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Choi J, Rafiq NM, Park D. Liquid-liquid phase separation in presynaptic nerve terminals. Trends Biochem Sci 2024:S0968-0004(24)00186-5. [PMID: 39198083 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2024.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
The presynaptic nerve terminal is crucial for transmitting signals to the adjacent cell. To fulfill this role, specific proteins with distinct functions are concentrated in spatially confined areas within the nerve terminals. A recent concept termed liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) has provided new insights into how this process may occur. In this review, we aim to summarize the LLPS of proteins in different parts of the presynaptic nerve terminals, including synaptic vesicle (SV) clusters, the active zone (AZ), and the endocytic zone, with an additional focus on neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), where the functional relevance of these properties is explored. Last, we propose new perspectives and future directions for the role of LLPS in presynaptic nerve terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Choi
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, South Korea; Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, South Korea
| | - Nisha M Rafiq
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Daehun Park
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, South Korea; Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, South Korea.
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2
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Harders RH, Morthorst TH, Landgrebe LE, Lande AD, Fuglsang MS, Mortensen SB, Feteira-Montero V, Jensen HH, Wesseltoft JB, Olsen A. CED-6/GULP and components of the clathrin-mediated endocytosis machinery act redundantly to correctly display CED-1 on the cell membrane in Caenorhabditis elegans. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkae088. [PMID: 38696649 PMCID: PMC11228867 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
CED-1 (cell death abnormal) is a transmembrane receptor involved in the recognition of "eat-me" signals displayed on the surface of apoptotic cells and thus central for the subsequent engulfment of the cell corpse in Caenorhabditis elegans. The roles of CED-1 in engulfment are well established, as are its downstream effectors. The latter include the adapter protein CED-6/GULP and the ATP-binding cassette family homolog CED-7. However, how CED-1 is maintained on the plasma membrane in the absence of engulfment is currently unknown. Here, we show that CED-6 and CED-7 have a novel role in maintaining CED-1 correctly on the plasma membrane. We propose that the underlying mechanism is via endocytosis as CED-6 and CED-7 act redundantly with clathrin and its adaptor, the Adaptor protein 2 complex, in ensuring correct CED-1 localization. In conclusion, CED-6 and CED-7 impact other cellular processes than engulfment of apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hindsgaul Harders
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, Aalborg, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Tine H Morthorst
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, Aarhus, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Line E Landgrebe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, Aarhus, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Anna D Lande
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, Aarhus, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Marie Sikjær Fuglsang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, Aarhus, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Stine Bothilde Mortensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, Aalborg, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Verónica Feteira-Montero
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, Aalborg, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Helene Halkjær Jensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, Aalborg, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Jonas Bruhn Wesseltoft
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, Aalborg, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Anders Olsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, Aalborg, DK-9220, Denmark
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3
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Jaye S, Sandau US, McFarland TJ, Woltjer RL, Saugstad JA. A clathrin mediated endocytosis scaffolding protein, Intersectin 1, changes in an isoform, brain region, and sex specific manner in Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1426180. [PMID: 38915309 PMCID: PMC11195150 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1426180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary Tau tangles in the brain. We previously identified a set of candidate AD microRNAs (miRNAs) in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and used a target prediction pipeline to identify mRNAs and pathways that could potentially be regulated by the miRNAs. Of these pathways, clathrin mediated endocytosis (CME) was selected for further investigation. CME is altered in multiple brain cell types in AD and is implicated in early cellular phenotypes such as enlarged early endosomes and pathogenic processing of Aβ. However, a comprehensive evaluation of major CME hub proteins in humans with AD across multiple brain regions is lacking. Thus, we used immunoblots to evaluate human post-mortem AD and control (CTL) frontal cortex (FC; AD n = 22, CTL n = 23) and hippocampus (HP; AD n = 34, CTL n = 22) for changes in Intersectin 1 (ITSN1), Phosphatidylinositol Binding Clathrin Assembly Protein gene (PICALM), Clathrin Light Chain (CLT), FCH and Mu Domain Containing Endocytic Adaptor 1 (FCHO1), Adaptor Related Protein Complex 2 (AP2) Subunit Alpha 1 (AP2A1), and Dynamin 2 (DNM2). Of these, we found that in AD, ITSN1-long (ITSN1-L) was decreased in the FC of males and HP of females, while ITSN1-short was increased in the HP of both males and females. We further evaluated ITSN1-L levels in cortex (CTX) and HP of the 5xFAD mouse model of Aβ pathology at different timepoints during aging and disease progression by immunoblot (n = 5-8 per group). At 3 months, female 5xFAD exhibited an increase of ITSN1-L in CTX but a decrease at 6 and 9 months. Additionally, immunofluorescent staining of 5xFAD primary HP neurons showed an increase of ITSN1-L in matured 5xFAD neurons at 21 and 28 days in vitro. Together, our studies show that in AD, isoforms of ITSN1 change in a brain region-and sex-dependent manner. Further, changes in ITSN1-L are transient with levels increasing during early Aβ accumulation and decreasing during later progression. These findings suggest that ITSN1 expression, and consequently CME activity, may change depending on the stage of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra Jaye
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Ursula S. Sandau
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Trevor J. McFarland
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Randy L. Woltjer
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Julie A. Saugstad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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Klubíčková N, Dermawan JK, Mosaieby E, Martínek P, Vaněček T, Hájková V, Ptáková N, Grossmann P, Šteiner P, Švajdler M, Kinkor Z, Michalová K, Szepe P, Plank L, Hederová S, Kolenová A, Spasov NJ, Kosemehmetoglu K, Pažanin L, Špůrková Z, Baník M, Baumruk L, Meyer A, Kalmykova A, Koshyk O, Michal M, Michal M. Comprehensive clinicopathological, molecular, and methylation analysis of mesenchymal tumors with NTRK and other kinase gene aberrations. J Pathol 2024; 263:61-73. [PMID: 38332737 DOI: 10.1002/path.6260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Alterations in kinase genes such as NTRK1/2/3, RET, and BRAF underlie infantile fibrosarcoma (IFS), the emerging entity 'NTRK-rearranged spindle cell neoplasms' included in the latest WHO classification, and a growing set of tumors with overlapping clinical and pathological features. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive clinicopathological and molecular analysis of 22 cases of IFS and other kinase gene-altered spindle cell neoplasms affecting both pediatric and adult patients. Follow-up periods for 16 patients ranged in length from 10 to 130 months (mean 38 months). Six patients were treated with targeted therapy, achieving a partial or complete response in five cases. Overall, three cases recurred and one metastasized. Eight patients were free of disease, five were alive with disease, and two patients died. All cases showed previously reported morphological patterns. Based on the cellularity and level of atypia, cases were divided into three morphological grade groups. S100 protein and CD34 were at least focally positive in 12/22 and 14/22 cases, respectively. Novel PWWP2A::RET, NUMA1::RET, ITSN1::RAF1, and CAPZA2::MET fusions, which we report herein in mesenchymal tumors for the first time, were detected by RNA sequencing. Additionally, the first uterine case with BRAF and EGFR mutations and CD34 and S100 co-expression is described. DNA sequencing performed in 13 cases uncovered very rare additional genetic aberrations. The CNV profiles showed that high-grade tumors demonstrate a significantly higher percentage of copy number gains and losses across the genome compared with low- and intermediate-grade tumors. Unsupervised clustering of the tumors' methylation profiles revealed that in 8/9 cases, the methylation profiles clustered with the IFS methylation class, irrespective of their clinicopathological or molecular features. © 2024 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natálie Klubíčková
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Bioptical Laboratory Ltd, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Josephine K Dermawan
- Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Elaheh Mosaieby
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Bioptical Laboratory Ltd, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Nikola Ptáková
- Bioptical Laboratory Ltd, Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Petr Šteiner
- Bioptical Laboratory Ltd, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Marián Švajdler
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Bioptical Laboratory Ltd, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | | | - Květoslava Michalová
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Bioptical Laboratory Ltd, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Szepe
