1
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Liao X, Chen X, Sant'Ana AS, Feng J, Ding T. Pre-Exposure of Foodborne Staphylococcus aureus Isolates to Organic Acids Induces Cross-Adaptation to Mild Heat. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0383222. [PMID: 36916935 PMCID: PMC10101096 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03832-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a typical enterotoxin-producing bacterium that causes food poisoning. In the food industry, pasteurization is the most widely used technique for food decontamination. However, pre-exposure to an acidic environment might make bacteria more resistant to heat treatment, which could compromise the bactericidal effect of heat treatment and endanger food safety. In this work, the organic acid-induced cross-adaptation of S. aureus isolates to heat and the associated mechanisms were investigated. Cross-adaptation area analysis indicated that pre-exposure to organic acids induced cross-adaptation of S. aureus to heat in a strain-dependent manner. Compared with other strains, S. aureus strain J15 showed extremely high heat resistance after being stressed by acetic acid, citric acid, and lactic acid. S. aureus strains J19, J9, and J17 were found to be unable to develop cross-adaptation to heat with pre-exposure to acetic acid, citric acid, and lactic acid, respectively. Analysis of the phenotypic characteristics of the cell membrane demonstrated that the acid-heat-cross-adapted strain J15 retained cell membrane integrity and functions through enhanced Na+K+-ATPase and FoF1-ATPase activities. Cell membrane fatty acid analysis revealed that the ratio of anteiso to iso branched-chain fatty acids in the acid-heat-cross-adapted strain J15 decreased and the content of straight-chain fatty acids exhibited a 2.9 to 4.4% increase, contributing to the reduction in membrane fluidity. At the molecular level, fabH was overexpressed with preconditioning by organic acid, and its expression was further enhanced with subsequent heat exposure. Organic acids activated the GroESL system, which participated in the heat shock response of S. aureus to the subsequent heat stress. IMPORTANCE Cross-adaptation is one of the most important phenotypes in foodborne pathogens and poses a potential risk to food safety and human health. In this work, we found that pretreatment with acetic acid, citric acid, and lactic acid could induce subsequent heat tolerance development in S. aureus. Various S. aureus strains exhibited different acid-heat cross-adaptation areas. The acid-induced cross-adaptation to heat might be attributable to membrane integrity maintenance, stabilization of the charge equilibrium to achieve a normal internal pH, and membrane fluidity reduction achieved by decreasing the ratios of anteiso to iso fatty acids. The fabH gene, which is involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, and groES/groEL, which are related to heat shock response, contributed to the development of the acid-heat cross-adaptation phenomenon in S. aureus. The investigations of the stress cross-adaptation phenomenon in foodborne pathogens could help optimize food processing to better control S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, China
- Future Food Laboratory, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anderson S. Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Jinsong Feng
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tian Ding
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Future Food Laboratory, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan, China
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2
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Chan CCY, Lewis IA. Role of metabolism in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Trends Microbiol 2022; 30:1174-1204. [PMID: 35941063 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is responsible for more than 75% of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and has been studied extensively to better understand the molecular underpinnings of infection and pathogenesis. Although the macromolecular adaptations UPEC employs - including the expression of virulence factors, adhesion molecules, and iron-acquisition systems - are well described, the role that metabolism plays in enabling infection is still unclear. However, a growing body of literature shows that metabolic function can have a profound impact on which strains can colonize the urinary tract. The goal of this review is to critically appraise this emerging body of literature to better understand the role that nutritional selection plays in enabling urinary tract colonization and the progression of UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly C Y Chan
- Department of Biological Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Ian A Lewis
- Department of Biological Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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3
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Guha S, Prabakar T, Sen S. Blue Light-Emitting Diode-Induced Direct C-H Functionalization of 1,4-Quinones with Aryl and Alkyl Boronic Acids. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15421-15434. [PMID: 36322678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A direct functionalization of numerous 1,4-quinones with various aryl boronic acids is reported under blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs). This reaction occurs at room temperature in an open flask without any catalysts, base, and oxidants in acetonitrile (ACN) and is scalable in grams. With diverse 1,4-quinones like 1,4-benzo-, naphtho-, anthra-, and 4-bromonaphthoquinones as substrates, facile cross coupling reactions occur with aryl and alkyl boronic acids without assistance from any photocatalysts. 2-Alkylated cyclohexene-1,4-diones were obtained when the 1,4-quinones were reacted with alkyl boronic acids under standard reaction conditions. However, slight warming of the reaction mixture afforded the desired alkylated 1,4-quinones. The reaction is believed to proceed through the blue LED-induced radical formation of the aryl rings assisted by the 1,4-quinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Guha
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Dadri, Chithera, Greater Noida, UP 201314, India
| | - Tejas Prabakar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Dadri, Chithera, Greater Noida, UP 201314, India
| | - Subhabrata Sen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Dadri, Chithera, Greater Noida, UP 201314, India
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4
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Anand A, Patel A, Chen K, Olson CA, Phaneuf PV, Lamoureux C, Hefner Y, Szubin R, Feist AM, Palsson BO. Laboratory evolution of synthetic electron transport system variants reveals a larger metabolic respiratory system and its plasticity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3682. [PMID: 35760776 PMCID: PMC9237125 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30877-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial respiratory electron transport system (ETS) is branched to allow condition-specific modulation of energy metabolism. There is a detailed understanding of the structural and biochemical features of respiratory enzymes; however, a holistic examination of the system and its plasticity is lacking. Here we generate four strains of Escherichia coli harboring unbranched ETS that pump 1, 2, 3, or 4 proton(s) per electron and characterized them using a combination of synergistic methods (adaptive laboratory evolution, multi-omic analyses, and computation of proteome allocation). We report that: (a) all four ETS variants evolve to a similar optimized growth rate, and (b) the laboratory evolutions generate specific rewiring of major energy-generating pathways, coupled to the ETS, to optimize ATP production capability. We thus define an Aero-Type System (ATS), which is a generalization of the aerobic bioenergetics and is a metabolic systems biology description of respiration and its inherent plasticity. The bacterial respiratory electron transport system (ETS) is branched to allow condition-specific modulation of energy metabolism. Here the authors examine the systems level properties of aerobic electron transport system using adaptive laboratory evolution and multi-omics analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitesh Anand
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Arjun Patel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Connor A Olson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Patrick V Phaneuf
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cameron Lamoureux
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ying Hefner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Richard Szubin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Adam M Feist
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bernhard O Palsson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark.
