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Solís KH, Romero-Ávila MT, Rincón-Heredia R, García-Sáinz JA. Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 3 (LPA3): Signaling and Phosphorylation Sites. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6491. [PMID: 38928196 PMCID: PMC11203643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
LPA3 receptors were expressed in TREx HEK 293 cells, and their signaling and phosphorylation were studied. The agonist, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), increased intracellular calcium and ERK phosphorylation through pertussis toxin-insensitive processes. Phorbol myristate acetate, but not LPA, desensitizes LPA3-mediated calcium signaling, the agonists, and the phorbol ester-induced LPA3 internalization. Pitstop 2 (clathrin heavy chain inhibitor) markedly reduced LPA-induced receptor internalization; in contrast, phorbol ester-induced internalization was only delayed. LPA induced rapid β-arrestin-LPA3 receptor association. The agonist and the phorbol ester-induced marked LPA3 receptor phosphorylation, and phosphorylation sites were detected using mass spectrometry. Phosphorylated residues were detected in the intracellular loop 3 (S221, T224, S225, and S229) and in the carboxyl terminus (S321, S325, S331, T333, S335, Y337, and S343). Interestingly, phosphorylation sites are within sequences predicted to constitute β-arrestin binding sites. These data provide insight into LPA3 receptor signaling and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Helivier Solís
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ap. Postal 70-600, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (K.H.S.); (M.T.R.-Á.)
| | - M. Teresa Romero-Ávila
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ap. Postal 70-600, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (K.H.S.); (M.T.R.-Á.)
| | - Ruth Rincón-Heredia
- Unidad de Imagenología, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ap. Postal 70-600, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - J. Adolfo García-Sáinz
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ap. Postal 70-600, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (K.H.S.); (M.T.R.-Á.)
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Maaliki D, Jaffa AA, Nasser S, Sahebkar A, Eid AH. Adrenoceptor Desensitization: Current Understanding of Mechanisms. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:358-387. [PMID: 38697858 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) transduce a wide range of extracellular signals. They are key players in the majority of biologic functions including vision, olfaction, chemotaxis, and immunity. However, as essential as most of them are to body function and homeostasis, overactivation of GPCRs has been implicated in many pathologic diseases such as cancer, asthma, and heart failure (HF). Therefore, an important feature of G protein signaling systems is the ability to control GPCR responsiveness, and one key process to control overstimulation involves initiating receptor desensitization. A number of steps are appreciated in the desensitization process, including cell surface receptor phosphorylation, internalization, and downregulation. Rapid or short-term desensitization occurs within minutes and involves receptor phosphorylation via the action of intracellular protein kinases, the binding of β-arrestins, and the consequent uncoupling of GPCRs from their cognate heterotrimeric G proteins. On the other hand, long-term desensitization occurs over hours to days and involves receptor downregulation or a decrease in cell surface receptor protein level. Of the proteins involved in this biologic phenomenon, β-arrestins play a particularly significant role in both short- and long-term desensitization mechanisms. In addition, β-arrestins are involved in the phenomenon of biased agonism, where the biased ligand preferentially activates one of several downstream signaling pathways, leading to altered cellular responses. In this context, this review discusses the different patterns of desensitization of the α 1-, α 2- and the β adrenoceptors and highlights the role of β-arrestins in regulating physiologic responsiveness through desensitization and biased agonism. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A sophisticated network of proteins orchestrates the molecular regulation of GPCR activity. Adrenoceptors are GPCRs that play vast roles in many physiological processes. Without tightly controlled desensitization of these receptors, homeostatic imbalance may ensue, thus precipitating various diseases. Here, we critically appraise the mechanisms implicated in adrenoceptor desensitization. A better understanding of these mechanisms helps identify new druggable targets within the GPCR desensitization machinery and opens exciting therapeutic fronts in the treatment of several pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Maaliki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon (D.M.); School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (A.A.J.); Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom (S.N.); Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (A.S.); Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (A.S.); and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar (A.H.E.)
| | - Aneese A Jaffa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon (D.M.); School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (A.A.J.); Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom (S.N.); Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (A.S.); Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (A.S.); and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar (A.H.E.)
| | - Suzanne Nasser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon (D.M.); School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (A.A.J.); Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom (S.N.); Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (A.S.); Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (A.S.); and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar (A.H.E.)