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Lukáš Plank
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Stanislava Hederová
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, National Institute of Children's Diseases and Medical Faculty, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alexandra Kolenová
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, National Institute of Children's Diseases and Medical Faculty, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Neofit Juriev Spasov
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Oncohematology Unit, Medical University Plovdiv, University Hospital Sveti Georgi, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | | - Leo Pažanin
- Department of Pathology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zuzana Špůrková
- Department of Pathology, Na Bulovce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Baník
- Department of Pathology, Regional Hospital Karlovy Vary, Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic
| | - Luděk Baumruk
- Department of Pathology, Regional Hospital Příbram, Příbram, Czech Republic
| | - Anders Meyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | | | - Olena Koshyk
- Medical Laboratory CSD Health Care Ltd, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Michal Michal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Bioptical Laboratory Ltd, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Michal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Bioptical Laboratory Ltd, Pilsen, Czech Republic
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5
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Jin M, Iwamoto Y, Shirazinejad C, Drubin DG. Intersectin1 promotes clathrin-mediated endocytosis by organizing and stabilizing endocytic protein interaction networks. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.22.590579. [PMID: 38712149 PMCID: PMC11071352 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.22.590579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
During clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), dozens of proteins are recruited to nascent CME sites on the plasma membrane. Coordination of endocytic protein recruitment in time and space is important for efficient CME. Here, we show that the multivalent scaffold protein intersectin1 (ITSN1) promotes CME by organizing and stabilizing endocytic protein interaction networks. By live-cell imaging of genome-edited cells, we observed that endogenously labeled ITSN1 is recruited to CME sites shortly after they begin to assemble. Knocking down ITSN1 impaired endocytic protein recruitment during the stabilization stage of CME site assembly. Artificially locating ITSN1 to the mitochondria surface was sufficient to assemble puncta consisting of CME initiation proteins, including EPS15, FCHO, adaptor proteins, the AP2 complex and epsin1 (EPN1), and the vesicle scission GTPase dynamin2 (DNM2). ITSN1 can form puncta and recruit DNM2 independently of EPS15/FCHO or EPN1. Our work redefines ITSN1's primary endocytic role as organizing and stabilizing the CME protein interaction networks rather than a previously suggested role in initiation and provides new insights into the multi-step and multi-zone organization of CME site assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Jin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Current Address: Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fl 32611, USA
| | - Yuichiro Iwamoto
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Cyna Shirazinejad
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David G. Drubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Lead author
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6
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Mintoo M, Rajagopalan V, O'Bryan JP. Intersectin - many facets of a scaffold protein. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1-13. [PMID: 38174740 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Intersectin (ITSN) is a multi-domain scaffold protein with a diverse array of functions including regulation of endocytosis, vesicle transport, and activation of various signal transduction pathways. There are two ITSN genes located on chromosomes 21 and 2 encoding for proteins ITSN1 and ITSN2, respectively. Each ITSN gene encodes two major isoforms, ITSN-Long (ITSN-L) and ITSN-Short (ITSN-S), due to alternative splicing. ITSN1 and 2, collectively referred to as ITSN, are implicated in many physiological and pathological processes, such as neuronal maintenance, actin cytoskeletal rearrangement, and tumor progression. ITSN is mis-regulated in many tumors, such as breast, lung, neuroblastomas, and gliomas. Altered expression of ITSN is also found in several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Down Syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. This review summarizes recent studies on ITSN and provides an overview of the function of this important family of scaffold proteins in various biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubashir Mintoo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, U.S.A
| | - Vinodh Rajagopalan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, U.S.A
| | - John P O'Bryan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, U.S.A
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, U.S.A
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7
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Fetcko-Fayad K, Batich K, Reitman ZJ, Walsh KM, Chamberlin G, Smith V, Jones K, Cummings T, Peters KB. Coexisting Biopsy-Diagnosed Dementia and Glioblastoma. Brain Sci 2024; 14:143. [PMID: 38391718 PMCID: PMC10886654 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Both glioblastoma (GBM) and dementia are devastating diseases with limited treatments that are usually not curative. Having clinically diagnosed dementia with an associated biopsy-proven etiology and a coexisting GBM diagnosis is a rare occurrence. The relationship between the development of neurodegenerative dementia and GBM is unclear, as there are conflicting reports in the literature. We present two cases of simultaneous biopsy-proven dementia, one with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and GBM, and one with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and GBM. We discuss how these diseases may be associated. Whether one pathologic process begins first or develops concurrently is unknown, but certain molecular pathways of dementia and GBM appear directly related while others inversely related. Further investigations of these close molecular relationships between dementia and GBM could lead to development of improved diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions for both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleigh Fetcko-Fayad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuro-Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (K.B.); (K.B.P.)
| | - Kristen Batich
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuro-Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (K.B.); (K.B.P.)
| | - Zachary J. Reitman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Kyle M. Walsh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuro-Epidemiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Gregory Chamberlin
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Pathology Services, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (G.C.); (V.S.); (K.J.); (T.C.)
| | - Vanessa Smith
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Pathology Services, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (G.C.); (V.S.); (K.J.); (T.C.)
| | - Karra Jones
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Pathology Services, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (G.C.); (V.S.); (K.J.); (T.C.)
| | - Thomas Cummings
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Pathology Services, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (G.C.); (V.S.); (K.J.); (T.C.)
| | - Katherine B. Peters
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuro-Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (K.B.); (K.B.P.)
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Kazemein Jasemi NS, Mehrabipour M, Magdalena Estirado E, Brunsveld L, Dvorsky R, Ahmadian MR. Functional Classification and Interaction Selectivity Landscape of the Human SH3 Domain Superfamily. Cells 2024; 13:195. [PMID: 38275820 PMCID: PMC10814857 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
SRC homology 3 (SH3) domains are critical interaction modules that orchestrate the assembly of protein complexes involved in diverse biological processes. They facilitate transient protein-protein interactions by selectively interacting with proline-rich motifs (PRMs). A database search revealed 298 SH3 domains in 221 human proteins. Multiple sequence alignment of human SH3 domains is useful for phylogenetic analysis and determination of their selectivity towards PRM-containing peptides (PRPs). However, a more precise functional classification of SH3 domains is achieved by constructing a phylogenetic tree only from PRM-binding residues and using existing SH3 domain-PRP structures and biochemical data to determine the specificity within each of the 10 families for particular PRPs. In addition, the C-terminal proline-rich domain of the RAS activator SOS1 covers 13 of the 14 recognized proline-rich consensus sequence motifs, encompassing differential PRP pattern selectivity among all SH3 families. To evaluate the binding capabilities and affinities, we conducted fluorescence dot blot and polarization experiments using 25 representative SH3 domains and various PRPs derived from SOS1. Our analysis has identified 45 interacting pairs, with binding affinities ranging from 0.2 to 125 micromolar, out of 300 tested and potential new SH3 domain-SOS1 interactions. Furthermore, it establishes a framework to bridge the gap between SH3 and PRP interactions and provides predictive insights into the potential interactions of SH3 domains with PRMs based on sequence specifications. This novel framework has the potential to enhance the understanding of protein networks mediated by SH3 domain-PRM interactions and be utilized as a general approach for other domain-peptide interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda S. Kazemein Jasemi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (N.S.K.J.); (M.M.); (R.D.)
| | - Mehrnaz Mehrabipour
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (N.S.K.J.); (M.M.); (R.D.)
| | - Eva Magdalena Estirado
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (E.M.E.); (L.B.)
