1
|
Song S, Le-Clech P, Shen Y. Microscale fluid and particle dynamics in filtration processes in water treatment: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119746. [PMID: 36809713 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The complex filtration processes in water treatment, granular filtration and membrane filtration, often suffer from filter fouling, and the fundamental understanding of microscale fluid and particle dynamics is a key to improving filtration efficiency and stability. In this review, we identify and review several key topics in filtration processes: drag force, fluid velocity profile, intrinsic permeability and hydraulic tortuosity in microscale fluid dynamics, and particle straining, absorption, and accumulation in microscale particle dynamics. The paper also reviews several key experimental and computational techniques for investigating filtration processes at microscale considering their applicability and capability. Then, major findings in previous studies on these key topics are comprehensively reviewed in terms of microscale fluid and particle dynamics. Last, future research is discussed in terms of techniques, scopes and links. The review provides a comprehensive overview of microscale fluid and particle dynamics in filtration processes for water treatment and particle technology communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Pierre Le-Clech
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yansong Shen
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Johanson TM, Keenan CR, Allan RS. Shedding Structured Light on Molecular Immunity: The Past, Present and Future of Immune Cell Super Resolution Microscopy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:754200. [PMID: 34975842 PMCID: PMC8715013 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.754200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the two decades since the invention of laser-based super resolution microscopy this family of technologies has revolutionised the way life is viewed and understood. Its unparalleled resolution, speed, and accessibility makes super resolution imaging particularly useful in examining the highly complex and dynamic immune system. Here we introduce the super resolution technologies and studies that have already fundamentally changed our understanding of a number of central immunological processes and highlight other immunological puzzles only addressable in super resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Johanson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine R. Keenan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhys S. Allan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li M, Yu Y. Innate immune receptor clustering and its role in immune regulation. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:134/4/jcs249318. [PMID: 33597156 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.249318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of receptor clustering in the activation of adaptive immune cells has revolutionized our understanding of the physical basis of immune signal transduction. In contrast to the extensive studies of adaptive immune cells, particularly T cells, there is a lesser, but emerging, recognition that the formation of receptor clusters is also a key regulatory mechanism in host-pathogen interactions. Many kinds of innate immune receptors have been found to assemble into nano- or micro-sized domains on the surfaces of cells. The clusters formed between diverse categories of innate immune receptors function as a multi-component apparatus for pathogen detection and immune response regulation. Here, we highlight these pioneering efforts and the outstanding questions that remain to be answered regarding this largely under-explored research topic. We provide a critical analysis of the current literature on the clustering of innate immune receptors. Our emphasis is on studies that draw connections between the phenomenon of receptor clustering and its functional role in innate immune regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47401, USA
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47401, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lombardo D, Calandra P, Teresa Caccamo M, Magazù S, Pasqua L, A. Kiselev M. Interdisciplinary approaches to the study of biological membranes. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
5
|
Gold MR, Reth MG. Antigen Receptor Function in the Context of the Nanoscale Organization of the B Cell Membrane. Annu Rev Immunol 2019; 37:97-123. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The B cell antigen receptor (BCR) plays a central role in the self/nonself selection of B lymphocytes and in their activation by cognate antigen during the clonal selection process. It was long thought that most cell surface receptors, including the BCR, were freely diffusing and randomly distributed. Since the advent of superresolution techniques, it has become clear that the plasma membrane is compartmentalized and highly organized at the nanometer scale. Hence, a complete understanding of the precise conformation and activation mechanism of the BCR must take into account the organization of the B cell plasma membrane. We review here the recent literature on the nanoscale organization of the lymphocyte membrane and discuss how this new information influences our view of the conformational changes that the BCR undergoes during activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Gold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Michael G. Reth
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Golfetto O, Wakefield DL, Cacao EE, Avery KN, Kenyon V, Jorand R, Tobin SJ, Biswas S, Gutierrez J, Clinton R, Ma Y, Horne DA, Williams JC, Jovanović-Talisman T. A Platform To Enhance Quantitative Single Molecule Localization Microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:12785-12797. [PMID: 30256630 PMCID: PMC6187371 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative single molecule localization microscopy (qSMLM) is a powerful approach to study in situ protein organization. However, uncertainty regarding the photophysical properties of fluorescent reporters can bias the interpretation of detected localizations and subsequent quantification. Furthermore, strategies to efficiently detect endogenous proteins are often constrained by label heterogeneity and reporter size. Here, a new surface assay for molecular isolation (SAMI) was developed for qSMLM and used to characterize photophysical properties of fluorescent proteins and dyes. SAMI-qSMLM afforded robust quantification. To efficiently detect endogenous proteins, we used fluorescent ligands that bind to a specific site on engineered antibody fragments. Both the density and nano-organization of membrane-bound epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR, HER2, and HER3) were determined by a combination of SAMI, antibody engineering, and pair-correlation analysis. In breast cancer cell lines, we detected distinct differences in receptor density and nano-organization upon treatment with therapeutic agents. This new platform can improve molecular quantification and can be developed to study the local protein environment of intact cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ottavia Golfetto
