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Mahadevan L, Arya H, Droste A, Schliebs W, Erdmann R, Kalel VC. PEX1 is essential for glycosome biogenesis and trypanosomatid parasite survival. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1274506. [PMID: 38510966 PMCID: PMC10952002 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1274506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatid parasites are kinetoplastid protists that compartmentalize glycolytic enzymes in unique peroxisome-related organelles called glycosomes. The heterohexameric AAA-ATPase complex of PEX1-PEX6 is anchored to the peroxisomal membrane and functions in the export of matrix protein import receptor PEX5 from the peroxisomal membrane. Defects in PEX1, PEX6 or their membrane anchor causes dysfunction of peroxisomal matrix protein import cycle. In this study, we functionally characterized a putative Trypanosoma PEX1 orthologue by bioinformatic and experimental approaches and show that it is a true PEX1 orthologue. Using yeast two-hybrid analysis, we demonstrate that TbPEX1 can bind to TbPEX6. Endogenously tagged TbPEX1 localizes to glycosomes in the T. brucei parasites. Depletion of PEX1 gene expression by RNA interference causes lethality to the bloodstream form trypanosomes, due to a partial mislocalization of glycosomal enzymes to the cytosol and ATP depletion. TbPEX1 RNAi leads to a selective proteasomal degradation of both matrix protein import receptors TbPEX5 and TbPEX7. Unlike in yeast, PEX1 depletion did not result in an accumulation of ubiquitinated TbPEX5 in trypanosomes. As PEX1 turned out to be essential for trypanosomatid parasites, it could provide a suitable drug target for parasitic diseases. The results also suggest that these parasites possess a highly efficient quality control mechanism that exports the import receptors from glycosomes to the cytosol in the absence of a functional TbPEX1-TbPEX6 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ralf Erdmann
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Vishal C. Kalel
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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2
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Záhonová K, Low RS, Warren CJ, Cantoni D, Herman EK, Yiangou L, Ribeiro CA, Phanprasert Y, Brown IR, Rueckert S, Baker NL, Tachezy J, Betts EL, Gentekaki E, van der Giezen M, Clark CG, Jackson AP, Dacks JB, Tsaousis AD. Evolutionary analysis of cellular reduction and anaerobicity in the hyper-prevalent gut microbe Blastocystis. Curr Biol 2023:S0960-9822(23)00620-6. [PMID: 37267944 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Blastocystis is the most prevalent microbial eukaryote in the human and animal gut, yet its role as commensal or parasite is still under debate. Blastocystis has clearly undergone evolutionary adaptation to the gut environment and possesses minimal cellular compartmentalization, reduced anaerobic mitochondria, no flagella, and no reported peroxisomes. To address this poorly understood evolutionary transition, we have taken a multi-disciplinary approach to characterize Proteromonas lacertae, the closest canonical stramenopile relative of Blastocystis. Genomic data reveal an abundance of unique genes in P. lacertae but also reductive evolution of the genomic complement in Blastocystis. Comparative genomic analysis sheds light on flagellar evolution, including 37 new candidate components implicated with mastigonemes, the stramenopile morphological hallmark. The P. lacertae membrane-trafficking system (MTS) complement is only slightly more canonical than that of Blastocystis, but notably, we identified that both organisms encode the complete enigmatic endocytic TSET complex, a first for the entire stramenopile lineage. Investigation also details the modulation of mitochondrial composition and metabolism in both P. lacertae and Blastocystis. Unexpectedly, we identify in P. lacertae the most reduced peroxisome-derived organelle reported to date, which leads us to speculate on a mechanism of constraint guiding the dynamics of peroxisome-mitochondrion reductive evolution on the path to anaerobiosis. Overall, these analyses provide a launching point to investigate organellar evolution and reveal in detail the evolutionary path that Blastocystis has taken from a canonical flagellated protist to the hyper-divergent and hyper-prevalent animal and human gut microbe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristína Záhonová
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 1-124 Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Avenue, Edmonton T6G 2G3, Canada; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 1160/31, České Budějovice (Budweis) 370 05, Czech Republic; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, Vestec 252 50, Czech Republic; Life Science Research Centre, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, Ostrava 710 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ross S Low
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; The Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Christopher J Warren
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Stacey Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Diego Cantoni
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Stacey Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Emily K Herman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 1-124 Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Avenue, Edmonton T6G 2G3, Canada; Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Life, and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, 2-31 General Services Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada
| | - Lyto Yiangou
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Stacey Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Cláudia A Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Stacey Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Yasinee Phanprasert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 1-124 Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Avenue, Edmonton T6G 2G3, Canada; School of Science, Mae Fah Luang Universit, 333 Moo 1, T. Tasud, Muang District, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Ian R Brown
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Stacey Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Sonja Rueckert