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (E.M.E.); (L.B.)
| | - Radovan Dvorsky
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (N.S.K.J.); (M.M.); (R.D.)
| | - Mohammad R. Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (N.S.K.J.); (M.M.); (R.D.)
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9
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Nik Akhtar S, Bunner WP, Brennan E, Lu Q, Szatmari EM. Crosstalk between the Rho and Rab family of small GTPases in neurodegenerative disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1084769. [PMID: 36779014 PMCID: PMC9911442 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1084769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is associated with defects in cytoskeletal dynamics and dysfunctions of the vesicular trafficking and sorting systems. In the last few decades, studies have demonstrated that the key regulators of cytoskeletal dynamics are proteins from the Rho family GTPases, meanwhile, the central hub for vesicle sorting and transport between target membranes is the Rab family of GTPases. In this regard, the role of Rho and Rab GTPases in the induction and maintenance of distinct functional and morphological neuronal domains (such as dendrites and axons) has been extensively studied. Several members belonging to these two families of proteins have been associated with many neurodegenerative disorders ranging from dementia to motor neuron degeneration. In this analysis, we attempt to present a brief review of the potential crosstalk between the Rab and Rho family members in neurodegenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Nik Akhtar
- The Harriet and John Wooten Laboratory for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Wyatt P. Bunner
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Allied Health Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Elizabeth Brennan
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Allied Health Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Qun Lu
- The Harriet and John Wooten Laboratory for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Erzsebet M. Szatmari Qun Lu
| | - Erzsebet M. Szatmari
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Allied Health Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Erzsebet M. Szatmari Qun Lu
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10
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Regulatory significance of CULLIN2 in neuronal differentiation and regeneration. Neurochem Int 2022; 159:105386. [PMID: 35803325 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scaffold proteins coordinate multiple signalling pathways by integrating various proteins but the role of these proteins in neuronal pathways remains to be elucidated. The present study focused to evaluate the expression of the scaffold protein CULLIN2 in neuronal cells. METHODS The neuronal precursor cell line N2A was differentiated to neurons in-vitro with retinoic acid and biochemical assays were used to understand the gene expression profiling of CULLIN2. Moreover, neddylation inhibitor MLN4924 was used to inhibit the activity of CULLIN2 and the downstream substrates were validated. Finally, the role of CULLIN2 in nerve regeneration was evaluated in an in vivo zebrafish model. RESULTS Experimental data showed that the neuronal cells N2A have lower expression of CULLIN2 compared to skin cell lines (HaCaT and A431) and inactivation with the neddylation inhibitor resulted in cell death. Furthermore differentiating the neural precursor cell line into neurons with retinoic acid enhanced the expression of CULLIN2. Examining downstream signalling molecules with the neddylation inhibitor illuminates that MLN4924 treatment influences the cytokine signalling cascade (JAK-STAT) in neuronal cells. Moreover, for the first time, we show that the ubiquitin ligase protein CULLIN2 is perturbed in neural regeneration. Expression profile of CULLIN2 was significantly decreased in response to a nerve injury in Zebra fish and as the nerve regenerates there is corresponding reduction in the mRNA levels. CONCLUSION During differentiation CULLIN2 is upregulated whereas during regeneration there is significant downregulation. Thus, our findings reveal a crucial role of the scaffold protein CULLIN2 in nerve differentiation and regeneration which can be vital for the treatment of nerve injury.
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11
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Sawa M, Overk C, Becker A, Derse D, Albay R, Weldy K, Salehi A, Beach TG, Doran E, Head E, Yu YE, Mobley WC. Impact of increased APP gene dose in Down syndrome and the Dp16 mouse model. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:1203-1234. [PMID: 34757693 PMCID: PMC9085977 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION People with Down syndrome (DS) are predisposed to Alzheimer's disease (AD). The amyloid hypothesis informs studies of AD. In AD-DS, but not sporadic AD, increased APP copy number is necessary, defining the APP gene dose hypothesis. Which amyloid precursor protein (APP) products contribute needs to be determined. METHODS Brain levels of full-length protein (fl-hAPP), C-terminal fragments (hCTFs), and amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides were measured in DS, AD-DS, non-demented controls (ND), and sporadic AD cases. The APP gene-dose hypothesis was evaluated in the Dp16 model. RESULTS DS and AD-DS differed from ND and AD for all APP products. In AD-DS, Aβ42 and Aβ40 levels exceeded AD. APP products were increased in the Dp16 model; increased APP gene dose was necessary for loss of vulnerable neurons, tau pathology, and activation of astrocytes and microglia. DISCUSSION Increases in APP products other than Aβ distinguished AD-DS from AD. Deciphering AD-DS pathogenesis necessitates deciphering which APP products contribute and how.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Sawa
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624
| | - Cassia Overk
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624
| | - Ann Becker
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624
| | - Dominique Derse
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624
| | - Ricardo Albay
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624
| | - Kim Weldy
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624
| | - Ahmad Salehi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Thomas G. Beach
- Brain and Body Donation Program, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351
| | - Eric Doran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Y. Eugene Yu
- The Children’s Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics and Genomics Program, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - William C Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624,Correspondence to: William Mobley M.D., Department of Neurosciences, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, GPL 355, La Jolla, CA 92093-0624;
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12
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Hildebrand S, Ibrahim M, Schlitzer A, Maegdefessel L, Röll W, Pfeifer A. PDGF regulates guanylate cyclase expression and cGMP signaling in vascular smooth muscle. Commun Biol 2022; 5:197. [PMID: 35241778 PMCID: PMC8894477 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nitric oxide-cGMP (NO-cGMP) pathway is of outstanding importance for vascular homeostasis and has multiple beneficial effects in vascular disease. Neointimal hyperplasia after vascular injury is caused by increased proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). However, the role of NO-cGMP signaling in human VSMCs in this process is still not fully understood. Here, we investigate the interaction between platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)-signaling, one of the major contributors to neointimal hyperplasia, and the cGMP pathway in vascular smooth muscle, focusing on NO-sensitive soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC). We show that PDGF reduces sGC expression by activating PI3K and Rac1, which in turn alters Notch ligand signaling. These data are corroborated by gene expression analysis in human atheromas, as well as immunohistological analysis of diseased and injured arteries. Collectively, our data identify the crosstalk between PDGF and NO/sGC signaling pathway in human VSMCs as a potential target to tackle neointimal hyperplasia. PDGF reduces expression of nitric oxide-sensitive soluble guanylyl cyclase (NO-sGC) through PI3K-P-Rex1-Rac1 signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells. These insights provide possible avenues to prevent dysregulation of NO/cGMP signaling in vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staffan Hildebrand
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Mohamed Ibrahim
- Quantitative Systems Biology, LIMES-Institute (Life and Medical Sciences Bonn), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlitzer
- Quantitative Systems Biology, LIMES-Institute (Life and Medical Sciences Bonn), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- Experimental Vascular Surgery and Medicine, Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar - Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wilhelm Röll
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Pfeifer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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13
