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Liu B, Wang B, Wang Z, Meng Y, Li Y, Li L, Wang J, Zhai M, Liu R, Wei F. Near-Infrared Light-Controlled MicroRNA-21-Loaded Upconversion Nanoparticles to Promote Bone Formation in the Midpalatal Suture. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:43503-43514. [PMID: 37694956 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Rapid maxillary expansion (RME) is a common therapy for maxillary transverse deficiency. However, relapses after RME usually occur because of insufficient bone formation. MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) was reported as an important post-transcriptional modulator for osteogenesis. Herein, a photocontrolled miR-21 (PC-miR-21)-loaded nanosystem using upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) modified with poly(ether imide) (PEI), i.e., UCNPs@PEI@PC-miR-21, was constructed to promote bone formation in the midpalatal suture. UCNPs@PEI was constructed as the light transducer and delivery carrier. The UCNPs@PEI@PC-miR-21 nanocomplexes have good aqueous dispersibility and biocompatibility. The in vitro cell experiment suggested that UCNPs@PEI could protect PC-miR-21 from biodegradation and release PC-miR-21 into the cytoplasm under near-infrared light (NIR) irradiation. Furthermore, UCNPs@PEI@PC-miR-21 upregulated the expression of the osteogenic key markers, ALP, RUNX2, and COL1A1, at the levels of both genes and proteins. Besides, the results of the in vivo RME mice models further corroborated that photocontrollable UCNPs@PEI@PC-miR-21 accelerated bone formation with upregulating osteogenic markers of ALP, RUNX2, and osteoprotegerin and inducing fewer osteoclasts formation. In conclusion, UCNPs@PEI@PC-miR-21 nanoparticles with a NIR light could facilitate the remote and precise delivery of exogenous miR-21 to the midpalatal suture to promote bone formation during RME. This work represents a cutting-edge approach of gene therapy to promote osteogenesis in the midpalatal suture during RME and provides a frontier scientific basis for later clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohui Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, China
- Department of Stomatology, Qingdao West Coast New Area Central Hospital, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ziyao Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yiling Meng
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Lan Li
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jixiao Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Mingrui Zhai
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Fulan Wei
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, China
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Akhmetova EA, Kim DV, Dome AS, Meschaninova MI, Novopashina DS. Photocaged Small Interfering RNA. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s106816202205003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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3
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Feng Z, Ducos B, Scerbo P, Aujard I, Jullien L, Bensimon D. The Development and Application of Opto-Chemical Tools in the Zebrafish. Molecules 2022; 27:6231. [PMID: 36234767 PMCID: PMC9572478 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish is one of the most widely adopted animal models in both basic and translational research. This popularity of the zebrafish results from several advantages such as a high degree of similarity to the human genome, the ease of genetic and chemical perturbations, external fertilization with high fecundity, transparent and fast-developing embryos, and relatively low cost-effective maintenance. In particular, body translucency is a unique feature of zebrafish that is not adequately obtained with other vertebrate organisms. The animal's distinctive optical clarity and small size therefore make it a successful model for optical modulation and observation. Furthermore, the convenience of microinjection and high embryonic permeability readily allow for efficient delivery of large and small molecules into live animals. Finally, the numerous number of siblings obtained from a single pair of animals offers large replicates and improved statistical analysis of the results. In this review, we describe the development of opto-chemical tools based on various strategies that control biological activities with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. We also discuss the reported applications of these tools in zebrafish and highlight the current challenges and future possibilities of opto-chemical approaches, particularly at the single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Feng
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bertrand Ducos
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences Letters University, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
- High Throughput qPCR Core Facility, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences Letters University, 46 Rue d’Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pierluigi Scerbo
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences Letters University, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
- Inovarion, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Aujard
- Laboratoire PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences Letters University, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Jullien
- Laboratoire PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences Letters University, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - David Bensimon
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences Letters University, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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4
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Darrah KE, Deiters A. Translational control of gene function through optically regulated nucleic acids. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:13253-13267. [PMID: 34739027 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00257k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Translation of mRNA into protein is one of the most fundamental processes within biological systems. Gene expression is tightly regulated both in space and time, often involving complex signaling or gene regulatory networks, as most prominently observed in embryo development. Thus, studies of gene function require tools with a matching level of external control. Light is an excellent conditional trigger as it is minimally invasive, can be easily tuned in wavelength and amplitude, and can be applied with excellent spatial and temporal resolution. To this end, modification of established oligonucleotide-based technologies with optical control elements, in the form of photocaging groups and photoswitches, has rendered these tools capable of navigating the dynamic regulatory pathways of mRNA translation in cellular and in vivo models. In this review, we discuss the different optochemical approaches used to generate photoresponsive nucleic acids that activate and deactivate gene expression and function at the translational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie E Darrah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA.
| | - Alexander Deiters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA.