- School of Applied Sciences, Sighthill Campus, Room 3.B.36, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, Scotland; Faculty of Biology, AG Eukaryotische Mikrobiologie, Universitätsstrasse 5, S05 R04 H83, Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Nicola L Baker
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Stacey Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Jan Tachezy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, Vestec 252 50, Czech Republic
| | - Emma L Betts
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Stacey Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK; School of Applied Sciences, Sighthill Campus, Room 3.B.36, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, Scotland
| | - Eleni Gentekaki
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang Universit, 333 Moo 1, T. Tasud, Muang District, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; Gut Microbiome Research Group, Mae Fah Luang University, 333 Moo 1, T. Tasud, Muang District, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Mark van der Giezen
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger Richard Johnsens Gate 4, 4021 Stavanger, Norway; Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - C Graham Clark
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Andrew P Jackson
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joel B Dacks
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 1-124 Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Avenue, Edmonton T6G 2G3, Canada; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 1160/31, České Budějovice (Budweis) 370 05, Czech Republic; Centre for Life's Origin and Evolution, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Anastasios D Tsaousis
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Stacey Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK.
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3
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Chou SE, Kalel VC, Erdmann R. Biochemical Fractionation of Trypanosomes for the Analysis of Glycosomal Protein Import Defects. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2643:445-453. [PMID: 36952205 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3048-8_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Insect-transmitted trypanosomatid parasite infections cause life-threatening neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), including African sleeping sickness, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. In these parasites, glycosomes are unique organelles that are essential for the parasite survival. Proper biogenesis of glycosomes is crucial to ensure correct compartmentation of the glycosomal metabolism. Genetic or chemical disruption of the glycosome biogenesis leads to a mislocalization of the glycosomal enzymes into the cytosol, which results in toxicity to the parasites. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for biochemical fractionation of Trypanosoma brucei parasites to detect mislocalization of glycosomal proteins to the cytosol. This approach utilizes increasing concentrations of digitonin that first permeabilizes the plasma membrane, followed by permeabilization of other organelles, depending on their cholesterol content. Fractionated samples can be further analyzed using immunoblotting for specific marker proteins or quantified by the specific enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-En Chou
- Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry Department of Systems Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Vishal C Kalel
- Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry Department of Systems Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Ralf Erdmann
- Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry Department of Systems Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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4
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Andrade-Alviárez D, Bonive-Boscan AD, Cáceres AJ, Quiñones W, Gualdrón-López M, Ginger ML, Michels PAM. Delineating transitions during the evolution of specialised peroxisomes: Glycosome formation in kinetoplastid and diplonemid protists. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:979269. [PMID: 36172271 PMCID: PMC9512073 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.979269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
One peculiarity of protists belonging to classes Kinetoplastea and Diplonemea within the phylum Euglenozoa is compartmentalisation of most glycolytic enzymes within peroxisomes that are hence called glycosomes. This pathway is not sequestered in peroxisomes of the third Euglenozoan class, Euglenida. Previous analysis of well-studied kinetoplastids, the ‘TriTryps’ parasites Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp., identified within glycosomes other metabolic processes usually not present in peroxisomes. In addition, trypanosomatid peroxins, i.e. proteins involved in biogenesis of these organelles, are divergent from human and yeast orthologues. In recent years, genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes for a variety of euglenozoans have become available. Here, we track the possible evolution of glycosomes by querying these databases, as well as the genome of Naegleria gruberi, a non-euglenozoan, which belongs to the same protist supergroup Discoba. We searched for orthologues of TriTryps proteins involved in glycosomal metabolism and biogenesis. Predicted cellular location(s) of each metabolic enzyme identified was inferred from presence or absence of peroxisomal-targeting signals. Combined with a survey of relevant literature, we refine extensively our previously postulated hypothesis about glycosome evolution. The data agree glycolysis was compartmentalised in a common ancestor of the kinetoplastids and diplonemids, yet additionally indicates most other processes found in glycosomes of extant trypanosomatids, but not in peroxisomes of other eukaryotes were either sequestered in this ancestor or shortly after separation of the two lineages. In contrast, peroxin divergence is evident in all euglenozoans. Following their gain of pathway complexity, subsequent evolution of peroxisome/glycosome function is complex. We hypothesize compartmentalisation in glycosomes of glycolytic enzymes, their cofactors and subsequently other metabolic enzymes provided selective advantage to kinetoplastids and diplonemids during their evolution in changing marine environments. We contend two specific properties derived from the ancestral peroxisomes were key: existence of nonselective pores for small solutes and the possibility of high turnover by pexophagy. Critically, such pores and pexophagy are characterised in extant trypanosomatids. Increasing amenability of free-living kinetoplastids and recently isolated diplonemids to experimental study means our hypothesis and interpretation of bioinformatic data are suited to experimental interrogation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Andrade-Alviárez