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Rotoli D, Díaz-Flores L, Gutiérrez R, Morales M, Ávila J, Martín-Vasallo P. AmotL2, IQGAP1, and FKBP51 Scaffold Proteins in Glioblastoma Stem Cell Niches. J Histochem Cytochem 2022; 70:9-16. [PMID: 34165350 PMCID: PMC8721575 DOI: 10.1369/00221554211025480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma stem cells (GSCs) live in a continuous process of stemness reprogramming to achieve specific cell commitment within the so-called GSC niches, specifically located in periarteriolar regions. In this review, we analyze the expression levels, cellular and subcellular location, and role of three scaffold proteins (IQGAP1, FKBP51, and AmotL2) in GSC niches. Scaffold proteins contribute to cell differentiation, migration, and angiogenesis in glioblastoma. It could be of diagnostic interest for establishing stages, for therapeutic targets, and for improving glioblastoma prognosis, which is still at the experimental level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Rotoli
- Department of Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain,Instituto de Tecnología Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain,Istituto per l’Endocrinologia e l’Oncologia Gaetano Salvatore, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucio Díaz-Flores
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Anatomy, Pathology, Histology and Radiology, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Ricardo Gutiérrez
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Anatomy, Pathology, Histology and Radiology, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Manuel Morales
- Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Julio Ávila
- Department of Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain,Instituto de Tecnología Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Pablo Martín-Vasallo
- Pablo Martín-Vasallo, UD Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Laguna, Av/Astrofísico Sánchez s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain. E-mail:
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14
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Jeong H, Kim Y, Jung YS, Kang DR, Cho YR. Entropy-Based Graph Clustering of PPI Networks for Predicting Overlapping Functional Modules of Proteins. ENTROPY 2021; 23:e23101271. [PMID: 34681995 PMCID: PMC8534328 DOI: 10.3390/e23101271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Functional modules can be predicted using genome-wide protein-protein interactions (PPIs) from a systematic perspective. Various graph clustering algorithms have been applied to PPI networks for this task. In particular, the detection of overlapping clusters is necessary because a protein is involved in multiple functions under different conditions. graph entropy (GE) is a novel metric to assess the quality of clusters in a large, complex network. In this study, the unweighted and weighted GE algorithm is evaluated to prove the validity of predicting function modules. To measure clustering accuracy, the clustering results are compared to protein complexes and Gene Ontology (GO) annotations as references. We demonstrate that the GE algorithm is more accurate in overlapping clusters than the other competitive methods. Moreover, we confirm the biological feasibility of the proteins that occur most frequently in the set of identified clusters. Finally, novel proteins for the additional annotation of GO terms are revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoyeon Jeong
- Department of Biostatistics, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju-si 26426, Gangwon-do, Korea; (H.J.); (D.R.K.)
- National Health Big Data Clinical Research Institute, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju-si 26426, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Yoonbee Kim
- Division of Software, Yonsei University Mirae Campus, Wonju-si 26493, Gangwon-do, Korea; (Y.K.); (Y.-S.J.)
| | - Yi-Sue Jung
- Division of Software, Yonsei University Mirae Campus, Wonju-si 26493, Gangwon-do, Korea; (Y.K.); (Y.-S.J.)
| | - Dae Ryong Kang
- Department of Biostatistics, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju-si 26426, Gangwon-do, Korea; (H.J.); (D.R.K.)
- National Health Big Data Clinical Research Institute, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju-si 26426, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Young-Rae Cho
- Division of Software, Yonsei University Mirae Campus, Wonju-si 26493, Gangwon-do, Korea; (Y.K.); (Y.-S.J.)
- Division of Digital Healthcare, Yonsei University Mirae Campus, Wonju-si 26493, Gangwon-do, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-760-2245
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15
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Poletti F, González-Fernández R, García MDP, Rotoli D, Ávila J, Mobasheri A, Martín-Vasallo P. Molecular-Morphological Relationships of the Scaffold Protein FKBP51 and Inflammatory Processes in Knee Osteoarthritis. Cells 2021; 10:2196. [PMID: 34571845 PMCID: PMC8468871 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent chronic conditions affecting the adult population. OA is no longer thought to come from a purely biomechanical origin but rather one that has been increasingly recognized to include a persistent low-grade inflammatory component. Intra-articular corticosteroid injections (IACSI) have become a widely used method for treating pain in patients with OA as an effective symptomatic treatment. However, as the disease progresses, IACSI become ineffective. FKBP51 is a regulatory protein of the glucocorticoid receptor function and have been shown to be dysregulated in several pathological scenario's including chronic inflammation. Despite of these facts, to our knowledge, there are no previous studies of the expression and possible role of FKBP51 in OA. We investigated by double and triple immunofluorescence confocal microscopy the cellular and subcellular expression of FKBP51 and its relations with inflammation factors in osteoarthritic knee joint tissues: specifically, in the tibial plateau knee cartilage, Hoffa's fat pad and suprapatellar synovial tissue of the knee. Our results show co-expression of FKBP51 with TNF-α, IL-6, CD31 and CD34 in OA chondrocytes, synovial membrane cells and adipocytes in Hoffa's fat pad. FKBP51 is also abundant in nerve fibers within the fat pad. Co-expression of FKBP51 protein with these markers may be indicative of its contribution to inflammatory processes and associated chronic pain in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Poletti
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, UD de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Av. Astrofísico Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna Tenerife, Spain; (F.P.); (R.G.-F.); (D.R.); (J.Á.)
- Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma Unit, Royal Berkshire Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Reading RG1 5AN, UK
- Unidad de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital San Juan de Dios-Tenerife, Ctra. Santa Cruz Laguna 53, 38009 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Rebeca González-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, UD de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Av. Astrofísico Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna Tenerife, Spain; (F.P.); (R.G.-F.); (D.R.); (J.Á.)
| | - María-del-Pino García
- Department of Pathology, Eurofins® Megalab-Hospiten Hospitals, 38001 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Deborah Rotoli
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, UD de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Av. Astrofísico Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna Tenerife, Spain; (F.P.); (R.G.-F.); (D.R.); (J.Á.)
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology (IEOS), CNR-National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Julio Ávila
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, UD de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Av. Astrofísico Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna Tenerife, Spain; (F.P.); (R.G.-F.); (D.R.); (J.Á.)
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland;
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Departments of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Public Health Aspects of Musculoskeletal Health and Aging, Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Pablo Martín-Vasallo
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, UD de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Av. Astrofísico Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna Tenerife, Spain; (F.P.); (R.G.-F.); (D.R.); (J.Á.)
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16
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Shin EY, Soung NK, Schwartz MA, Kim EG. Altered endocytosis in cellular senescence. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101332. [PMID: 33753287 PMCID: PMC8131247 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence occurs in response to diverse stresses (e.g., telomere shortening, DNA damage, oxidative stress, oncogene activation). A growing body of evidence indicates that alterations in multiple components of endocytic pathways contribute to cellular senescence. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and caveolae-mediated endocytosis (CavME) represent major types of endocytosis that are implicated in senescence. More recent research has also identified a chromatin modifier and tumor suppressor that contributes to the induction of senescence via altered endocytosis. Here, molecular regulators of aberrant endocytosis-induced senescence are reviewed and discussed in the context of their capacity to serve as senescence-inducing stressors or modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Nak-Kyun Soung
- World Class Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang-eup, Cheongju, 28116, South Korea
| | - Martin Alexander Schwartz
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, And Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA; Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea.