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5
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Rapp TL, DeForest CA. Targeting drug delivery with light: A highly focused approach. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:94-107. [PMID: 33486009 PMCID: PMC8127392 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Light is a uniquely powerful tool for controlling molecular events in biology. No other external input (e.g., heat, ultrasound, magnetic field) can be so tightly focused or so highly regulated as a clinical laser. Drug delivery vehicles that can be photonically activated have been developed across many platforms, from the simplest "caging" of therapeutics in a prodrug form, to more complex micelles and circulating liposomes that improve drug uptake and efficacy, to large-scale hydrogel platforms that can be used to protect and deliver macromolecular agents including full-length proteins. In this Review, we discuss recent innovations in photosensitive drug delivery and highlight future opportunities to engineer and exploit such light-responsive technologies in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L Rapp
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Cole A DeForest
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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6
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Wang Q, Fan X, Jing N, Zhao H, Yu L, Tang X. Photoregulation of Gene Expression with Ligand-Modified Caged siRNAs through Host/Guest Interaction. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1901-1907. [PMID: 33432703 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) can effectively silence target genes through Argonate 2 (Ago2)-induced RNA interference (RNAi). It is very important to control siRNA activity in both spatial and temporal modes. Among different masking strategies, photocaging can be used to regulate gene expression through light irradiation with spatiotemporal and dose-dependent resolution. Many different caging strategies and caging groups have been reported for light-activated siRNA gene silencing. Herein, we describe a novel caging strategy that increases the blocking effect of RISC complex formation/process through host/guest (including ligand/receptor) interactions, thereby enhancing the inhibition of caged siRNA activity until light activation. This strategy can be used as a general approach to design caged siRNAs for the photomodulation of gene silencing of exogenous and endogenous genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xinli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Nannan Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Han Zhao
- National Center for Occupational Safety and Health, NHC, No. 27 Shilong Road, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lijia Yu
- National Center for Occupational Safety and Health, NHC, No. 27 Shilong Road, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xinjing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, P. R. China
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7
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Koizumi M, Hirota Y, Nakayama M, Tamura M, Obuchi W. RNA interference activity of single-stranded oligonucleotides linked between the passenger strand and the guide strand with an aryl phosphate linker. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 40:647-664. [PMID: 34047248 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2021.1927077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that asymmetrical 18 base-paired double-strand oligonucleotides comprised of alternately combined 2'-O-methyl RNA and DNA, termed MED-siRNAs, show high RNase resistance, efficient cleavage of target mRNA, and the subsequent reduction of target protein expression. The 5'-terminal phosphate group and the 3'-overhang of the guide strand were required to fully activate the RNAi activity of MED-siRNAs. Here, we evaluated MED-siRNAs modified with aryl phosphate groups at the 5'-end of the guide strand. The 5'-aryl phosphorylated MED-siRNAs showed highly efficient reduction of target protein expression comparable to 5'-phosphorylated MED-siRNAs. Moreover, 5'-aryl phosphorylated MED-siRNAs linked between the aryl phosphate group at the 5'-end of the guide strand and the hydroxyl group at the 3'-end of the passenger strand with alkyl amide linkers or peptides (e.g., DL-Ser-L-Ala-L-Tyr), resulted in single-stranded MED-siRNAs with a highly efficient cleavage activity of target mRNA with binding to Argonaute 2 via an RNA interference mechanism. These linker techniques could also be used to create siRNAs composed of naturally-occurring molecules such as amino acids. These findings suggest the possibility of using these single-stranded MED-siRNAs as siRNA reagents.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/15257770.2021.1927077 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Koizumi
- R&D and Biologics Divisions, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Hirota
- R&D and Biologics Divisions, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makiko Nakayama
- R&D and Biologics Divisions, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masakazu Tamura
- R&D and Biologics Divisions, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Obuchi
- R&D and Biologics Divisions, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Chen C, Wang Z, Jing N, Chen W, Tang X. Photomodulation of Caged RNA Oligonucleotide Functions in Living Systems. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changmai Chen
- School of Pharmacy Fujian Medical University No.1 Xuefu N Rd, University Town Fuzhou 350122 China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University No. 38 Xueyuan Rd, Haidian District Beijing 100191 China
| | - Zhongyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University No. 38 Xueyuan Rd, Haidian District Beijing 100191 China
| | - Nannan Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University No. 38 Xueyuan Rd, Haidian District Beijing 100191 China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Pharmacy Fujian Medical University No.1 Xuefu N Rd, University Town Fuzhou 350122 China
| | - Xinjing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University No. 38 Xueyuan Rd, Haidian District Beijing 100191 China
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9
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Chen C, Jing N, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Chen W, Tang X. Multimerized self-assembled caged two-in-one siRNA nanoparticles for photomodulation of RNAi-induced gene silencing. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12289-12297. [PMID: 34094437 PMCID: PMC8162473 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03562a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We rationally designed and developed caged siRNA nanoparticles (Multi-Chol-siRNA) self-assembled with cholesterol-modified multimerized caged siRNAs for photomodulation of siRNA gene silencing activity. Strong resistance to serum nuclease and RNase A was observed for these cholesterol-modified caged siRNA nanoparticles due to the formation of nanostructures with high intensity of siRNA. These caged Multi-Chol-siRNA self-assembled nanoparticles were successfully used to achieve photochemical regulation of both exogenous GFP and endogenous Eg5 gene expressions with a GFP/RFP transient transfection system and Eg5-associated assays, respectively. Further, Two-in-One caged Multi-Chol-siGFP/siEg5 self-assembled nanoparticles simultaneously targeting GFP and Eg5 genes were also developed. The caged Multi-Chol-siRNA self-assembled nanoparticles have demonstrated the effectiveness of enhancing photomodulation of multiple RNAi-induced gene silencing activities in cells. Upon light irradiation, multimerized self-assembled caged Two-in-One siRNA nanoparticles (Multi-Chol-siRNA) were collapsed to release trapped siRNAs for multiple RNAi-induced gene silencing activity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmai Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University Fuzhou 350122 China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Nannan Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Zhongyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University Fuzhou 350122 China
| | - Xinjing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Beijing 100191 China
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10
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Zhang J, Jing N, Fan X, Tang X. Photoregulation of Gene Expression with Amantadine‐Modified Caged siRNAs through Host–Guest Interactions. Chemistry 2020; 26:14002-14010. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University No. 38 Xueyuan Rd. 100191 Beijing P.R. China
| | - Nannan Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University No. 38 Xueyuan Rd. 100191 Beijing P.R. China
| | - Xinli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University No. 38 Xueyuan Rd. 100191 Beijing P.R. China
| | - Xinjing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University No. 38 Xueyuan Rd. 100191 Beijing P.R. China