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Alejandro D. Bonive-Boscan
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Ana J. Cáceres
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Wilfredo Quiñones
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | | | - Michael L. Ginger
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A. M. Michels
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution and Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Paul A. M. Michels,
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5
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Michels PAM, Gualdrón-López M. Biogenesis and metabolic homeostasis of trypanosomatid glycosomes: new insights and new questions. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2022; 69:e12897. [PMID: 35175680 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Kinetoplastea and Diplonemea possess peroxisome-related organelles that, uniquely, contain most of the enzymes of the glycolytic pathway and are hence called glycosomes. Enzymes of several other core metabolic pathways have also been located in glycosomes, in addition to some characteristic peroxisomal systems such as pathways of lipid metabolism. A considerable amount of research has been performed on glycosomes of trypanosomes since their discovery four decades ago. Not only the role of the glycosomal enzyme systems in the overall cell metabolism appeared to be unique, but the organelles display also remarkable features regarding their biogenesis and structural properties. These features are similar to those of the well-studied peroxisomes of mammalian and plant cells and yeasts yet exhibit also differences reflecting the large evolutionary distance between these protists and the representatives of other major eukaryotic lineages. Despite all research performed, many questions remain about various properties and the biological roles of glycosomes and peroxisomes. Here we review the current knowledge about glycosomes, often comparing it with information about peroxisomes. Furthermore, we highlight particularly many questions that remain about the biogenesis, and the heterogeneity in structure and content of these enigmatic organelles, and the properties of their boundary membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A M Michels
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution and Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Melisa Gualdrón-López
- Instituto Salud Global, Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, and Institute for Health Sciences Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Li M, Gaussmann S, Tippler B, Ott J, Popowicz GM, Schliebs W, Sattler M, Erdmann R, Kalel VC. Novel Trypanocidal Inhibitors that Block Glycosome Biogenesis by Targeting PEX3-PEX19 Interaction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:737159. [PMID: 34988071 PMCID: PMC8721105 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.737159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pathogenic trypanosomatid parasites harbor a unique form of peroxisomes termed glycosomes that are essential for parasite viability. We and others previously identified and characterized the essential Trypanosoma brucei ortholog TbPEX3, which is the membrane-docking factor for the cytosolic receptor PEX19 bound to the glycosomal membrane proteins. Knockdown of TbPEX3 expression leads to mislocalization of glycosomal membrane and matrix proteins, and subsequent cell death. As an early step in glycosome biogenesis, the PEX3–PEX19 interaction is an attractive drug target. We established a high-throughput assay for TbPEX3–TbPEX19 interaction and screened a compound library for small-molecule inhibitors. Hits from the screen were further validated using an in vitro ELISA assay. We identified three compounds, which exhibit significant trypanocidal activity but show no apparent toxicity to human cells. Furthermore, we show that these compounds lead to mislocalization of glycosomal proteins, which is toxic to the trypanosomes. Moreover, NMR-based experiments indicate that the inhibitors bind to PEX3. The inhibitors interfering with glycosomal biogenesis by targeting the TbPEX3–TbPEX19 interaction serve as starting points for further optimization and anti-trypanosomal drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqiao Li
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Gaussmann
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Bavarian NMR Center, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Bettina Tippler
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia Ott
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Grzegorz M Popowicz
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Bavarian NMR Center, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schliebs
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Bavarian NMR Center, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Ralf Erdmann
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Vishal C Kalel
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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7