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon (D.M.); School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (A.A.J.); Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom (S.N.); Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (A.S.); Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (A.S.); and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar (A.H.E.)
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon (D.M.); School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (A.A.J.); Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom (S.N.); Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (A.S.); Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (A.S.); and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar (A.H.E.)
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Maltsev A, Roshchin M, Bezprozvanny I, Smirnov I, Vlasova O, Balaban P, Borodinova A. Bidirectional regulation by "star forces": Ionotropic astrocyte's optical stimulation suppresses synaptic plasticity, metabotropic one strikes back. Hippocampus 2023; 33:18-36. [PMID: 36484471 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The role of astrocytes in modulating synaptic plasticity is an important question that until recently was not addressed due to limitations of previously existing technology. In the present study, we took an advantage of optogenetics to specifically activate astrocytes in hippocampal slices in order to study effects on synaptic function. Using the AAV-based delivery strategy, we expressed the ionotropic channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) or the metabotropic Gq-coupled Opto-a1AR opsins specifically in hippocampal astrocytes to compare different modalities of astrocyte activation. In electrophysiological experiments, we observed a depression of basal field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) in the CA1 hippocampal layer following light stimulation of astrocytic ChR2. The ChR2-mediated depression increased under simultaneous light and electrical theta-burst stimulation (TBS). Application of the type 2 purinergic receptor antagonist suramin prevented depression of basal synaptic transmission, and switched the ChR2-dependent depression into potentiation. The GABAB receptor antagonist, phaclofen, did not prevent the depression of basal fEPSPs, but switched the ChR2-dependent depression into potentiation comparable to the values for TBS in control slices. In contrast, light stimulation of Opto-a1AR expressed in astrocytes led to an increase in basal fEPSPs, as well as a potentiation of synaptic responses to TBS significantly. A specific blocker of the Gq protein downstream target, the phospholipase C, U73122, completely prevented the effects of Opto-a1AR stimulation on basal fEPSPs or Opto + TBS responses. To understand molecular basis for the observed effects, we performed an analysis of gene expression in these slices using quantitative PCR approach. We observed a significant upregulation of "immediate-early" gene expression in hippocampal slices after light activation of Opto-a1AR-expressing astrocytes alone (cRel, Arc, Fos, JunB, and Egr1) or paired with TBS (cRel, Fos, and Egr1). Activation of ChR2-expressing hippocampal astrocytes was insufficient to affect expression of these genes in our experimental conditions. Thus, we concluded that optostimulation of astrocytes with ChR2 and Opto-a1AR optogenetic tools enables bidirectional modulation of synaptic plasticity and gene expression in hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Maltsev
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology of Learning, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Matvey Roshchin
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology of Learning, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Bezprozvanny
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ivan Smirnov
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology of Learning, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Vlasova
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pavel Balaban
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology of Learning, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Borodinova
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology of Learning, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Martínez-Morales JC, Solís KH, Romero-Ávila MT, Reyes-Cruz G, García-Sáinz JA. Cell Trafficking and Function of G Protein-coupled Receptors. Arch Med Res 2022; 53:451-460. [PMID: 35835604 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are plasma membrane proteins that function as sensors of changes in the internal and external milieux and play essential roles in health and disease. They are targets of hormones, neurotransmitters, local hormones (autacoids), and a large proportion of the drugs currently used as therapeutics and for "recreational" purposes. Understanding how these receptors signal and are regulated is fundamental for progress in areas such as physiology and pharmacology. This review will focus on what is currently known about their structure, the molecular events that trigger their signaling, and their trafficking to endosomal compartments. GPCR phosphorylation and its role in desensitization (signaling switching) are also discussed. It should be mentioned that the volume of information available is enormous given the large number and variety of GPCRs. However, knowledge is fragmentary even for the most studied receptors, such as the adrenergic receptors. Therefore, we attempt to present a panoramic view of the field, conscious of the risks and limitations (such as oversimplifications and incorrect generalizations). We hope this will provoke further research in the area. It is currently accepted that GPCR internalization plays a role signaling events. Therefore, the processes that allow them to internalize and recycle back to the plasma membrane are briefly reviewed. The functions of cytoskeletal elements (mainly actin filaments and microtubules), the molecular motors implicated in receptor trafficking (myosin, kinesin, and dynein), and the GTPases involved in GPCR internalization (dynamin) and endosomal sorting (Rab proteins), are discussed. The critical role phosphoinositide metabolism plays in regulating these events is also depicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Martínez-Morales