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Ankenbruck N, Courtney T, Naro Y, Deiters A. Optochemical Control of Biological Processes in Cells and Animals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2768-2798. [PMID: 28521066 PMCID: PMC6026863 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201700171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biological processes are naturally regulated with high spatial and temporal control, as is perhaps most evident in metazoan embryogenesis. Chemical tools have been extensively utilized in cell and developmental biology to investigate cellular processes, and conditional control methods have expanded applications of these technologies toward resolving complex biological questions. Light represents an excellent external trigger since it can be controlled with very high spatial and temporal precision. To this end, several optically regulated tools have been developed and applied to living systems. In this review we discuss recent developments of optochemical tools, including small molecules, peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids that can be irreversibly or reversibly controlled through light irradiation, with a focus on applications in cells and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Ankenbruck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| | - Taylor Courtney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| | - Yuta Naro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| | - Alexander Deiters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
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12
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Zhang L, Chen C, Fan X, Tang X. Photomodulating Gene Expression by Using Caged siRNAs with Single-Aptamer Modification. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1259-1263. [PMID: 29488297 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Caged siRNAs incorporating terminal modification were rationally designed for photochemical regulation of gene silencing induced by RNA interference (RNAi). Through the conjugation of a single oligonucleotide aptamer at the 5' terminus of the antisense RNA strand, enhancement of the blocking effect for RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) formation/processing was expected, due both/either to the aptamers themselves and/or to their interaction with large binding proteins. Two oligonucleotide aptamers (AS1411 and MUC-1) were chosen for aptamer-siRNA conjugation through a photolabile linker. This caging strategy was successfully used to photoregulate gene expression both of firefly luciferase and of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in cells. Further patterning experiments revealed that spatial regulation of GFP expression was successfully achieved by using the aptamer-modified caged siRNA and light activation. We expect that further optimized caged siRNAs featuring aptamer conjugation will be promising for practical applications to spatiotemporal photoregulation of gene expression in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Changmai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Xinli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Xinjing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
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13
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Debart F, Dupouy C, Vasseur JJ. Stimuli-responsive oligonucleotides in prodrug-based approaches for gene silencing. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:436-469. [PMID: 29520308 PMCID: PMC5827813 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotides (ONs) have been envisaged for therapeutic applications for more than thirty years. However, their broad use requires overcoming several hurdles such as instability in biological fluids, low cell penetration, limited tissue distribution, and off-target effects. With this aim, many chemical modifications have been introduced into ONs definitively as a means of modifying and better improving their properties as gene silencing agents and some of them have been successful. Moreover, in the search for an alternative way to make efficient ON-based drugs, the general concept of prodrugs was applied to the oligonucleotide field. A prodrug is defined as a compound that undergoes transformations in vivo to yield the parent active drug under different stimuli. The interest in stimuli-responsive ONs for gene silencing functions has been notable in recent years. The ON prodrug strategies usually help to overcome limitations of natural ONs due to their low metabolic stability and poor delivery. Nevertheless, compared to permanent ON modifications, transient modifications in prodrugs offer the opportunity to regulate ON activity as a function of stimuli acting as switches. Generally, the ON prodrug is not active until it is triggered to release an unmodified ON. However, as it will be described in some examples, the opposite effect can be sought. This review examines ON modifications in response to various stimuli. These stimuli may be internal or external to the cell, chemical (glutathione), biochemical (enzymes), or physical (heat, light). For each stimulus, the discussion has been separated into sections corresponding to the site of the modification in the nucleotide: the internucleosidic phosphate, the nucleobase, the sugar or the extremities of ONs. Moreover, the review provides a current and detailed account of stimuli-responsive ONs with the main goal of gene silencing. However, for some stimuli-responsive ONs reported in this review, no application for controlling gene expression has been shown, but a certain potential in this field could be demonstrated. Additionally, other applications in different domains have been mentioned to extend the interest in such molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Debart
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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14
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Ankenbruck N, Courtney T, Naro Y, Deiters A. Optochemische Steuerung biologischer Vorgänge in Zellen und Tieren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201700171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Ankenbruck
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Taylor Courtney
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Yuta Naro
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Alexander Deiters
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
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15
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Yu L, Jing N, Yang Z, Zhang L, Tang X. Caged siRNAs with single folic acid modification of antisense RNA for photomodulation of exogenous and endogenous gene expression in cells. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:7029-7035. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01952e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photoregulating gene expression using folic acid modified caged siRNA through complex formation of folic acid/folate receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Yu
- National Center of Occupational Safety and Health
- State Administration of Work Safety
- Beijing 102308
- China
- State key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
| | - Nannan Jing
- State key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Noncoding RNA Medicine
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Zhenjun Yang
- State key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Noncoding RNA Medicine
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Lihe Zhang
- State key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Noncoding RNA Medicine
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Xinjing Tang
- State key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Noncoding RNA Medicine
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
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16
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Zhang L, Liang D, Wang Y, Li D, Zhang J, Wu L, Feng M, Yi F, Xu L, Lei L, Du Q, Tang X. Caged circular siRNAs for photomodulation of gene expression in cells and mice. Chem Sci 2017; 9:44-51. [PMID: 29629072 PMCID: PMC5869302 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03842a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Caged siRNAs with a circular structure were successfully used for photoregulation of target genes in both cells and mice.
By means of RNA interference (RNAi), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) play important roles in gene function study and drug development. Recently, photolabile siRNAs were developed to elucidate the process of gene silencing in terms of space, time and degree through chemical modification of siRNAs. We report herein a novel type of photolabile siRNA that was synthesized through cyclizing two ends of a single stranded RNA with a photocleavable linker. These circular siRNAs became more resistant to serum degradation. Using reporter assays of firefly/Renilla luciferase and GFP/RFP, the gene silencing activities of caged circular siRNAs for both genes were evaluated in HEK293 cells. The results indicated that the target genes were successfully photomodulated using these caged circular siRNAs that were formed by caged circular antisense guide RNAs and their linear complementary sense RNAs. Using the caged circular siRNA targeting GFP, we also successfully achieved photomodulation of GFP expression in mice. Upon further optimization, this new type of caged circular siRNA is expected to be a promising tool for studying gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , No. 38, Xueyuan Rd , Beijing 100191 , China .
| | - Duanwei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , No. 38, Xueyuan Rd , Beijing 100191 , China .
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , No. 38, Xueyuan Rd , Beijing 100191 , China .