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5
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Anand P, Akhter Y. A review on enzyme complexes of electron transport chain from Mycobacterium tuberculosis as promising drug targets. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 212:474-494. [PMID: 35613677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Energy metabolism is a universal process occurring in all life forms. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), energy production is carried out in two possible ways, oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) and substrate-level phosphorylation. Mtb is an obligate aerobic bacterium, making it dependent on OxPhos for ATP synthesis and growth. Mtb inhabits varied micro-niches during the infection cycle, outside and within the host cells, which alters its primary metabolic pathways during the pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss cellular respiration in the context of the mechanism and structural importance of the proteins and enzyme complexes involved. These protein-protein complexes have been proven to be essential for Mtb virulence as they aid the bacteria's survival during aerobic and hypoxic conditions. ATP synthase, a crucial component of the electron transport chain, has been in the limelight, as a prominent drug target against tuberculosis. Likewise, in this review, we have explored other protein-protein complexes of the OxPhos pathway, their functional essentiality, and their mechanism in Mtb's diverse lifecycle. The review summarises crucial target proteins and reported inhibitors of the electron transport chain pathway of Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Anand
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226025, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226025, India.
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6
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Abstract
By providing the bacterial cell with protection against several antibiotics at once, multiresistance plasmids have an evolutionary advantage in situations where antibiotic treatments are common, such as in hospital environments. However, resistance plasmids can also impose fitness costs on the bacterium in the absence of antibiotics, something that may limit their evolutionary success. The underlying mechanisms and the possible contribution of resistance genes to such costs are still largely not understood. Here, we have specifically investigated the contribution of plasmid-borne resistance genes to the reduced fitness of the bacterial cell. The pUUH239.2 plasmid carries 13 genes linked to antibiotic resistance and reduces bacterial fitness by 2.9% per generation. This cost is fully ameliorated by the removal of the resistance cassette. While most of the plasmid-borne resistance genes individually were cost-free, even when overexpressed, two specific gene clusters were responsible for the entire cost of the plasmid: the extended-spectrum-β-lactamase gene blaCTX-M-15 and the tetracycline resistance determinants tetAR. The blaCTX-M-15 cost was linked to the signal peptide that exports the β-lactamase into the periplasm, and replacement with an alternative signal peptide abolished the cost. Both the tetracycline pump TetA and its repressor TetR conferred a cost on the host cell, and the reciprocal expression of these genes is likely fine-tuned to balance the respective costs. These findings highlight that the cost of clinical multiresistance plasmids can be largely due to particular resistance genes and their interaction with other cellular systems, while other resistance genes and the plasmid backbone can be cost-free. IMPORTANCE Multiresistance plasmids are one of the main drivers of antibiotic resistance development and spread. Their evolutionary success through the accumulation and mobilization of resistance genes is central to resistance evolution. In this study, we find that the cost of the introduction of a multiresistance plasmid was completely attributable to resistance genes, while the rest of the plasmid backbone is cost-free. The majority of resistance genes on the plasmid had no appreciable cost to the host cell even when overexpressed, indicating that plasmid-borne resistance can be cost-free. In contrast, the widespread genes blaCTX-M-15 and tetAR were found to confer the whole cost of the plasmid by affecting specific cellular functions. These findings highlight how the evolution of resistance on plasmids is dependent on the amelioration of associated fitness costs and point at a conundrum regarding the high cost of some of the most widespread β-lactamase genes.
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7
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Tsviklist V, Guest RL, Raivio TL. The Cpx Stress Response Regulates Turnover of Respiratory Chain Proteins at the Inner Membrane of Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:732288. [PMID: 35154019 PMCID: PMC8831704 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.732288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cpx envelope stress response is a major signaling pathway monitoring bacterial envelope integrity, activated both internally by excessive synthesis of membrane proteins and externally by a variety of environmental cues. The Cpx regulon is enriched with genes coding for protein folding and degrading factors, virulence determinants, and large envelope-localized complexes. Transcriptional repression of the two electron transport chain complexes, NADH dehydrogenase I and cytochrome bo3, by the Cpx pathway has been demonstrated, however, there is evidence that additional regulatory mechanisms exist. In this study, we examine the interaction between Cpx-regulated protein folding and degrading factors and the respiratory complexes NADH dehydrogenase I and succinate dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli. Here we show that the cellular need for Cpx-mediated stress adaptation increases when respiratory complexes are more prevalent or active, which is demonstrated by the growth defect of Cpx-deficient strains on media that requires a functional electron transport chain. Interestingly, deletion of several Cpx-regulated proteolytic factors and chaperones results in similar growth-deficient phenotypes. Furthermore, we find that the stability of the NADH dehydrogenase I protein complex is lower in cells with a functional Cpx response, while in its absence, protein turnover is impaired. Finally, we demonstrated that the succinate dehydrogenase complex has reduced activity in E. coli lacking the Cpx pathway. Our results suggest that the Cpx two-component system serves as a sentry of inner membrane protein biogenesis, ensuring the function of large envelope protein complexes and maintaining the cellular energy status of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Tsviklist
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Randi L. Guest
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Tracy L. Raivio
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Tracy L. Raivio,
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8
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Pinkert L, Lai YH, Peukert C, Hotop SK, Karge B, Schulze LM, Grunenberg J, Brönstrup M. Antibiotic Conjugates with an Artificial MECAM-Based Siderophore Are Potent Agents against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogens. J Med Chem 2021; 64:15440-15460. [PMID: 34619959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel drugs against Gram-negative bacteria represents an urgent medical need. To overcome their outer cell membrane, we synthesized conjugates of antibiotics and artificial siderophores based on the MECAM core, which are imported by bacterial iron uptake systems. Structures, spin states, and iron binding properties were predicted in silico using density functional theory. The capability of MECAM to function as an effective artificial siderophore in Escherichia coli was proven in microbiological growth recovery and bioanalytical assays. Following a linker optimization focused on transport efficiency, five β-lactam and one daptomycin conjugates were prepared. The most potent conjugate 27 showed growth inhibition of Gram-positive and Gram-negative multidrug-resistant pathogens at nanomolar concentrations. The uptake pathway of MECAMs was deciphered by knockout mutants and highlighted the relevance of FepA, CirA, and Fiu. Resistance against 27 was mediated by a mutation in the gene encoding ExbB, which is involved in siderophore transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Pinkert
- Department of Chemical Biology Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Yi-Hui Lai
- Department of Chemical Biology Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carsten Peukert
- Department of Chemical Biology Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sven-Kevin Hotop
- Department of Chemical Biology Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bianka Karge
- Department of Chemical Biology Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lara Marie Schulze
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jörg Grunenberg
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department of Chemical Biology Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Leibniz Universität, 30159 Hannover, Germany
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9
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Winant P, Dehaen W. A visible-light-induced, metal-free bis-arylation of 2,5-dichlorobenzoquinone. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:2315-2320. [PMID: 34621394 PMCID: PMC8450952 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A metal-free protocol for the direct bis-arylation of 2,5-dichlorobenzoquinone with aryldiazonium salts is reported. The reactive salts are generated in situ and converted to radicals through irradiation with visible light. Reaction products precipitate from the solvent, eliminating the need for purification and thus providing a novel green method for the synthesis of versatile bis-electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieterjan Winant