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - K Helivier Solís
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - M Teresa Romero-Ávila
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Guadalupe Reyes-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - J Adolfo García-Sáinz
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
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Guzmán-Silva A, Martínez-Morales JC, Medina LDC, Romero-Ávila MT, Villegas-Comonfort S, Solís KH, García-Sáinz JA. Mutation of putative phosphorylation sites in the free fatty acid receptor 1: Effects on signaling, receptor phosphorylation, and internalization. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 545:111573. [PMID: 35065200 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Free fatty acid receptor 1 phosphorylation sites were studied using mutants, including a) a mutant with T215V in the third intracellular loop (3IL), b) another with changes in the carboxyl terminus (C-term): T287V, T293V, S298A, and c) a mutant with all of these changes (3IL/C-term). Agonist-induced increases in intracellular calcium were similar between cells expressing wild-type or mutant receptors. In contrast, agonist-induced FFA1 receptor phosphorylation was reduced in mutants compared to wild type. Phorbol ester-induced FFA1 receptor phosphorylation was rapid and robust in cells expressing the wild-type receptor and essentially abolished in the mutants. Agonist-induced ERK 1/2 phosphorylation and receptor internalization were decreased in cells expressing the mutant receptors compared to those expressing the wild-type receptor. Our data suggest that the identified sites might participate in receptor phosphorylation, signaling, and internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Guzmán-Silva
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Ap. Postal 70-600, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Martínez-Morales
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Ap. Postal 70-600, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Luz Del Carmen Medina
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, División de CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Ciudad de México, 09340, Mexico
| | - M Teresa Romero-Ávila
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Ap. Postal 70-600, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Sócrates Villegas-Comonfort
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Ap. Postal 70-600, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Karina Helivier Solís
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Ap. Postal 70-600, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - J Adolfo García-Sáinz
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Ap. Postal 70-600, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico.
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6
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Martínez-Morales JC, Romero-Ávila MT, Reyes-Cruz G, García-Sáinz JA. Roles of receptor phosphorylation and Rab proteins in G protein-coupled receptor function and trafficking. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 101:144-153. [PMID: 34969830 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The G Protein-Coupled Receptors form the most abundant family of membrane proteins and are crucial physiological players in the homeostatic equilibrium, which we define as health. They also participate in the pathogenesis of many diseases and are frequent targets of therapeutic intervention. Considering their importance, it is not surprising that different mechanisms regulate their function, including desensitization, resensitization, internalization, recycling to the plasma membrane, and degradation. These processes are modulated in a highly coordinated and specific way by protein kinases and phosphatases, ubiquitin ligases, protein adaptors, interaction with multifunctional complexes, molecular motors, phospholipid metabolism, and membrane distribution. This review describes significant advances in the study of the regulation of these receptors by phosphorylation and endosomal traffic (where signaling can take place); we revisited the bar code hypothesis and include two additional observations: a) that different phosphorylation patterns seem to be associated with internalization and endosome sorting for recycling or degradation, and b) that, surprisingly, phosphorylation of some G protein-coupled receptors appears to be required for proper receptor insertion into the plasma membrane. Significance Statement G protein-coupled receptor phosphorylation is an early event in desensitization/ signaling switching, endosomal traffic, and internalization. These events seem crucial for receptor responsiveness, cellular localization, and fate (recycling/ degradation) with important pharmacological/ therapeutic implications. Phosphorylation sites vary depending on the cells in which they are expressed and on the stimulus that leads to such covalent modification. Surprisingly, evidence suggests that phosphorylation also seems to be required for proper insertion into the plasma membrane for some receptors.
