1
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Wu Q, Wu J, Huang L, Yang Z, Shang L, Wang H, Yin J. In situ study on articular cartilage degeneration in simulated microgravity by HOF-ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 324:125000. [PMID: 39180968 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.125000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRS) can provide rich information on the composition and content of samples, enabling the detection of subtle changes in tissue composition and structure. This study represents the first application of FTIRS to investigate cartilage under microgravity. Simulated microgravity cartilage model was firstly established by tail-suspension (TS) for 7, 14 and 21 days, which would be compared to control samples. A self-developed hollow optical fiber attenuated total reflection (HOF-ATR) probe coupled with a FTIR spectrometer was used for the spectral acquisition of cartilage samples in situ, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to analyze the changes in the contents of cartilage matrix at different stages. The results indicate that cartilage degenerates in microgravity, the collagen content gradually decreases with the TS time, and the structure of collagen fibers changes. The trends of proteoglycan content and collagen integrity show an initial decrease followed by an increase, ultimately significantly decreasing. The findings provide the basis for the cartilage degeneration in microgravity with TS time, which must be of real significance for space science and health detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Jinjin Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Lang Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Zichun Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Linwei Shang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Huijie Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China.
| | - Jianhua Yin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China.
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2
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Raj P, Wu L, Almeida C, Conway L, Tanwar S, Middendorf J, Barman I. Shining Light on Osteoarthritis: Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy as a Window into Cartilage Health. ACS Sens 2024; 9:3794-3804. [PMID: 38976969 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is a complex tissue, and early detection of osteoarthritis (OA) is crucial for effective treatment. However, current imaging modalities lack molecular specificity and primarily detect late-stage changes. In this study, we propose the use of spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) for noninvasive, depth-dependent, and molecular-specific diagnostics of articular cartilage. We demonstrate the potential of SORS to penetrate deep layers of cartilage, providing a comprehensive understanding of disease progression. Our SORS measurements were characterized and validated through mechanical and histological techniques, revealing strong correlations between spectroscopic measurements and both Young's modulus and depth of cartilage damage. By longitudinally monitoring enzymatically degraded condyles, we further developed a depth-dependent damage-tracking method. Our analysis revealed distinct components related to sample depth and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) changes, offering a comprehensive picture of cartilage health. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of SORS as a valuable tool for enhancing OA management and improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Raj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Lintong Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Craig Almeida
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Lauren Conway
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Swati Tanwar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Jill Middendorf
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Ishan Barman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
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3
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Gassner C, Vongsvivut J, Ng SH, Ryu M, Tobin MJ, Juodkazis S, Morikawa J, Wood BR. Linearly Polarized Infrared Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Biological Materials. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 77:977-1008. [PMID: 37464791 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231180233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of biological samples with polarized infrared spectroscopy (p-IR) has long been a widely practiced method for the determination of sample orientation and structural properties. In contrast to earlier works, which employed this method to investigate the fundamental chemistry of biological systems, recent interests are moving toward "real-world" applications for the evaluation and diagnosis of pathological states. This focal point review provides an up-to-date synopsis of the knowledge of biological materials garnered through linearly p-IR on biomolecules, cells, and tissues. An overview of the theory with special consideration to biological samples is provided. Different modalities which can be employed along with their capabilities and limitations are outlined. Furthermore, an in-depth discussion of factors regarding sample preparation, sample properties, and instrumentation, which can affect p-IR analysis is provided. Additionally, attention is drawn to the potential impacts of analysis of biological samples with inherently polarized light sources, such as synchrotron light and quantum cascade lasers. The vast applications of p-IR for the determination of the structure and orientation of biological samples are given. In conclusion, with considerations to emerging instrumentation, findings by other techniques, and the shift of focus toward clinical applications, we speculate on the future directions of this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum Gassner
- Centre for Biospectroscopy, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jitraporn Vongsvivut
- Infrared Microspectroscopy (IRM) Beamline, ANSTO-Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Australia
| | - Soon Hock Ng
- Optical Sciences Centre and ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Meguya Ryu
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mark J Tobin
- Infrared Microspectroscopy (IRM) Beamline, ANSTO-Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Australia
| | - Saulius Juodkazis
- Optical Sciences Centre and ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Junko Morikawa
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bayden R Wood
- Centre for Biospectroscopy, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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4
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Rehman HU, Tafintseva V, Zimmermann B, Solheim JH, Virtanen V, Shaikh R, Nippolainen E, Afara I, Saarakkala S, Rieppo L, Krebs P, Fomina P, Mizaikoff B, Kohler A. Preclassification of Broadband and Sparse Infrared Data by Multiplicative Signal Correction Approach. Molecules 2022; 27:2298. [PMID: 35408697 PMCID: PMC9000438 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclassification of raw infrared spectra has often been neglected in scientific literature. Separating spectra of low spectral quality, due to low signal-to-noise ratio, presence of artifacts, and low analyte presence, is crucial for accurate model development. Furthermore, it is very important for sparse data, where it becomes challenging to visually inspect spectra of different natures. Hence, a preclassification approach to separate infrared spectra for sparse data is needed. In this study, we propose a preclassification approach based on Multiplicative Signal Correction (MSC). The MSC approach was applied on human and the bovine knee cartilage broadband Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra and on a sparse data subset comprising of only seven wavelengths. The goal of the preclassification was to separate spectra with analyte-rich signals (i.e., cartilage) from spectra with analyte-poor (and high-matrix) signals (i.e., water). The human datasets 1 and 2 contained 814 and 815 spectra, while the bovine dataset contained 396 spectra. A pure water spectrum was used as a reference spectrum in the MSC approach. A threshold for the root mean square error (RMSE) was used to separate cartilage from water spectra for broadband and the sparse spectral data. Additionally, standard noise-to-ratio and principle component analysis were applied on broadband spectra. The fully automated MSC preclassification approach, using water as reference spectrum, performed as well as the manual visual inspection. Moreover, it enabled not only separation of cartilage from water spectra in broadband spectral datasets, but also in sparse datasets where manual visual inspection cannot be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafeez Ur Rehman
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway; (V.T.); (B.Z.); (J.H.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Valeria Tafintseva
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway; (V.T.); (B.Z.); (J.H.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Boris Zimmermann
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway; (V.T.); (B.Z.); (J.H.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Johanne Heitmann Solheim
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway; (V.T.); (B.Z.); (J.H.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Vesa Virtanen
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland; (V.V.); (S.S.); (L.R.)
| | - Rubina Shaikh
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (R.S.); (E.N.); (I.A.)
- Department of Orthopedics, Traumatology, Hand Surgery, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ervin Nippolainen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (R.S.); (E.N.); (I.A.)
| | - Isaac Afara
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (R.S.); (E.N.); (I.A.)
| | - Simo Saarakkala
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland; (V.V.); (S.S.); (L.R.)
| | - Lassi Rieppo
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland; (V.V.); (S.S.); (L.R.)
| | - Patrick Krebs
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (P.K.); (P.F.); (B.M.)
| | - Polina Fomina
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (P.K.); (P.F.); (B.M.)
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (P.K.); (P.F.); (B.M.)
| | - Achim Kohler
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway; (V.T.); (B.Z.); (J.H.S.); (A.K.)
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5
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Kistler M, Köhler H, Theopold J, Gockel I, Roth A, Hepp P, Osterhoff G. Intraoperative hyperspectral imaging (HSI) as a new diagnostic tool for the detection of cartilage degeneration. Sci Rep 2022; 12:608. [PMID: 35022498 PMCID: PMC8755763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04642-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate, whether hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is able to reliably differentiate between healthy and damaged cartilage tissue. A prospective diagnostic study was performed including 21 patients undergoing open knee surgery. HSI data were acquired during surgery, and the joint surface's cartilage was assessed according to the ICRS cartilage injury score. The HSI system records light spectra from 500 to 1000 nm and generates several parameters including tissue water index (TWI) and the absorbance at 960 nm and 540 nm. Receiver operating characteristic curves were calculated to assess test parameters for threshold values of HSI. Areas with a cartilage defect ICRS grade ≥ 3 showed a significantly lower TWI (p = 0.026) and higher values for 540 nm (p < 0.001). No difference was seen for 960 nm (p = 0.244). For a threshold of 540 nm > 0.74, a cartilage defect ICRS grade ≥ 3 could be detected with a sensitivity of 0.81 and a specificity of 0.81. TWI was not suitable for cartilage defect detection. HSI can provide reliable parameters to differentiate healthy and damaged cartilage. Our data clearly suggest that the difference in absorbance at 540 nm would be the best parameter to achieve accurate identification of damaged cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Kistler
- Department of Orthopaedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hannes Köhler
- Innovation Center Computer Assisted Surgery (ICCAS), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Theopold
- Department of Orthopaedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ines Gockel
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Roth
- Department of Orthopaedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pierre Hepp
- Department of Orthopaedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Georg Osterhoff
- Department of Orthopaedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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6
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Pezzotti G, Zhu W, Terai Y, Marin E, Boschetto F, Kawamoto K, Itaka K. Raman spectroscopic insight into osteoarthritic cartilage regeneration by mRNA therapeutics encoding cartilage-anabolic transcription factor Runx1. Mater Today Bio 2022; 13:100210. [PMID: 35281370 PMCID: PMC8913780 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
While joint arthroplasty remains nowadays the most popular option available to repair chronically degenerated osteoarthritic joints, possibilities are recently emerging for regeneration of damaged cartilage rather than its replacement with artificial biomaterials. This latter strategy could allow avoiding the quite intrusive surgical procedures associated with total joint replacement. Building upon this notion, we first apply Raman spectroscopy to characterize diseased cartilage in a mice model of instability-induced knee osteoarthritis (OA) upon medial collateral ligament (MCL) and medial meniscus (MM) transections. Then, we examine the same OA model after cartilage regeneration by means of messenger RNA (mRNA) delivery of a cartilage-anabolic runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1). Raman spectroscopy is shown to substantiate at the molecular scale the therapeutic effect of the Runx1 mRNA cartilage regeneration approach. This study demonstrates how the Raman spectroscopic method could support and accelerate the development of new therapies for cartilage diseases.