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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10
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Rivett ED, Heo L, Feig M, Hegg EL. Biosynthesis and trafficking of heme o and heme a: new structural insights and their implications for reaction mechanisms and prenylated heme transfer. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 56:640-668. [PMID: 34428995 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2021.1957668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic respiration is a key energy-producing pathway in many prokaryotes and virtually all eukaryotes. The final step of aerobic respiration is most commonly catalyzed by heme-copper oxidases embedded in the cytoplasmic or mitochondrial membrane. The majority of these terminal oxidases contain a prenylated heme (typically heme a or occasionally heme o) in the active site. In addition, many heme-copper oxidases, including mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidases, possess a second heme a cofactor. Despite the critical role of heme a in the electron transport chain, the details of the mechanism by which heme b, the prototypical cellular heme, is converted to heme o and then to heme a remain poorly understood. Recent structural investigations, however, have helped clarify some elements of heme a biosynthesis. In this review, we discuss the insight gained from these advances. In particular, we present a new structural model of heme o synthase (HOS) based on distance restraints from inferred coevolutionary relationships and refined by molecular dynamics simulations that are in good agreement with the experimentally determined structures of HOS homologs. We also analyze the two structures of heme a synthase (HAS) that have recently been solved by other groups. For both HOS and HAS, we discuss the proposed catalytic mechanisms and highlight how new insights into the heme-binding site locations shed light on previously obtained biochemical data. Finally, we explore the implications of the new structural data in the broader context of heme trafficking in the heme a biosynthetic pathway and heme-copper oxidase assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise D Rivett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Lim Heo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Michael Feig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Eric L Hegg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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11
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Dantas-Pereira L, Cunha-Junior EF, Andrade-Neto VV, Bower JF, Jardim GAM, da Silva Júnior EN, Torres-Santos EC, Menna-Barreto RFS. Naphthoquinones and Derivatives for Chemotherapy: Perspectives and Limitations of their Anti-trypanosomatids Activities. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1807-1824. [PMID: 33167829 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201109111802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, Sleeping sickness and Leishmaniasis, caused by trypanosomatids Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania spp., respectively, are considered neglected tropical diseases, and they especially affect impoverished populations in the developing world. The available chemotherapies are very limited, and a search for alternatives is still necessary. In folk medicine, natural naphthoquinones have been employed for the treatment of a great variety of illnesses, including parasitic infections. This review is focused on the anti-trypanosomatid activity and mechanistic analysis of naphthoquinones and derivatives. Among all the series of derivatives tested in vitro, naphthoquinone-derived 1,2,3-triazoles were very active on T. cruzi infective forms in blood bank conditions, as well as in amastigotes of Leishmania spp. naphthoquinones containing a CF3 on a phenyl amine ring inhibited T. brucei proliferation in the nanomolar range, and naphthopterocarpanquinones stood out for their activity on a range of Leishmania species. Some of these compounds showed a promising selectivity index (SI) (30 to 1900), supporting further analysis in animal models. Indeed, high toxicity to the host and inactivation by blood components are crucial obstacles to be overcome to use naphthoquinones and/or their derivatives for chemotherapy. Multidisciplinary initiatives embracing medicinal chemistry, bioinformatics, biochemistry, and molecular and cellular biology need to be encouraged to allow the optimization of these compounds. Large scale automated tests are pivotal for the efficiency of the screening step, and subsequent evaluation of both the mechanism of action in vitro and pharmacokinetics in vivo is essential for the development of a novel, specific and safe derivative, minimizing adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luíza Dantas-Pereira
- Laboratorio de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edézio F Cunha-Junior
- Laboratorio de Bioquimica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valter V Andrade-Neto
- Laboratorio de Bioquimica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - John F Bower
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Guilherme A M Jardim
- Departamento de Quimica, Instituto de Ciencias Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Eufrânio N da Silva Júnior
- Departamento de Quimica, Instituto de Ciencias Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C Torres-Santos
- Laboratorio de Bioquimica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rubem F S Menna-Barreto
- Laboratorio de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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12
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Bali AP, Lennox-Hvenekilde D, Myling-Petersen N, Buerger J, Salomonsen B, Gronenberg LS, Sommer MO, Genee HJ. Improved biotin, thiamine, and lipoic acid biosynthesis by engineering the global regulator IscR. Metab Eng 2020; 60:97-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Abstract
The Gram-negative envelope is a complex structure that consists of the inner membrane, the periplasm, peptidoglycan and the outer membrane, and protects the bacterial cell from the environment. Changing environmental conditions can cause damage, which triggers the envelope stress responses to maintain cellular homeostasis. In this Review, we explore the causes, both environmental and intrinsic, of envelope stress, as well as the cellular stress response pathways that counter these stresses. Furthermore, we discuss the damage to the cell that occurs when these pathways are aberrantly activated either in the absence of stress or to an excessive degree. Finally, we review the mechanisms whereby the σE response constantly acts to prevent cell death caused by highly toxic unfolded outer membrane proteins. Together, the recent work that we discuss has provided insights that emphasize the necessity for proper levels of stress response activation and the detrimental consequences that can occur in the absence of proper regulation.
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14
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Yu C, Patureau FW. Regioselective Oxidative Arylation of Fluorophenols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18530-18534. [PMID: 31584740 PMCID: PMC6916641 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A metal free and highly regioselective oxidative arylation reaction of fluorophenols is described. The relative position of the fluoride leaving group (i.e., ortho or para) controls the 1,2 or 1,4 nature of the arylated quinone product, lending versatility and generality to this oxidative, defluorinative, arylation concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congjun Yu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH, Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frederic W Patureau
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH, Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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15
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Hernandez CA, Beni V, Osma JF. Fully Automated Microsystem for Unmediated Electrochemical Characterization, Visualization and Monitoring of Bacteria on Solid Media; E. coli K-12: A Case Study. BIOSENSORS 2019; 9:E131. [PMID: 31689950 PMCID: PMC6956053 DOI: 10.3390/bios9040131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a non-fluidic microsystem for the simultaneous visualization and electrochemical evaluation of confined, growing bacteria on solid media. Using a completely automated platform, real-time monitoring of bacterial and image-based computer characterization of growth were performed. Electrochemical tests, using Escherichia coli K-12 as the model microorganism, revealed the development of a faradaic process at the bacteria-microelectrode interface inside the microsystem, as implied by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectrometry measurements. The electrochemical information was used to determine the moment in which bacteria colonized the electrode-enabled area of the microsystem. This microsystem shows potential advantages for long-term electrochemical monitoring of the extracellular environment of cell culture and has been designed using readily available technologies that can be easily integrated in routine protocols. Complementarily, these methods can help elucidate fundamental questions of the electron transfer of bacterial cultures and are potentially feasible to be integrated into current characterization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Hernandez
- CMUA. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1E # 19A-40, Bogota 111711, Colombia.
| | - Valerio Beni
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, S-58183 Linköping, Sweden.