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17
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Filippone A, Praticò D. Endosome Dysregulation in Down Syndrome: A Potential Contributor to Alzheimer Disease Pathology. Ann Neurol 2021; 90:4-14. [PMID: 33547827 PMCID: PMC8217102 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular protein trafficking via the endosomes plays a key role in the maintenance of normal neuronal function. Although many diseases of the central nervous system exhibit specific pathological hallmarks, abnormalities of the endosome system are common traits for several of them, including Alzheimer disease (AD). Three main routes originate from the endosomes: the recycling, degradation, and retrograde pathways. Studies have shown that the majority of Down syndrome subjects develop AD pathology and manifest altered morphology and number of endosomes, and abnormalities in lysosome acidification and exosome secretion, suggesting that dysfunction of one of these pathways could play a functional role in the AD‐like phenotype of the syndrome. Two of the major endosomal routes are mediated by the retromer complex, a multimeric system responsible for transport of cargo from the endosome to the trans‐Golgi network or to the cell membrane. Recently, a new endosome system structurally related to the retromer, called “retriever,” has been reported. Whereas we know a great deal about the neuropathophysiology of the retromer complex, no precise pathogenic role for the retriever has yet been identified. Here, we will review the neurobiology of the endosome system and its role as key player in the development of AD‐like pathology in Down syndrome. Additionally, we will discuss current knowledge on these two main endosome systems, retromer and retriever, and their potential as novel therapeutic targets. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:4–14
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Filippone
- Alzheimer's Center at Temple, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Domenico Praticò
- Alzheimer's Center at Temple, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
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18
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Chronic exposure of humans to high level natural background radiation leads to robust expression of protective stress response proteins. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1777. [PMID: 33469066 PMCID: PMC7815775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80405-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding exposures to low doses of ionizing radiation are relevant since most environmental, diagnostic radiology and occupational exposures lie in this region. However, the molecular mechanisms that drive cellular responses at these doses, and the subsequent health outcomes, remain unclear. A local monazite-rich high level natural radiation area (HLNRA) in the state of Kerala on the south-west coast of Indian subcontinent show radiation doses extending from ≤ 1 to ≥ 45 mGy/y and thus, serve as a model resource to understand low dose mechanisms directly on healthy humans. We performed quantitative discovery proteomics based on multiplexed isobaric tags (iTRAQ) coupled with LC–MS/MS on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HLNRA individuals. Several proteins involved in diverse biological processes such as DNA repair, RNA processing, chromatin modifications and cytoskeletal organization showed distinct expression in HLNRA individuals, suggestive of both recovery and adaptation to low dose radiation. In protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks, YWHAZ (14-3-3ζ) emerged as the top-most hub protein that may direct phosphorylation driven pro-survival cellular processes against radiation stress. PPI networks also identified an integral role for the cytoskeletal protein ACTB, signaling protein PRKACA; and the molecular chaperone HSPA8. The data will allow better integration of radiation biology and epidemiology for risk assessment [Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD022380].
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Smejda M, Kądziołka D, Radczuk N, Krutyhołowa R, Chramiec-Głąbik A, Kędracka-Krok S, Jankowska U, Biela A, Glatt S. Same but different - Molecular comparison of human KTI12 and PSTK. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:118945. [PMID: 33417976 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Kti12 and PSTK are closely related and highly similar proteins implicated in different aspects of tRNA metabolism. Kti12 has been identified as an essential regulatory factor of the Elongator complex, involved in the modification of uridine bases in eukaryotic tRNAs. PSTK phosphorylates the tRNASec-bound amino acid serine, which is required to synthesize selenocysteine. Kti12 and PSTK have previously been studied independently in various organisms, but only appear simultaneously in some animalia, including humans. As Kti12- and PSTK-related pathways are clinically relevant, it is of prime importance to understand their biological functions and mutual relationship in humans. Here, we use different tRNA substrates to directly compare the enzymatic activities of purified human KTI12 and human PSTK proteins. Our complementary Co-IP and BioID2 approaches in human cells confirm that Elongator is the main interaction partner of KTI12 but additionally indicate potential links to proteins involved in vesicular transport, RNA metabolism and deubiquitination. Moreover, we identify and validate a yet uncharacterized interaction between PSTK and γ-taxilin. Foremost, we demonstrate that human KTI12 and PSTK do not share interactors or influence their respective biological functions. Our data provide a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory networks controlling the activity of the human Elongator complex and selenocysteine biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Smejda
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology (MCB), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dominika Kądziołka
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology (MCB), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Natalia Radczuk
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology (MCB), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Rościsław Krutyhołowa
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology (MCB), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Sylwia Kędracka-Krok
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology (MCB), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Urszula Jankowska
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology (MCB), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Biela
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology (MCB), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Glatt
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology (MCB), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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20
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Gerasymchuk D, Hubiernatorova A, Domanskyi A. MicroRNAs Regulating Cytoskeleton Dynamics, Endocytosis, and Cell Motility-A Link Between Neurodegeneration and Cancer? Front Neurol 2020; 11:549006. [PMID: 33240194 PMCID: PMC7680873 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.549006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is one of the most mobile and complex cell structures. It is involved in cellular transport, cell division, cell shape formation and adaptation in response to extra- and intracellular stimuli, endo- and exocytosis, migration, and invasion. These processes are crucial for normal cellular physiology and are affected in several pathological processes, including neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Some proteins, participating in clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), play an important role in actin cytoskeleton reorganization, and formation of invadopodia in cancer cells and are also deregulated in neurodegenerative disorders. However, there is still limited information about the factors contributing to the regulation of their expression. MicroRNAs are potent negative regulators of gene expression mediating crosstalk between different cellular pathways in cellular homeostasis and stress responses. These molecules regulate numerous genes involved in neuronal differentiation, plasticity, and degeneration. Growing evidence suggests the role of microRNAs in the regulation of endocytosis, cell motility, and invasiveness. By modulating the levels of such microRNAs, it may be possible to interfere with CME or other processes to normalize their function. In malignancy, the role of microRNAs is undoubtful, and therefore changing their levels can attenuate the carcinogenic process. Here we review the current advances in our understanding of microRNAs regulating actin cytoskeleton dynamics, CME and cell motility with a special focus on neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. We investigate whether current literature provides an evidence that microRNA-mediated regulation of essential cellular processes, such as CME and cell motility, is conserved in neurons, and cancer cells. We argue that more research effort should be addressed to study the neuron-specific functions on microRNAs. Disease-associated microRNAs affecting essential cellular processes deserve special attention both from the view of fundamental science and as future neurorestorative or anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Gerasymchuk
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Andrii Domanskyi
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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21
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Abstract
Rho GTPases are known to play an essential role in fundamental processes such as defining cell shape, polarity and migration. As such, the majority of Rho GTPases localize and function at, or close to, the plasma membrane. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that a number of Rho family proteins are also associated with the Golgi complex, where they not only regulate events at this organelle but also more widely across the cell. Given the central location of this organelle, and the numerous membrane trafficking pathways that connect it to both the endocytic and secretory systems of cells, it is clear that the Golgi is fundamental for maintaining cellular homoeostasis. In this review, we describe these GTPases in the context of how they regulate Golgi architecture, membrane trafficking into and away from this organelle, and cell polarity and migration. We summarize the key findings that show the growing importance of the pool of Rho GTPases associated with Golgi function, namely Cdc42, RhoA, RhoD, RhoBTB1 and RhoBTB3, and we discuss how they act in concert with other key families of molecules associated with the Golgi, including Rab GTPases and matrix proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaritha M Mysior