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7
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Adouni M, Faisal TR, Dhaher YY. Sensitivity analysis of the knee ligament forces to the surgical design variation during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a finite element analysis. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2021; 25:1063-1071. [PMID: 34821520 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2021.2006647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to understand the effect of essential surgical design parameters on collateral and cruciate ligaments behavior for a Bone-Patellar-Tendon-Bone (BPTB) anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R) surgery. A parametric finite element model of biomechanical experiments depicting the ACL-R surgery associated with a global sensitivity analysis was adopted in this work. The model parameters were six intraoperative variables, two-quadrant coordinates of femoral tunnel placement, femoral tunnel sagittal and coronal angles, graft pretension, and the joint angle at which the BPTB graft is tensioned (fixation angle). Our results indicated that cruciate ligaments (posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and graft) were mainly sensitive to graft pretension (23%), femoral tunnel sites (56%), and the angle at which the surgeon decided to fix the graft (14%). The collateral ligaments (medial and lateral) were also affected by the same set of surgical parameters as the cruciate ligaments except for graft pretension. The output data of this study may help to identify a better role for the ACL-R intraoperative variables in optimizing the knee joint ligaments' postsurgical functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malek Adouni
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Mechanical Engineering department, Australian College of Kuwait, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Tanvir R Faisal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, USA
| | - Yasin Y Dhaher
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Southwest, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwest, Dallas, TX, USA.,Bioengineering, University of Texas Southwest, Dallas, TX, USA
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8
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Linus A, Ebrahimi M, Turunen MJ, Saarakkala S, Joukainen A, Kröger H, Koistinen A, Finnilä MA, Afara IO, Mononen ME, Tanska P, Korhonen RK. High-resolution infrared microspectroscopic characterization of cartilage cell microenvironment. Acta Biomater 2021; 134:252-260. [PMID: 34365039 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The lateral resolution of infrared spectroscopy has been inadequate for accurate biochemical characterization of the cell microenvironment, a region regulating biochemical and biomechanical signals to cells. In this study, we demonstrate the capacity of a high-resolution Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (HR-FTIR-MS) to characterize the collagen content of this region. Specifically, we focus on the collagen content in the cartilage cell (chondrocyte) microenvironment of healthy and osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage. Human tibial cartilage samples (N = 28) were harvested from 7 cadaveric donors and graded for OA severity (healthy, early OA, advanced OA). HR-FTIR-MS was used to analyze the collagen content of the chondrocyte microenvironment of five distinct zones across the tissue depth. HR-FTIR-MS successfully showed collagen content distribution across chondrocytes and their environment. In zones 2 and 3 (10 - 50% of the tissue thickness), we observed that collagen content was smaller (P < 0.05) in early OA compared to the healthy tissue in the vicinity of cells (pericellular region). The collagen content loss was extended to the extracellular matrix in advanced OA tissue. No significant differences in the collagen content of the chondrocyte microenvironment were observed between the groups in the most superficial (0-10%) and deep zones (50-100%). HR-FTIR-MS revealed collagen loss in the early OA cartilage pericellular region before detectable changes in the extracellular matrix in advanced OA. HR-FTIR-MS-based compositional assessment enables a better understanding of OA-related changes in tissues. This technique can be used to identify new disease mechanisms enabling better intervention strategies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease causing pain and disability. While significant progress has been made in OA research, OA pathogenesis is still poorly understood and current OA treatments are mainly palliative. This study demonstrates that high-resolution FTIR microspectroscopy (HR-FTIR-MS) can characterize OA-induced compositional changes in the cell microenvironment (pericellular matrix) during the early disease stages before tissue changes in the extracellular matrix become apparent. This technique may further enable the identification of new OA mechanisms and improve our current understanding of OA pathogenesis, thus, enabling the development of better treatment methods.
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9
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Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy Combined with Principal Component Analysis and Artificial Neural Networks for the Study of the Effect of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) Supplementation on Articular Cartilage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179189. [PMID: 34502096 PMCID: PMC8430473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of Fourier Transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIR microspectroscopy) and multivariate analyses were applied for the classification of the frequency ranges responsible for the distribution changes of the main components of articular cartilage (AC) that occur during dietary β-hydroxy-β-methyl butyrate (HMB) supplementation. The FTIR imaging analysis of histological AC sections originating from 35-day old male piglets showed the change in the collagen and proteoglycan contents of the HMB-supplemented group compared to the control. The relative amount of collagen content in the superficial zone increased by more than 23% and in the middle zone by about 17%, while no changes in the deep zone were observed compared to the control group. Considering proteoglycans content, a significant increase was registered in the middle and deep zones, respectively; 62% and 52% compared to the control. AFM nanoindentation measurements collected from animals administered with HMB displayed an increase in AC tissue stiffness by detecting a higher value of Young’s modulus in all investigated AC zones. We demonstrated that principal component analysis and artificial neural networks could be trained with spectral information to distinguish AC histological sections and the group under study accurately. This work may support the use and effectiveness of FTIR imaging combined with multivariate analyses as a quantitative alternative to traditional collagenous tissue-related histology.
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10
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Sloan SR, Wipplinger C, Kirnaz S, Delgado R, Huang S, Shvets G, Härtl R, Bonassar LJ. Imaging the local biochemical content of native and injured intervertebral disc using Fourier transform infrared microscopy. JOR Spine 2020; 3:e1121. [PMID: 33392456 PMCID: PMC7770196 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations to the biochemical composition of the intervertebral disc (IVD) are hallmarks of aging and degeneration. Methods to assess biochemical content, such as histology, immunohistochemistry, and spectrophotometric assays, are limited in their ability to quantitatively analyze the spatial distribution of biochemical components. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy is a biochemical analysis method that can yield both quantitative and high-resolution data about the spatial distribution of biochemical components. This technique has been largely unexplored for use with the IVD, and existing methods use complex analytical techniques that make results difficult to interpret. The objective of the present study is to describe an FTIR microscopy method that has been optimized for imaging the collagen and proteoglycan content of the IVD. The method was performed on intact and discectomized IVDs from the sheep lumbar spine after 6 weeks in vivo in order to validate FTIR microscopy in healthy and degenerated IVDs. FTIR microscopy quantified collagen and proteoglycan content across the entire IVD and showed local changes in biochemical content after discectomy that were not observed with traditional histological methods. Changes in collagen and proteoglycans content were found to have strong correlations with Pfirrmann grades of degeneration. This study demonstrates how FTIR microscopy is a valuable research tool that can be used to quantitatively assess the local biochemical composition of IVDs in development, degeneration, and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R. Sloan
- Meinig School of Biomedical EngineeringCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Christoph Wipplinger
- Department of Neurological SurgeryWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Sertaç Kirnaz
- Department of Neurological SurgeryWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Robert Delgado
- Applied Engineering and PhysicsCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Steven Huang
- Applied Engineering and PhysicsCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Gennady Shvets
- Applied Engineering and PhysicsCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Roger Härtl
- Department of Neurological SurgeryWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Lawrence J. Bonassar
- Meinig School of Biomedical EngineeringCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
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11
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Adouni M, Faisal TR, Dhaher YY. Computational frame of ligament in situ strain in a full knee model. Comput Biol Med 2020; 126:104012. [PMID: 33045650 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.104012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The biomechanical function of connective tissues in a knee joint is to stabilize the kinematics-kinetics of the joint by augmenting its stiffness and limiting excessive coupled motion. The connective tissues are characterized by an in vivo reference configuration (in situ strain) that would significantly contribute to the mechanical response of the knee joint. In this work, a novel iterative method for computing the in situ strain at reference configuration was presented. The framework used an in situ strain gradient approach (deformed reference configuration) and a detailed finite element (FE) model of the knee joint. The effect of the predicted initial configuration on the mechanical response of the joint was then investigated under joint axial compression, passive flexion, and coupled rotations (adduction and internal), and during the stance phase of gait. The inclusion of the reference configuration has a minimal effect on the knee joint mechanics under axial compression, passive flexion, and at two instances (0% and 50%) of the stance phase of gait. However, the presence of the ligaments in situ strains significantly increased the joint stiffness under passive adduction and internal rotations, as well as during the other simulated instances (25%, 75% and 100%) of the stance phase of gait. Also, these parameters substantially altered the local loading state of the ligaments and resulted in better agreement with the literature during joint flexion. Therefore, the proposed computational framework of ligament in situ strain will help to overcome the challenges in considering this crucial biological aspect during knee joint modeling. Besides, the current construct is advantageous for a better understanding of the mechanical behavior of knee ligaments under physiological and pathological states and provide relevant information in the design of reconstructive treatments and artificial grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malek Adouni
- Northwestern University, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, 345 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States; Australian College of Kuwait, Mechanical Engineering Department, East Meshrif, P.O. Box 1411, Kuwait.