- Department of Printed Electronics, RISE Acreo, Research Institute of Sweden, 16440 Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Johann F Osma
- CMUA. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1E # 19A-40, Bogota 111711, Colombia.
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Congjun Yu
- Institut für Organische ChemieRWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Frederic W. Patureau
- Institut für Organische ChemieRWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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17
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Liu S, Shen T, Luo Z, Liu ZQ. A free radical alkylation of quinones with olefins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:4027-4030. [PMID: 30882129 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01704f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrated herein an Fe(iii)-mediated radical alkylation of quinones. A wide range of bioactive molecules with quinone motifs can be rapidly synthesized by using readily available and inexpensive NaBH4/NaBD4 with alkenes at room temperature under open flask conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, P. R. China
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18
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Ortiz-Rojano L, Martínez-Mingo M, García-García C, Ribagorda M, Carreño MC. Domino Reaction of Naphthoquinone and β-Arylpyruvic Acids: Synthesis of 3-(Naphthoquinonyl)naphthofuran-2(3H
)-ones. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ortiz-Rojano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (Módulo-01); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; c/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente n° 7 2804 9-Madrid Cantoblanco Spain
| | - Mario Martínez-Mingo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (Módulo-01); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; c/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente n° 7 2804 9-Madrid Cantoblanco Spain
| | - Carolina García-García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (Módulo-01); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; c/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente n° 7 2804 9-Madrid Cantoblanco Spain
| | - María Ribagorda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (Módulo-01); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; c/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente n° 7 2804 9-Madrid Cantoblanco Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049- Madrid Spain
| | - M. Carmen Carreño
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (Módulo-01); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; c/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente n° 7 2804 9-Madrid Cantoblanco Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049- Madrid Spain
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19
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A Bacterial Stress Response Regulates Respiratory Protein Complexes To Control Envelope Stress Adaptation. J Bacteriol 2017; 199:JB.00153-17. [PMID: 28760851 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00153-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cpx envelope stress response mediates adaptation to stresses that affect protein folding within the envelope of Gram-negative bacteria. Recent transcriptome analyses revealed that the Cpx response impacts genes that affect multiple cellular functions predominantly associated with the cytoplasmic membrane. In this study, we examined the connection between the Cpx response and the respiratory complexes NADH dehydrogenase I and cytochrome bo3 in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli We found that the Cpx response directly represses the transcription of the nuo and cyo operons and that Cpx-mediated repression of these complexes confers adaptation to stresses that compromise envelope integrity. Furthermore, we found that the activity of the aerobic electron transport chain is reduced in E. coli lacking a functional Cpx response despite no change in the transcription of either the nuo or the cyo operon. Finally, we show that expression of NADH dehydrogenase I and cytochrome bo3 contributes to basal Cpx pathway activity and that overproduction of individual subunits can influence pathway activation. Our results demonstrate that the Cpx response gauges and adjusts the expression, and possibly the function, of inner membrane protein complexes to enable adaptation to envelope stress.IMPORTANCE Bacterial stress responses allow microbes to survive environmental transitions and conditions, such as those encountered during infection and colonization, that would otherwise kill them. Enteric microbes that inhabit or infect the gut are exposed to a plethora of stresses, including changes in pH, nutrient composition, and the presence of other bacteria and toxic compounds. Bacteria detect and adapt to many of these conditions by using envelope stress responses that measure the presence of stressors in the outermost compartment of the bacterium by monitoring its physiology. The Cpx envelope stress response plays a role in antibiotic resistance and host colonization, and we have shown that it regulates many functions at the bacterial inner membrane. In this report, we describe a novel role for the Cpx response in sensing and controlling the expression of large, multiprotein respiratory complexes at the cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli The significance of our research is that it will increase our understanding of how these stress responses are involved in antibiotic resistance and the mechanisms used by bacteria to colonize the gut.
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20
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Li P, Xu Z, Sun X, Yin Y, Fan Y, Zhao J, Mao X, Huang J, Yang F, Zhu L. Transcript profiling of the immunological interactions between Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 7 and the host by dual RNA-seq. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:193. [PMID: 28899359 PMCID: PMC5596872 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The complexity of the pathogenic mechanism underlying the host immune response to Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (App) makes the use of preventive measures difficult, and a more global view of the host-pathogen interactions and new insights into this process are urgently needed to reveal the pathogenic and immune mechanisms underlying App infection. Here, we infected specific pathogen-free Mus musculus with App serotype 7 by intranasal inoculation to construct an acute hemorrhagic pneumonia infection model and isolated the infected lungs for analysis of the interactions by dual RNA-seq. Results Four cDNA libraries were constructed, and 2428 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of the host and 333 DEGs of App were detected. The host DEGs were mainly enriched in inflammatory signaling pathways, such as the TLR, NLR, RLR, BCR and TCR signaling pathways, resulting in large-scale cytokine up-regulation and thereby yielding a cytokine cascade for anti-infection and lung damage. The majority of the up-regulated cytokines are involved in the IL-23/IL-17 cytokine-regulated network, which is crucial for host defense against bacterial infection. The DEGs of App were mainly related to the transport and metabolism of energy and materials. Most of these genes are metabolic genes involved in anaerobic metabolism and important for challenging the host and adapting to the anaerobic stress conditions observed in acute hemorrhagic pneumonia. Some of these genes, such as adhE, dmsA, and aspA, might be potential virulence genes. In addition, the up-regulation of genes associated with peptidoglycan and urease synthesis and the restriction of major virulence genes might be immune evasion strategies of App. The regulation of metabolic genes and major virulence genes indicate that the dominant antigens might differ during the infection process and that vaccines based on these antigens might allow establishment of a precise and targeted immune response during the early phase of infection. Conclusion Through an analysis of transcriptional data by dual RNA-seq, our study presents a novel global view of the interactions of App with its host and provides a basis for further study. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-017-1105-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Weenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Weenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiangang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Weenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Weenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Weenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Weenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiyu Mao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Weenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianbo Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Weenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Weenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Weenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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21
