting of lumenal proteins across the thylakoid membrane. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:1689-98. [PMID: 22275386 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The biogenesis of the plant thylakoid network is an enormously complex process in terms of protein targeting. The membrane system contains a large number of proteins, some of which are synthesized within the organelle, while many others are imported from the cytosol. Studies in recent years have shown that the targeting of imported proteins into and across the thylakoid membrane is particularly complex, with four different targeting pathways identified to date. Two of these are used to target membrane proteins: a signal recognition particle (SRP)-dependent pathway and a highly unusual pathway that appears to require none of the known targeting apparatus. Two further pathways are used to translocate lumenal proteins across the thylakoid membrane from the stroma and, again, the two pathways differ dramatically from each other. One is a Sec-type pathway, in which ATP hydrolysis by SecA drives the transport of the substrate protein through the membrane in an unfolded conformation. The other is the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway, where substrate proteins are transported in a folded state using a unique mechanism that harnesses the proton motive force across the thylakoid membrane. This article reviews progress in studies on the targeting of lumenal proteins, with reference to the mechanisms involved, their evolution from endosymbiotic progenitors of the chloroplast, and possible elements of regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Albiniak
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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36
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Linton E, Walsh MK, Sims RC, Miller CD. Translocation of green fluorescent protein by comparative analysis with multiple signal peptides. Biotechnol J 2011; 7:667-76. [PMID: 21834133 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Type I and II secretory pathways are used for the translocation of recombinant proteins from the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli. The purpose of this study was to evaluate four signal peptides (HlyA, TorA, GeneIII, and PelB), representing the most common secretion pathways in E. coli, for their ability to target green fluorescent protein (GFP) for membrane translocation. Signal peptide-GFP genetic fusions were designed in accordance with BioFusion standards (BBF RFC 10, BBF RFC 23). The HlyA signal peptide targeted GFP for secretion to the extracellular media via the type I secretory pathway, whereas TAT-dependent signal peptide TorA and Sec-dependent signal peptide GeneIII exported GFP to the periplasm. The PelB signal peptide was inefficient in translocating GFP. The use of biological technical standards simplified the design and construction of functional signal peptide-recombinant protein genetic devices for type I and II secretion in E. coli. The utility of the standardized parts model is further illustrated as constructed biological parts are available for direct application to other studies on recombinant protein translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Linton
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross E. Dalbey
- The Ohio State University, Department of Chemistry, Columbus, Ohio 43210;
| | - Peng Wang
- The Ohio State University, Department of Chemistry, Columbus, Ohio 43210;
| | - Andreas Kuhn
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
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38
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Zhang H, Gao ZQ, Hou HF, Xu JH, Li LF, Su XD, Dong YH. High-resolution structure of a new crystal form of BamA POTRA4-5 from Escherichia coli. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:734-8. [PMID: 21795783 PMCID: PMC3144785 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111014254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In Escherichia coli, the BAM complex is employed to mediate correct folding of the outer membrane (OM) proteins into β-barrels and their insertion into the OM. BamA, which is an essential component of the complex, consists of a C-terminal transmembrane region and five N-terminal polypeptide transport-associated (POTRA) domains. Although deletion studies have shown that each of the POTRA domains plays an important role in the process of BAM complex formation, only POTRA5 is essential for cell viability. Here, the crystal structure of POTRA4-5 has been determined to 1.50 Å resolution with an R factor of 14.7% and an Rfree of 18.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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39
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The use of the condensed single protein production system for isotope-labeled outer membrane proteins, OmpA and OmpX in E. coli. Mol Biotechnol 2011; 47:205-10. [PMID: 20820947 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-010-9330-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria consist of two independent membranes, the inner cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane. The outer membrane contains a number of β-barrel proteins such as OmpF, OmpC, OmpA, and OmpX. In this article, we explored to use the condensed Single Protein Production (cSPP) system for isotope labelling of OmpA and OmpX for NMR structural study, both of which are known to consist of eight β-strands forming a barrel in the outer membrane. Using a deletion strain lacking all major outer membrane proteins, both OmpA and OmpX were expressed well in a 20-fold cSPP system. We demonstrated that outer membrane fractions prepared from the cSPP system in M9 medium containing ¹⁵N-NH₄Cl can be directly used for NMR structural study of the outer mebrane proteins without any further purification to get excellent [¹H-¹⁵N]-TROSY spectra. This method would be quite valuable for the study of pure proteins in their native membrane environment without the need of purification and reconstitution.
