1
|
Lazniewska J, Bader C, Hickey SM, Selemidis S, O'Leary J, Simpson PV, Stagni S, Plush SE, Massi M, Brooks D. Rhenium(I) conjugates as tools for tracking cholesterol in cells. Metallomics 2022; 14:6601455. [PMID: 35657681 PMCID: PMC9344854 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is vital to control membrane integrity and fluidity, but is also a precursor to produce steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D. Consequently, altered cholesterol biology has been linked to many diseases, including metabolic syndromes and cancer. Defining the intracellular pools of cholesterol and its trafficking within cells is essential to understand both normal cell physiology and mechanisms of pathogenesis. We have synthesized a new cholesterol mimic (ReTEGCholestanol), comprising a luminescent rhenium metal complex and a cholestanol targeting unit, linked using a tetraethylene glycol (TEG) spacer. ReTEGCholestanol demonstrated favourable imaging properties and improved water solubility when compared to a cholesterol derivative, and structurally related probes lacking the TEG linker. A non-malignant and three malignant prostate cell lines were used to characterize the uptake and intracellular distribution of ReTEGCholestanol. The ReTEGCholestanol complex was effectively internalized and mainly localized to late endosomes/lysosomes in non-malignant PNT1a cells, while in prostate cancer cells it also accumulated in early endosomes and multivesicular bodies, suggesting disturbed cholesterol biology in the malignant cells. The ReTEGCholestanol is a novel imaging agent for visualizing endosomal uptake and trafficking, which may be used to define cholesterol related biology including membrane integration and altered lipid trafficking/processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shane M Hickey
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- Department of Human Biosciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - John O'Leary
- Discipline of Histopathology, University of Dublin Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Peter V Simpson
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences - Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Stefano Stagni
- Department of Industrial Chemistry Toso Montanari, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni, 33, Bologna I-40136, Italy
| | - Sally E Plush
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences - Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Doug Brooks
- Correspondence: School of Molecular and Life Sciences - Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia. Tel: +61-8-830-21229; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cha HJ, Lee H, Yeo EJ, Yeo HJ, Choi YJ, Sohn EJ, Kim DW, Park SJ, Lee SH, Lee S, Choi SY. Utilization of an Intracellular Calcium Mobilization Assay for the Screening of Transduced FK506-Binding Proteins. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2021; 19:442-452. [PMID: 34415786 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2021.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs) belong to the immunophilin family and are linked to various disease states, including the inflammatory response. The inhibition of cytokine and chemokine expression in addition to positive effects of FKBPs on corneal inflammation in animal models suggests that they may be used for ophthalmic delivery in the treatment of dry eye disease. To pass the effective barriers protecting eye tissues, testing the transduction domains of FKBPs is essential. However, monitoring their transduction efficiencies is not a simple task. The quantitative measurement of FKBP interactions was performed using a cell model with a specific G protein-coupled receptor, as FKBPs had been known to act at the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) leading to the inhibition of intracellular calcium mobilization. Because of its luminescence amplitude and stability, human urotensin II receptor was expressed in aequorin parental cells to measure the action of selected FKBPs. This luminescence-based functional assay platform exhibited a high signal-to-background ratio of more than 100 and a Z' factor at 0.6204. As expected, changes in the sequence of the transduction domain affected the function of the FKBPs. The intracellular calcium mobilization assay with selected FKBPs represented a robust and reliable platform to screen initial candidates. Although the precise nature of the control that FKBPs exert on the IP3R is uncertain, this approach can be used to develop innovative anti-inflammatory treatments for dry eye disease by optimizing protein transduction domain sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ju Cha
- R&D Center, Lumieye Genetics Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunjin Lee
- Department of Green Chemical Engineering, Sangmyung University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Eun Ji Yeo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hyeon Ji Yeo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Yeon Joo Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Sohn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Soo Jung Park
- R&D Center, Lumieye Genetics Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Ho Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sunghou Lee