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , No. 38, Xueyuan Rd , Beijing 100191 , China .
| | - Jinhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , No. 38, Xueyuan Rd , Beijing 100191 , China .
| | - Li Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , No. 38, Xueyuan Rd , Beijing 100191 , China .
| | - Mengke Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , No. 38, Xueyuan Rd , Beijing 100191 , China .
| | - Fan Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , No. 38, Xueyuan Rd , Beijing 100191 , China .
| | - Luzheng Xu
- Medical and Health Analytical Center , Peking University , No. 38, Xueyuan Rd , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Liandi Lei
- Medical and Health Analytical Center , Peking University , No. 38, Xueyuan Rd , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Quan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , No. 38, Xueyuan Rd , Beijing 100191 , China .
| | - XinJing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , No. 38, Xueyuan Rd , Beijing 100191 , China .
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17
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Greco CT, Muir VG, Epps TH, Sullivan MO. Efficient tuning of siRNA dose response by combining mixed polymer nanocarriers with simple kinetic modeling. Acta Biomater 2017; 50:407-416. [PMID: 28063990 PMCID: PMC5317101 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two of the most prominent challenges that limit the clinical success of siRNA therapies are a lack of control over cargo release from the delivery vehicle and an incomplete understanding of the link between gene silencing dynamics and siRNA dosing. Herein, we address these challenges through the formulation of siRNA polyplexes containing light-responsive polymer mixtures, whose varied compositions and triggered release behavior provide enhanced gene silencing and controlled dose responses that can be predicted by simple kinetic models. Through the straightforward mixing of two block copolymers, the level of gene knockdown was easily optimized to achieve the maximum level of GAPDH protein silencing in NIH/3T3 cells (~70%) using a single siRNA dose. The kinetic model was used to describe the dynamic changes in mRNA and protein concentrations in response to siRNA treatment. These predictions enabled the application of a second dose of siRNA to maximally suppress gene expression over multiple days, leading to a further 50% reduction in protein levels relative to those measured following a single dose. Furthermore, polyplexes remained dormant in cells until exposed to the photo-stimulus, demonstrating the complete control over siRNA activity as well as the stability of the nanocarriers. Thus, this work demonstrates that pairing advances in biomaterials design with simple kinetic modeling provides new insight into gene silencing dynamics and presents a powerful strategy to control gene expression through siRNA delivery. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Our manuscript describes two noteworthy impacts: (1) we designed mixed polymer formulations to enhance gene silencing, and (2) we simultaneously developed a simple kinetic model for determining optimal siRNA dose responses to maintain silencing over several days. These advances address critical challenges in siRNA delivery and provide new opportunities in therapeutics development. The structure-function relationships prevalent in these formulations were established to enable tuning and forecasting of nanocarrier efficiency a priori, leading to siRNA dosing regimens able to maximally suppress gene expression. Our advances are significant because the mixed polymer formulations provide a straightforward and scalable approach to tailor siRNA delivery regimens. Moreover, the implementation of accurate dosing frameworks addresses a major knowledge gap that has hindered clinical implementation of siRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad T Greco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Victoria G Muir
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Thomas H Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Millicent O Sullivan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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18
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Liu F, Kong FF, Li QP, Yuan H, Du YZ, Hu FQ, Sun JH, You J. Low molecular weight polyethylenimine-conjugated gold nanospheres: a platform for selective gene therapy controlled by near-infrared light. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:511-534. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Whether PEI2k-HAuNS could promote gene transfection efficiency controlled by near-infrared (NIR) light. Materials & methods: This safe nonviral gene delivery system was obtained by conjugating low molecular weight (2 kDa) polyethylenimine (PEI) onto hollow gold nanospheres (PEI2k-HAuNS). Upon NIR laser irradiation, there was a conspicuous increase both in the in vitro and in vivo transfection achieved by the nanocomplexes. Furthermore, a plasmid encoding the tumor suppressor TP53 (pTP53) was applied to test antitumor activity. Results: The enhanced gene transfection efficiency and therapy of PEI2k-HAuNS were achieved via the mediation of an NIR laser compared with the other treatments in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion: The application of NIR laser irradiated PEI2k-HAuNS can be used as a promising gene delivery systems in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City 310016, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Fen-fen Kong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-po Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-zhong Du
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-qiang Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-hong Sun
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City 310016, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian You
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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Yang J, Yu L, Zhang L, Long X, Ji Y, Tang X. Synthesis and Evaluation of Caged siRNA with Terminal Single Vitamin E Modification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 67:16.6.1-16.6.22. [PMID: 27911495 DOI: 10.1002/cpnc.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
RNA-induced gene silencing has been widely applied as a powerful research tool in drug development due to its sequence-specific degradation of target mRNA. Conditional regulation of gene functions with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) is highly useful, especially when specific gene expression regulation with spatiotemporal resolution and amplitude is desired. Here, the synthesis of a series of new caged siRNAs with vitamin E (vitE) modification and/or a single photolabile linker at the 5' terminal is described. Their capability of photolysis was investigated by PAGE gel analysis. Then, a dual reporter firefly/renilla luciferase assay with siQuant vectors and GFP/RFP reporter genes was applied to show the effect of vitE-modified caged and non-caged siRNAs on gene expression. The intracellular distribution and cellular uptake pathways of caged siRNAs are also discussed. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Center of Noncoding RNA Medicine, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Center of Noncoding RNA Medicine, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liangliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Center of Noncoding RNA Medicine, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingsu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Center of Noncoding RNA Medicine, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhuo Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Center of Noncoding RNA Medicine, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinjing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Center of Noncoding RNA Medicine, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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20
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Ji Y, Yang J, Wu L, Yu L, Tang X. Photochemical Regulation of Gene Expression Using Caged siRNAs with Single Terminal Vitamin E Modification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhuo Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; No. 38, Xueyuan Rd. Beijing 100191 China
| | - Jiali Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; No. 38, Xueyuan Rd. Beijing 100191 China
| | - Li Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; No. 38, Xueyuan Rd. Beijing 100191 China
| | - Lijia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; No. 38, Xueyuan Rd. Beijing 100191 China
| | - Xinjing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; No. 38, Xueyuan Rd. Beijing 100191 China
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21
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Ji Y, Yang J, Wu L, Yu L, Tang X. Photochemical Regulation of Gene Expression Using Caged siRNAs with Single Terminal Vitamin E Modification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:2152-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhuo Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; No. 38, Xueyuan Rd. Beijing 100191 China
| | - Jiali Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; No. 38, Xueyuan Rd. Beijing 100191 China
| | - Li Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; No. 38, Xueyuan Rd. Beijing 100191 China
| | - Lijia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; No. 38, Xueyuan Rd. Beijing 100191 China
| | - Xinjing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; No. 38, Xueyuan Rd. Beijing 100191 China
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22
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Molecular Tattoo: Subcellular Confinement of Drug Effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:548-558. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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23
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Caged oligonucleotides for studying biological systems. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 150:182-8. [PMID: 25865001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Light-activated ("caged") compounds have been widely employed for studying biological processes with high spatial and temporal control. In the past decade, several new approaches for caging the structure and function of DNA and RNA oligonucleotides have been developed. This review focuses on caged oligonucleotides that incorporate site-specifically one or two photocleavable linkers, whose photolysis yields oligonucleotides with dramatic structural and functional changes. This technique has been employed by our laboratory and others to photoregulate gene expression in cells and living organisms, typically using near UV-activated organic chromophores. To improve capabilities for in vivo studies, we harnessed the rich inorganic photochemistry of ruthenium bipyridyl complexes to synthesize Ru-caged morpholino antisense oligonucleotides that remain inactive in zebrafish embryos until uncaged with visible light. Expanding into new caged oligonucleotide applications, our lab has developed Transcriptome In Vivo Analysis (TIVA) technology, which provides the first noninvasive, unbiased method for isolating mRNA from single neurons in brain tissues. TIVA-isolated mRNA can be amplified and then analyzed using next-generation sequencing (RNA-seq).