| | - Tanvir R Faisal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, LA, 70508, USA
| | - Yasin Y Dhaher
- Northwestern University, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, 345 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Southwest, Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwest, Dallas, TX, United States; Bioengineering, University of Texas Southwest, Dallas, TX, United States
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12
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Fertala J, Rivlin M, Wang ML, Beredjiklian PK, Steplewski A, Fertala A. Collagen-rich deposit formation in the sciatic nerve after injury and surgical repair: A study of collagen-producing cells in a rabbit model. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01802. [PMID: 32924288 PMCID: PMC7559634 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Posttraumatic scarring of peripheral nerves produces unwanted adhesions that block axonal growth. In the context of surgical nerve repair, the organization of the scar tissue adjacent to conduits used to span the gap between the stumps of transected nerves is poorly understood. The goal of this study was to elucidate the patterns of distribution of collagen-rich scar tissue and analyze the spatial organization of cells that produce fibrotic deposits around and within the conduit's lumen. METHODS Employing a rabbit model of sciatic nerve transection injury, we studied the formation of collagen-rich scar tissue both inside and outside conduits used to bridge the injury sites. Utilizing quantitative immunohistology and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy methods, we measured cellular and structural elements present in the extraneural and the intraneural scar of the proximal and distal nerve fragments. RESULTS Analysis of cells producing collagen-rich deposits revealed that alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive myofibroblasts were only present in the margins of the stumps. In contrast, heat shock protein 47-positive fibroblasts actively producing collagenous proteins were abundant within the entire scar tissue. The most prominent site of transected sciatic nerves with the highest number of cells actively producing collagen-rich scar was the proximal stump. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest the proximal region of the injury site plays a prominent role in pro-fibrotic processes associated with the formation of collagen-rich deposits. Moreover, they show that the role of canonical myofibroblasts in peripheral nerve regeneration is limited to wound contracture and that a distinct population of fibroblastic cells produce the collagenous proteins that form scar tissue. As scarring after nerve injury remains a clinical problem with poor outcomes due to incomplete nerve recovery, further elucidation of the cellular and spatial aspects of neural fibrosis will lead to more targeted treatments in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Fertala
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Rivlin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Rothman Institute of Orthopaedics, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark L Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Rothman Institute of Orthopaedics, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pedro K Beredjiklian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Rothman Institute of Orthopaedics, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrzej Steplewski
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrzej Fertala
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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13
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Bartell LR, Fortier LA, Bonassar LJ, Szeto HH, Cohen I, Delco ML. Mitoprotective therapy prevents rapid, strain-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction after articular cartilage injury. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:1257-1267. [PMID: 31840828 PMCID: PMC7225065 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) involves the mechanical and biological deterioration of articular cartilage that occurs following joint injury. PTOA is a growing problem in health care due to the lack of effective therapies combined with an aging population with high activity levels. Recently, acute mitochondrial dysfunction and altered cellular respiration have been associated with cartilage degeneration after injury. This finding is particularly important because recently developed mitoprotective drugs, including SS peptides, can preserve mitochondrial structure and function after acute injury in other tissues. It is not known, however, if cartilage injury induces rapid structural changes in mitochondria, to what degree mitochondrial dysfunction in cartilage depends on the mechanics of injury or the time frame over which such dysfunction develops. Similarly, it is unknown if SS-peptide treatment can preserve mitochondrial structure and function after cartilage injury. Here, we combined fast camera elastography, longitudinal fluorescence assays, and computer vision techniques to track the fates of thousands of individual cells. Our results show that impact induces mechanically dependent mitochondrial depolarization within a few minutes after injury. Electron microscopy revealed that impact causes rapid structural changes in mitochondria that are related to reduced mitochondrial function, namely, fission and loss of cristae structure. We found that SS-peptide treatment prior to impact protects the mitochondrial structure and preserves mitochondrial function at levels comparable with that of unimpacted control samples. Overall, this study reveals the vital role of mitochondria in mediating cartilage's peracute (within minutes) response to traumatic injury and demonstrates mitoprotection as a promising therapeutic strategy for injury-induced cartilage damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena R. Bartell
- School of Applied & Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Lisa A. Fortier
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Lawrence J. Bonassar
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Hazel H. Szeto
- Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, United States of America
| | - Itai Cohen
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Michelle L. Delco
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
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14
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Huynh RN, Pesante B, Nehmetallah G, Raub CB. Polarized reflectance from articular cartilage depends upon superficial zone collagen network microstructure. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:5518-5534. [PMID: 31799028 PMCID: PMC6865123 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.005518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Polarized reflectance from articular cartilage involves light scattering dependent on surface features, sub-surface optical properties, and collagen birefringence. To understand how surface roughness, zonal collagen microstructure, and chondrocyte organization contribute to polarized reflectance signals, experiments were conducted on bovine cartilage explants and osteochondral cores to compare polarized reflectance texture with split lines and relate these signals to cartilage zonal features and chondrocyte distribution. Texture parameter sensitivity to articular surface damage was determined from polarized reflectance maps and optimized to detect surface damage. Results indicate that polarized reflectance texture predominantly derives from the superficial zone collagen network, while the parameter average value also depends on surface roughness and total cartilage thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. N. Huynh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, 620 Michigan Ave NE., Washington, DC 20064, USA
| | - B. Pesante
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, 620 Michigan Ave NE., Washington, DC 20064, USA
| | - G. Nehmetallah
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The Catholic University of America, 620 Michigan Ave NE., Washington, DC 20064, USA
| | - C. B. Raub
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, 620 Michigan Ave NE., Washington, DC 20064, USA
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15
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Kowalczuk D, Pitucha M. Application of FTIR Method for the Assessment of Immobilization of Active Substances in the Matrix of Biomedical Materials. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12182972. [PMID: 31540255 PMCID: PMC6766236 DOI: 10.3390/ma12182972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background: The purpose of the study was to demonstrate the usefulness of the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) method for the evaluation of the modification process of biomaterials with the participation of active substances. Methods: Modified catheter samples were prepared by activating the matrix with an acid, iodine, or bromine, and then immobilizing the active molecules. To carry out the modification process, the Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) method was used. Results: FTIR analysis indicated the presence of the immobilized substances in the catheter matrix and site-specific reactions. Conclusion: We surmise that the infrared spectroscopic technique is an ideal tool for the assessment of the drug immobilization and the changes occurring in the course of the modification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kowalczuk
- Chair and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, the Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Monika Pitucha
- Independent Radiopharmacy Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, the Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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16
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Steplewski A, Fertala J, Tomlinson R, Hoxha K, Han L, Thakar O, Klein J, Abboud J, Fertala A. The impact of cholesterol deposits on the fibrillar architecture of the Achilles tendon in a rabbit model of hypercholesterolemia. J Orthop Surg Res 2019; 14:172. [PMID: 31182124 PMCID: PMC6558834 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-019-1217-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increased tendon pain and tendon damage is a significant complication related to hyperlipidemia. Unlike the well-established pathogenesis associated with increased serum concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, the role of hyperlipidemia in promoting tendon damage remains controversial and requires mechanistic clarity. Methods In this study, we analyzed the consequences of hypercholesterolemia on the integrity of the collagen-based architecture of the Achilles tendon. The Achilles tendons from rabbits fed with normal-cholesterol (nCH) and high-cholesterol (hCH) diets were analyzed. We studied the morphology of tendons, distribution of lipids within their collagen-rich milieu, the relative amounts of fibrillar collagen I and collagen III, and selected biomechanical parameters of the tendons at the macroscale and the nanoscale. Results Histological assays of hCH tendons and tenosynovium demonstrated hypercellular areas with increased numbers of macrophages infiltrating the tendon structure as compared to the nCH tendons. While Oil Red staining revealed lipid-rich deposits in the hCH tendons, hybridization of tendon tissue with the collagen hybridizing peptide (CHP) demonstrated damage to the collagen fibers. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed the presence of distinct peaks consistent with the presence of cholesterol ester. Additionally, the hCH tendons displayed regions of poor collagen content that overlapped with lipid-rich regions. The hCH tendons had a substantial fourfold increase in the collage III to collagen I ratio as compared to the nCH tendons. Tendons from the hCH rabbits showed poor biomechanical characteristics in comparison with control. The biomechanical changes were evident at the macrolevel and the nanolevel of tendon structure. Conclusions Our findings support the hypothesis that hypercholesterolemia coincides with the weakening of the tendons. It is likely that the intimate contact between collagen fibrils and cholesterol deposits contributes to the weakening of the fibrillar structure of the tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Steplewski
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Curtis Building, Room 501, 1015 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Jolanta Fertala
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Curtis Building, Room 501, 1015 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Ryan Tomlinson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Curtis Building, Room 501, 1015 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Kevth'er Hoxha
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science & Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lin Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science & Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ocean Thakar
- Rothman Institute of Orthopaedics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jason Klein
- Rothman Institute of Orthopaedics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Abboud
- Rothman Institute of Orthopaedics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrzej Fertala
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Curtis Building, Room 501, 1015 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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17
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Ruland A, Gilmore KJ, Daikuara LY, Fay CD, Yue Z, Wallace GG. Quantitative ultrasound imaging of cell-laden hydrogels and printed constructs. Acta Biomater 2019; 91:173-185. [PMID: 31055120 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present work we have revisited the application of quantitative ultrasound imaging (QUI) to cellular hydrogels, by using the reference phantom method (RPM) in combination with a local attenuation compensation algorithm. The investigated biological samples consisted of cell-laden collagen hydrogels with PC12 neural cells. These cell-laden hydrogels were used to calibrate the integrated backscattering coefficient (IBC) as a function of cell density, which was then used to generate parametric images of local cell density. The image resolution used for QUI and its impact on the relative IBC error was also investigated. Another important contribution of our work was the monitoring of PC12 cell proliferation. The cell number estimates obtained via the calibrated IBC compared well with data obtained using a conventional quantitative method, the MTS assay. Evaluation of spectral changes as a function of culture time also provided additional information on the cell cluster size, which was found to be in close agreement with that observed by microscopy. Last but not least, we also applied QUI on a 3D printed cellular construct in order to illustrate its capabilities for the evaluation of bioprinted structures. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: While there is intensive research in the areas of polymer science, biology, and 3D bio-printing, there exists a gap in available characterisation tools for the non-destructive inspection of biological constructs in the three-dimensional domain, on the macroscopic scale, and with fast data acquisition times. Quantitative ultrasound imaging is a suitable characterization technique for providing essential information on the development of tissue engineered constructs. These results provide a detailed and comprehensive guide on the capabilities and limitations of the technique.
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18
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Honkanen MKM, Matikka H, Honkanen JTJ, Bhattarai A, Grinstaff MW, Joukainen A, Kröger H, Jurvelin JS, Töyräs J. Imaging of proteoglycan and water contents in human articular cartilage with full-body CT using dual contrast technique. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:1059-1070. [PMID: 30816584 PMCID: PMC6594070 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of cartilage composition via tomographic imaging is critical after cartilage injury to prevent post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Diffusion of cationic contrast agents in cartilage is affected by proteoglycan loss and elevated water content. These changes have opposite effects on diffusion and, thereby, reduce the diagnostic accuracy of cationic agents. Here, we apply, for the first time, a clinical full-body CT for dual contrast imaging of articular cartilage. We hypothesize that full-body CT can simultaneously determine the diffusion and partitioning of cationic and non-ionic contrast agents and that normalization of the cationic agent partition with that of the non-ionic agent minimizes the effect of water content and tissue permeability, especially at early diffusion time points. Cylindrical (d = 8 mm) human osteochondral samples (n = 45; four cadavers) of a variable degenerative state were immersed in a mixture of cationic iodinated CA4+ and non-charged gadoteridol contrast agents and imaged with a full-body CT scanner at various time points. Determination of contrast agents' distributions within cartilage was possible at all phases of diffusion. At early time points, gadoteridol, and CA4+ distributed throughout cartilage with lower concentrations in the deep cartilage. At ≥24 h, the gadoteridol concentration remained nearly constant, while the CA4+ concentration increased toward deep cartilage. Normalization of the CA4+ partition with that of gadoteridol significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced correlation with proteoglycan content and Mankin score at the early time points. To conclude, the dual contrast technique was found advantageous over single contrast imaging enabling more sensitive diagnosis of cartilage degeneration. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 9999:1-12, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miitu K. M. Honkanen
- Department of Applied PhysicsUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland,Diagnostic Imaging CenterKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
| | - Hanna Matikka
- Department of Clinical RadiologyDiagnostic Imaging CenterKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
| | | | - Abhisek Bhattarai
- Department of Applied PhysicsUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland,Diagnostic Imaging CenterKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
| | - Mark W. Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, and MedicineBoston UniversityBostonMassachusetts
| | - Antti Joukainen
- Department of Orthopedics, Traumatology and Hand SurgeryKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
| | - Heikki Kröger
- Department of Orthopedics, Traumatology and Hand SurgeryKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
| | - Jukka S. Jurvelin
- Department of Applied PhysicsUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Juha Töyräs
- Department of Applied PhysicsUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland,Diagnostic Imaging CenterKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland,School of Information Technology and Electrical EngineeringThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
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19
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Cui SJ, Fu Y, Liu Y, Kou XX, Zhang JN, Gan YH, Zhou YH, Wang XD. Chronic inflammation deteriorates structure and function of collagen fibril in rat temporomandibular joint disc. Int J Oral Sci 2019; 11:2. [PMID: 30783108 PMCID: PMC6381164 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-018-0036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen is the building component of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) discs and is often affected by inflammation in temporomandibular disorders. The macromechanical properties of collagen are deteriorated by chronic inflammation. However, the mechanism by which inflammation influences disc function remains unknown. The relationship between the ultrastructure and nanomechanical properties of collagen in inflamed discs should be clarified. Seven-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups. Chronic TMJ inflammation was induced by intra-articular injection of complete Freund's adjuvant, and samples were harvested after 5 weeks. Picrosirius staining revealed multiple colours under polarized light, which represented alternative collagen bundles in inflamed discs. Using atomic force microscopy scanning, the magnitude of Young's modulus was reduced significantly accompanied with disordered collagen fibril arrangement with porous architecture of inflamed discs. Transmission electron microscopy scanning revealed a non-uniform distribution of collagen fibres, and oversized collagen fibrils were observed in inflamed discs. Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy revealed a decrease in 1 338 cm-1/amide II area ratio of collagen in different regions. The peak positions of amide I and amide II bands were altered in inflamed discs, indicating collagen unfolding. Our results suggest that sustained inflammation deteriorates collagen structures, resulting in the deterioration of the ultrastructure and nanomechanical properties of rat TMJ discs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Jie Cui
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22# Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, China.,Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22# Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22# Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, China.,Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22# Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22# Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, China.,Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22# Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Xing Kou
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22# Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, China.,Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22# Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Jie-Ni Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22# Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, China.,Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22# Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Ye-Hua Gan
- Center for Temporomandibular Disorders and Orofacial Pain, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22# Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Heng Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22# Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, China. .,Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22# Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, China.