- Cell Screening Laboratory, School of Biology & Environmental Science, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin Ireland
| | - Jeremy C Simpson
- Cell Screening Laboratory, School of Biology & Environmental Science, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin Ireland
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22
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Wei R, Chen L, Qin D, Guo Q, Zhu S, Li P, Min L, Zhang S. Liquid Biopsy of Extracellular Vesicle-Derived miR-193a-5p in Colorectal Cancer and Discovery of Its Tumor-Suppressor Functions. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1372. [PMID: 33014778 PMCID: PMC7461920 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, abnormal extracellular vesicle (EV) sorting of miR-193a was identified in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. Although a reduced level of miR-193a-5p in plasma/serum has been reported in many different types of cancer, the EV-derived miR-193a-5p level in CRC and its potential application as a minimally invasive biomarker are still unknown. Here, we evaluated the circulating EV-derived miR-193a-5p expression levels in a cohort of 101 participants by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). We found that plasma EV-miR-193a-5p decreased significantly in CRC patients as compared with precancerous colorectal adenoma (CA) and non-cancerous control (NC) individuals. The circulating EV-miR-193a-5p showed an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.740 in distinguishing CRC from CA and an AUC of 0.759 in distinguishing CRC from NC. Furthermore, the suppression on CRC cells of miR-193a-5p was verified by transwell, MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium), EdU, RT-qPCR, and western blotting. Bioinformatic analysis predicted 32 genes, which were the most likely miR-193a-5p targeted and mainly focused on tumor progression. Among them, we revealed that miR-193a-5p could inhibit CRC migration and invasion via targeting tumor-associated genes like CUT-like homeobox 1 (CUX1) and intersectin 1 (ITSN1). In conclusion, miR-193a-5p could suppress CRC development, and decreased plasma EV-miR-193a-5p could be a promising biomarker for human CRC detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Da Qin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingdong Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengtao Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Min
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shutian Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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23
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Pankivskyi S, Pastré D, Steiner E, Joshi V, Rynditch A, Hamon L. ITSN1 regulates SAM68 solubility through SH3 domain interactions with SAM68 proline-rich motifs. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:1745-1763. [PMID: 32780150 PMCID: PMC7904728 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03610-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SAM68 is an mRNA-binding protein involved in mRNA processing in the nucleus that forms membraneless compartments called SAM68 Nuclear Bodies (SNBs). We found that intersectin 1 (ITSN1), a multidomain scaffold protein harboring five soluble SH3 domains, interacts with SAM68 proline-rich motifs (PRMs) surrounded by self-adhesive low complexity domains. While SAM68 is poorly soluble in vitro, the interaction of ITSN1 SH3 domains and mRNA with SAM68 enhances its solubility. In HeLa cells, the interaction between the first ITSN1 SH3 domain (SH3A) and P0, the N-terminal PRM of SAM68, induces the dissociation of SNBs. In addition, we reveal the ability of another SH3 domain (SH3D) of ITSN1 to bind to mRNAs. ITSN1 and mRNA may thus act in concert to promote SAM68 solubilization, consistent with the absence of mRNA in SNBs in cells. Together, these results support the notion of a specific chaperoning of PRM-rich SAM68 within nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes by ITSN1 that may regulate the processing of a fraction of nuclear mRNAs, notably SAM68-controlled splicing events related to higher neuronal functions or cancer progression. This observation may also serve as a putative model of the interaction between other PRM-rich RBPs and signaling proteins harboring SH3 domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pankivskyi
- SABNP, Univ Evry, INSERM U1204, Université Paris-Saclay, 91025, Evry, France.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, The National Academy of Sciences, 150 Zabolotnogo Street, Kyiv, 03680, Ukraine
| | - D Pastré
- SABNP, Univ Evry, INSERM U1204, Université Paris-Saclay, 91025, Evry, France
| | - E Steiner
- SABNP, Univ Evry, INSERM U1204, Université Paris-Saclay, 91025, Evry, France
| | - V Joshi
- SABNP, Univ Evry, INSERM U1204, Université Paris-Saclay, 91025, Evry, France
| | - A Rynditch
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, The National Academy of Sciences, 150 Zabolotnogo Street, Kyiv, 03680, Ukraine.
| | - L Hamon
- SABNP, Univ Evry, INSERM U1204, Université Paris-Saclay, 91025, Evry, France.
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24
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Color-Aparicio VM, Cervantes-Villagrana RD, García-Jiménez I, Beltrán-Navarro YM, Castillo-Kauil A, Escobar-Islas E, Reyes-Cruz G, Vázquez-Prado J. Endothelial cell sprouting driven by RhoJ directly activated by a membrane-anchored Intersectin 1 (ITSN1) RhoGEF module. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 524:109-116. [PMID: 31980169 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell sprouting is a critical event in tumor-induced angiogenesis. In melanoma and lung cancer murine models, targeting RhoJ prevents endothelial sprouting, tumor growth and metastasis and enhances the effects of conventional anti-neoplastic therapy. Aiming to understand how RhoJ is activated, we used a gain of function approach to identify constitutively active Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs) able to promote RhoJ-dependent actin-driven membrane protrusions. We demonstrate that a membrane-anchored Intersectin 1 (ITSN1) DH-PH construct promotes endothelial cell sprouting via RhoJ. Mechanistically, this is controlled by direct interaction between the catalytic ITSN1 DH-PH module and RhoJ, it is sensitive to phosphorylation by focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and to endosomal trapping of the ITSN1 construct by dominant negative RhoJ. This ITSN1/RhoJ signaling axis is independent of Cdc42, a previously characterized ITSN1 target and a RhoJ close homologue. In conclusion, our results elucidate an ITSN1/RhoJ molecular link able to promote endothelial cell sprouting and set the basis to explore this signaling pathway in the context of tumor-induced angiogenesis.
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25
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Rotoli D, Morales M, Maeso MDC, Ávila J, Pérez-Rodríguez ND, Mobasheri A, van Noorden CJF, Martín-Vasallo P. IQGAP1, AmotL2, and FKBP51 Scaffoldins in the Glioblastoma Microenvironment. J Histochem Cytochem 2019; 67:481-494. [PMID: 30794467 DOI: 10.1369/0022155419833334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most frequently occurring and aggressive primary brain tumor. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) and astrocytoma cells are the predominant malignant cells occurring in GB besides a highly heterogeneous population of migrating, neovascularizing and infiltrating myeloid cells that forms a complex tumor microenvironment (TME). Cross talk between the TME cells is pivotal in the biology of this tumor and, consequently, adaptor proteins at critical junctions of signaling pathways may be crucial. Scaffold proteins (scaffolins or scaffoldins) integrate external and internal stimuli to regulate various signaling pathways, interacting simultaneously with multiple proteins involved. We investigated by double and triple immunofluorescence the localization of IQGAP1, AmotL2, and FKBP51, three closely related scaffoldins, in malignant cells and TME of human GB tumors. We found that IQGAP1 is preferentially expressed in astrocytoma cells, AmotL2 in GSCs, and FKBP51 in white blood cells in human GB tumors. As GSCs are specially the target for novel therapies, we will investigate in further studies whether AmotL2 inhibition is effective in the treatment of GB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Rotoli
- UD of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias.,Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain.,Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale Gaetano Salvatore, Naples, Italy.,Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz, Spain
| | - Manuel Morales
- Oncología Médica.,Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz, Spain.,Oncología Médica, Hospiten Rambla, Santa Cruz, Spain
| | - María-Del-C Maeso
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica.,Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz, Spain
| | - Julio Ávila
- UD of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias.,Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | | | - Ali Mobasheri
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Cornelis J F van Noorden
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Pablo Martín-Vasallo
- UD of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias.,Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
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26
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Makhoul C, Gosavi P, Duffield R, Delbridge B, Williamson NA, Gleeson PA. Intersectin-1 interacts with the golgin GCC88 to couple the actin network and Golgi architecture. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:370-386. [PMID: 30540523 PMCID: PMC6589577 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-05-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of the Golgi ribbon relies on a dynamic balance between the actin and microtubule networks; however, the pathways controlling actin networks remain poorly defined. Previously, we showed that the trans-Golgi network (TGN) membrane tether/golgin, GCC88, modulates the Golgi ribbon architecture. Here, we show that dispersal of the Golgi ribbon by GCC88 is dependent on actin and the involvement of nonmuscle myosin IIA. We have identified the long isoform of intersectin-1 (ITSN-1), a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Cdc42, as a novel Golgi component and an interaction partner of GCC88 responsible for mediating the actin-dependent dispersal of the Golgi ribbon. We show that perturbation of Golgi morphology by changes in membrane flux, mediated by silencing the retromer subunit Vps26, or in a model of neurodegeneration, induced by Tau overexpression, are also dependent on the ITSN-1-GCC88 interaction. Overall, our study reveals a role for a TGN golgin and ITSN-1 in linking to the actin cytoskeleton and regulating the balance between a compact Golgi ribbon and a dispersed Golgi, a pathway with relevance to pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Makhoul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Prajakta Gosavi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Regina Duffield