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24
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Meyer A, Mokhir A. RNA Interference Controlled by Light of Variable Wavelength. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:12840-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Meyer A, Mokhir A. RNA Interference Controlled by Light of Variable Wavelength. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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26
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Marcélis L, Van Overstraeten-Schlögel N, Lambermont J, Bontems S, Spinelli N, Defrancq E, Moucheron C, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A, Raes M. Light-Triggered Green Fluorescent Protein Silencing in Human Keratinocytes in Culture Using Antisense Oligonucleotides Coupled to a Photoreactive Ruthenium(II) Complex. Chempluschem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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27
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Murayama S, Kos P, Miyata K, Kataoka K, Wagner E, Kato M. Gene Regulation by Intracellular Delivery and Photodegradation of Nanoparticles Containing Small Interfering RNA. Macromol Biosci 2014; 14:626-31. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Murayama
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Center for System-based Drug Research, Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Butenandtstrasse 5-13 Munich Germany
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and GPLLI Program; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Molecular Imaging Center; National Institute of Radiological Sciences; 4-9-1 Anagawa Inage-ku Chiba 263-8555 Japan
| | - Petra Kos
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Center for System-based Drug Research, Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Butenandtstrasse 5-13 Munich Germany
| | - Kanjiro Miyata
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Center for System-based Drug Research, Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Butenandtstrasse 5-13 Munich Germany
| | - Masaru Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and GPLLI Program; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
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28
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Teraoka A, Murakoshi K, Fukamauchi K, Suzuki AZ, Watanabe S, Furuta T. Preparation and affinity-based purification of caged linear DNA for light-controlled gene expression in mammalian cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:664-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc46607h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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29
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The synthesis of tetra-modified RNA for the multidimensional control of gene expression via light-activated RNA interference. Nat Protoc 2013; 9:11-20. [PMID: 24309973 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2013.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Light-activated RNA interference (LARI) is an effective way to control gene expression with light. This, in turn, allows for the spacing, timing and degree of gene expression to be controlled by the spacing, timing and amount of light irradiation. The key mediators of this process are siRNA or dsRNA that have been modified with four photocleavable groups of dimethoxy nitro phenyl ethyl (DMNPE), located on the four terminal phosphate groups of the duplex RNA. These mediators can be easily synthesized and purified using two readily available products: synthetic RNA oligonucleotides and DMNPE-hydrazone. The synthesis of the tetra-DMNPE-modified duplex RNA is made possible by a remarkable regiospecificity of DMNPE for terminal phosphates (over internal phosphates or nucleobases) that we have previously identified. The four installed DMNPE groups effectively limit RNAi until irradiation cleaves them, releasing native, active siRNA. By using the described protocol, any process that is mediated by RNAi can be controlled with light. Although other methods exist to control gene expression with light by using specialized reagents, this method requires only two commercially available products. The protocol takes ∼3 d in total for the preparation of modified RNA.
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30
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Wang L, Tang W, Yan S, Zhou L, Shen T, Huang X, Dou L, Wang M, Yu S, Li J. Efficient delivery of miR-122 to regulate cholesterol metabolism using a non-covalent peptide-based strategy. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:1472-8. [PMID: 24065042 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that are important in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases and, therefore, may represent a novel class of targets for therapeutic intervention. However, like the majority of oligonucleotide-based strategies, there are obstacles to their clinical application, including poor cellular uptake due to the low permeability of the cell membrane to negatively charged molecules. MPG is a 27-residue peptide vector which contains a hydrophobic domain derived from the fusion sequence of HIV-1 gp41 and a hydrophilic domain derived from the nuclear localization sequence of SV40 T-antigen. MPG is one of the most promising tools for the non-invasive cellular import of oligonucleotides and analogs. In the present study, a non-covalent peptide-based strategy was used for the efficient delivery of the miRNA-122 (miR-122) mimic and inhibitor into mouse liver cell lines, mouse primary hepatocytes and C. elegans, without any associated cytotoxicity. Moreover, high-performance liquid chromatography analysis determined that MPG and MPGΔNLS delivered the miR-122 mimic and inhibitor into mouse liver cells and effectively regulated cholesterol levels. The results demonstrated that MPG family members may be used for the efficient delivery of miR-122 to regulate cholesterol metabolism, and that this cell-penetrating peptide-based technology may be beneficial for further biological applications of RNA therapeutics in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilin Wang
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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31
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Furuta T, Manabe K, Teraoka A, Murakoshi K, Ohtsubo A, Suzuki A. Design, synthesis, and photochemistry of modular caging groups for photoreleasable nucleotides. Org Lett 2012. [PMID: 23205776 DOI: 10.1021/ol3029093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A modular approach to preparing caged nucleotides having additional properties has been achieved. The modular caging agent includes three components: an amine reactive NHS ester moiety, a photoactive Bhc group, and tosylhydrazone as a precursor of the diazomethyl group. Various amines including biotin and an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide were introduced into the key intermediate via amide linkage. The Bio-Bhc-diazo thus synthesized enables the preparation of a photoreleasable siRNA with additional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Furuta
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, 274-8510, Japan.