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope , 1500 East Duarte Road , Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | - Devin L Wakefield
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope , 1500 East Duarte Road , Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | - Eliedonna E Cacao
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope , 1500 East Duarte Road , Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | - Kendra N Avery
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope , 1500 East Duarte Road , Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | - Victor Kenyon
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope , 1500 East Duarte Road , Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | - Raphael Jorand
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope , 1500 East Duarte Road , Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | - Steven J Tobin
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope , 1500 East Duarte Road , Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | - Sunetra Biswas
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope , 1500 East Duarte Road , Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | - Jennifer Gutierrez
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope , 1500 East Duarte Road , Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | - Ronald Clinton
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope , 1500 East Duarte Road , Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | - Yuelong Ma
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope , 1500 East Duarte Road , Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | - David A Horne
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope , 1500 East Duarte Road , Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | - John C Williams
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope , 1500 East Duarte Road , Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | - Tijana Jovanović-Talisman
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope , 1500 East Duarte Road , Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rogacki MK, Golfetto O, Tobin SJ, Li T, Biswas S, Jorand R, Zhang H, Radoi V, Ming Y, Svenningsson P, Ganjali D, Wakefield DL, Sideris A, Small AR, Terenius L, Jovanović‐Talisman T, Vukojević V. Dynamic lateral organization of opioid receptors (kappa, mu wt and mu N40D ) in the plasma membrane at the nanoscale level. Traffic 2018; 19:690-709. [PMID: 29808515 PMCID: PMC6120469 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Opioid receptors are important pharmacological targets for the management of numerous medical conditions (eg, severe pain), but they are also the gateway to the development of deleterious side effects (eg, opiate addiction). Opioid receptor signaling cascades are well characterized. However, quantitative information regarding their lateral dynamics and nanoscale organization in the plasma membrane remains limited. Since these dynamic properties are important determinants of receptor function, it is crucial to define them. Herein, the nanoscale lateral dynamics and spatial organization of kappa opioid receptor (KOP), wild type mu opioid receptor (MOPwt ), and its naturally occurring isoform (MOPN40D ) were quantitatively characterized using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and photoactivated localization microscopy. Obtained results, supported by ensemble-averaged Monte Carlo simulations, indicate that these opioid receptors dynamically partition into different domains. In particular, significant exclusion from GM1 ganglioside-enriched domains and partial association with cholesterol-enriched domains was observed. Nanodomain size, receptor population density and the fraction of receptors residing outside of nanodomains were receptor-specific. KOP-containing domains were the largest and most densely populated, with the smallest fraction of molecules residing outside of nanodomains. The opposite was true for MOPN40D . Moreover, cholesterol depletion dynamically regulated the partitioning of KOP and MOPwt , whereas this effect was not observed for MOPN40D .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej K. Rogacki
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceCenter for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Ottavia Golfetto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteCalifornia
| | - Steven J. Tobin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteCalifornia
| | - Tianyi Li
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceCenter for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Sunetra Biswas
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteCalifornia
| | - Raphael Jorand
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteCalifornia
| | - Huiying Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteCalifornia
| | - Vlad Radoi
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceCenter for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Yu Ming
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceCenter for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceCenter for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Daniel Ganjali
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringThe Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Devin L. Wakefield
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteCalifornia
| | - Athanasios Sideris
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringThe Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Alexander R. Small
- Department of Physics and AstronomyCalifornia State Polytechnic UniversityPomonaCalifornia
| | - Lars Terenius
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceCenter for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