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40
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Craney A, Tahlan K, Andrews D, Nodwell J. Bacterial transmembrane proteins that lack N-terminal signal sequences. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19421. [PMID: 21573234 PMCID: PMC3087755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tail-anchored membrane proteins (TAMPs), a class of proteins characterized by their lack of N-terminal signal sequence and Sec-independent membrane targeting, play critical roles in apoptosis, vesicle trafficking and other vital processes in eukaryotic organisms. Until recently, this class of membrane proteins has been unknown in bacteria. Here we present the results of bioinformatic analysis revealing proteins that are superficially similar to eukaryotic TAMPs in the bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor. We demonstrate that at least four of these proteins are bona fide membrane-spanning proteins capable of targeting to the membrane in the absence of their N-terminus and the C-terminal membrane-spanning domain is sufficient for membrane targeting. Several of these proteins, including a serine/threonine kinase and the SecE component of the Sec translocon, are widely conserved in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arryn Craney
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kapil Tahlan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Andrews
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin Nodwell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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41
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Das S, Oliver DB. Mapping of the SecA·SecY and SecA·SecG interfaces by site-directed in vivo photocross-linking. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:12371-80. [PMID: 21317284 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.182931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The two major components of the Eubacteria Sec-dependent protein translocation system are the heterotrimeric channel-forming component SecYEG and its binding partner, the SecA ATPase nanomotor. Once bound to SecYEG, the preprotein substrate, and ATP, SecA undergoes ATP-hydrolytic cycles that drive the stepwise translocation of proteins. Although a previous site-directed in vivo photocross-linking study (Mori, H., and Ito, K. (2006) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 16159-16164) elucidated residues of SecY needed for interaction with SecA, no reciprocal study for SecA protein has been reported to date. In the present study we mapped residues of SecA that interact with SecY or SecG utilizing this approach. Our results show that distinct domains of SecA on two halves of the molecule interact with two corresponding SecY partners as well as with the central cytoplasmic domain of SecG. Our data support the in vivo relevance of the Thermotoga maritima SecA·SecYEG crystal structure that visualized SecYEG interaction for only one-half of SecA as well as previous studies indicating that SecA normally binds two molecules of SecYEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchaita Das
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06457, USA
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42
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C-terminal domain residues important for secretion and attachment of RgpB in Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Bacteriol 2010; 193:132-42. [PMID: 20971915 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00773-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontal pathogen, expresses a group of surface proteins with a common C-terminal domain (CTD) that are exported by a novel secretion system to the surface, where they are covalently attached. Using RgpB as a model CTD protein, we have produced a series of site-directed mutations in the CTD sequence at conserved residues and at residues that may be modified and, hence, surface attached. The mutant RgpB proteins were expressed in a P. gingivalis host lacking functional RgpB and RgpA Arg-specific proteases. The RgpB mutants produced were Y674F, Y674F Y718F, T675Q S679Q T682Q T684Q, T693Q, F695A, D696A, N698A, G699P, G716P, T724Q, T728Q T730Q, and K732Q and a protein with a deletion of residues 692 to 702 (Δ692-702). The mutants were characterized for cell-associated Arg-specific protease activity and for cellular distribution using anti-Rgp antibodies and Western blotting of culture fractions. All the mutants exhibited cell-associated Arg-specific activity similar to that of the positive control except for the D696A and Δ692-702 mutants. For all mutants, except D696A and Δ692-702, the RgpB proteins were found modified and attached to the cell surface, which was the same profile found in the positive-control strain. Only trace amounts of the precursor form of the Δ692-702 mutant were detected in the outer membrane, with none detected in the periplasm or culture fluid although cell transcript levels were normal. The results suggest that residues 692 to 702 of the CTD, in particular, residue D696, have an important role in the attachment of RgpB at the cell surface and that without attachment secretion does not occur.