- Department of Green Chemical Engineering, Sangmyung University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tomás RF, Bailey TL, Hasan M, Gibson MI. Extracellular Antifreeze Protein Significantly Enhances the Cryopreservation of Cell Monolayers. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:3864-3872. [PMID: 31498594 PMCID: PMC6794639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cryopreservation of cells underpins many areas of biotechnology, healthcare, and fundamental science by enabling the banking and distribution of cells. Cryoprotectants are essential to prevent cold-induced damage. Here, we demonstrate that extracellular localization of antifreeze proteins can significantly enhance post-thaw recovery of mammalian cell monolayers cryopreserved using dimethyl sulfoxide, whereas they show less benefit in suspension cryopreservation. A type III antifreeze protein (AFPIII) was used as the macromolecular ice recrystallization inhibitor and its intra/extracellular locations were controlled by using Pep-1, a cell-penetrating peptide. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy confirmed successful delivery of AFPIII. The presence of extracellular AFPIII dramatically increased post-thaw recovery in a challenging 2-D cell monolayer system using just 0.8 mg·mL-1, from 25% to over 60%, whereas intracellularly delivered AFPIII showed less benefit. Interestingly, the antifreeze protein was less effective when used in suspension cryopreservation of the same cells, suggesting that the cryopreservation format is also crucial. These observations show that, in the discovery of macromolecular cryoprotectants, intracellular delivery of ice recrystallization inhibitors may not be a significant requirement under "slow freezing" conditions, which will help guide the design of new biomaterials, in particular, for cell storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben
M. F. Tomás
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Trisha L. Bailey
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Hasan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Warwick
Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Warwick
Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Maiwald A, Bauer O, Gimpl G. Synthesis and characterization of a novel rhodamine labeled cholesterol reporter. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1099-1113. [PMID: 28257814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We introduce the novel fluorescent cholesterol probe RChol in which a sulforhodamine group is linked to the sixth carbon atom of the steroid backbone of cholesterol. The same position has recently been selected to generate the fluorescent reporter 6-dansyl-cholestanol (DChol) and the photoreactive 6-azi-cholestanol. In comparison with DChol, RChol is brighter, much more photostable, and requires less energy for excitation, i.e. favorable conditions for microscopical imaging. RChol easily incorporates into methyl-β-cyclodextrin forming a water-soluble inclusion complex that acts as an efficient sterol donor for cells and membranes. Like cholesterol, RChol possesses a free 3'OH group, a prerequisite to undergo intracellular esterification. RChol was also able to support the growth of cholesterol auxotrophic cells and can therefore substitute for cholesterol as a major component of the plasma membrane. According to subcellular fractionation, slight amounts of RChol (~12%) were determined in low-density Triton-insoluble fractions whereas the majority of RChol was localized in non-rafts fractions. In phase-separated giant unilamellar vesicles, RChol preferentially partitions in liquid-disordered membrane domains. Intracellular RChol was transferred to extracellular sterol acceptors such as high density lipoproteins in a dose-dependent manner. Unlike DChol, RChol was not delivered to the cholesterol storage pathway. Instead, it translocated to endosomes/lysosomes with some transient contacts to peroxisomes. Thus, RChol is considered as a useful probe to study the endosomal/lysosomal pathway of cholesterol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Maiwald
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Gutenberg-University Mainz, Johann-Joachim Becherweg 30, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Olivia Bauer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Gutenberg-University Mainz, Johann-Joachim Becherweg 30, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gerald Gimpl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Gutenberg-University Mainz, Johann-Joachim Becherweg 30, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Watanabe S, Borthakur D, Bressan A. Localization of Banana bunchy top virus and cellular compartments in gut and salivary gland tissues of the aphid vector Pentalonia nigronervosa. INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 23:591-602. [PMID: 25728903 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) (Nanoviridae: Babuvirus) is transmitted by aphids of the genus Pentalonia in a circulative manner. The cellular mechanisms by which BBTV translocates from the anterior midgut to the salivary gland epithelial tissues are not understood. Here, we used multiple fluorescent markers to study the distribution and the cellular localization of early and late endosomes, macropinosomes, lysosomes, microtubules, actin filaments, and lipid raft subdomains in the gut and principal salivary glands of Pentalonia nigronervosa. We applied colabeling assays, to colocalize BBTV viral particles with these cellular compartments and structures. Our results suggest that multiple potential cellular processes, including clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis and lipid rafts, may not be involved in BBTV internalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shizu Watanabe
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore Hall, 96822, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, 1955 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Dulal Borthakur