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Brieke C, Rohrbach F, Gottschalk A, Mayer G, Heckel A. Light-controlled tools. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8446-76. [PMID: 22829531 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 738] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal control over chemical and biological processes plays a key role in life, where the whole is often much more than the sum of its parts. Quite trivially, the molecules of a cell do not form a living system if they are only arranged in a random fashion. If we want to understand these relationships and especially the problems arising from malfunction, tools are necessary that allow us to design sophisticated experiments that address these questions. Highly valuable in this respect are external triggers that enable us to precisely determine where, when, and to what extent a process is started or stopped. Light is an ideal external trigger: It is highly selective and if applied correctly also harmless. It can be generated and manipulated with well-established techniques, and many ways exist to apply light to living systems--from cells to higher organisms. This Review will focus on developments over the last six years and includes discussions on the underlying technologies as well as their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Brieke
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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33
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Brieke C, Rohrbach F, Gottschalk A, Mayer G, Heckel A. Lichtgesteuerte Werkzeuge. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Brieke
- Goethe‐Universität Frankfurt, Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Buchmann‐Institut für Molekulare Lebenswissenschaften, Max‐von‐Laue‐Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main (Deutschland)
| | - Falk Rohrbach
- Universität Bonn, LIMES‐Institut, Gerhard‐Domagk‐Straße 1, 53121 Bonn (Deutschland)
| | - Alexander Gottschalk
- Buchmann‐Institut für Molekulare Lebenswissenschaften, Institut für Biochemie, Max‐von‐Laue‐Straße 15, 60438 Frankfurt/Main (Deutschland)
| | - Günter Mayer
- Universität Bonn, LIMES‐Institut, Gerhard‐Domagk‐Straße 1, 53121 Bonn (Deutschland)
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Goethe‐Universität Frankfurt, Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Buchmann‐Institut für Molekulare Lebenswissenschaften, Max‐von‐Laue‐Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main (Deutschland)
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Abstract
Because RNA interference (RNAi) can be applied to any gene, this technique has been widely used for studying gene functions. In addition, many researchers are attempting to use RNAi technology in RNAi-based therapies. However, several challenging and controversial issues have arisen during the widespread application of RNAi including target gene specificity, target cell specificity, and spatiotemporal control of gene silencing. To address these issues, several groups have utilized photochemistry to control the RNA release, both spatially and temporally. In this Account, we focus on recent studies using photocleavable protecting groups, photosensitizers, Hand gold nanoparticles for photoinduced RNAi. In 2005 the first report of photoinduced RNAi used a caged short interfering RNA (siRNA), an siRNA carrying a photocleavable protecting group. Caging groups block the bioactivities of target molecules, but allow for complete recovery of these functions via photoactivation. However, some RNAi activity can occur in these caged siRNAs, so it will be necessary to decrease this "leakage" and raise the RNAi activity restored after irradiation. This technique also uses UV light around 350 nm, which is cytotoxic, but in the near future we expect that it will be possible to use visible and near-infrared light We also examine the application of photochemical internalization (PCI) to RNAi technology, which involves a combination of photosensitizers and light. Instead of inducing RNAi using light, the strategy behind this method was to enhance RNAi using RNA carriers. Many wellknown RNA carriers deliver siRNAs into cells by endocytosis. The siRNAs are trapped in endocytic vesicles and have to be released into the cytoplasm in order to express their activity. To achieve the endosomal escape of siRNAs, PCI technology employed photosensitizers to generate light-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) that disrupted the endocytic vesicles. In most studies, RNAi-mediated knockdown of the target gene was detected even without PCI. Recently, a polymer capable of trapping the siRNA in endocytic vesicles controlled RNAi almost entirely by light. CLIP-RNAi uses photosensitizing carrier proteins that can be activated over a wide range of visible light wavelengths. With this method RNA carrier/siRNA complexes are completely trapped within endosomes, and RNAi is controlled strictly by light. Such precise, light-dependent control will open up new possibilities for cellular and molecular biology and therapy. Most recently, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) conjugated to siRNA have provided temporal and spatial control of RNAi. The light-dependent melting of AuNPs accompanied by a shape transformation induces the release of thiolated siRNAs from AuNPs. In this method, the unique optical properties of the AuNP enable deep penetration of the excitation light into tissues at nearinfrared wavelengths. The development of photoinduced RNAi technology will lead to novel insights into gene functions and selective drug delivery, and many other scientific fields will continue to influence its progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Matsushita-Ishiodori
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohtsuki
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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35
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Zhang XX, Eden HS, Chen X. Peptides in cancer nanomedicine: drug carriers, targeting ligands and protease substrates. J Control Release 2012; 159:2-13. [PMID: 22056916 PMCID: PMC3288222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Peptides are attracting increasing attention as therapeutic agents, as the technologies for peptide development and manufacture continue to mature. Concurrently, with booming research in nanotechnology for biomedical applications, peptides have been studied as an important class of components in nanomedicine, and they have been used either alone or in combination with nanomaterials of every reported composition. Peptides possess many advantages, such as smallness, ease of synthesis and modification, and good biocompatibility. Their functions in cancer nanomedicine, discussed in this review, include serving as drug carriers, as targeting ligands, and as protease-responsive substrates for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiang Zhang
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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36
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Cell penetrating peptides in the delivery of biopharmaceuticals. Biomolecules 2012; 2:187-202. [PMID: 24970133 PMCID: PMC4030843 DOI: 10.3390/biom2020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell membrane is a highly selective barrier. This limits the cellular uptake of molecules including DNA, oligonucleotides, peptides and proteins used as therapeutic agents. Different approaches have been employed to increase the membrane permeability and intracellular delivery of these therapeutic molecules. One such approach is the use of Cell Penetrating Peptides (CPPs). CPPs represent a new and innovative concept, which bypasses the problem of bioavailability of drugs. The success of CPPs lies in their ability to unlock intracellular and even intranuclear targets for the delivery of agents ranging from peptides to antibodies and drug-loaded nanoparticles. This review highlights the development of cell penetrating peptides for cell-specific delivery strategies involving biomolecules that can be triggered spatially and temporally within a cell transport pathway by change in physiological conditions. The review also discusses conjugations of therapeutic agents to CPPs for enhanced intracellular delivery and bioavailability that are at the clinical stage of development.