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Seepersaud R, Bensing BA, Yen YT, Sullam PM. Asp3 mediates multiple protein-protein interactions within the accessory Sec system of Streptococcus gordonii. Mol Microbiol 2010; 78:490-505. [PMID: 20807195 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial binding to human platelets is an important step in the pathogenesis of infective endocarditis. Streptococcus gordonii can mediate its platelet attachment through a cell wall glycoprotein termed GspB ('gordonii surface protein B'). GspB export is mediated by a seven-component accessory Sec system, containing two homologues of the general secretory pathway (SecA2 and SecY2) and five accessory Sec proteins (Asps1-5). Here we show that the Asps are required for optimal export of GspB independent of the glycosylation process. Furthermore, yeast two-hybrid screening of the accessory Sec system revealed interactions occurring between Asp3 and the other components of the system. Asp3 was shown to bind SecA2, Asp1, Asp2 and itself. Mutagenesis of Asp3 identified N- and C-terminal regions that are essential for GspB transport, and conserved residues within the C-terminal domain mediated Asp3 binding to other accessory Sec components. The loss of binding by Asp3 also resulted in an impaired ability of S. gordonii to secrete GspB. These studies indicate that Asp3 is a central element mediating multiple interactions among accessory Sec components that are essential for GspB transport to the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravin Seepersaud
- San Francisco Veteran Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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44
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Facey SJ, Kuhn A. Biogenesis of bacterial inner-membrane proteins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:2343-62. [PMID: 20204450 PMCID: PMC11115511 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0303-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
All cells must traffic proteins into and across their membranes. In bacteria, several pathways have evolved to enable protein transfer across the inner membrane, the periplasm, and the outer membrane. The major route of protein translocation in and across the cytoplasmic membrane is the general secretion pathway (Sec-pathway). The biogenesis of membrane proteins not only requires protein translocation but also coordinated targeting to the membrane beforehand and folding and assembly into their protein complexes afterwards to function properly in the cell. All these processes are responsible for the biogenesis of membrane proteins that mediate essential functions of the cell such as selective transport, energy conversion, cell division, extracellular signal sensing, and motility. This review will highlight the most recent developments on the structure and function of bacterial membrane proteins, focusing on the journey that integral membrane proteins take to find their final destination in the inner membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J. Facey
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Kuhn
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Liu D, Gong Q, Ma Y, Li P, Li J, Yang S, Yuan L, Yu Y, Pan D, Xu F, Wang NN. cpSecA, a thylakoid protein translocase subunit, is essential for photosynthetic development in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:1655-69. [PMID: 20194926 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The endosymbiont-derived Sec-dependent protein sorting pathway is essential for protein import into the thylakoid lumen and is important for the proper functioning of the chloroplast. Two loss-of-function mutants of cpSecA, the ATPase subunit of the chloroplast Sec translocation machinery, were analysed in Arabidopsis. The homozygous mutants were albino and seedling lethal under autotrophic conditions and remained dwarf and infertile with an exogenous carbon supply. They were subject to oxidative stress and accumulated superoxide under normal lighting conditions. Electron microscopy revealed that the chloroplast of the mutants had underdeveloped thylakoid structures. Histochemical GUS assay of the AtcpSecA::GUS transgenic plants confirmed that AtcpSecA was expressed in green organs in a light-inducible way. Real-time RT-PCR and microarray analysis revealed repressed transcription of nucleus- and chloroplast- encoded subunits of photosynthetic complexes, and induced transcription of chloroplast protein translocation machinery and mitochondrion-encoded respiratory complexes in the mutants. It is inferred that AtcpSecA plays an essential role in chloroplast biogenesis, the absence of which triggered a retrograde signal, eventually leading to a reprogramming of chloroplast and mitochondrial gene expression.