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Renkhold L, Kollmann R, Inderwiedenstraße L, Kienitz MC. PKC-isoform specific regulation of receptor desensitization and KCNQ1/KCNE1 K + channel activity by mutant α 1B-adrenergic receptors. Cell Signal 2021; 91:110228. [PMID: 34958868 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Activation of a specific protein kinase C (PKC) isoform during stimulation of Gq protein-coupled receptors (GqPCRs) is determined by homologous receptor desensitization that controls the spatiotemporal formation of downstream Gq signalling molecules. Furthermore, GqPCR-activated PKC isoforms specifically regulate receptor activity via a negative feedback mechanism. In the present study, we investigated the contribution of several phosphorylation sites in the α1B-adrenergic receptor (α1B-AR) for PKC and G protein coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) to homologous receptor desensitization and effector modulation. We analyzed signalling events downstream to human wildtype α1B-ARs and α1B-ARs lacking PKC or GRK2 phosphorylation sites (Δ391-401, α1B-ΔPKC-AR and Δ402-520, α1B-ΔGRK-AR) by means of FRET-based biosensors in HEK293 that served as online-assays of receptor activity. K+ currents through KCNQ1/KCNE1 channels (IKs), which are regulated by both phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)-depletion and/or phosphorylation by PKC, were measured as a functional readout of wildtype and mutant α1B-AR receptor activity. As a novel finding, we provide evidence that deletion of PKC and GRK2 phosphorylation sites in α1B-ARs abrogates the contribution of PKCα to homologous receptor desensitization. Instead, the time course of mutant receptor activity was specifically modulated by PKCβ. Mutant α1B-ARs displayed pronounced homologous receptor desensitization that was abolished by PKCβ-specific pharmacological inhibitors. IKs modulation during stimulation of wildtype and mutant α1B-ARs displayed transient inhibition and current facilitation after agonist withdrawal with reduced capability of mutant α1B-ARs to induce IKs inhibition. Pharmacological inhibition of the PKCβ isoform did not augment IKs reduction by mutant α1B-ARs, but shifted IKs modulation towards current facilitation. Coexpression of an inactive (dominant-negative) PKCδ isoform (DN-PKCδ) abolished IKs facilitation in α1B-ΔGRK-AR-expressing cells, but not in α1B-ΔPKC-AR-expressing cells. The data indicate that the differential modulation of IKs activity by α1B-ΔGRK- and α1B-ΔPKC-receptors is attributed to the activation of entirely distinct novel PKC isoforms. To summarize, specific phosphorylation sites within the wildtype and mutant α1B-adrenergic receptors are targeted by different PKC isoforms, resulting in differential regulation of receptor desensitization and effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Renkhold
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, D-48149 Münster, Deutschland, Germany
| | - Rike Kollmann
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Leonie Inderwiedenstraße
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Marie-Cecile Kienitz
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.
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de-Los-Santos-Cocotle G, Martínez-Morales JC, Romero-Ávila MT, Reyes-Cruz G, García-Sáinz JA. Effects of agonists and phorbol esters on α 1A-adrenergic receptor-Rab protein interactions. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 885:173423. [PMID: 32750368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In a cell line, stably expressing α1A-adrenoceptors fused to the mCherry red fluorescent protein, noradrenaline, methoxamine, and oxymetazoline induced concentration-dependent increases in intracellular calcium. All of these agents increase α1A-adrenoceptor phosphorylation and internalization. Transient co-expression of these receptors with Rab proteins tagged with the enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein was employed to estimate α1A-adrenoceptor-Rab interaction using Förster Resonance Energy Transfer. Noradrenaline and methoxamine increased α1A-adrenoceptor interaction with Rab5 and Rab7 but did not modify it with Rab9. Oxymetazoline induced adrenoceptor interaction with Rab5 and Rab9 and only an insignificant increase in Rab7 signal. Phorbol myristate acetate increased α1A-adrenoceptor interaction with Rab5 and Rab9 but did not modify it with Rab7. The agonists and the active phorbol ester, all of which induce receptor phosphorylation and internalization, favor receptor interaction with Rab5, i.e., association with early endosomes. Cell stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate induced the α1A-adrenoceptors to interact with the late endosomal marker, Rab9, suggesting that the receptors are directed to slow recycling endosomes once they have transited to the Trans-Golgi network to be retrieved to the plasma membrane. The agonists noradrenaline and methoxamine likely induce a faster recycling and might direct some of the adrenoceptors toward degradation and/or very slow recycling to the plasma membrane. Oxymetazoline produced a mixed pattern of interaction with the Rab proteins. These data indicate that α1A-adrenoceptor agonists can trigger different vesicular traffic and receptor fates within the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo de-Los-Santos-Cocotle
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Martínez-Morales
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Teresa Romero-Ávila
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Reyes-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional-CINVESTAV, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508; Col, San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Adolfo García-Sáinz