| | - Xue-Dong Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22# Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, China. .,Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22# Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, China.
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20
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Karchner JP, Querido W, Kandel S, Pleshko N. Spatial correlation of native and engineered cartilage components at micron resolution. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1442:104-117. [PMID: 30058180 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) approaches are being widely investigated for repair of focal defects in articular cartilage. However, the amount and/or type of extracellular matrix (ECM) produced in engineered constructs does not always correlate with the resultant mechanical properties. This could be related to the specifics of ECM distribution throughout the construct. Here, we present data on the amount and distribution of the primary components of native and engineered cartilage (i.e., collagen, proteoglycan (PG), and water) using Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy (FT-IRIS). These data permit visualization of matrix and water at 25 μm resolution throughout the tissues, and subsequent colocalization of these components using image processing methods. Native and engineered cartilage were cryosectioned at 80 μm for evaluation by FT-IRIS in the mid-infrared (MIR) and near-infrared (NIR) regions. PG distribution correlated strongly with water in native and engineered cartilage, supporting the binding of water to PG in both tissues. In addition, NIR-derived matrix peaks correlated significantly with MIR-derived collagen peaks, confirming the interpretation that these absorbances arise primarily from collagen and not PG. The combined use of MIR and NIR permits assessment of ECM and water spatial distribution at the micron level, which may aid in improved development of TE techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Karchner
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - William Querido
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shital Kandel
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nancy Pleshko
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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21
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Composition, structure and tensile biomechanical properties of equine articular cartilage during growth and maturation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11357. [PMID: 30054498 PMCID: PMC6063957 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29655-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage undergoes structural and biochemical changes during maturation, but the knowledge on how these changes relate to articular cartilage function at different stages of maturation is lacking. Equine articular cartilage samples of four different maturation levels (newborn, 5-month-old, 11-month-old and adult) were collected (N = 25). Biomechanical tensile testing, Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIR-MS) and polarized light microscopy were used to study the tensile, biochemical and structural properties of articular cartilage, respectively. The tensile modulus was highest and the breaking energy lowest in the newborn group. The collagen and the proteoglycan contents increased with age. The collagen orientation developed with age into an arcade-like orientation. The collagen content, proteoglycan content, and collagen orientation were important predictors of the tensile modulus (p < 0.05 in multivariable regression) and correlated significantly also with the breaking energy (p < 0.05 in multivariable regression). Partial least squares regression analysis of FTIR-MS data provided accurate predictions for the tensile modulus (r = 0.79) and the breaking energy (r = 0.65). To conclude, the composition and structure of equine articular cartilage undergoes changes with depth that alter functional properties during maturation, with the typical properties of mature tissue reached at the age of 5-11 months.
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22
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Qu D, Subramony SD, Boskey AL, Pleshko N, Doty SB, Lu HH. Compositional mapping of the mature anterior cruciate ligament-to-bone insertion. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:2513-2523. [PMID: 28176356 PMCID: PMC5548644 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-to-bone interface constitutes a complex, multi-tissue structure comprised of contiguous ligament, non-mineralized fibrocartilage, mineralized fibrocartilage, and bone regions. This composite structure enables load transfer between structurally and functionally dissimilar tissues and is critical for ligament homeostasis and joint stability. Presently, there is a lack of quantitative understanding of the matrix composition and organization across this junction, especially after the onset of skeletal maturity. The objective of this study is to characterize the adult bovine ACL-to-bone interface using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging (FTIRI), testing the hypothesis that regional changes in collagen, proteoglycan, and mineral distribution, as well as matrix organization, persist at the mature insertion. It was observed that while collagen content increases continuously across the adult interface, collagen alignment decreases between ligament and bone. Proteoglycans were primarily localized to the fibrocartilage region and an exponential increase in mineral content was observed between the non-mineralized and mineralized regions. These observations reveal significant changes in collagen distribution and alignment with maturity, and these trends underscore the role of physiologic loading in postnatal matrix remodeling. Findings from this study provide new insights into interface organization and serve as benchmark design criteria for interface regeneration and integrative soft tissue repair. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2513-2523, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dovina Qu
- Biomaterials and Interface Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Siddarth D. Subramony
- Biomaterials and Interface Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Adele L. Boskey
- Musculoskeletal Integrity Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021
| | - Nancy Pleshko
- Tissue Imaging and Spectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122
| | - Stephen B. Doty
- Analytical Microscopy Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021
| | - Helen H. Lu
- Biomaterials and Interface Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027,To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Helen H. Lu, Ph.D., Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University1210 Amsterdam Avenue, 351 Engineering Terrace, MC 8904, New York, NY 10027, 212-854-4071 (office), 212-854-8725 (fax),
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23
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Meng XH, Wang Z, Guo L, Liu XC, Zhang YW, Zhang ZW, Ma XL. Quantitative evaluation of knee cartilage and meniscus destruction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis using T1ρ and T2 mapping. Eur J Radiol 2017; 96:91-97. [PMID: 29103482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To calculate T1ρ and T2 values of articular cartilage and menisci in knee joints of patients with RA, and compare the values between RA patients and healthy volunteers, to gain insight into the pathogenesis of cartilage and meniscus degradation in patients with RA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nine patients with RA and knee joints symptoms were enrolled in the study, twenty healthy volunteers without knee joint diseases were included as controls. Sagittal fat-saturated T1ρ and T2 mapping images were obtained on a 3T MR scanner (GE750, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI), using a dedicated 8-channel knee coil. In the T1rho mapping sequence, the amplitude of the spin-lock pulse was 500Hz, spin lock durations=10/20/30/50ms. In the T2 mapping sequence,TR/TE were 1794/6.5, 13.4, 27, 40.7ms. Both sequences were performed with the following parameters: flip angle (FA)=90°, matrix: 320×256, FOV: 16×16cm2, slice thickness: 3mm, bandwidth: 62.5kHZ, and a total scan time of 5:11min. T1ρ- and T2-mapping images were used for the segmentation of the articular cartilage of the patella, femoral trochlea, medial and lateral femoral condyle, medial and lateral tibial plateau. These images were also used for the segmentation of the anterior and posterior horns of the medial and lateral menisci with livewire semi-automatic segmentation algorithm of MATLAB. A Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compare the T1ρ and T2 values of the above mentioned regions between the two groups. RESULTS T1ρ (Z=-3.913 to -2.121, P=0.000-0.034) and T2 (Z=-3.866 to -2.216, P=0.000-0.026) values of knee cartilage in patients with RA were higher than that in healthy volunteers, except the cartilage of the patella (T1ρ: Z=-1.273, P=0.203,T2: Z=-0.236, P=0.814) and lateral tibial plateau (T1ρ:Z=-1.037, P=0.317). The T1ρ (Z=-1.462 to 0.572, P=0.095-0.908) and T2 (Z=-1.461 to 0.278, P=0.153-0.764) values of medial and lateral menisci showed no difference between the two groups. CONCLUSION Patients with RA exhibit diffuse knee cartilage destruction in the medial and lateral tibiofemoral joints and in the femoral trochlea. However, we found no increase in T1ρ and T2 values in menisci, this finding warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Hong Meng
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Hospital, No. 406, Jiefangnan Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211, China.
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Hospital, No. 406, Jiefangnan Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211, China.
| | - Li Guo
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, No.1, Guangdong Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300203, China.
| | - Xiu Chan Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Tianjin Hospital, No. 406, Jiefangnan Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211, China.
| | - Yu Wei Zhang
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, No.1, Guangdong Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300203, China.
| | - Ze Wei Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Xin Long Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, No. 406, Jiefangnan Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211, China.