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, 1955 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Alberto Bressan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore Hall, 96822, Honolulu, HI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Solanko KA, Modzel M, Solanko LM, Wüstner D. Fluorescent Sterols and Cholesteryl Esters as Probes for Intracellular Cholesterol Transport. Lipid Insights 2016; 8:95-114. [PMID: 27330304 PMCID: PMC4902042 DOI: 10.4137/lpi.s31617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol transport between cellular organelles comprised vesicular trafficking and nonvesicular exchange; these processes are often studied by quantitative fluorescence microscopy. A major challenge for using this approach is producing analogs of cholesterol with suitable brightness and structural and chemical properties comparable with those of cholesterol. This review surveys currently used fluorescent sterols with respect to their behavior in model membranes, their photophysical properties, as well as their transport and metabolism in cells. In the first part, several intrinsically fluorescent sterols, such as dehydroergosterol or cholestatrienol, are discussed. These polyene sterols (P-sterols) contain three conjugated double bonds in the steroid ring system, giving them slight fluorescence in ultraviolet light. We discuss the properties of P-sterols relative to cholesterol, outline their chemical synthesis, and explain how to image them in living cells and organisms. In particular, we show that P-sterol esters inserted into low-density lipoprotein can be tracked in the fibroblasts of Niemann–Pick disease using high-resolution deconvolution microscopy. We also describe fluorophore-tagged cholesterol probes, such as BODIPY-, NBD-, Dansyl-, or Pyrene-tagged cholesterol, and eventual esters of these analogs. Finally, we survey the latest developments in the synthesis and use of alkyne cholesterol analogs to be labeled with fluorophores by click chemistry and discuss the potential of all approaches for future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A Solanko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Maciej Modzel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Lukasz M Solanko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Daniel Wüstner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Luo XG, Ma DY, Wang Y, Li W, Wang CX, He YY, Gu XC, Li XM, Zhou H, Zhang TC. Fusion with pep-1, a cell-penetrating peptide, enhances the transmembrane ability of human epidermal growth factor. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:584-90. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1091714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Administration of macromolecule compositions in medicine and cosmetics always exhibited low bioavailability due to the limitation of transmembrane transport. Here, human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) was fused with glutathione S-transferase (GST) and Pep-1, the first commercial cell-penetrating peptide, in Escherichia coli. The fusion protein was firstly purified with the affinity chromatography, and then the GST tag was released by TEV protease. Final purification was achieved by the ion exchange chromatography. The biological activities and the transmembrane ability of the obtained products were determined using scratch wound-healing assay, MTT analysis, and immunofluorescence assay. The results showed that both rhEGF and Pep-1-fused hEGF were soluble expressed in E. coli. The fusion of Pep-1 could markedly increase the transmembrane ability of EGF, whereas it did not interfere with the growth-stimulating and migration-promoting functions of hEGF on fibroblasts. This research provided a novel strategy for the transmembrane transport of protein-derived cosmetics or drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Gang Luo
- Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - De-Yun Ma
- Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Wen Li
- Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Chong-Xi Wang
- Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Ying He
- Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Chao Gu
- Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Mei Li
- Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Tong-Cun Zhang
- Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lekakarn H, Promdonkoy B, Boonserm P. Interaction of Lysinibacillus sphaericus binary toxin with mosquito larval gut cells: Binding and internalization. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 132:125-131. [PMID: 26408968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The binary toxin produced by Lysinibacillus sphaericus is composed of BinA and BinB subunits. Together, but not separately, the two subunits are highly toxic to Culex quinquefasciatus larvae, but show no toxicity to Aedes aegypti. The molecular mechanism underlying intoxication has not been clearly elucidated. The present study compares the binding and the internalization of binary toxin into the midgut epithelial cells of susceptible C. quinquefasciatus mosquito larvae with those of Bin-refractory A. aegypti. The guts from larvae fed with fluorescently labeled toxin were dissected and analyzed using a confocal laser scanning microscope. When fed with a mixture of both components, co-localization of BinA and BinB was detected both on the cell surface and in the cytoplasm of Culex larval gut cells. However, administration of BinA alone resulted in localization only on the cell membrane, whereas BinB alone was detected both on the cell membrane and inside the cytoplasm. In contrast, when a mixture of both components, or each individual component, was fed to Aedes larvae, BinA and BinB were unable to reach the cytoplasm and were localized only on the cell membrane. These results are consistent with the suggestion that the internalization of BinA is essential for toxicity, and that BinB is required for this internalization into susceptible larval gut cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hataikarn Lekakarn
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Boonhiang Promdonkoy
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Pahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Panadda Boonserm