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Verner Z, Žárský V, Le T, Narayanasamy RK, Rada P, Rozbeský D, Makki A, Belišová D, Hrdý I, Vancová M, Lender C, König C, Bruchhaus I, Tachezy J. Anaerobic peroxisomes in Entamoeba histolytica metabolize myo-inositol. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010041. [PMID: 34780573 PMCID: PMC8629394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is believed to be devoid of peroxisomes, like most anaerobic protists. In this work, we provided the first evidence that peroxisomes are present in E. histolytica, although only seven proteins responsible for peroxisome biogenesis (peroxins) were identified (Pex1, Pex6, Pex5, Pex11, Pex14, Pex16, and Pex19). Targeting matrix proteins to peroxisomes is reduced to the PTS1-dependent pathway mediated via the soluble Pex5 receptor, while the PTS2 receptor Pex7 is absent. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that peroxisomal markers (Pex5, Pex14, Pex16, Pex19) are present in vesicles distinct from mitosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the endosome/phagosome system, except Pex11, which has dual localization in peroxisomes and mitosomes. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that Pex14 localized to vesicles of approximately 90-100 nm in diameter. Proteomic analyses of affinity-purified peroxisomes and in silico PTS1 predictions provided datasets of 655 and 56 peroxisomal candidates, respectively; however, only six proteins were shared by both datasets, including myo-inositol dehydrogenase (myo-IDH). Peroxisomal NAD-dependent myo-IDH appeared to be a dimeric enzyme with high affinity to myo-inositol (Km 0.044 mM) and can utilize also scyllo-inositol, D-glucose and D-xylose as substrates. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that orthologs of myo-IDH with PTS1 are present in E. dispar, E. nutalli and E. moshkovskii but not in E. invadens, and form a monophyletic clade of mostly peroxisomal orthologs with free-living Mastigamoeba balamuthi and Pelomyxa schiedti. The presence of peroxisomes in E. histolytica and other archamoebae breaks the paradigm of peroxisome absence in anaerobes and provides a new potential target for the development of antiparasitic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Verner
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Žárský
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Tien Le
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ravi Kumar Narayanasamy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Rada
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Rozbeský
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Abhijith Makki
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Darja Belišová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Hrdý
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Vancová
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Corinna Lender
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Constantin König
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Iris Bruchhaus
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Tachezy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
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8
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Banerjee H, LaPointe P, Eitzen G, Rachubinski RA. A Small Molecule Inhibitor of Pex3-Pex19 Interaction Disrupts Glycosome Biogenesis and Causes Lethality in Trypanosoma brucei. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:703603. [PMID: 34350186 PMCID: PMC8326762 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.703603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatid parasites, including Trypanosoma and Leishmania, are infectious zoonotic agents for a number of severe diseases such as African sleeping sickness and American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) that affect millions of people, mostly in the emergent world. The glycosome is a specialized member of the peroxisome family of organelles found in trypanosomatids. These organelles compartmentalize essential enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, making them a prime target for drugs that can kill these organisms by interfering with either their biochemical functions or their formation. Glycosome biogenesis, like peroxisome biogenesis, is controlled by a group of proteins called peroxins (Pex). Pex3 is an early acting peroxin that docks Pex19, the receptor for peroxisomal membrane proteins, to initiate biogenesis of peroxisomes from the endoplasmic reticulum. Identification of Pex3 as the essential master regulator of glycosome biogenesis has implications in developing small molecule inhibitors that can impede Pex3–Pex19 interaction. Low amino acid sequence conservation between trypanosomatid Pex3 and human Pex3 (HsPex3) would aid in the identification of small molecule inhibitors that selectively interfere with the trypanosomatid Pex3–Pex19 interaction. We tested a library of pharmacologically active compounds in a modified yeast two-hybrid assay and identified a compound that preferentially inhibited the interaction of Trypanosoma brucei Pex3 and Pex19 versus HsPex3 and Pex19. Addition of this compound to either the insect or bloodstream form of T. brucei disrupted glycosome biogenesis, leading to mislocalization of glycosomal enzymes to the cytosol and lethality for the parasite. Our results show that preferential disruption of trypanosomal Pex3 function by small molecule inhibitors could help in the accelerated development of drugs for the treatment of trypanosomiases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiren Banerjee
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Paul LaPointe
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gary Eitzen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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9
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Dahan N, Francisco T, Falter C, Rodrigues T, Kalel V, Kunze M, Hansen T, Schliebs W, Erdmann R. Current advances in the function and biogenesis of peroxisomes and their roles in health and disease. Histochem Cell Biol 2021; 155:513-524. [PMID: 33818645 PMCID: PMC8062356 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-01982-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noa Dahan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tania Francisco
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Christian Falter
- Plant Biochemistry and Infection Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tony Rodrigues
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vishal Kalel
- Department System Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Universitätstr.150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Markus Kunze
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Hansen
- Department System Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Universitätstr.150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schliebs