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24
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Kiyan W, Ito A, Nakagawa Y, Mukai S, Mori K, Arai T, Uchino E, Okuno Y, Kuroki H. Relationships Between Quantitative Pulse-Echo Ultrasound Parameters from the Superficial Zone of the Human Articular Cartilage and Changes in Surface Roughness, Collagen Content or Collagen Orientation Caused by Early Degeneration. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2017; 43:1703-1715. [PMID: 28499496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to quantitatively investigate the relationship between amplitude-based pulse-echo ultrasound parameters and early degeneration of the knee articular cartilage. Twenty samples from six human femoral condyles judged as grade 0 or 1 according to International Cartilage Repair Society grading were assessed using a 15-MHz pulsed-ultrasound 3-D scanning system ex vivo. Surface roughness (Rq), average collagen content (A1) and collagen orientation (A12) in the superficial zone of the cartilage were measured via laser microscopy and Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy. Multiple regression analysis with a linear mixed-effects model (LMM) revealed that a time-domain reflection coefficient at the cartilage surface (Rc) had a significant coefficient of determination with Rq and A12 (RLMMm2=0.79); however, Rc did not correlate with A1. Concerning the collagen characteristic in the superficial zone, Rc was found to be a sensitive indicator reflecting collagen disorganization, not collagen content, for the early degeneration samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Kiyan
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Research Department, Furuno Electric Company, Ltd., Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Nakagawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shogo Mukai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koji Mori
- Applied Medical Engineering Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Arai
- Research Department, Furuno Electric Company, Ltd., Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Uchino
- Department of Biomedical Data Intelligence, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okuno
- Department of Biomedical Data Intelligence, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kuroki
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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25
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Qu D, Chuang PJ, Prateepchinda S, Balasubramanian PS, Yao X, Doty SB, Hendon CP, Lu HH. Micro- and Ultrastructural Characterization of Age-Related Changes at the Anterior Cruciate Ligament-to-Bone Insertion. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 3:2806-2814. [PMID: 33418704 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There remains a lack of understanding of the structural changes that occur across the complex, multitissue anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-to-bone insertion as a function of aging. The objective of this study is to provide a multiscale comparison of matrix properties across the skeletally immature and mature ACL-to-bone insertion. Using complementary imaging methods, micro- and ultrastructural analysis of the insertion revealed that collagen fiber orientation at the interface changes with age, though the degree of collagen organization is maintained over time. These changes are accompanied by a decrease in collagen fibril density and are likely driven by physiological loading. Mineral crystal structure and crystallinity are conserved over time, despite regional differences in crystallinity between the interface and bone. This suggests that mineral chemistry is established early in development and underscores its important functional role. Collectively, these findings provide new insights into interface development and set critical design benchmarks for integrative soft tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dovina Qu
- Biomaterials and Interface Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, 351 Engineering Terrace, MC 8904, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Philip J Chuang
- Biomaterials and Interface Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, 351 Engineering Terrace, MC 8904, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Sagaw Prateepchinda
- Biomaterials and Interface Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, 351 Engineering Terrace, MC 8904, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Priya S Balasubramanian
- Structure-Function Imaging Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W. 120th Street, 1300 S. W. Mudd Building, MC 4712, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xinwen Yao
- Structure-Function Imaging Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W. 120th Street, 1300 S. W. Mudd Building, MC 4712, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Stephen B Doty
- Analytical Microscopy Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Christine P Hendon
- Structure-Function Imaging Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W. 120th Street, 1300 S. W. Mudd Building, MC 4712, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Helen H Lu
- Biomaterials and Interface Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, 351 Engineering Terrace, MC 8904, New York, New York 10027, United States
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26
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Oinas J, Rieppo L, Finnilä MAJ, Valkealahti M, Lehenkari P, Saarakkala S. Imaging of Osteoarthritic Human Articular Cartilage using Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy Combined with Multivariate and Univariate Analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30008. [PMID: 27445254 PMCID: PMC4956759 DOI: 10.1038/srep30008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The changes in chemical composition of human articular cartilage (AC) caused by osteoarthritis (OA) were investigated using Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIR-MS). We demonstrate the sensitivity of FTIR-MS for monitoring compositional changes that occur with OA progression. Twenty-eight AC samples from tibial plateaus were imaged with FTIR-MS. Hyperspectral images of all samples were combined for K-means clustering. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis was used to compare the spectra with the OARSI grade (histopathological grading of OA). Furthermore, the amide I and the carbohydrate regions were used to estimate collagen and proteoglycan contents, respectively. Spectral peak at 1338 cm(-1) was used to estimate the integrity of the collagen network. The layered structure of AC was revealed using the carbohydrate region for clustering. Statistically significant correlation was observed between the OARSI grade and the collagen integrity in the superficial (r = -0.55) and the deep (r = -0.41) zones. Furthermore, PLSR models predicted the OARSI grade from the superficial (r = 0.94) and the deep (r = 0.77) regions of the AC with high accuracy. Obtained results suggest that quantitative and qualitative changes occur in the AC composition during OA progression, and these can be monitored by the use of FTIR-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oinas
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland
| | - L Rieppo
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland
| | - M A J Finnilä
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland.,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M Valkealahti
- Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
| | - P Lehenkari
- Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, Finland.,Research Group of Cancer and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - S Saarakkala
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
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27
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Palukuru UP, Hanifi A, McGoverin CM, Devlin S, Lelkes PI, Pleshko N. Near infrared spectroscopic imaging assessment of cartilage composition: Validation with mid infrared imaging spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 926:79-87. [PMID: 27216396 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Disease or injury to articular cartilage results in loss of extracellular matrix components which can lead to the development of osteoarthritis (OA). To better understand the process of disease development, there is a need for evaluation of changes in cartilage composition without the requirement of extensive sample preparation. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a chemical investigative technique based on molecular vibrations that is increasingly used as an assessment tool for studying cartilage composition. However, the assignment of specific molecular vibrations to absorbance bands in the NIR spectrum of cartilage, which arise from overtones and combinations of primary absorbances in the mid infrared (MIR) spectral region, has been challenging. In contrast, MIR spectroscopic assessment of cartilage is well-established, with many studies validating the assignment of specific bands present in MIR spectra to specific molecular vibrations. In the current study, NIR imaging spectroscopic data were obtained for compositional analysis of tissues that served as an in vitro model of OA. MIR spectroscopic data obtained from the identical tissue regions were used as the gold-standard for collagen and proteoglycan (PG) content. MIR spectroscopy in transmittance mode typically requires a much shorter pathlength through the sample (≤10 microns thick) compared to NIR spectroscopy (millimeters). Thus, this study first addressed the linearity of small absorbance bands in the MIR region with increasing tissue thickness, suitable for obtaining a signal in both the MIR and NIR regions. It was found that the linearity of specific, small MIR absorbance bands attributable to the collagen and PG components of cartilage (at 1336 and 856 cm(-1), respectively) are maintained through a thickness of 60 μm, which was also suitable for NIR data collection. MIR and NIR spectral data were then collected from 60 μm thick samples of cartilage degraded with chondroitinase ABC as a model of OA. Partial least squares (PLS) regression using NIR spectra as input predicted the MIR-determined compositional parameters of PG/collagen within 6% of actual values. These results indicate that NIR spectral data can be used to assess molecular changes that occur with cartilage degradation, and further, the data provide a foundation for future clinical studies where NIR fiber optic probes can be used to assess the progression of cartilage degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday P Palukuru
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, 1947 N. 12th St, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arash Hanifi
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, 1947 N. 12th St, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cushla M McGoverin
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, 1947 N. 12th St, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sean Devlin
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, 1947 N. 12th St, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter I Lelkes
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, 1947 N. 12th St, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nancy Pleshko
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, 1947 N. 12th St, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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28
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Abstract
A biological marker (biomarker) is a substance used as an indicator of biological state. Advances in genomics, proteomics and molecular pathology have generated many candidate biomarkers with potential clinical value. Research has identified several cellular events and mediators associated with wound healing that can serve as biomarkers. Macrophages, neutrophils, fibroblasts and platelets release cytokines molecules including TNF-α, interleukins (ILs) and growth factors, of which platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) holds the greatest importance. As a result, various white cells and connective tissue cells release both matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Studies have demonstrated that IL-1, IL-6, and MMPs, levels above normal, and an abnormally high MMP/TIMP ratio are often present in non-healing wounds. Clinical examination of wounds for these mediators could predict which wounds will heal and which will not, suggesting use of these chemicals as biomarkers of wound healing. There is also evidence that the application of growth factors like PDGF will alleviate the recuperating process of chronic, non-healing wounds. Finding a specific biomarker for wound healing status would be a breakthrough in this field and helping treat impaired wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Patel
- Postgraduate student, M. Pharm in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, at Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Sector - 125, Noida - 201 301, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A Maheshwari
- Postgraduate Student, M. Pharm in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, at Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Sector - 125, Noida - 201 301, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A Chandra
- Assistant Professor (III) and Proctor, at Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Sector - 125, Noida - 201 301, Uttar Pradesh, India
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29
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Mansour JM, Lee Z, Welter JF. Nondestructive Techniques to Evaluate the Characteristics and Development of Engineered Cartilage. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 44:733-49. [PMID: 26817458 PMCID: PMC4792725 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1535-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this review, methods for evaluating the properties of tissue engineered (TE) cartilage are described. Many of these have been developed for evaluating properties of native and osteoarthritic articular cartilage. However, with the increasing interest in engineering cartilage, specialized methods are needed for nondestructive evaluation of tissue while it is developing and after it is implanted. Such methods are needed, in part, due to the large inter- and intra-donor variability in the performance of the cellular component of the tissue, which remains a barrier to delivering reliable TE cartilage for implantation. Using conventional destructive tests, such variability makes it near-impossible to predict the timing and outcome of the tissue engineering process at the level of a specific piece of engineered tissue and also makes it difficult to assess the impact of changing tissue engineering regimens. While it is clear that the true test of engineered cartilage is its performance after it is implanted, correlation of pre and post implantation properties determined non-destructively in vitro and/or in vivo with performance should lead to predictive methods to improve quality-control and to minimize the chances of implanting inferior tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Mansour
- Departments of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2123 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Glennan Building Room 616A, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Zhenghong Lee
- Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jean F Welter
- Biology (Skeletal Research Center), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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30
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Fick JM, Ronkainen A, Herzog W, Korhonen RK. Site-dependent biomechanical responses of chondrocytes in the rabbit knee joint. J Biomech 2015; 48:4010-4019. [PMID: 26601568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Biomechanical responses of chondrocytes were determined in specific locations within the superficial zone of patellar, femoral groove, femoral condyle and tibial plateau cartilages obtained from female New Zealand White rabbits. A confocal laser scanning microscope combined with a custom indentation system was utilized for experimentation. Changes in cell volumes and dimensions (i.e. cell height, width and depth) due to loading, global, local axial and transverse strains were determined for each site. Tissue composition and structure was analysed at each indentation site with digital densitometry, polarized light microscopy and Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy. Patellar cells underwent greater volume decreases (compared to femoral groove cells; p<0.05) primarily due to greater decreases in cell height (p<0.05), consistent with greater levels of both global and local axial strains (p<0.05). Lateral condyle cells underwent greater volume decreases (compared to lateral plateau cells; p<0.05) primarily due to greater decreases in cell height, consistent with greater levels of tissue strains (p<0.05). Medial condyle cells underwent smaller volume decreases (compared to medial plateau cells; p<0.05) primarily due to elevated cell expansions in the depth direction, which was consistent with greater levels of minor transverse strains (p<0.05). Site-dependent differences in collagen orientation angles agreed conceptually with the observed cell dimensional changes. Chondrocyte biomechanical responses were highly site-dependent and corresponded primarily with the orientation of the collagen fibrils. The observed differences were thought to be due to the different biomechanical loading conditions at each site.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Fick
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland.