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Alcántara-Hernández R, Carmona-Rosas G, Hernández-Espinosa DA, García-Sáinz JA. Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 modulates α 1A-adrenergic receptor action and regulation. Eur J Cell Biol 2020; 99:151072. [PMID: 32113707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2020.151072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibility that glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) could modulate α1A-adrenergic receptor (α1A-AR) function and regulation was tested employing LNCaP and HEK293 cells transfected to express the enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged human α1A-AR. Receptor phosphorylation and internalization, intracellular free calcium, α1A-AR-GSK3 colocalization, and coimmunoprecipitation were studied. The effects of the pharmacological GSK3 inhibitor, SB-216763, and the coexpression of a dominant-negative mutant of this kinase, as well as the signaling, desensitization, and internalization of receptors with S229, S258, S352, and S381 substitutions for alanine or aspartate, were also determined. SB-216763 inhibited agonist- and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-mediated α1A-AR phosphorylation, reduced oxymetazoline-induced desensitization, and magnified that induced by PMA. Agonists and PMA increased receptor-GSK3 colocalization and coimmunoprecipitation. Expression of a dominant-negative GSK3 mutant reduced agonist- but not PMA-induced receptor internalization. α1A-AR with the GSK3 putative target sites mutated to alanine exhibited reduced phosphorylation and internalization in response to agonists and increased PMA-induced desensitization. Agonist-induced, but not PMA-induced, receptor-β arrestin intracellular colocalization was diminished in cells expressing the GSK3 putative target sites mutated to alanine. Our data indicated that GSK3 exerts a dual action on α1A-AR participating in agonist-mediated desensitization and internalization and avoiding PMA-induced desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Alcántara-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Carmona-Rosas
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - David A Hernández-Espinosa
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - J Adolfo García-Sáinz
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Roles of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 and Rab5 in α 1B-adrenergic receptor function and internalization. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 867:172846. [PMID: 31811856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cells expressing eGFP-tagged Rab5 (wild-type or the GDP-Rab5 mutant) and the DsRed-tagged α1B-adrenergic receptors were employed and the roles of GRK2 were studied utilizing paroxetine and the dominant-negative mutant of GRK2 (DN-GRK2). The following parameters were studied: a) FRET (as an index of α1B-adrenergic receptor-Rab5 interaction): b) intracellular accumulation of DsRed fluorescence (receptor internalization); c) α1B-adrenergic receptor phosphorylation, and d) noradrenaline-induced increase in intracellular calcium concentration. Noradrenaline increased α1B-adrenergic receptor-Rab5 interaction, which was blocked by paroxetine and by expression of the dominant-negative GRK2 mutant. Similarly, paroxetine and expression of the DN-GRK2 or the GDP-Rab5 mutants markedly decreased receptor internalization, α1B-adrenergic receptor phosphorylation, and attenuated the ability of the adrenergic agonist to induce homologous desensitization (calcium signaling). The S406, 410,412A α1B-adrenergic receptor mutant did not reproduce the actions of GRK2 inhibition. The data indicate that GRK2 and Rab5 play key roles in α1B-adrenergic receptor phosphorylation, internalization, and desensitization. The possibility that Rab5 might form part of a signaling complex is suggested, as well as that GDP-Rab5 might interfere with the ability of GRK2 to catalyze α1B-adrenergic receptor phosphorylation.
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11
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Hernández-Espinosa DA, Carmona-Rosas G, Alfonzo-Méndez MA, Alcántara-Hernández R, García-Sáinz JA. Sites phosphorylated in human α 1B-adrenoceptors in response to noradrenaline and phorbol myristate acetate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:1509-1519. [PMID: 31325464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the human α1B-adrenergic receptor (fused with the green fluorescent protein) was studied employing the inducible Flp-ln HEK293 T-Rex system for expression. Serine/alanine substitutions were performed in five sites corresponding to those previously identified as phosphorylation targets in the hamster ortholog. Desensitization was decreased in these mutants but receptor phosphorylation was still clearly detected. The protein phosphorylation of the wild-type receptor (fused to the green fluorescent protein) was studied, using mass spectrometry, under baseline and stimulated conditions (noradrenaline or phorbol myristate acetate). Basal phosphorylation was detected at sites located at the intracellular loop 3 and carboxyl terminus, and the number of sites detected increased under agonist activation and stimulation of protein kinase C. The phosphorylation patterns differed under the distinct conditions. Three of the phosphorylation sites detected in this work corresponded to those observed in the hamster receptor. The phosphorylation sites detected included the following: a) at the intracellular loop 3: serines 246, 248, 257, 267, and 277; and threonines 252, 264, and 268, and b) at the carboxyl terminus: serines 396, 400, 402, 406, 423, 425, 427, 455, and 470, and threonines 387, 392, 420, and 475. Our data indicate that complex phosphorylation patterns exist and suggest the possibility that such differences could be relevant in receptor function and subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hernández-Espinosa
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Postal 70-248, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Carmona-Rosas
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Postal 70-248, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Marco A Alfonzo-Méndez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Postal 70-248, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Rocío Alcántara-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Postal 70-248, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico
| | - J Adolfo García-Sáinz
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Postal 70-248, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico.