- Department System Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Universitätstr.150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Erdmann
- Department System Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Universitätstr.150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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10
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Glycosome heterogeneity in kinetoplastids. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:29-39. [PMID: 33439256 PMCID: PMC7925000 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Kinetoplastid parasites have essential organelles called glycosomes that are analogous to peroxisomes present in other eukaryotes. While many of the processes that regulate glycosomes are conserved, there are several unique aspects of their biology that are divergent from other systems and may be leveraged as therapeutic targets for the treatment of kinetoplastid diseases. Glycosomes are heterogeneous organelles that likely exist as sub-populations with different protein composition and function in a given cell, between individual cells, and between species. However, the limitations posed by the small size of these organelles makes the study of this heterogeneity difficult. Recent advances in the analysis of small vesicles by flow-cytometry provide an opportunity to overcome these limitations. In this review, we describe studies that document the diverse nature of glycosomes and propose an approach to using flow cytometry and organelle sorting to study the diverse composition and function of these organelles. Because the cellular machinery that regulates glycosome protein import and biogenesis is likely to contribute, at least in part, to glycosome heterogeneity we highlight some ways in which the glycosome protein import machinery differs from that of peroxisomes in other eukaryotes.
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11
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Mast FD, Rachubinski RA, Aitchison JD. Peroxisome prognostications: Exploring the birth, life, and death of an organelle. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133827. [PMID: 32211898 PMCID: PMC7054992 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201912100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes play a central role in human health and have biochemical properties that promote their use in many biotechnology settings. With a primary role in lipid metabolism, peroxisomes share a niche with lipid droplets within the endomembrane-secretory system. Notably, factors in the ER required for the biogenesis of peroxisomes also impact the formation of lipid droplets. The dynamic interface between peroxisomes and lipid droplets, and also between these organelles and the ER and mitochondria, controls their metabolic flux and their dynamics. Here, we review our understanding of peroxisome biogenesis to propose and reframe models for understanding how peroxisomes are formed in cells. To more fully understand the roles of peroxisomes and to take advantage of their many properties that may prove useful in novel therapeutics or biotechnology applications, we recast mechanisms controlling peroxisome biogenesis in a framework that integrates inference from these models with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred D Mast
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle WA
| | | | - John D Aitchison
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle WA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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12
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Quiñones W, Acosta H, Gonçalves CS, Motta MCM, Gualdrón-López M, Michels PAM. Structure, Properties, and Function of Glycosomes in Trypanosoma cruzi. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:25. [PMID: 32083023 PMCID: PMC7005584 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosomes are peroxisome-related organelles that have been identified in kinetoplastids and diplonemids. The hallmark of glycosomes is their harboring of the majority of the glycolytic enzymes. Our biochemical studies and proteome analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi glycosomes have located, in addition to enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, enzymes of several other metabolic processes in the organelles. These analyses revealed many aspects in common with glycosomes from other trypanosomatids as well as features that seem specific for T. cruzi. Their enzyme content indicates that T. cruzi glycosomes are multifunctional organelles, involved in both several catabolic processes such as glycolysis and anabolic ones. Specifically discussed in this minireview are the cross-talk between glycosomal metabolism and metabolic processes occurring in other cell compartments, and the importance of metabolite translocation systems in the glycosomal membrane to enable the coordination between the spatially separated processes. Possible mechanisms for metabolite translocation across the membrane are suggested by proteins identified in the organelle's membrane-homologs of the ABC and MCF transporter families-and the presence of channels as inferred previously from the detection of channel-forming proteins in glycosomal membrane preparations from the related parasite T. brucei. Together, these data provide insight in the way in which different parts of T. cruzi metabolism, although uniquely distributed over different compartments, are integrated and regulated. Moreover, this information reveals opportunities for the development of drugs against Chagas disease caused by these parasites and for which currently no adequate treatment is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo Quiñones
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Héctor Acosta
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Camila Silva Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina M Motta
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Melisa Gualdrón-López
- Instituto Salud Global, Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, and Institute for Health Sciences Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul A M Michels
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution and Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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