| | - A Ronkainen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - W Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - R K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
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31
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Nieminen HJ, Ylitalo T, Karhula S, Suuronen JP, Kauppinen S, Serimaa R, Hæggström E, Pritzker KPH, Valkealahti M, Lehenkari P, Finnilä M, Saarakkala S. Determining collagen distribution in articular cartilage using contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:1613-21. [PMID: 26003951 PMCID: PMC4565718 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Collagen distribution within articular cartilage (AC) is typically evaluated from histological sections, e.g., using collagen staining and light microscopy (LM). Unfortunately, all techniques based on histological sections are time-consuming, destructive, and without extraordinary effort, limited to two dimensions. This study investigates whether phosphotungstic acid (PTA) and phosphomolybdic acid (PMA), two collagen-specific markers and X-ray absorbers, could (1) produce contrast for AC X-ray imaging or (2) be used to detect collagen distribution within AC. METHOD We labeled equine AC samples with PTA or PMA and imaged them with micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) at pre-defined time points 0, 18, 36, 54, 72, 90, 180, 270 h during staining. The micro-CT image intensity was compared with collagen distributions obtained with a reference technique, i.e., Fourier-transform infrared imaging (FTIRI). The labeling time and contrast agent producing highest association (Pearson correlation, Bland-Altman analysis) between FTIRI collagen distribution and micro-CT -determined PTA distribution was selected for human AC. RESULTS Both, PTA and PMA labeling permitted visualization of AC features using micro-CT in non-calcified cartilage. After labeling the samples for 36 h in PTA, the spatial distribution of X-ray attenuation correlated highly with the collagen distribution determined by FTIRI in both equine (mean ± S.D. of the Pearson correlation coefficients, r = 0.96 ± 0.03, n = 12) and human AC (r = 0.82 ± 0.15, n = 4). CONCLUSIONS PTA-induced X-ray attenuation is a potential marker for non-destructive detection of AC collagen distributions in 3D. This approach opens new possibilities in development of non-destructive 3D histopathological techniques for characterization of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Nieminen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Research Center Group for Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - T Ylitalo
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Research Center Group for Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - S Karhula
- Research Center Group for Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - J-P Suuronen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - S Kauppinen
- Research Center Group for Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland.
| | - R Serimaa
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - E Hæggström
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - K P H Pritzker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
| | - M Valkealahti
- Department of Surgery and Intensive Care, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland.
| | - P Lehenkari
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Finland; Department of Surgery and Intensive Care, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland.
| | - M Finnilä
- Research Center Group for Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland.
| | - S Saarakkala
- Research Center Group for Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
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32
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Optical investigation of osteoarthritic human cartilage (ICRS grade) by confocal Raman spectroscopy: a pilot study. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:8067-77. [PMID: 26319282 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8979-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular changes in the cartilage matrix during the early stage of osteoarthritis may be detected by Raman spectroscopy. The objective of this investigation was to determine vibrational spectral differences among different grades (grades I, II, and III) of osteoarthritis in human osteoarthritic cartilage, which was classified according to the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) grading system. Degenerative articular cartilage samples were collected during total joint replacement surgery and were classified according to the ICRS grading system for osteoarthritis. Twelve cartilage sections (4 sections of each ICRS grades I, II, and III) were selected for Raman spectroscopic analysis. Safranin-O/Fast green was used for histological staining and assignment of the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) grade. Multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) was used for data analysis. Spectral analysis indicates that the content of disordered coil collagen increases significantly during the early progression of osteoarthritis. However, the increase was not statistically significant during later stages of the disease. A decrease in the content of proteoglycan was observed only during advanced stages of osteoarthritis. Our investigation shows that Raman spectroscopy can classify the different stage of osteoarthritic cartilage and can provide details on biochemical changes. This proof-of-concept study encourages further investigation of fresh cartilage on a larger population using fiber-based miniaturized Raman probe for the development of in vivo Raman arthroscopy as a potential diagnostic tool for osteoarthritis.
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33
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O’Brien MP, Penmatsa M, Palukuru U, West P, Yang X, Bostrom MPG, Freeman T, Pleshko N. Monitoring the Progression of Spontaneous Articular Cartilage Healing with Infrared Spectroscopy. Cartilage 2015; 6:174-84. [PMID: 26175863 PMCID: PMC4481387 DOI: 10.1177/1947603515572874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluation of early compositional changes in healing articular cartilage is critical for understanding tissue repair and for therapeutic decision-making. Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy (FT-IRIS) can be used to assess the molecular composition of harvested repair tissue. Furthermore, use of an infrared fiber-optic probe (IFOP) has the potential for translation to a clinical setting to provide molecular information in situ. In the current study, we determined the feasibility of IFOP assessment of cartilage repair tissue in a rabbit model, and assessed correlations with gold-standard histology. DESIGN Bilateral osteochondral defects were generated in mature white New Zealand rabbits, and IFOP data obtained from defect and adjacent regions at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 16 weeks postsurgery. Tissues were assessed histologically using the modified O'Driscoll score, by FT-IRIS, and by partial least squares (PLS) modeling of IFOP spectra. RESULTS The FT-IRIS parameters of collagen content, proteoglycan content, and collagen index correlated significantly with modified O'Driscoll score (P = 0.05, 0.002, and 0.02, respectively), indicative of their sensitivity to tissue healing. Repair tissue IFOP spectra were distinguished from normal tissue IFOP spectra in all samples by PLS analysis. However, the PLS model for prediction of histological score had a high prediction error, which was attributed to the spectral information being acquired from the tissue surface only. CONCLUSION The strong correlations between FT-IRIS data and histological score support further development of the IFOP technique for clinical applications, although further studies to optimize data collection from the full sample depths are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan P. O’Brien
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Madhuri Penmatsa
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Uday Palukuru
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul West
- Department of Mathematics, Engineering & Computer Science, LaGuardia Community College, Long Island City, NY, USA
| | - Xu Yang
- Hospital of Special Surgery; New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Theresa Freeman
- Department of Orthopaedics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nancy Pleshko
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Zhang XX, Yin JH, Mao ZH, Xia Y. Discrimination of healthy and osteoarthritic articular cartilages by Fourier transform infrared imaging and partial least squares-discriminant analysis. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:060501. [PMID: 26057029 PMCID: PMC4572093 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.6.060501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared imaging (FTIRI) combined with chemometrics algorithm has strong potential to obtain complex chemical information from biology tissues. FTIRI and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used to differentiate healthy and osteoarthritic (OA) cartilages for the first time. A PLS model was built on the calibration matrix of spectra that was randomly selected from the FTIRI spectral datasets of healthy and lesioned cartilage. Leave-one-out cross-validation was performed in the PLS model, and the fitting coefficient between actual and predicted categorical values of the calibration matrix reached 0.95. In the calibration and prediction matrices, the successful identifying percentages of healthy and lesioned cartilage spectra were 100% and 90.24%, respectively. These results demonstrated that FTIRI combined with PLS-DA could provide a promising approach for the categorical identification of healthy and OA cartilage specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Xi Zhang
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing, 210016 Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian-Hua Yin
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing, 210016 Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Mao
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing, 210016 Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Xia
- Oakland University, Department of Physics and Center for Biomedical Research, Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States
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35
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Alterations in subchondral bone plate, trabecular bone and articular cartilage properties of rabbit femoral condyles at 4 weeks after anterior cruciate ligament transection. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:414-22. [PMID: 25479166 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify early osteoarthritic-like changes in the structure and volume of subchondral bone plate and trabecular bone and properties of articular cartilage in a rabbit model of osteoarthritis (OA) induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT). METHODS Left knee joints from eight skeletally mature New Zealand white rabbits underwent ACLT surgery, while the contralateral (CTRL) right knee joints were left unoperated. Femoral condyles were harvested 4 weeks after ACLT. Micro-computed tomography imaging was applied to evaluate the structural properties of subchondral bone plate and trabecular bone. Additionally, biomechanical properties, structure and composition of articular cartilage were assessed. RESULTS As a result of ACLT, significant thinning of the subchondral bone plate (P < 0.05) was accompanied by significantly reduced trabecular bone volume fraction and trabecular thickness in the medial femoral condyle compartment (P < 0.05), while no changes were observed in the lateral compartment. In both lateral and medial femoral condyles, the equilibrium modulus and superficial zone proteoglycan (PG) content were significantly lower in ACLT than CTRL joint cartilage (P < 0.05). Significant alterations in the collagen orientation angle extended substantially deeper into cartilage from the ACLT joints in the lateral femoral condyle relative to the medial condyle compartment (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this model of early OA, significant changes in volume and microstructure of subchondral bone plate and trabecular bone were detected only in the femoral medial condyle, while alterations in articular cartilage properties were more severe in the lateral compartment. The former finding may be associated with reduced joint loading in the medial compartment due to ACLT, while the latter finding reflects early osteoarthritic changes in the lateral compartment.