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Peptide-mediated delivery: an overview of pathways for efficient internalization. Ther Deliv 2015; 5:1203-22. [PMID: 25491671 DOI: 10.4155/tde.14.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor cellular delivery and low bioavailability of novel potent therapeutic molecules continue to remain the bottleneck of modern cancer and gene therapy. Cell-penetrating peptides have provided immense opportunities for the intracellular delivery of bioactive cargos and have led to the first exciting successes in experimental therapy of muscular dystrophies. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which cell-penetrating peptides gain access to the cell interior and deliver cargos. Recent advances in augmenting delivery efficacy and facilitation of endosomal escape of cargo are presented, and the cell-penetrating peptide-mediated delivery of two of the most popular classes of cargo molecules, oligonucleotides and proteins, is analyzed. The arsenal of tools for oligonucleotide delivery has dramatically expanded in the last decade enabling harnessing of cell-surface receptors for targeted delivery.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kou L, Sun J, Zhai Y, He Z. The endocytosis and intracellular fate of nanomedicines: Implication for rational design. Asian J Pharm Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
|
11
|
Lee JS, Tung CH. Enhancing the Cellular Delivery of Nanoparticles using Lipo-Oligoarginine Peptides. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2012; 22:4924-4930. [PMID: 23538989 PMCID: PMC3607535 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201201345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have great potential as nanotherapeutics, delivery vectors, and molecular imaging agents due to their flexible properties. Although intracellular and nuclear delivery of nanoparticles is desirable for therapeutic applications, it remains a challenge. Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) are a powerful tool for the intracellular delivery of various cargoes. Here we report that functionalization of nanoparticles with a myristoylated oligoarginine CPP promoted cellular uptake without increased toxicity. It was evidenced that the myristoylated CPP is much more effective in transporting nanoparticles than the unmodified CPPs.
Collapse
|
12
|
Gimpl G, Gehrig-Burger K. Probes for studying cholesterol binding and cell biology. Steroids 2011; 76:216-31. [PMID: 21074546 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a multifunctional lipid in eukaryotic cells. It regulates the physical state of the phospholipid bilayer, is crucially involved in the formation of membrane microdomains, affects the activity of many membrane proteins, and is the precursor for steroid hormones and bile acids. Thus, cholesterol plays a profound role in the physiology and pathophysiology of eukaryotic cells. The cholesterol molecule has achieved evolutionary perfection to fulfill its different functions in membrane organization. Here, we review basic approaches to explore the interaction of cholesterol with proteins, with a particular focus on the high diversity of fluorescent and photoreactive cholesterol probes available today.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Gimpl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Räägel H, Säälik P, Pooga M. Peptide-mediated protein delivery-which pathways are penetrable? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1798:2240-8. [PMID: 20170627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The growing number of reports on the effective cargo delivery by cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) has extensively widened our knowledge about the mechanisms involved in CPP-mediated delivery. However, the data available on the internalization mode of CPP-cargo complexes are often conflicting and/or equivocal. Moreover, the intracellular trafficking of CPP-cargo complexes is, to date, relatively unexplored resulting in only minimal information about what is really happening to the complexes inside the cell. This review focuses on defining the endocytic pathways engaged in the transduction of CPP-cargo complexes and seeks to determine the extent of different endocytic routes required for effective uptake. In addition, the intracellular pathways utilized during the trafficking and sorting of CPP-cargo complexes as well as the ultimate fate of the complexes inside cells will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helin Räägel
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Cholesterol is a major constituent of the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells. It regulates the physical state of the phospholipid bilayer and is crucially involved in the formation of membrane microdomains. Cholesterol also affects the activity of several membrane proteins, and is the precursor for steroid hormones and bile acids. Here, methods are described that are used to explore the binding and/or interaction of proteins to cholesterol. For this purpose, a variety of cholesterol probes bearing radio-, spin-, photoaffinity- or fluorescent labels are currently available. Examples of proven cholesterol binding molecules are polyene compounds, cholesterol-dependent cytolysins, enzymes accepting cholesterol as substrate, and proteins with cholesterol binding motifs. Main topics of this report are the localization of candidate membrane proteins in cholesterol-rich microdomains, the issue of specificity of cholesterol- protein interactions, and applications of the various cholesterol probes for these studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Gimpl
- Institut für Biochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Johann-Joachim-Becherweg 30, Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|