- Department of Molecular and Cellular NeurosciencesThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCalifornia
| | | | - Vladana Vukojević
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceCenter for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Winkler PM, Regmi R, Flauraud V, Brugger J, Rigneault H, Wenger J, García-Parajo MF. Optical Antenna-Based Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy to Probe the Nanoscale Dynamics of Biological Membranes. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:110-119. [PMID: 29240442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane of living cells is compartmentalized at multiple spatial scales ranging from the nano- to the mesoscale. This nonrandom organization is crucial for a large number of cellular functions. At the nanoscale, cell membranes organize into dynamic nanoassemblies enriched by cholesterol, sphingolipids, and certain types of proteins. Investigating these nanoassemblies known as lipid rafts is of paramount interest in fundamental cell biology. However, this goal requires simultaneous nanometer spatial precision and microsecond temporal resolution, which is beyond the reach of common microscopes. Optical antennas based on metallic nanostructures efficiently enhance and confine light into nanometer dimensions, breaching the diffraction limit of light. In this Perspective, we discuss recent progress combining optical antennas with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to monitor microsecond dynamics at nanoscale spatial dimensions. These new developments offer numerous opportunities to investigate lipid and protein dynamics in both mimetic and native biological membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamina M Winkler
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raju Regmi
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Barcelona, Spain
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel , Marseille, France
| | - Valentin Flauraud
- Microsystems Laboratory, Institute of Microengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Brugger
- Microsystems Laboratory, Institute of Microengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Rigneault
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel , Marseille, France
| | - Jérôme Wenger
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel , Marseille, France
| | - María F García-Parajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA , Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bulat K, Rygula A, Szafraniec E, Ozaki Y, Baranska M. Live endothelial cells imaged by Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy (SNOM): capabilities and challenges. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:928-938. [PMID: 27545579 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) shows a potential to study details of biological samples, since it provides the optical images of objects with nanometric spatial resolution (50-200 nm) and the topographic information at the same time. The goal of this work is to demonstrate the capabilities of SNOM in transmission configuration to study human endothelial cells and their morphological changes, sometimes very subtle, upon inflammation. Various sample preparations were tested for SNOM measurements and promising results are collected to show: 1) the influence of α tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) on EA.hy 926 cells (measurements of the fixed cells); 2) high resolution images of various endothelial cell lines, i.e. EA.hy 926 and HLMVEC (investigations of the fixed cells in buffer environment); 3) imaging of live endothelial cells in physiological buffers. The study demonstrate complementarity of the SNOM measurements performed in air and in liquid environments, on fixed as well as on living cells. Furthermore, it is proved that the SNOM is a very useful method for analysis of cellular morphology and topography. Changes in the cell shape and nucleus size, which are the symptoms of inflammatory reaction, were noticed in TNF-α activated EA.hy 926 cells. The cellular structures of submicron size were observed in high resolution optical images of cells from EA.hy 926 and HLMVEC lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bulat
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, Krakow, Poland
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Bobrzynskiego 14, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Rygula
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Bobrzynskiego 14, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Szafraniec
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, Krakow, Poland
| | - Yukihiro Ozaki
- Kwasei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyougo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Malgorzata Baranska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, Krakow, Poland
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Bobrzynskiego 14, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Analysis of individual cells at the subcellular level is important for understanding diseases and accelerating drug discovery. Nanoscale endoscopes allow minimally invasive probing of individual cell interiors. Several such instruments have been presented previously, but they are either too complex to fabricate or require sophisticated external detectors because of low signal collection efficiency. Here we present a nanoendoscope that can locally excite fluorescence in labelled cell organelles and collect the emitted signal for spectral analysis. Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulations have shown that with an optimized nanoendoscope taper profile, the light emission and collection was localized within ~100 nm. This allows signal detection to be used for nano-photonic sensing of the proximity of fluorophores. Upon insertion into the individual organelles of living cells, the nanoendoscope was fabricated and resultant fluorescent signals collected. This included the signal collection from the nucleus of Acridine orange labelled human fibroblast cells, the nucleus of Hoechst stained live liver cells and the mitochondria of MitoTracker Red labelled MDA-MB-231 cells. The endoscope was also inserted into a live organism, the yellow fluorescent protein producing nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, and a fluorescent signal was collected. To our knowledge this is the first demonstration of in vivo, local fluorescence signal collection on the sub-organelle level.