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12
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Akinaga J, García-Sáinz JA, S Pupo A. Updates in the function and regulation of α 1 -adrenoceptors. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:2343-2357. [PMID: 30740663 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
α1 -Adrenoceptors are seven transmembrane domain GPCRs involved in numerous physiological functions controlled by the endogenous catecholamines, noradrenaline and adrenaline, and targeted by drugs useful in therapeutics. Three separate genes, whose products are named α1A -, α1B -, and α1D - adrenoceptors, encode these receptors. Although the existence of multiple α1 -adrenoceptors has been acknowledged for almost 25 years, the specific functions regulated by each subtype are still largely unknown. Despite the limited comprehension, the identification of a single class of subtype-selective ligands for the α1A - adrenoceptors, the so-called α-blockers for prostate dysfunction, has led to major improvement in therapeutics, demonstrating the need for continued efforts in the field. This review article surveys the tissue distribution of the three α1 -adrenoceptor subtypes in the cardiovascular system, genitourinary system, and CNS, highlighting the functions already identified as mediated by the predominant activation of specific subtypes. In addition, this review covers the recent advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of each of the α1 -adrenoceptor subtypes by phosphorylation and interaction with proteins involved in their desensitization and internalization. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Adrenoceptors-New Roles for Old Players. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Akinaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - J Adolfo García-Sáinz
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - André S Pupo
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
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S1P 1 receptor phosphorylation, internalization, and interaction with Rab proteins: effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate, FTY720-P, phorbol esters, and paroxetine. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181612. [PMID: 30366961 PMCID: PMC6294635 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and FTY720-phosphate (FTYp) increased intracellular calcium in cells expressing S1P1 mCherry-tagged receptors; the synthetic agonist was considerably less potent. Activation of protein kinase C by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) blocked these effects. The three agents induced receptor phosphorylation and internalization, with the action of FTYp being more intense. S1P1 receptor–Rab protein (GFP-tagged) interaction was studied using FRET. The three agents were able to induce S1P1 receptor–Rab5 interaction, although with different time courses. S1P1 receptor–Rab9 interaction was mainly increased by the phorbol ester, whereas S1P1 receptor–Rab7 interaction was only increased by FTYp and after a 30-min incubation. These actions were not observed using dominant negative (GDP-bound) Rab protein mutants. The data suggested that the three agents induce interaction with early endosomes, but that the natural agonist induced rapid receptor recycling, whereas activation of protein kinase C favored interaction with late endosome and slow recycling and FTYp triggered receptor interaction with vesicles associated with proteasomal/lysosomal degradation. The ability of bisindolylmaleimide I and paroxetine to block some of these actions suggested the activation of protein kinase C was associated mainly with the action of PMA, whereas G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) 2 (GRK2) was involved in the action of the three agents.