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37
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Lehner R, Hunziker P. Why not just switch on the light?: light and its versatile applications in the field of nanomedicine. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE 2012. [DOI: 10.1515/ejnm-2012-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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38
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Peacock H, Kannan A, Beal PA, Burrows CJ. Chemical modification of siRNA bases to probe and enhance RNA interference. J Org Chem 2011; 76:7295-300. [PMID: 21834582 DOI: 10.1021/jo2012225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Considerable attention has focused on the use of alternatives to the native ribose and phosphate backbone of small interfering RNAs for therapeutic applications of the RNA interference pathway. In this synopsis, we highlight the less common chemical modifications, namely, those of the RNA nucleobases. Base modifications have the potential to lend insight into the mechanism of gene silencing and to lead to novel methods to overcome off-target effects that arise due to deleterious protein binding or mis-targeting of mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden Peacock
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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39
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Kala A, Friedman SH. Enhanced Light-Activated RNA Interference Using Phosphorothioate-Based dsRNA Precursors of siRNA. Pharm Res 2011; 28:3050-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0529-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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40
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Shestopalov IA, Chen JK. Spatiotemporal control of embryonic gene expression using caged morpholinos. Methods Cell Biol 2011; 104:151-72. [PMID: 21924162 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374814-0.00009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic development depends on spatial and temporal control of gene function, and deciphering the molecular mechanisms that underlie pattern formation requires methods for perturbing gene expression with similar precision. Emerging chemical technologies can enable such perturbations, as exemplified by the use of caged morpholino (cMO) oligonucleotides to photo-inactivate genes in zebrafish embryos with spatiotemporal control. This chapter describes general principles for cMO design and methods for cMO assembly in three steps from commercially available reagents. Experimental techniques for the microinjection and photoactivation of these reagents are described in detail, as well as the preparation and application of caged fluorescein dextran (cFD) for labeling irradiated cells. Using these protocols, cMOs can be effective tools for functional genomic studies in zebrafish and other model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya A Shestopalov
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford,California, USA
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41
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Jain PK, Shah S, Friedman SH. Patterning of Gene Expression Using New Photolabile Groups Applied to Light Activated RNAi. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 133:440-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ja107226e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piyush K. Jain
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri, Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64108-2718, United States
| | - Samit Shah
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri, Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64108-2718, United States
| | - Simon H. Friedman
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri, Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64108-2718, United States
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42
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Timko BP, Dvir T, Kohane DS. Remotely triggerable drug delivery systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:4925-43. [PMID: 20818618 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201002072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Triggerable drug delivery systems enable on-demand controlled release profiles that may enhance therapeutic effectiveness and reduce systemic toxicity. Recently, a number of new materials have been developed that exhibit sensitivity to visible light, near-infrared (NIR) light, ultrasound, or magnetic fields. This responsiveness can be triggered remotely to provide flexible control of dose magnitude and timing. Here we review triggerable materials that range in scale from nano to macro, and are activated by a range of stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Timko
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Lusic H, Uprety R, Deiters A. Improved synthesis of the two-photon caging group 3-nitro-2-ethyldibenzofuran and its application to a caged thymidine phosphoramidite. Org Lett 2010; 12:916-9. [PMID: 20112966 DOI: 10.1021/ol902807q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new and efficient route to the recently reported 3-nitro-2-ethyldibenzofuran caging group was developed. Furthermore, its installation on a thymidine phosphoramidite is described. This caging group is efficiently removed through light-irradiation at 365 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrvoje Lusic
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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44
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Lu W, Zhang G, Zhang R, Flores LG, Huang Q, Gelovani JG, Li C. Tumor site-specific silencing of NF-kappaB p65 by targeted hollow gold nanosphere-mediated photothermal transfection. Cancer Res 2010; 70:3177-88. [PMID: 20388791 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
NF-kappaB transcription factor is a critical regulator of the expression of genes involved in tumor formation and progression. Successful RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutics targeting NF-kappaB is challenged by small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery systems, which can render targeted in vivo delivery, efficient endolysosomal escape, and dynamic control over activation of RNAi. Here, we report near-IR (NIR) light-inducible NF-kappaB downregulation through folate receptor-targeted hollow gold nanospheres carrying siRNA recognizing NF-kappaB p65 subunit. Using micro-positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging, the targeted nanoconstructs exhibited significantly higher tumor uptake in nude mice bearing HeLa cervical cancer xenografts than nontargeted nanoparticles following i.v. administration. Mediated by hollow gold nanospheres, controllable cytoplasmic delivery of siRNA was obtained on NIR light irradiation through photothermal effect. Efficient downregulation of NF-kappaB p65 was achieved only in tumors irradiated with NIR light but not in nonirradiated tumors grown in the same mice. Liver, spleen, kidney, and lung were not affected by the treatments, in spite of significant uptake of the siRNA nanoparticles in these organs. We term this mode of action "photothermal transfection." Combined treatments with p65 siRNA photothermal transfection and irinotecan caused substantially enhanced tumor apoptosis and significant tumor growth delay compared with other treatment regimens. Therefore, photothermal transfection of NF-kappaB p65 siRNA could effectively sensitize the tumor to chemotherapeutic agents. Because NIR light can penetrate the skin and be delivered with high spatiotemporal control, therapeutic RNAi may benefit from this novel transfection strategy while avoiding unwanted side effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lu
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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45
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Li YM, Shi J, Cai R, Chen X, Luo ZF, Guo QX. New quinoline-based caging groups synthesized for photo-regulation of aptamer activity. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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46