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Bronwen Delbridge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nicholas A. Williamson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul A. Gleeson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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27
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Fraser J, Essebier A, Brown AS, Davila RA, Sengar AS, Tu Y, Ensbey KS, Day BW, Scott MP, Gronostajski RM, Wainwright BJ, Boden M, Harvey TJ, Piper M. Granule neuron precursor cell proliferation is regulated by NFIX and intersectin 1 during postnatal cerebellar development. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 224:811-827. [PMID: 30511336 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1801-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar granule neurons are the most numerous neuronal subtype in the central nervous system. Within the developing cerebellum, these neurons are derived from a population of progenitor cells found within the external granule layer of the cerebellar anlage, namely the cerebellar granule neuron precursors (GNPs). The timely proliferation and differentiation of these precursor cells, which, in rodents occurs predominantly in the postnatal period, is tightly controlled to ensure the normal morphogenesis of the cerebellum. Despite this, our understanding of the factors mediating how GNP differentiation is controlled remains limited. Here, we reveal that the transcription factor nuclear factor I X (NFIX) plays an important role in this process. Mice lacking Nfix exhibit reduced numbers of GNPs during early postnatal development, but elevated numbers of these cells at postnatal day 15. Moreover, Nfix-/- GNPs exhibit increased proliferation when cultured in vitro, suggestive of a role for NFIX in promoting GNP differentiation. At a mechanistic level, profiling analyses using both ChIP-seq and RNA-seq identified the actin-associated factor intersectin 1 as a downstream target of NFIX during cerebellar development. In support of this, mice lacking intersectin 1 also displayed delayed GNP differentiation. Collectively, these findings highlight a key role for NFIX and intersectin 1 in the regulation of cerebellar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Fraser
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Alexandra Essebier
- The School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Alexander S Brown
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Raul Ayala Davila
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Ameet S Sengar
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 0A8, Canada
| | - YuShan Tu
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 0A8, Canada
| | - Kathleen S Ensbey
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Translational Brain Cancer Research Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer MRI, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Bryan W Day
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Translational Brain Cancer Research Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer MRI, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Matthew P Scott
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Richard M Gronostajski
- Department of Biochemistry, Program in Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Brandon J Wainwright
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Mikael Boden
- The School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Tracey J Harvey
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
| | - Michael Piper
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia. .,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
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28
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GRP75 modulates oncogenic Dbl-driven endocytosis derailed via the CHIP-mediated ubiquitin degradation pathway. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:971. [PMID: 30250167 PMCID: PMC6155137 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chaperone-assisted proteasome degradation of oncogenic protein acts as an upstream signal controlling tumorigenesis and progression. The understanding of the co-regulation of chaperone and oncoprotein of endocytosis pathways is extremely limited. In this study, we showed for the first time that proto-Dbl (dbl proto-oncogene product) is co-enriched with mitochondrial chaperone GRP75 in endocytosis vesicles from ovarian cancer cells. onco-Dbl, produced by oncogenic mutation/degradation of proto-Dbl, markedly enhanced cellular macropinocytosis but suppressed clathrin-mediated endocytosis and clathrin-independent endocytosis pathways, presenting a derailed endocytosis phenotype. GRP75 was associated with proto-Dbl inside cells and modulated Dbl-driven endocytosis derailed by a co-regulatory mode. In spite of not being a component of the Hsc70/Hsp90/proto-Dbl complex, the degradation of proto-Dbl was promoted by GRP75 through the CHIP-mediated ubiquitin–proteasome pathway, of which GRP75 acts as a cooperator with CHIP but also acts as a competitor to Hsc70 and Hsp90 in the multiple chaperones-assisted pro-folding/pro-degradation machinery. Knockdown or inhibition of GRP75 attenuated proto-Dbl degradation and reduced the onco-Dbl level, which differentially impaired Rho GTPases activation and therefore shifted the endocytosis-derailed phenotype. Our data uncovered a novel GRP75-Dbl endocytosis regulatory axis and provided an alternative using chaperone inhibitor to shut down the oncoprotein-driven endocytosis derailment mechanism.
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29
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A Flat BAR Protein Promotes Actin Polymerization at the Base of Clathrin-Coated Pits. Cell 2018; 174:325-337.e14. [PMID: 29887380 PMCID: PMC6057269 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple proteins act co-operatively in mammalian clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) to generate endocytic vesicles from the plasma membrane. The principles controlling the activation and organization of the actin cytoskeleton during mammalian CME are, however, not fully understood. Here, we show that the protein FCHSD2 is a major activator of actin polymerization during CME. FCHSD2 deletion leads to decreased ligand uptake caused by slowed pit maturation. FCHSD2 is recruited to endocytic pits by the scaffold protein intersectin via an unusual SH3-SH3 interaction. Here, its flat F-BAR domain binds to the planar region of the plasma membrane surrounding the developing pit forming an annulus. When bound to the membrane, FCHSD2 activates actin polymerization by a mechanism that combines oligomerization and recruitment of N-WASP to PI(4,5)P2, thus promoting pit maturation. Our data therefore describe a molecular mechanism for linking spatiotemporally the plasma membrane to a force-generating actin platform guiding endocytic vesicle maturation. FCHSD2 is a bona fide CME protein recruited to CCPs by intersectin Intersectin recruits FCHSD2 via an SH3-SH3 interaction FCHSD2 is a major activator of actin during CME FCHSD2 binds to the surrounding membrane around CCPs via its flat F-BAR domain
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30
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Dergai O, Dergai M, Rynditch A. Ubiquitin-ligase AIP4 controls differential ubiquitination and stability of isoforms of the scaffold protein ITSN1. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2259-2267. [PMID: 29851086 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
At present, the role of ubiquitination of cargoes internalized from the plasma membrane is better understood than the consequences of ubiquitination of proteins comprising the endocytic machinery. Here, we show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase AIP4/ITCH contributes to the differential ubiquitination of isoforms of the endocytic scaffold protein intersectin1 (ITSN1). The major isoform ITSN1-s is monoubiquitinated, whereas the minor one, ITSN1-22a undergoes a combination of mono- and oligoubiquitination. The monoubiquitination is required for ITSN1-s stability, whereas the oligoubiquitination of ITSN1-22a causes its proteasomal degradation. This explains the observed low abundance of the minor isoform in cells. Thus, different modes of ubiquitination regulated by AIP4 have opposite effects on ITSN1 isoform stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Dergai
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, The National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Mykola Dergai
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, The National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Alla Rynditch
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, The National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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31
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Aguilar BJ, Zhu Y, Lu Q. Rho GTPases as therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:97. [PMID: 29246246 PMCID: PMC5732365 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The progress we have made in understanding Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis has led to the identification of several novel pathways and potential therapeutic targets. Rho GTPases have been implicated as critical components in AD pathogenesis, but their various functions and interactions make understanding their complex signaling challenging to study. Recent advancements in both the field of AD and Rho GTPase drug development provide novel tools for the elucidation of Rho GTPases as a viable target for AD. Herein, we summarize the fluctuating activity of Rho GTPases in various stages of AD pathogenesis and in several in vitro and in vivo AD models. We also review the current pharmacological tools such as NSAIDs, RhoA/ROCK, Rac1, and Cdc42 inhibitors used to target Rho GTPases and their use in AD-related studies. Finally, we summarize the behavioral modifications following Rho GTPase modulation in several AD mouse models. As key regulators of several AD-related signals, Rho GTPases have been studied as targets in AD. However, a consensus has yet to be reached regarding the stage at which targeting Rho GTPases would be the most beneficial. The studies discussed herein emphasize the critical role of Rho GTPases and the benefits of their modulation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron J Aguilar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA.