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Distinct phosphorylation sites/clusters in the carboxyl terminus regulate α 1D-adrenergic receptor subcellular localization and signaling. Cell Signal 2018; 53:374-389. [PMID: 30419287 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The human α1D-adrenergic receptor is a seven transmembrane-domain protein that mediates many of the physiological actions of adrenaline and noradrenaline and participates in the development of hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia. We recently reported that different phosphorylation patterns control α1D-adrenergic receptor desensitization. However, to our knowledge, there is no data regarding the role(s) of this receptor's specific phosphorylation residues in its subcellular localization and signaling. In order to address this issue, we mutated the identified phosphorylated residues located on the third intracellular loop and carboxyl tail. In this way, we experimentally confirmed α1D-AR phosphorylation sites and identified, in the carboxyl tail, two groups of residues in close proximity to each other, as well as two individual residues in the proximal (T442) and distal (S543) regions. Our results indicate that phosphorylation of the distal cluster (T507, S515, S516 and S518) favors α1D-AR localization at the plasma membrane, i. e., substitution of these residues for non-phosphorylatable amino acids results in the intracellular localization of the receptors, whereas phospho-mimetic substitution allows plasma membrane localization. Moreover, we found that T442 phosphorylation is necessary for agonist- and phorbol ester-induced receptor colocalization with β-arrestins. Additionally, we observed that substitution of intracellular loop 3 phosphorylation sites for non-phosphorylatable amino acids resulted in sustained ERK1/2 activation; additional mutations in the phosphorylated residues in the carboxyl tail did not alter this pattern. In contrast, mobilization of intracellular calcium and receptor internalization appear to be controlled by the phosphorylation of both third-intracellular-loop and carboxyl terminus-domain residues. In summary, our data indicate that a) both the phosphorylation sites present in the third intracellular loop and in the carboxyl terminus participate in triggering calcium signaling and in turning-off α1D-AR-induced ERK activation; b) phosphorylation of the distal cluster appears to play a role in receptor's plasma membrane localization; and c) T442 appears to play a critical role in receptor phosphorylation and receptor-β-arrestin colocalization.
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Carmona-Rosas G, Alcántara-Hernández R, Hernández-Espinosa DA. The role of β-arrestins in G protein-coupled receptor heterologous desensitization: A brief story. Methods Cell Biol 2018; 149:195-204. [PMID: 30616820 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are transmembrane proteins that have an important impact in a myriad of cellular functions. Posttranslational modifications on GPCRs are a key processes that allow these proteins to recruit other intracellular molecules. Among these modifications, phosphorylation is the most important way of desensitization of these receptors. Several research groups have described two different desensitization mechanisms: heterologous and homologous desensitization. The first one involves the phosphorylation of the receptors by protein kinases, such as PKC, following the desensitization and internalization of the receptor, while the second one involves the phosphorylation of the receptors by GRKs, allowing for the receptor to recruit β-arrestins to be desensitized and internalized. Interestingly, a few number of studies have described the participation of β-arrestins during the heterologous desensitization process. Hence, the aim of this review is to briefly explore the role that β-arrestins play during the heterologous desensitization of several GPCRs.
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Alfonzo-Méndez MA, Carmona-Rosas G, Hernández-Espinosa DA, Romero-Ávila MT, García-Sáinz JA. Different phosphorylation patterns regulate α 1D-adrenoceptor signaling and desensitization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:842-854. [PMID: 29551601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human α1D-adrenoceptors (α1D-ARs) are a group of the seven transmembrane-spanning proteins that mediate many of the physiological and pathophysiological actions of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Although it is known that α1D-ARs are phosphoproteins, their specific phosphorylation sites and the kinases involved in their phosphorylation remain largely unknown. Using a combination of in silico analysis, mass spectrometry and site directed mutagenesis, we identified distinct α1D-AR phosphorylation patterns during noradrenaline- or phorbol ester-mediated desensitizations. We found that the G protein coupled receptor kinase, GRK2, and conventional protein kinases C isoforms α/β, phosphorylate α1D-AR during these processes. Furthermore, we showed that the phosphorylated residues are located in the receptor's third intracellular loop (S300, S323, T328, S331, S332, S334) and carboxyl region (S441, T442, T477, S486, S492, T507, S515, S516, S518, S543) and are conserved among orthologues but are not conserved among the other human α1-adrenoceptor subtypes. Additionally, we found that phosphorylation in either the third intracellular loop or carboxyl tail was sufficient to regulate calcium signaling desensitization. By contrast, mutations in either of these two domains significantly altered mitogen activated protein kinase (ERK) pathway and receptor internalization, suggesting that they have differential regulatory mechanisms. Our data provide new insights into the functional repercussions of these posttranslational modifications in signaling outcomes and desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Alfonzo-Méndez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Postal 70-248, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Carmona-Rosas
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Postal 70-248, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico
| | - David A Hernández-Espinosa
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Postal 70-248, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico
| | - M Teresa Romero-Ávila
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Postal 70-248, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico
| | - J Adolfo García-Sáinz
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Postal 70-248, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico.
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