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Lynch M, Marinov GK. Membranes, energetics, and evolution across the prokaryote-eukaryote divide. eLife 2017; 6:20437. [PMID: 28300533 PMCID: PMC5354521 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of the eukaryotic cell marked a profound moment in Earth’s history, with most of the visible biota coming to rely on intracellular membrane-bound organelles. It has been suggested that this evolutionary transition was critically dependent on the movement of ATP synthesis from the cell surface to mitochondrial membranes and the resultant boost to the energetic capacity of eukaryotic cells. However, contrary to this hypothesis, numerous lines of evidence suggest that eukaryotes are no more bioenergetically efficient than prokaryotes. Thus, although the origin of the mitochondrion was a key event in evolutionary history, there is no reason to think membrane bioenergetics played a direct, causal role in the transition from prokaryotes to eukaryotes and the subsequent explosive diversification of cellular and organismal complexity. Over time, life on Earth has evolved into three large groups: archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. The most familiar forms of life – such as fungi, plants and animals – all belong to the eukaryotes. Bacteria and archaea are simpler, single-celled organisms and are collectively referred to as prokaryotes. The hallmark feature that distinguishes eukaryotes from prokaryotes is that eukaryotic cells contain compartments called organelles that are surrounded by membranes. Each organelle supports different activities in the cell. Mitochondria, for example, are organelles that provide eukaryotes with most of their energy by producing energy-rich molecules called ATP. Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and instead produce their ATP on their cell surface membrane. Some researchers have suggested that mitochondria might actually be one of the reasons that eukaryotic cells are typically larger than prokaryotes and more varied in their shape and structure. The thinking is that producing ATP on dedicated membranes inside the cell, rather than on the cell surface, boosted the amount of energy available to eukaryotic cells and allowed them to diversify more. However, other researchers are not convinced by this view. Moreover, some recent evidence suggested that eukaryotes are no more efficient in producing energy than prokaryotes. Lynch and Marinov have now used computational and comparative analysis to compare the energy efficiency of different organisms including prokaryotes and eukaryotes grown under defined conditions. To do the comparison, the results were scaled based on cell volume and the total surface area deployed in energy production. From their findings, Lynch and Marinov concluded that mitochondria did not enhance how much energy eukaryotes could produce per unit of cell volume in any substantial way. Although the origin of mitochondria was certainly a key event in evolutionary history, it is unlikely to have been responsible for the diversity and complexity of today’s life forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lynch
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
| | - Georgi K Marinov
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
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22
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Wong KS, Bhandari V, Janga SC, Houry WA. The RavA-ViaA Chaperone-Like System Interacts with and Modulates the Activity of the Fumarate Reductase Respiratory Complex. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:324-344. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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23
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Wessels HJCT, de Almeida NM, Kartal B, Keltjens JT. Bacterial Electron Transfer Chains Primed by Proteomics. Adv Microb Physiol 2016; 68:219-352. [PMID: 27134025 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Electron transport phosphorylation is the central mechanism for most prokaryotic species to harvest energy released in the respiration of their substrates as ATP. Microorganisms have evolved incredible variations on this principle, most of these we perhaps do not know, considering that only a fraction of the microbial richness is known. Besides these variations, microbial species may show substantial versatility in using respiratory systems. In connection herewith, regulatory mechanisms control the expression of these respiratory enzyme systems and their assembly at the translational and posttranslational levels, to optimally accommodate changes in the supply of their energy substrates. Here, we present an overview of methods and techniques from the field of proteomics to explore bacterial electron transfer chains and their regulation at levels ranging from the whole organism down to the Ångstrom scales of protein structures. From the survey of the literature on this subject, it is concluded that proteomics, indeed, has substantially contributed to our comprehending of bacterial respiratory mechanisms, often in elegant combinations with genetic and biochemical approaches. However, we also note that advanced proteomics offers a wealth of opportunities, which have not been exploited at all, or at best underexploited in hypothesis-driving and hypothesis-driven research on bacterial bioenergetics. Examples obtained from the related area of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation research, where the application of advanced proteomics is more common, may illustrate these opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J C T Wessels
- Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders, Radboud Proteomics Centre, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - N M de Almeida
- Institute of Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - B Kartal
- Institute of Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J T Keltjens
- Institute of Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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24
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Bageshwar UK, VerPlank L, Baker D, Dong W, Hamsanathan S, Whitaker N, Sacchettini JC, Musser SM. High Throughput Screen for Escherichia coli Twin Arginine Translocation (Tat) Inhibitors. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149659. [PMID: 26901445 PMCID: PMC4764201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The twin arginine translocation (Tat) pathway transports fully-folded and assembled proteins in bacteria, archaea and plant thylakoids. The Tat pathway contributes to the virulence of numerous bacterial pathogens that cause disease in humans, cattle and poultry. Thus, the Tat pathway has the potential to be a novel therapeutic target. Deciphering the Tat protein transport mechanism has been challenging since the active translocon only assembles transiently in the presence of substrate and a proton motive force. To identify inhibitors of Tat transport that could be used as biochemical tools and possibly as drug development leads, we developed a high throughput screen (HTS) to assay the effects of compounds in chemical libraries against protein export by the Escherichia coli Tat pathway. The primary screen is a live cell assay based on a fluorescent Tat substrate that becomes degraded in the cytoplasm when Tat transport is inhibited. Consequently, low fluorescence in the presence of a putative Tat inhibitor was scored as a hit. Two diverse chemical libraries were screened, yielding average Z'-factors of 0.74 and 0.44, and hit rates of ~0.5% and 0.04%, respectively. Hits were evaluated by a series of secondary screens. Electric field gradient (Δψ) measurements were particularly important since the bacterial Tat transport requires a Δψ. Seven low IC50 hits were eliminated by Δψ assays, suggesting ionophore activity. As Δψ collapse is generally toxic to animal cells and efficient membrane permeability is generally favored during the selection of library compounds, these results suggest that secondary screening of hits against electrochemical effects should be done early during hit validation. Though none of the short-listed compounds inhibited Tat transport directly, the screening and follow-up assays developed provide a roadmap to pursue Tat transport inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh K. Bageshwar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Lynn VerPlank
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Dwight Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Wen Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Shruthi Hamsanathan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Neal Whitaker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - James C. Sacchettini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Siegfried M. Musser
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Khlebodarova TM, Ree NA, Likhoshvai VA. On the control mechanisms of the nitrite level in Escherichia coli cells: the mathematical model. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16 Suppl 1:7. [PMID: 26823079 PMCID: PMC4895483 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0619-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to a high toxicity of nitrite and its metabolites, it is of high interest to study mechanisms underlying the low NO2 level maintenance in the cell. During anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli the main nitrite-reducing enzymes are NrfA and NirB nitrite reductases. NrfA reductase is localized in the cell periplasm and uses NO2 as an electron acceptor to create a proton gradient; NirB reductase is restricted to the cytoplasm and metabolizes excessive nitrite inside the cell, the uptake of which is mediated by the transporter protein NirC. While it is known that these three systems, periplasmic, cytoplasmic and transport, determine nitrite uptake and assimilation in the cell as well as its excretion, little is known about their co-ordination. RESULTS Using a mathematical model describing the nitrite utilization in E. coli cells cultured in a flow chemostat, the role of enzymes involved in nitrite metabolism and transport in controlling nitrite intracellular levels was investigated. It was demonstrated that the model adapted to the experimental data on expression of nrfA and nirB genes encoding NrfA and NirB nitrite reductases, can describe nitrite accumulation kinetics in the chemostat in the millimolar range of added substrate concentrations without any additional assumptions. According to the model, in this range, low intracellular nitrite level, weakly dependent on its concentration in the growth media, is maintained (mcM). It is not sufficient to consider molecular-genetic mechanisms of NrfA reductase activity regulation to describe the nitrite accumulation dynamics in the chemostat in the micromolar range (≤1 mM) of added nitrite concentrations. Analysis of different hypotheses has shown that the mechanism of local enzyme concentration change due to membrane potential-induced diffusion from the cytoplasm to the periplasm at low nitrite levels is sufficient to explain the nitrite accumulation dynamics in the chemostat. CONCLUSIONS At nitrite concentrations in the media more than 2 mM, the model adapted to the experimental data on nitrite utilization dynamics in E. coli cells cultured in the flow chemostat demonstrates the largest contribution of genetic mechanisms involved in nrf and nir operons activity regulation to the control of nitrite intracellular levels. The model predicts a significant contribution of the membrane potential to the periplasmic NrfA nitrite reductase activity regulation and nitrite utilization dynamics at substrate concentrations ≤1 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nataly A Ree
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vitaly A Likhoshvai
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia. .,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.