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA. .,The Harriet and John Wooten Laboratory for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA.
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32
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Eich ML, Dembla E, Wahl S, Dembla M, Schwarz K, Schmitz F. The Calcineurin-Binding, Activity-Dependent Splice Variant Dynamin1xb Is Highly Enriched in Synapses in Various Regions of the Central Nervous System. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:230. [PMID: 28790889 PMCID: PMC5524891 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we generated and characterized a splice site-specific monoclonal antibody that selectively detects the calcineurin-binding dynamin1 splice variant dynamin1xb. Calcineurin is a Ca2+-regulated phosphatase that enhances dynamin1 activity and is an important Ca2+-sensing mediator of homeostatic synaptic plasticity in neurons. Using this dynamin1xb-specific antibody, we found dynamin1xb highly enriched in synapses of all analyzed brain regions. In photoreceptor ribbon synapses, dynamin1xb was enriched in close vicinity to the synaptic ribbon in a manner indicative of a peri-active zone immunolabeling. Interestingly, in dark-adapted mice we observed an enhanced and selective enrichment of dynamin1xb in both synaptic layers of the retina in comparison to light-adapted mice. This could be due to an illumination-dependent recruitment of dynamin1xb to retinal synapses and/or due to a darkness-induced increase of dynamin1xb biosynthesis. These latter findings indicate that dynamin1xb is part of a versatile and highly adjustable, activity-regulated endocytic synaptic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lisa Eich
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Medical School Homburg/Saar, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland UniversityHomburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Ekta Dembla
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Medical School Homburg/Saar, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland UniversityHomburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Silke Wahl
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Medical School Homburg/Saar, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland UniversityHomburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Mayur Dembla
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Medical School Homburg/Saar, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland UniversityHomburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Karin Schwarz
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Medical School Homburg/Saar, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland UniversityHomburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Frank Schmitz
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Medical School Homburg/Saar, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland UniversityHomburg/Saar, Germany
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33
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Hernández-Vásquez MN, Adame-García SR, Hamoud N, Chidiac R, Reyes-Cruz G, Gratton JP, Côté JF, Vázquez-Prado J. Cell adhesion controlled by adhesion G protein-coupled receptor GPR124/ADGRA2 is mediated by a protein complex comprising intersectins and Elmo-Dock. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:12178-12191. [PMID: 28600358 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.780304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental angiogenesis and the maintenance of the blood-brain barrier involve endothelial cell adhesion, which is linked to cytoskeletal dynamics. GPR124 (also known as TEM5/ADGRA2) is an adhesion G protein-coupled receptor family member that plays a pivotal role in brain angiogenesis and in ensuring a tight blood-brain barrier. However, the signaling properties of GPR124 remain poorly defined. Here, we show that ectopic expression of GPR124 promotes cell adhesion, additive to extracellular matrix-dependent effect, coupled with filopodia and lamellipodia formation and an enrichment of a pool of the G protein-coupled receptor at actin-rich cellular protrusions containing VASP, a filopodial marker. Accordingly, GPR124-expressing cells also displayed increased activation of both Rac and Cdc42 GTPases. Mechanistically, we uncover novel direct interactions between endogenous GPR124 and the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors Elmo/Dock and intersectin (ITSN). Small fragments of either Elmo or ITSN1 that bind GPR124 blocked GPR124-induced cell adhesion. In addition, Gβγ interacts with the C-terminal tail of GPR124 and promotes the formation of a GPR124-Elmo complex. Furthermore, GPR124 also promotes the activation of the Elmo-Dock complex, as measured by Elmo phosphorylation on a conserved C-terminal tyrosine residue. Interestingly, Elmo and ITSN1 also interact with each other independently of their GPR124-recognition regions. Moreover, endogenous phospho-Elmo and ITSN1 co-localize with GPR124 at lamellipodia of adhering endothelial cells, where GPR124 expression contributes to polarity acquisition during wound healing. Collectively, our results indicate that GPR124 promotes cell adhesion via Elmo-Dock and ITSN. This constitutes a previously unrecognized complex formed of atypical and conventional Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors for Rac and Cdc42 that is putatively involved in GPR124-dependent angiogenic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Nohemí Hernández-Vásquez
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City 14740, Mexico
| | - Sendi Rafael Adame-García
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City 14740, Mexico
| | - Noumeira Hamoud
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Rony Chidiac
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Guadalupe Reyes-Cruz
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City 14740, Mexico
| | - Jean Philippe Gratton
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Jean-François Côté
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - José Vázquez-Prado
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City 14740, Mexico.
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Rotoli D, Morales M, Ávila J, Maeso MDC, García MDP, Mobasheri A, Martín-Vasallo P. Commitment of Scaffold Proteins in the Onco-Biology of Human Colorectal Cancer and Liver Metastases after Oxaliplatin-Based Chemotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040891. [PMID: 28441737 PMCID: PMC5412470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Scaffold proteins play pivotal roles in the regulation of signaling pathways, integrating external and internal stimuli to various cellular outputs. We report the pattern of cellular and subcellular expression of scaffoldins angiomotin-like 2 (AmotL2), FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP51) and IQ motif containing GTPase-activating protein 1 (IQGAP1) in colorectal cancer (CRC) and metastases in liver resected after oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy (CT). Positive immunostaining for the three scaffoldins was found in most cells in healthy colon, tumor, healthy liver and metastasized liver. The patterns of expression of AmotL2, FKBP51 and IQGAP1 show the greatest variability in immune system cells and neurons and glia cells and the least in blood vessel cells. The simultaneous subcellular localization in tumor cells and other cell types within the tumor suggest an involvement of these three scaffoldins in cancer biology, including a role in Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition. The display in differential localization and quantitative expression of AmotL2, FKBP51, and IQGAP1 could be used as biomarkers for more accurate tumor staging and as potential targets for anti-cancer therapeutics by blocking or slowing down their interconnecting functions. Tough further research needs to be done in order to improve these assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Rotoli
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, UD de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, Av. Astrofísico Sánchez s/n., 38206 La Laguna, Spain.
- CNR-National Research Council, Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology (IEOS), Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Manuel Morales
- Service of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
- Service of Medical Oncology, Hospiten® Hospitals, 38001 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Julio Ávila
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, UD de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, Av. Astrofísico Sánchez s/n., 38206 La Laguna, Spain.
| | - María Del Carmen Maeso
- Service of Pathology, University Hospital Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
| | | | - Ali Mobasheri
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, GU2 7XH Guildford, UK.
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King AbdulAziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Pablo Martín-Vasallo
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, UD de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, Av. Astrofísico Sánchez s/n., 38206 La Laguna, Spain.
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