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MESH Headings
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/metabolism
- Arabidopsis/physiology
- Arabidopsis/ultrastructure
- Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics
- Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism
- Chloroplast Proteins
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/physiology
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Oxidative Stress/genetics
- Oxidative Stress/physiology
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/physiology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/ultrastructure
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- Protein Subunits/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Thylakoids/enzymology
- Thylakoids/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Medema MH, Zhou M, van Hijum SAFT, Gloerich J, Wessels HJCT, Siezen RJ, Strous M. A predicted physicochemically distinct sub-proteome associated with the intracellular organelle of the anammox bacterium Kuenenia stuttgartiensis. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:299. [PMID: 20459862 PMCID: PMC2881027 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) bacteria perform a key step in global nitrogen cycling. These bacteria make use of an organelle to oxidize ammonia anaerobically to nitrogen (N2) and so contribute approximately 50% of the nitrogen in the atmosphere. It is currently unknown which proteins constitute the organellar proteome and how anammox bacteria are able to specifically target organellar and cell-envelope proteins to their correct final destinations. Experimental approaches are complicated by the absence of pure cultures and genetic accessibility. However, the genome of the anammox bacterium Candidatus "Kuenenia stuttgartiensis" has recently been sequenced. Here, we make use of these genome data to predict the organellar sub-proteome and address the molecular basis of protein sorting in anammox bacteria. RESULTS Two training sets representing organellar (30 proteins) and cell envelope (59 proteins) proteins were constructed based on previous experimental evidence and comparative genomics. Random forest (RF) classifiers trained on these two sets could differentiate between organellar and cell envelope proteins with ~89% accuracy using 400 features consisting of frequencies of two adjacent amino acid combinations. A physicochemically distinct organellar sub-proteome containing 562 proteins was predicted with the best RF classifier. This set included almost all catabolic and respiratory factors encoded in the genome. Apparently, the cytoplasmic membrane performs no catabolic functions. We predict that the Tat-translocation system is located exclusively in the organellar membrane, whereas the Sec-translocation system is located on both the organellar and cytoplasmic membranes. Canonical signal peptides were predicted and validated experimentally, but a specific (N- or C-terminal) signal that could be used for protein targeting to the organelle remained elusive. CONCLUSIONS A physicochemically distinct organellar sub-proteome was predicted from the genome of the anammox bacterium K. stuttgartiensis. This result provides strong in silico support for the existing experimental evidence for the existence of an organelle in this bacterium, and is an important step forward in unravelling a geochemically relevant case of cytoplasmic differentiation in bacteria. The predicted dual location of the Sec-translocation system and the apparent absence of a specific N- or C-terminal signal in the organellar proteins suggests that additional chaperones may be necessary that act on an as-yet unknown property of the targeted proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnix H Medema
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Junne T, Kocik L, Spiess M. The hydrophobic core of the Sec61 translocon defines the hydrophobicity threshold for membrane integration. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:1662-70. [PMID: 20357000 PMCID: PMC2869373 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-01-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation of the apolar constriction of the yeast Sec61 translocon to polar or charged residues, while retaining functionality, affected the integration of potential transmembrane segments into the lipid bilayer. This indicates that the translocon plays an active role in setting the hydrophobicity threshold for membrane integration. The Sec61 translocon mediates the translocation of proteins across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and the lateral integration of transmembrane segments into the lipid bilayer. The structure of the idle translocon is closed by a lumenal plug domain and a hydrophobic constriction ring. To test the function of the apolar constriction, we have mutated all six ring residues of yeast Sec61p to more hydrophilic, bulky, or even charged amino acids (alanines, glycines, serines, tryptophans, lysines, or aspartates). The translocon was found to be surprisingly tolerant even to the charge mutations in the constriction ring, because growth and translocation efficiency were not drastically affected. Most interestingly, ring mutants were found to affect the integration of hydrophobic sequences into the lipid bilayer, indicating that the translocon does not simply catalyze the partitioning of potential transmembrane segments between an aqueous environment and the lipid bilayer but that it also plays an active role in setting the hydrophobicity threshold for membrane integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Junne