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26
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Mordkovich NN, Okorokova NA, Veiko VP. Investigation of protein translocation Sec-system with heterologous gene expression in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 bacterium cells. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683815030126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Rühle T, Leister D. Assembly of F1F0-ATP synthases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:849-60. [PMID: 25667968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
F1F0-ATP synthases are multimeric protein complexes and common prerequisites for their correct assembly are (i) provision of subunits in appropriate relative amounts, (ii) coordination of membrane insertion and (iii) avoidance of assembly intermediates that uncouple the proton gradient or wastefully hydrolyse ATP. Accessory factors facilitate these goals and assembly occurs in a modular fashion. Subcomplexes common to bacteria and mitochondria, but in part still elusive in chloroplasts, include a soluble F1 intermediate, a membrane-intrinsic, oligomeric c-ring, and a membrane-embedded subcomplex composed of stator subunits and subunit a. The final assembly step is thought to involve association of the preformed F1-c10-14 with the ab2 module (or the ab8-stator module in mitochondria)--mediated by binding of subunit δ in bacteria or OSCP in mitochondria, respectively. Despite the common evolutionary origin of F1F0-ATP synthases, the set of auxiliary factors required for their assembly in bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts shows clear signs of evolutionary divergence. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chloroplast Biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Rühle
- Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Großhaderner Straße 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Großhaderner Straße 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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28
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Verner Z, Basu S, Benz C, Dixit S, Dobáková E, Faktorová D, Hashimi H, Horáková E, Huang Z, Paris Z, Peña-Diaz P, Ridlon L, Týč J, Wildridge D, Zíková A, Lukeš J. Malleable mitochondrion of Trypanosoma brucei. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 315:73-151. [PMID: 25708462 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The importance of mitochondria for a typical aerobic eukaryotic cell is undeniable, as the list of necessary mitochondrial processes is steadily growing. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of mitochondrial biology of an early-branching parasitic protist, Trypanosoma brucei, a causative agent of serious human and cattle diseases. We present a comprehensive survey of its mitochondrial pathways including kinetoplast DNA replication and maintenance, gene expression, protein and metabolite import, major metabolic pathways, Fe-S cluster synthesis, ion homeostasis, organellar dynamics, and other processes. As we describe in this chapter, the single mitochondrion of T. brucei is everything but simple and as such rivals mitochondria of multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Verner
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic; Present address: Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Present address: Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Somsuvro Basu
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Present address: Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
| | - Corinna Benz
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Sameer Dixit
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Eva Dobáková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic; Present address: Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Drahomíra Faktorová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Hassan Hashimi
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Eva Horáková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Zhenqiu Huang
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Paris
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Priscila Peña-Diaz
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Ridlon
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Present address: Salk Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, USA
| | - Jiří Týč
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - David Wildridge
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Zíková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
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‘Come into the fold’: A comparative analysis of bacterial redox enzyme maturation protein members of the NarJ subfamily. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:2971-2984. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Irisbel Guzman
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Martin Gruebele
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Center for the Physics of Living
Cells, and Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Erhardt H, Dempwolff F, Pfreundschuh M, Riehle M, Schäfer C, Pohl T, Graumann P, Friedrich T. Organization of the Escherichia coli aerobic enzyme complexes of oxidative phosphorylation in dynamic domains within the cytoplasmic membrane. Microbiologyopen 2014; 3:316-26. [PMID: 24729508 PMCID: PMC4082705 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Escherichia coli cytoplasmic membrane contains the enzyme complexes of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Not much is known about their supramolecular organization and their dynamics within the membrane in this model organism. In mitochondria and other bacteria, it was demonstrated by nondenaturing electrophoretic methods and electron microscopy that the OXPHOS complexes are organized in so-called supercomplexes, stable assemblies with a defined number of the individual enzyme complexes. To investigate the organization of the E. coli enzyme complexes of aerobic OXPHOS in vivo, we established fluorescent protein fusions of the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, the succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, the cytochrome bd-I, and the cytochrome bo3 terminal oxidases, and the FoF1 ATP-synthase. The fusions were integrated in the chromosome to prevent artifacts caused by protein overproduction. Biochemical analysis revealed that all modified complexes were fully assembled, active, and stable. The distribution of the OXPHOS complexes in living cells was determined using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. The dynamics within the membrane were detected by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. All aerobic OXPHOS complexes showed an uneven distribution in large mobile patches within the E. coli cytoplasmic membrane. It is discussed whether the individual OXPHOS complexes are organized as clustered individual complexes, here called “segrazones.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Erhardt
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Albertstraße 21, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
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32
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Assembly of the Escherichia coli FoF1 ATP synthase involves distinct subcomplex formation. Biochem Soc Trans 2014; 41:1288-93. [PMID: 24059521 DOI: 10.1042/bst20130096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ATP synthase (FoF1) of Escherichia coli couples the translocation of protons across the cytoplasmic membrane by Fo to ATP synthesis or hydrolysis in F1. Whereas good knowledge of the nanostructure and the rotary mechanism of the ATP synthase is at hand, the assembly pathway of the 22 polypeptide chains present in a stoichiometry of ab2c10α3β3γδϵ has so far not received sufficient attention. In our studies, mutants that synthesize different sets of FoF1 subunits allowed the characterization of individually formed stable subcomplexes. Furthermore, the development of a time-delayed in vivo assembly system enabled the subsequent synthesis of particular missing subunits to allow the formation of functional ATP synthase complexes. These observations form the basis for a model that describes the assembly pathway of the E. coli ATP synthase from pre-formed subcomplexes, thereby avoiding membrane proton permeability by a concomitant assembly of the open H+-translocating unit within a coupled FoF1 complex.