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Jung S, Lee SH, Mok H, Chung HJ, Park TG. Gene silencing efficiency of siRNA-PEG conjugates: effect of PEGylation site and PEG molecular weight. J Control Release 2010; 144:306-13. [PMID: 20206653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was conjugated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) at four different terminal ends (sense 3', sense 5', antisense 3', and antisense 5') via cleavable disulfide and noncleavable thioether linkages to evaluate their gene silencing efficiencies upon complexation with Lipofectamine2000. The PEGylation site at the four siRNA termini and PEG molecular weight were not critical factors to significantly affect gene silencing activities. Cleavable siRNA-PEG conjugates showed comparable gene silencing activities to naked siRNA, and exhibited sequence-specific degradation of a target mRNA. Interestingly, noncleavable siRNA-PEG conjugates were processed by Dicer, enabling to exert RNAi effect without showing a target sequence-specific manner. However, only cleavable siRNA-PEG conjugates significantly reduced the extent of INF-alpha release as compared to noncleavable siRNA-PEG conjugates, suggesting that they can be potentially used for therapeutic siRNA applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeon Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences and Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
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47
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Ouyang X, Shestopalov IA, Sinha S, Zheng G, Pitt CLW, Li WH, Olson AJ, Chen JK. Versatile synthesis and rational design of caged morpholinos. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 131:13255-69. [PMID: 19708646 PMCID: PMC2745229 DOI: 10.1021/ja809933h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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Embryogenesis is regulated by genetic programs that are dynamically executed in a stereotypic manner, and deciphering these molecular mechanisms requires the ability to control embryonic gene function with similar spatial and temporal precision. Chemical technologies can enable such genetic manipulations, as exemplified by the use of caged morpholino (cMO) oligonucleotides to inactivate genes in zebrafish and other optically transparent organisms with spatiotemporal control. Here we report optimized methods for the design and synthesis of hairpin cMOs incorporating a dimethoxynitrobenzyl (DMNB)-based bifunctional linker that permits cMO assembly in only three steps from commercially available reagents. Using this simplified procedure, we have systematically prepared cMOs with differing structural configurations and investigated how the in vitro thermodynamic properties of these reagents correlate with their in vivo activities. Through these studies, we have established general principles for cMO design and successfully applied them to several developmental genes. Our optimized synthetic and design methodologies have also enabled us to prepare a next-generation cMO that contains a bromohydroxyquinoline (BHQ)-based linker for two-photon uncaging. Collectively, these advances establish the generality of cMO technologies and will facilitate the application of these chemical probes in vivo for functional genomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Ouyang
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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48
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Shah S, Jain PK, Kala A, Karunakaran D, Friedman SH. Light-activated RNA interference using double-stranded siRNA precursors modified using a remarkable regiospecificity of diazo-based photolabile groups. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 37:4508-17. [PMID: 19477960 PMCID: PMC2715251 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diazo-based precursors of photolabile groups have been used extensively for modifying nucleic acids, with the intention of toggling biological processes with light. These processes include transcription, translation and RNA interference. In these cases, the photolabile groups have been typically depicted as modifying the phosphate backbone of RNA and DNA. In this work we find that these diazo-based reagents in fact react very poorly with backbone phosphates. Instead, they show a remarkable specificity for terminal phosphates and very modest modification of the nucleobases. Furthermore, the photo deprotection of these terminal modifications is shown to be much more facile than nucleobase modified sites. In this study we have characterized this regiospecificity using RNA duplexes and model nucleotides, analyzed using LC/MS/MS. We have also applied this understanding of the regio-specificity to our technique of light activated RNA interference (LARI). We examined 27-mer double-stranded precursors of siRNA (‘dsRNA’), and have modified them using the photo-cleavable di-methoxy nitro phenyl ethyl group (DMNPE) group. By incorporating terminal phosphates in the dsRNA, we are able to guide DMNPE to react at these terminal locations. These modified dsRNA duplexes show superior performance to our previously described DMNPE-modified siRNA, with the range of expression that can be toggled by light increasing by a factor of two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samit Shah
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
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49
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Casey JP, Blidner RA, Monroe WT. Caged siRNAs for Spatiotemporal Control of Gene Silencing. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:669-85. [DOI: 10.1021/mp900082q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John P. Casey
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University and the LSU Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Richard A. Blidner
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University and the LSU Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - W. Todd Monroe
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University and the LSU Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
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50
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Heitz F, Morris MC, Divita G. Twenty years of cell-penetrating peptides: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutics. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:195-206. [PMID: 19309362 PMCID: PMC2697800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 663] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of new potent therapeutic molecules that do not reach the clinic due to poor delivery and low bioavailability have made of delivery a key stone in therapeutic development. Several technologies have been designed to improve cellular uptake of therapeutic molecules, including cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). CPPs were first discovered based on the potency of several proteins to enter cells. Numerous CPPs have been described so far, which can be grouped into two major classes, the first requiring chemical linkage with the drug for cellular internalization and the second involving formation of stable, non-covalent complexes with drugs. Nowadays, CPPs constitute very promising tools for non-invasive cellular import of cargo and have been successfully applied for in vitro and in vivo delivery of therapeutic molecules varying from small chemical molecule, nucleic acids, proteins, peptides, liposomes and particles. This review will focus on the structure/function and cellular uptake mechanism of CPPs in the general context of drug delivery. We will also highlight the application of peptide carriers for the delivery of therapeutic molecules and provide an update of their clinical evaluation. This article is part of a themed section on Vector Design and Drug Delivery. For a list of all articles in this section see the end of this paper, or visit: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121548564/issueyear?year=2009
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Heitz
- Centre de Recherches de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, UMR 5237, CNRS, UM-1, UM-2, CRBM-Department of Molecular Biophysics and Therapeutics, 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier, France
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