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36
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Afara IO, Moody H, Singh S, Prasadam I, Oloyede A. Spatial mapping of proteoglycan content in articular cartilage using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:144-54. [PMID: 25657883 PMCID: PMC4317110 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of articular cartilage pathology in the early disease stages using current clinical diagnostic imaging modalities is challenging, particularly because there is often no visible change in the tissue surface and matrix content, such as proteoglycans (PG). In this study, we propose the use of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to spatially map PG content in articular cartilage. The relationship between NIR spectra and reference data (PG content) obtained from histology of normal and artificially induced PG-depleted cartilage samples was investigated using principal component (PC) and partial least squares (PLS) regression analyses. Significant correlation was obtained between both data (R(2) = 91.40%, p<0.0001). The resulting correlation was used to predict PG content from spectra acquired from whole joint sample, this was then employed to spatially map this component of cartilage across the intact sample. We conclude that NIR spectroscopy is a feasible tool for evaluating cartilage contents and mapping their distribution across mammalian joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac O. Afara
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio,
Finland
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane,
Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane,
Australia
| | - Hayley Moody
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane,
Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane,
Australia
| | - Sanjleena Singh
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane,
Australia
| | - Indira Prasadam
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane,
Australia
| | - Adekunle Oloyede
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane,
Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane,
Australia
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37
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Khanarian NT, Boushell MK, Spalazzi JP, Pleshko N, Boskey AL, Lu HH. FTIR-I compositional mapping of the cartilage-to-bone interface as a function of tissue region and age. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:2643-52. [PMID: 24839262 PMCID: PMC4963234 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Soft tissue-to-bone transitions, such as the osteochondral interface, are complex junctions that connect multiple tissue types and are critical for musculoskeletal function. The osteochondral interface enables pressurization of articular cartilage, facilitates load transfer between cartilage and bone, and serves as a barrier between these two distinct tissues. Presently, there is a lack of quantitative understanding of the matrix and mineral distribution across this multitissue transition. Moreover, age-related changes at the interface with the onset of skeletal maturity are also not well understood. Therefore, the objective of this study is to characterize the cartilage-to-bone transition as a function of age, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging (FTIR-I) analysis to map region-dependent changes in collagen, proteoglycan, and mineral distribution, as well as collagen organization. Both tissue-dependent and age-related changes were observed, underscoring the role of postnatal physiological loading in matrix remodeling. It was observed that the relative collagen content increased continuously from cartilage to bone, whereas proteoglycan peaked within the deep zone of cartilage. With age, collagen content across the interface increased, accompanied by a higher degree of collagen alignment in both the surface and deep zone cartilage. Interestingly, regardless of age, mineral content increased exponentially across the calcified cartilage interface. These observations reveal new insights into both region- and age-dependent changes across the cartilage-to-bone junction and will serve as critical benchmark parameters for current efforts in integrative cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora T Khanarian
- Biomaterials and Interface Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Margaret K Boushell
- Biomaterials and Interface Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Spalazzi
- Biomaterials and Interface Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nancy Pleshko
- Musculoskeletal Integrity Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adele L Boskey
- Musculoskeletal Integrity Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Helen H Lu
- Biomaterials and Interface Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Silverberg JL, Barrett AR, Das M, Petersen PB, Bonassar LJ, Cohen I. Structure-function relations and rigidity percolation in the shear properties of articular cartilage. Biophys J 2014; 107:1721-30. [PMID: 25296326 PMCID: PMC4190603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Among mammalian soft tissues, articular cartilage is particularly interesting because it can endure a lifetime of daily mechanical loading despite having minimal regenerative capacity. This remarkable resilience may be due to the depth-dependent mechanical properties, which have been shown to localize strain and energy dissipation. This paradigm proposes that these properties arise from the depth-dependent collagen fiber orientation. Nevertheless, this structure-function relationship has not yet been quantified. Here, we use confocal elastography, quantitative polarized light microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared imaging to make same-sample measurements of the depth-dependent shear modulus, collagen fiber organization, and extracellular matrix concentration in neonatal bovine articular cartilage. We find weak correlations between the shear modulus |G(∗)| and both the collagen fiber orientation and polarization. We find a much stronger correlation between |G(∗)| and the concentration of collagen fibers. Interestingly, very small changes in collagen volume fraction vc lead to orders-of-magnitude changes in the modulus with |G(∗)| scaling as (vc - v0)(ξ). Such dependencies are observed in the rheology of other biopolymer networks whose structure exhibits rigidity percolation phase transitions. Along these lines, we propose that the collagen network in articular cartilage is near a percolation threshold that gives rise to these large mechanical variations and localization of strain at the tissue's surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aliyah R Barrett
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Moumita Das
- School of Physics & Astronomy, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York
| | - Poul B Petersen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Lawrence J Bonassar
- Biomedical Engineering, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Itai Cohen
- Physics Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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Huttu MRJ, Puhakka J, Mäkelä JTA, Takakubo Y, Tiitu V, Saarakkala S, Konttinen YT, Kiviranta I, Korhonen RK. Cell-tissue interactions in osteoarthritic human hip joint articular cartilage. Connect Tissue Res 2014; 55:282-91. [PMID: 24702070 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2014.912645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Volume and morphology of chondrocytes in osteoarthritic human hip joint articular cartilage were characterized, and their relationship to tissue structure and function was determined. Human osteochondral articular cartilage samples (n=16) were obtained from the femoral heads of nine patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty due to osteoarthritis (OA). Superficial chondrocytes (N=65) were imaged in situ with a confocal laser scanning microscope at 37 °C. This was followed by the determination of the mechanical properties of the tissue samples, depth-wise characterization of cell morphology (height, width; N=385) as well as structure and composition of the tissues using light microscopy, digital densitometry, Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy and polarized light microscopy. Significant correlations were found between the cell volume and the orientation angle associated with the collagen fibers (r=0.320, p=0.009) as well as between the cell volume and the initial dynamic modulus of the tissue (r=-0.305, p=0.013). Furthermore, the depth-dependent chondrocyte aspect ratio (height/width) correlated significantly with the orientation angle of the collagen fibers and with the tissue's proteoglycan content (r=0.261 and r=0.228, respectively, p<0.001). Our findings suggest that the orientation angle of the collagen fibers primarily controls chondrocyte volume and shape in osteoarthritic human hip joint articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari R J Huttu
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
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40
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Buckley MR, Bonassar LJ, Cohen I. Localization of viscous behavior and shear energy dissipation in articular cartilage under dynamic shear loading. J Biomech Eng 2014; 135:31002. [PMID: 24231813 DOI: 10.1115/1.4007454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Though remarkably robust, articular cartilage becomes susceptible to damage at high loading rates, particularly under shear. While several studies have measured the local static and steady-state shear properties of cartilage, it is the local viscoelastic properties that determine the tissue's ability to withstand physiological loading regimens. However, measuring local viscoelastic properties requires overcoming technical challenges that include resolving strain fields in both space and time and accurately calculating their phase offsets. This study combined recently developed high-speed confocal imaging techniques with three approaches for analyzing time- and location-dependent mechanical data to measure the depth-dependent dynamic modulus and phase angles of articular cartilage. For sinusoidal shear at frequencies f = 0.01 to 1 Hz with no strain offset, the dynamic shear modulus |G*| and phase angle δ reached their minimum and maximum values (respectively) approximately 100 μm below the articular surface, resulting in a profound focusing of energy dissipation in this narrow band of tissue that increased with frequency. This region, known as the transitional zone, was previously thought to simply connect surface and deeper tissue regions. Within 250 μm of the articular surface, |G*| increased from 0.32 ± 0.08 to 0.42 ± 0.08 MPa across the five frequencies tested, while δ decreased from 12 deg ± 1 deg to 9.1 deg ± 0.5 deg. Deeper into the tissue, |G*| increased from 1.5 ± 0.4 MPa to 2.1 ± 0.6 MPa and δ decreased from 13 deg ± 1 deg to 5.5 deg ± 0.2 deg. Viscoelastic properties were also strain-dependent, with localized energy dissipation suppressed at higher shear strain offsets. These results suggest a critical role for the transitional zone in dissipating energy, representing a possible shift in our understanding of cartilage mechanical function. Further, they give insight into how focal degeneration and mechanical trauma could lead to sustained damage in this tissue.
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Ryu K, Iriuchishima T, Oshida M, Kato Y, Saito A, Imada M, Aizawa S, Tokuhashi Y, Ryu J. The prevalence of and factors related to calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition in the knee joint. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:975-9. [PMID: 24814686 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to reveal the accurate prevalence and related factors to the presence of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystal deposition in cadaveric knee joints. DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Six hundred and eight knees from 304 cadavers (332 male knees and 276 female knees, formalin fixed, Japanese anatomical specimens) were included in this study. The average age of the cadavers was 78.3 ± 10.7 years. Knees were macroscopically evaluated for the existence of CPPD, and the depth of cartilage degeneration of the femoro-tibial joint following the Outerbridge's classification. CPPD crystal was confirmed under Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis using light microscopy. Statistical analysis was performed to reveal the correlation between the occurrence of CPPD deposition in the knee joint and gender, age, and the depth of cartilage degeneration of the femoro-tibial joint. RESULTS The prevalence of grossly visible CPPD crystal was 13% (79 knees). In all of these knees, CPPD crystal was confirmed under FTIR analysis. Statistical analysis showed significant correlation between the occurrence of CPPD deposition and gender (P < 0.001), and depth of cartilage degeneration in the femoro-tibial joint (P < 0.001). In the cartilage degeneration positive knees (Over grade 3 in Outerbridge's classification), average age of CPPD deposition knee was significantly higher than CPPD negative knees. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the prevalence of CPPD deposition disease was evaluated in a relatively large sample size of cadaveric knees. The prevalence of CPPD deposition disease was 13%, and was significantly correlated with the subject's age, gender, and severity of cartilage degeneration in the femoro-tibial joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ryu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surugadai Nihon University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - T Iriuchishima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kamimoku Hot Springs Hospital, Minakami, Japan.