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Hilbers F, Eggers R, Pradela K, Friedrich K, Herkenhoff-Hesselmann B, Becker E, Deckers-Hebestreit G. Subunit δ is the key player for assembly of the H(+)-translocating unit of Escherichia coli F(O)F1 ATP synthase. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:25880-25894. [PMID: 23864656 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.484675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP synthase (F(O)F1) of Escherichia coli couples the translocation of protons across the cytoplasmic membrane to the synthesis or hydrolysis of ATP. This nanomotor is composed of the rotor c10γε and the stator ab2α3β3δ. To study the assembly of this multimeric enzyme complex consisting of membrane-integral as well as peripheral hydrophilic subunits, we combined nearest neighbor analyses by intermolecular disulfide bond formation or purification of partially assembled F(O)F1 complexes by affinity chromatography with the use of mutants synthesizing different sets of F(O)F1 subunits. Together with a time-delayed in vivo assembly system, the results demonstrate that F(O)F1 is assembled in a modular way via subcomplexes, thereby preventing the formation of a functional H(+)-translocating unit as intermediate product. Surprisingly, during the biogenesis of F(O)F1, F1 subunit δ is the key player in generating stable F(O). Subunit δ serves as clamp between ab2 and c10α3β3γε and guarantees that the open H(+) channel is concomitantly assembled within coupled F(O)F1 to maintain the low membrane proton permeability essential for viability, a general prerequisite for the assembly of multimeric H(+)-translocating enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hilbers
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 11, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Ruth Eggers
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 11, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Kamila Pradela
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 11, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Kathleen Friedrich
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 11, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | - Elisabeth Becker
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 11, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Gabriele Deckers-Hebestreit
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 11, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany.
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34
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Heme incorporation into the cytochrome bo3 occurs at a late stage of assembly. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:4197-202. [PMID: 23089180 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory complexes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes contain multiple co-factors, which are coordinated in defined positions so that they can function as electron wires. Intriguingly, co-factors are usually buried deep within hetero-oligomeric protein complexes and it is not clear when or how they are incorporated. In this study we show that heme is incorporated into the cytochrome bo(3) complex of Escherichia coli at a late stage of assembly. Specifically the apo-form of subunit I (the catalytic subunit) interacts with subunits III and IV before accepting heme. Assembly of subunit II is stalled until heme is incorporated.
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35
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Biswas R, Martinez RE, Göhring N, Schlag M, Josten M, Xia G, Hegler F, Gekeler C, Gleske AK, Götz F, Sahl HG, Kappler A, Peschel A. Proton-binding capacity of Staphylococcus aureus wall teichoic acid and its role in controlling autolysin activity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41415. [PMID: 22911791 PMCID: PMC3402425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wall teichoic acid (WTA) or related polyanionic cell wall glycopolymers are produced by most gram-positive bacterial species and have been implicated in various cellular functions. WTA and the proton gradient across bacterial membranes are known to control the activity of autolysins but the molecular details of these interactions are poorly understood. We demonstrate that WTA contributes substantially to the proton-binding capacity of Staphylococcus aureus cell walls and controls autolysis largely via the major autolysin AtlA whose activity is known to decline at acidic pH values. Compounds that increase or decrease the activity of the respiratory chain, a main source of protons in the cell wall, modulated autolysis rates in WTA-producing cells but did not affect the augmented autolytic activity observed in a WTA-deficient mutant. We propose that WTA represents a cation-exchanger like mesh in the gram-positive cell envelopes that is required for creating a locally acidified milieu to govern the pH-dependent activity of autolysins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Biswas
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Raul E. Martinez
- Center for Applied Geoscience, Geomicrobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nadine Göhring
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Schlag
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Microbial Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michaele Josten
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), Pharmaceutical Microbiology Unit, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Guoqing Xia
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Hegler
- Center for Applied Geoscience, Geomicrobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cordula Gekeler
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Gleske
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Götz
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Microbial Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Sahl
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), Pharmaceutical Microbiology Unit, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Kappler
- Center for Applied Geoscience, Geomicrobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peschel
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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36
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Sousa PMF, Videira MAM, Bohn A, Hood BL, Conrads TP, Goulao LF, Melo AMP. The aerobic respiratory chain of Escherichia coli: from genes to supercomplexes. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2012; 158:2408-2418. [PMID: 22700653 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.056531-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the large number of reports on the aerobic respiratory chain of Escherichia coli, from gene transcription regulation to enzyme kinetics and structural studies, an integrative perspective of this pathway is yet to be produced. Here, a multi-level analysis of the aerobic respiratory chain of E. coli was performed to find correlations between gene transcription, enzyme activity, growth dynamics, and supercomplex formation and composition. The transcription level of all genes encoding the aerobic respiratory chain of E. coli varied significantly in response to bacterial growth. Coordinated expression patterns were observed between the genes encoding NADH : quinone oxidoreductase and complex I (NDH-1), alternative NADH : quinone oxidoreductase (NDH-2) and cytochrome bdI, and also between sdhA and appC, encoding succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome bdII, respectively. In general, the rates of the respiratory chain activities increased from mid-exponential to late-stationary phase, with no significant further variation occurring until the mid-stationary phase. Multi-level correlations between gene transcription, enzyme activity and growth dynamics were also found in this study. The previously reported NADH dehydrogenase and formate : oxygen oxidoreductase supercomplexes of E. coli were already assembled at mid-exponential phase and remained throughout growth. A new succinate oxidase supercomplex composed of succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome bdII was identified, in agreement with the suggestion provided by the coordinated transcription of sdhA and appC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M F Sousa
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República (EAN) 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.,Eco-Bio, Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, Av. da República (EAN) 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marco A M Videira
- Eco-Bio, Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, Av. da República (EAN) 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Andreas Bohn
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República (EAN) 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Brian L Hood
- Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Women's Health Integrated Research Center at Inova Health System, Woodburn II, Suite 375, 3289 Woodburn Road, Annandale, VA 22003, USA
| | - Thomas P Conrads
- Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Women's Health Integrated Research Center at Inova Health System, Woodburn II, Suite 375, 3289 Woodburn Road, Annandale, VA 22003, USA
| | - Luis F Goulao
- Eco-Bio, Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, Av. da República (EAN) 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana M P Melo
- Eco-Bio, Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, Av. da República (EAN) 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal
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37