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Mori T, Ishitani R, Tsukazaki T, Nureki O, Sugita Y. Molecular mechanisms underlying the early stage of protein translocation through the Sec translocon. Biochemistry 2010; 49:945-50. [PMID: 20055474 DOI: 10.1021/bi901594w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Sec translocon, a protein-conducting channel, consists of a heterotrimeric complex (SecYEG in bacteria and Sec61 alpha beta gamma in eukaryotes) that provides a pathway for secretary proteins to cross membranes, or for membrane proteins to integrate into the membrane. The Sec translocon alone is a passive channel, and association with channel partners, including the ribosome or SecA ATPase in bacteria, is needed for protein translocation. Three recently published crystal structures of SecY are considered to represent the closed (resting state), pre-open (transitional state determined with the bound Fab fragment mimicking SecA interaction), and SecA-bound forms. To elucidate mechanisms of transition between closed and pre-open forms, we performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations for the pre-open form of Thermus thermophilus SecYE and the closed form of Methanococcus janaschii SecYE beta in explicit solvent and membranes. We found that the closed form of SecY is stable, while the pre-open form without the Fab fragment undergoes large conformational changes toward the closed form. The pre-open form of SecY with Fab remains unchanged, suggesting that the cytosolic interaction mimicking SecA binding stabilizes the pre-open form of SecY. Importantly, a lipid molecule at the lateral gate region appears to be required to maintain the pre-open form in the membrane. We propose that the conformational transition from closed to pre-open states of SecY upon association with SecA facilitates intercalation of phospholipids at the lateral gate, inducing initial entry of the positively charged signal peptide into the channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaharu Mori
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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van Stelten J, Silva F, Belin D, Silhavy TJ. Effects of antibiotics and a proto-oncogene homolog on destruction of protein translocator SecY. Science 2009; 325:753-6. [PMID: 19661432 DOI: 10.1126/science.1172221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Protein secretion occurs via translocation by the evolutionarily conserved Sec complex. LacZ hybrid proteins have long been used to study translocation in Escherichia coli. Some LacZ hybrids were thought to block secretion by physically jamming the Sec complex, leading to cell death. We found that jammed Sec complexes caused the degradation of essential translocator components by the protease FtsH. Increasing the amounts or the stability of the membrane protein YccA, a known inhibitor of FtsH, counteracted this destruction. Antibiotics that inhibit translation elongation also jammed the translocator and caused the degradation of translocator components, which may contribute to their effectiveness. Intriguingly, YccA is a functional homolog of the proto-oncogene product Bax Inhibitor-1, which may share a similar mechanism of action in regulating apoptosis upon prolonged secretion stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johna van Stelten
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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Gumbart J, Schulten K. The roles of pore ring and plug in the SecY protein-conducting channel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 132:709-19. [PMID: 19001142 PMCID: PMC2585858 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.200810062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The protein-conducting channel, or translocon, is an evolutionarily conserved complex that allows nascent proteins to cross a cellular membrane or integrate into it. The crystal structure of an archaeal translocon, the SecY complex, revealed that two elements contribute to sealing the channel: a small "plug" domain blocking the periplasmic region of the channel, and a pore ring composed of six hydrophobic residues acting as a constriction point at the channel's center. To determine the independent functions of these two elements, we have performed molecular dynamics simulations of the native channel as well as of two recently structurally resolved mutants in which portions of their plugs were deleted. We find that in the mutants, the instability in the plug region leads to a concomitant increase in flexibility of the pore ring. The instability is quantified by the rate of water permeation in each system as well as by the force required for oligopeptide translocation. Through a novel simulation in which the interactions between the plug and water were independently controlled, we find that the role of the plug in stabilizing the pore ring is significantly more important than its role as a purely steric barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Gumbart
- Department of Physics and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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