| | - M Oshida
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kasai Shouikai Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Y Kato
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - A Saito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surugadai Nihon University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - M Imada
- Departments of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - S Aizawa
- Departments of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Y Tokuhashi
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - J Ryu
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Mäkelä JTA, Rezaeian ZS, Mikkonen S, Madden R, Han SK, Jurvelin JS, Herzog W, Korhonen RK. Site-dependent changes in structure and function of lapine articular cartilage 4 weeks after anterior cruciate ligament transection. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:869-78. [PMID: 24769230 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the site-dependent changes in the structure and function of articular cartilage in the lapine knee joint at a very early stage of osteoarthritis (OA), created experimentally by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT). METHODS Unilateral ACLT was performed in eight mature New Zealand white rabbits. ACL transected and contralateral (C-L) joints were prepared for analysis at 4 weeks after ACLT. Three rabbits with intact joints were used as a control group (CNTRL). Femoral groove, medial and lateral femoral condyles, and tibial plateaus were harvested and used in the analysis. Biomechanical tests, microscopy and spectroscopy were used to determine the biomechanical properties, composition and structure of the samples. A linear mixed model was chosen for statistical comparisons between the groups. RESULTS As a result of ACLT, the equilibrium and dynamic moduli were decreased primarily in the femoral condyle cartilage. Up to three times lower moduli (P < 0.05) were observed in the ACLT group compared to the control group. Significant (P < 0.05) proteoglycan (PG) loss in the ACLT joint cartilage was observed up to a depth of 20-30% from the cartilage surface in femoral condyles, while significant PG loss was confined to more superficial regions in tibial plateaus and femoral groove. The collagen orientation angle was increased (P < 0.05) up to a cartilage depth of 60% by ACLT in the lateral femoral condyle, while smaller effects, but still significant, were observed at other locations. The collagen content was increased (P < 0.05) in the middle and deep zones of the ACLT group compared to the control group samples, especially in the lateral femoral condyle. CONCLUSION Femoral condyle cartilage experienced the greatest structural and mechanical alterations in very early OA, as produced by ACLT. Degenerative alterations were observed especially in the superficial collagen fiber organization and PG content, while the collagen content was increased in the deep tissue of femoral condyle cartilage. The current findings provide novel information of the early stages of OA in different locations of the knee joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T A Mäkelä
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Z S Rezaeian
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Physical Therapy, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Mikkonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - R Madden
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - S-K Han
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Advanced Biomedical and Welfare Technology R&BD Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
| | - J S Jurvelin
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - W Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - R K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Spalazzi JP, Boskey AL, Pleshko N, Lu HH. Quantitative mapping of matrix content and distribution across the ligament-to-bone insertion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74349. [PMID: 24019964 PMCID: PMC3760865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The interface between bone and connective tissues such as the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) constitutes a complex transition traversing multiple tissue regions, including non-calcified and calcified fibrocartilage, which integrates and enables load transfer between otherwise structurally and functionally distinct tissue types. The objective of this study was to investigate region-dependent changes in collagen, proteoglycan and mineral distribution, as well as collagen orientation, across the ligament-to-bone insertion site using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging (FTIR-I). Insertion site-related differences in matrix content were also evaluated by comparing tibial and femoral entheses. Both region- and site-related changes were observed. Collagen content was higher in the ligament and bone regions, while decreasing across the fibrocartilage interface. Moreover, interfacial collagen fibrils were aligned parallel to the ligament-bone interface near the ligament region, assuming a more random orientation through the bulk of the interface. Proteoglycan content was uniform on average across the insertion, while its distribution was relatively less variable at the tibial compared to the femoral insertion. Mineral was only detected in the calcified interface region, and its content increased exponentially across the mineralized fibrocartilage region toward bone. In addition to new insights into matrix composition and organization across the complex multi-tissue junction, findings from this study provide critical benchmarks for the regeneration of soft tissue-to-bone interfaces and integrative soft tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P. Spalazzi
- Biomaterials and Interface Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Adele L. Boskey
- Musculoskeletal Integrity Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nancy Pleshko
- Musculoskeletal Integrity Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Helen H. Lu
- Biomaterials and Interface Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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44
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Santo VE, Gomes ME, Mano JF, Reis RL. Controlled release strategies for bone, cartilage, and osteochondral engineering--Part I: recapitulation of native tissue healing and variables for the design of delivery systems. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2013; 19:308-26. [PMID: 23268651 PMCID: PMC3690094 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The potential of growth factors to stimulate tissue healing through the enhancement of cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation is undeniable. However, critical parameters on the design of adequate carriers, such as uncontrolled spatiotemporal presence of bioactive factors, inadequate release profiles, and supraphysiological dosages of growth factors, have impaired the translation of these systems onto clinical practice. This review describes the healing cascades for bone, cartilage, and osteochondral interface, highlighting the role of specific growth factors for triggering the reactions leading to tissue regeneration. Critical criteria on the design of carriers for controlled release of bioactive factors are also reported, focusing on the need to provide a spatiotemporal control over the delivery and presentation of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítor E. Santo
- 3Bs Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Manuela E. Gomes
- 3Bs Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João F. Mano
- 3Bs Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3Bs Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Hanifi A, McGoverin C, Ou YT, Safadi F, Spencer R, Pleshko N. Differences in infrared spectroscopic data of connective tissues in transflectance and transmittance modes. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 779:41-9. [PMID: 23663670 PMCID: PMC3900307 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy (FT-IRIS) has been used extensively to characterize the composition and orientation of macromolecules in thin tissue sections. Earlier and current studies of normal and polarized FT-IRIS data have primarily used tissues sectioned onto infrared transmissive substrates, such as salt windows. Recently, the use of low-emissivity ("low-e") substrates has become of great interest because of their low cost and favorable infrared optical properties. However, data are collected in transflectance mode when using low-e slides and in transmittance mode using salt windows. In the current study we investigated the comparability of these two modes for assessment of the composition of connective tissues. FT-IRIS data were obtained in transflectance and transmittance modes from serial sections of cartilage, bone and tendon, and from a standard polymer, polymethylmethacrylate. Both non-polarized and polarized FTIR data differed in absorbance, and in some cases peak position, between transflectance and transmittance modes. However, the FT-IRIS analysis of the collagen fibril orientation in cartilage resulted in the expected zonal arrangement of fibrils in both transmittance and transflectance. We conclude that numerical comparison of FT-IRIS-derived parameters of tissue composition should account for substrate type and data collection mode, while analysis of overall tissue architecture may be more invariant between modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Hanifi
- Tissue Imaging and Spectroscopy Lab, Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Fax: (215)204-4956; Tel: (215)204-4280
| | - Cushla McGoverin
- Tissue Imaging and Spectroscopy Lab, Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Fax: (215)204-4956; Tel: (215)204-4280
| | - Ya-Ting Ou
- Tissue Imaging and Spectroscopy Lab, Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Fax: (215)204-4956; Tel: (215)204-4280
| | - Fayez Safadi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Richard Spencer
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nancy Pleshko
- Tissue Imaging and Spectroscopy Lab, Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Fax: (215)204-4956; Tel: (215)204-4280
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Hanifi A, McCarthy H, Roberts S, Pleshko N. Fourier transform infrared imaging and infrared fiber optic probe spectroscopy identify collagen type in connective tissues. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64822. [PMID: 23717662 PMCID: PMC3661544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaline cartilage and mechanically inferior fibrocartilage consisting of mixed collagen types are frequently found together in repairing articular cartilage. The present study seeks to develop methodology to identify collagen type and other tissue components using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral evaluation of matrix composition in combination with multivariate analyses. FTIR spectra of the primary molecular components of repair cartilage, types I and II collagen, and aggrecan, were used to develop multivariate spectral models for discrimination of the matrix components of the tissues of interest. Infrared imaging data were collected from bovine bone, tendon, normal cartilage, meniscus and human repair cartilage tissues, and composition predicted using partial least squares analyses. Histology and immunohistochemistry results were used as standards for validation. Infrared fiber optic probe spectral data were also obtained from meniscus (a tissue with mixed collagen types) to evaluate the potential of this method for identification of collagen type in a minimally-invasive clinical application. Concentration profiles of the tissue components obtained from multivariate analysis were in excellent agreement with histology and immunohistochemistry results. Bone and tendon showed a uniform distribution of predominantly type I collagen through the tissue. Normal cartilage showed a distribution of type II collagen and proteoglycan similar to the known composition, while in repair cartilage, the spectral distribution of both types I and II collagen were similar to that observed via immunohistochemistry. Using the probe, the outer and inner regions of the meniscus were shown to be primarily composed of type I and II collagen, respectively, in accordance with immunohistochemistry data. In summary, multivariate analysis of infrared spectra can indeed be used to differentiate collagen type I and type II, even in the presence of proteoglycan, in connective tissues, using both imaging and fiber optic methodology. This has great potential for clinical in situ applications for monitoring tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Hanifi
- Tissue Imaging and Spectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Helen McCarthy
- Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital and ISTM, Keele University, Oswestry, Shropshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Roberts
- Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital and ISTM, Keele University, Oswestry, Shropshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy Pleshko
- Tissue Imaging and Spectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Gao LL, Zhang CQ, Yang YB, Shi JP, Jia YW. Depth-dependent strain fields of articular cartilage under rolling load by the optimized digital image correlation technique. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:2317-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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A review of the combination of experimental measurements and fibril-reinforced modeling for investigation of articular cartilage and chondrocyte response to loading. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2013; 2013:326150. [PMID: 23653665 PMCID: PMC3638701 DOI: 10.1155/2013/326150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The function of articular cartilage depends on its structure and composition, sensitively impaired in disease (e.g. osteoarthritis, OA). Responses of chondrocytes to tissue loading are modulated by the structure. Altered cell responses as an effect of OA may regulate cartilage mechanotransduction and cell biosynthesis. To be able to evaluate cell responses and factors affecting the onset and progression of OA, local tissue and cell stresses and strains in cartilage need to be characterized. This is extremely challenging with the presently available experimental techniques and therefore computational modeling is required. Modern models of articular cartilage are inhomogeneous and anisotropic, and they include many aspects of the real tissue structure and composition. In this paper, we provide an overview of the computational applications that have been developed for modeling the mechanics of articular cartilage at the tissue and cellular level. We concentrate on the use of fibril-reinforced models of cartilage. Furthermore, we introduce practical considerations for modeling applications, including also experimental tests that can be combined with the modeling approach. At the end, we discuss the prospects for patient-specific models when aiming to use finite element modeling analysis and evaluation of articular cartilage function, cellular responses, failure points, OA progression, and rehabilitation.
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Superficial collagen fibril modulus and pericellular fixed charge density modulate chondrocyte volumetric behaviour in early osteoarthritis. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2013; 2013:164146. [PMID: 23634175 PMCID: PMC3619633 DOI: 10.1155/2013/164146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate if the experimentally detected altered chondrocyte volumetric behavior in early osteoarthritis can be explained by changes in the extracellular and pericellular matrix properties of cartilage. Based on our own experimental tests and the literature, the structural and mechanical parameters for normal and osteoarthritic cartilage were implemented into a multiscale fibril-reinforced poroelastic swelling model. Model simulations were compared with experimentally observed cell volume changes in mechanically loaded cartilage, obtained from anterior cruciate ligament transected rabbit knees. We found that the cell volume increased by 7% in the osteoarthritic cartilage model following mechanical loading of the tissue. In contrast, the cell volume decreased by 4% in normal cartilage model. These findings were consistent with the experimental results. Increased local transversal tissue strain due to the reduced collagen fibril stiffness accompanied with the reduced fixed charge density of the pericellular matrix could increase the cell volume up to 12%. These findings suggest that the increase in the cell volume in mechanically loaded osteoarthritic cartilage is primarily explained by the reduction in the pericellular fixed charge density, while the superficial collagen fibril stiffness is suggested to contribute secondarily to the cell volume behavior.
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Takahashi Y, Sugano N, Takao M, Sakai T, Nishii T, Pezzotti G. Raman spectroscopy investigation of load-assisted microstructural alterations in human knee cartilage: Preliminary study into diagnostic potential for osteoarthritis. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2013; 31:77-85. [PMID: 23545201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A preliminary investigation into the diagnostic potential of Raman spectroscopy for assessing pathological articular cartilage was conducted. Five arthritic human tibial cartilages retrieved after total knee arthroplasty were examined using near-infrared (NIR) Raman spectroscopy excited with 647.1nm lines of a Kr-ion laser. A "healthy" cartilage obtained from cadaver donor was also examined as a control sample. Degradation severity was first visually classified into five grades (Grade 0-VI) on the surface of both medial and lateral zones in each tibial plateau, according to the Collins scale. Raman spectra were then collected from selected zones with different damage severity. A systematic increase in relative intensity ratio between the Raman bands located at 1241 and 1269cm(-1) (amide III doublet) was observed with increasing degradation grades, which could be related to structural changes under loading in type II collagen. This finding suggests that the present spectroscopic approach might be useful for recognizing and quantitatively assessing the degree of osteoarthritis (OA) in its early manifestation stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhito Takahashi
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory and Research Institute for Nanoscience, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, 606-8585 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Sugano
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Medical School, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Takao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Medical School, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Medical School, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Medical School, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | - Giuseppe Pezzotti
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory and Research Institute for Nanoscience, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, 606-8585 Kyoto, Japan; The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan.
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