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Klitgaard K, Friis C, Jensen TK, Angen Ø, Boye M. Transcriptional portrait of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae during acute disease--potential strategies for survival and persistence in the host. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35549. [PMID: 22530048 PMCID: PMC3328466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene expression profiles of bacteria in their natural hosts can provide novel insight into the host-pathogen interactions and molecular determinants of bacterial infections. In the present study, the transcriptional profile of the porcine lung pathogen Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was monitored during the acute phase of infection in its natural host. Methodology/Principal Findings Bacterial expression profiles of A. pleuropneumoniae isolated from lung lesions of 25 infected pigs were compared in samples taken 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours post experimental challenge. Within 6 hours, focal, fibrino hemorrhagic lesions could be observed in the pig lungs, indicating that A. pleuropneumoniae had managed to establish itself successfully in the host. We identified 237 differentially regulated genes likely to encode functions required by the bacteria for colonization and survival in the host. This group was dominated by genes involved in various aspects of energy metabolism, especially anaerobic respiration and carbohydrate metabolism. Remodeling of the bacterial envelope and modifications of posttranslational processing of proteins also appeared to be of importance during early infection. The results suggested that A. pleuropneumoniae is using various strategies to increase its fitness, such as applying Na+ pumps as an alternative way of gaining energy. Furthermore, the transcriptional data provided potential clues as to how A. pleuropneumoniae is able to circumvent host immune factors and survive within the hostile environment of host macrophages. This persistence within macrophages may be related to urease activity, mobilization of various stress responses and active evasion of the host defenses by cell surface sialylation. Conclusions/Significance The data presented here highlight the importance of metabolic adjustments to host conditions as virulence factors of infecting microorganisms and help to provide insight into the mechanisms behind the efficient colonization and persistence of A. pleuropneumoniae during acute disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstine Klitgaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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38
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Bueno E, Mesa S, Bedmar EJ, Richardson DJ, Delgado MJ. Bacterial adaptation of respiration from oxic to microoxic and anoxic conditions: redox control. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:819-52. [PMID: 22098259 PMCID: PMC3283443 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Under a shortage of oxygen, bacterial growth can be faced mainly by two ATP-generating mechanisms: (i) by synthesis of specific high-affinity terminal oxidases that allow bacteria to use traces of oxygen or (ii) by utilizing other substrates as final electron acceptors such as nitrate, which can be reduced to dinitrogen gas through denitrification or to ammonium. This bacterial respiratory shift from oxic to microoxic and anoxic conditions requires a regulatory strategy which ensures that cells can sense and respond to changes in oxygen tension and to the availability of other electron acceptors. Bacteria can sense oxygen by direct interaction of this molecule with a membrane protein receptor (e.g., FixL) or by interaction with a cytoplasmic transcriptional factor (e.g., Fnr). A third type of oxygen perception is based on sensing changes in redox state of molecules within the cell. Redox-responsive regulatory systems (e.g., ArcBA, RegBA/PrrBA, RoxSR, RegSR, ActSR, ResDE, and Rex) integrate the response to multiple signals (e.g., ubiquinone, menaquinone, redox active cysteine, electron transport to terminal oxidases, and NAD/NADH) and activate or repress target genes to coordinate the adaptation of bacterial respiration from oxic to anoxic conditions. Here, we provide a compilation of the current knowledge about proteins and regulatory networks involved in the redox control of the respiratory adaptation of different bacterial species to microxic and anoxic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Bueno
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, Spain
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39
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Klenner C, Kuhn A. Dynamic disulfide scanning of the membrane-inserting Pf3 coat protein reveals multiple YidC substrate contacts. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:3769-76. [PMID: 22179606 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.307223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane insertase YidC inserts newly synthesized proteins into the plasma membrane. While defects in YidC homologs in animals and plants cause diseases, YidC in bacteria is essential for life. Membrane insertion and assembly of ATP synthase and respiratory complexes is catalyzed by YidC. To investigate how YidC interacts with membrane-inserting proteins, we generated single cysteine mutants in YidC and in the model substrate Pf3 coat protein. The single cysteine mutants were expressed and analyzed for disulfide formation during 30 s of synthesis. The results show that the substrate contacts different YidC residues in four of the six transmembrane regions. The residues are located either in the region of the inner leaflet, in the center, as well as in the periplasmic leaflet, consistent with the hypothesis that YidC presents a hydrophobic platform for inserting membrane proteins. In a YidC mutant where most of the contacting residues were mutated to serines, YidC function was severely disturbed and no longer active in a complementation test, suggesting that the residues are important for function. In addition, a Pf3 mutant with a defect in membrane insertion was deficient to contact the periplasmic residues of YidC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klenner
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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40
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Abstract
YidC has an essential but poorly defined function in membrane protein insertion and folding in bacteria. The yidC gene is located in a gene cluster that is highly conserved in Gram-negative bacteria, the gene order being rpmH, rnpA, yidD, yidC, and trmE. Here, we show that Escherichia coli yidD, which overlaps with rnpA and is only 2 bp upstream of yidC, is expressed and localizes to the inner membrane, probably through an amphipathic helix. Inactivation of yidD had no discernible effect on cell growth and viability. However, compared to control cells, ΔyidD cells were affected in the insertion and processing of three YidC-dependent inner membrane proteins. Furthermore, in vitro cross-linking showed that YidD is in proximity of a nascent inner membrane protein during its localization in the Sec-YidC translocon, suggesting that YidD might be involved in the insertion process.
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross E. Dalbey
- The Ohio State University, Department of Chemistry, Columbus, Ohio 43210;
| | - Peng Wang
- The Ohio State University, Department of Chemistry, Columbus, Ohio 43210;
| | - Andreas Kuhn
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
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Fujiwara Y, Domingo V, Seiple IB, Gianatassio R, Del Bel M, Baran PS. Practical C-H functionalization of quinones with boronic acids. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:3292-5. [PMID: 21341741 DOI: 10.1021/ja111152z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A direct functionalization of a variety of quinones with several boronic acids has been developed. This scalable reaction proceeds readily at room temperature in an open flask using inexpensive reagents: catalytic silver(I) nitrate in the presence of a persulfate co-oxidant. The scope with respect to quinones is broad, with a variety of alkyl- and arylboronic acids undergoing efficient cross-coupling. The mechanism is presumed to proceed through a nucleophilic radical addition to the quinone with in situ reoxidation of the resulting dihydroquinone. This method has been applied to complex substrates, including a steroid derivative and a farnesyl natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Fujiwara
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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43
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du Plessis DJF, Nouwen N, Driessen AJM. The Sec translocase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1808:851-65. [PMID: 20801097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of proteins trafficking across or into the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane occur via the translocon. The translocon consists of the SecYEG complex that forms an evolutionarily conserved heterotrimeric protein-conducting membrane channel that functions in conjunction with a variety of ancillary proteins. For posttranslational protein translocation, the translocon interacts with the cytosolic motor protein SecA that drives the ATP-dependent stepwise translocation of unfolded polypeptides across the membrane. For the cotranslational integration of membrane proteins, the translocon interacts with ribosome-nascent chain complexes and membrane insertion is coupled to polypeptide chain elongation at the ribosome. These processes are assisted by the YidC and SecDF(yajC) complex that transiently interacts with the translocon. This review summarizes our current understanding of the structure-function relationship of the translocon and its interactions with ancillary components during protein translocation and membrane protein insertion. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Protein translocation across or insertion into membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J F du Plessis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and the Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9751NN Haren, The Netherlands
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