Collapse
|
11
|
Analyzing Protein Clusters on the Plasma Membrane: Application of Spatial Statistical Analysis Methods on Super-Resolution Microscopy Images. FOCUS ON BIO-IMAGE INFORMATICS 2016; 219:95-122. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28549-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
12
|
Manzo C, Garcia-Parajo MF. A review of progress in single particle tracking: from methods to biophysical insights. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2015; 78:124601. [PMID: 26511974 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/78/12/124601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Optical microscopy has for centuries been a key tool to study living cells with minimum invasiveness. The advent of single molecule techniques over the past two decades has revolutionized the field of cell biology by providing a more quantitative picture of the complex and highly dynamic organization of living systems. Amongst these techniques, single particle tracking (SPT) has emerged as a powerful approach to study a variety of dynamic processes in life sciences. SPT provides access to single molecule behavior in the natural context of living cells, thereby allowing a complete statistical characterization of the system under study. In this review we describe the foundations of SPT together with novel optical implementations that nowadays allow the investigation of single molecule dynamic events with increasingly high spatiotemporal resolution using molecular densities closer to physiological expression levels. We outline some of the algorithms for the faithful reconstruction of SPT trajectories as well as data analysis, and highlight biological examples where the technique has provided novel insights into the role of diffusion regulating cellular function. The last part of the review concentrates on different theoretical models that describe anomalous transport behavior and ergodicity breaking observed from SPT studies in living cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Manzo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Khatib O, Wood JD, McLeod AS, Goldflam MD, Wagner M, Damhorst GL, Koepke JC, Doidge GP, Rangarajan A, Bashir R, Pop E, Lyding JW, Thiemens MH, Keilmann F, Basov DN. Graphene-Based Platform for Infrared Near-Field Nanospectroscopy of Water and Biological Materials in an Aqueous Environment. ACS NANO 2015. [PMID: 26223158 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) has emerged as a powerful nanoscale spectroscopic tool capable of characterizing individual biomacromolecules and molecular materials. However, applications of scattering-based near-field techniques in the infrared (IR) to native biosystems still await a solution of how to implement the required aqueous environment. In this work, we demonstrate an IR-compatible liquid cell architecture that enables near-field imaging and nanospectroscopy by taking advantage of the unique properties of graphene. Large-area graphene acts as an impermeable monolayer barrier that allows for nano-IR inspection of underlying molecular materials in liquid. Here, we use s-SNOM to investigate the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in water underneath graphene. We resolve individual virus particles and register the amide I and II bands of TMV at ca. 1520 and 1660 cm(-1), respectively, using nanoscale Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (nano-FTIR). We verify the presence of water in the graphene liquid cell by identifying a spectral feature associated with water absorption at 1610 cm(-1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Khatib
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and JILA, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Joshua D Wood
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric Pop
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | | | - Fritz Keilmann
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität and Center for Nanoscience , 80539 München, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lipid rafts and raft-mediated supramolecular entities in the regulation of CD95 death receptor apoptotic signaling. Apoptosis 2015; 20:584-606. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
15
|
Mollinedo F, Gajate C. Lipid rafts as major platforms for signaling regulation in cancer. Adv Biol Regul 2015; 57:130-146. [PMID: 25465296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell signaling does not apparently occur randomly over the cell surface, but it seems to be integrated very often into cholesterol-rich membrane domains, termed lipid rafts. Membrane lipid rafts are highly ordered membrane domains that are enriched in cholesterol, sphingolipids and gangliosides, and behave as major modulators of membrane geometry, lateral movement of molecules, traffic and signal transduction. Because the lipid and protein composition of membrane rafts differs from that of the surrounding membrane, they provide an additional level of compartmentalization, serving as sorting platforms and hubs for signal transduction proteins. A wide number of signal transduction processes related to cell adhesion, migration, as well as to cell survival and proliferation, which play major roles in cancer development and progression, are dependent on lipid rafts. Despite lipid rafts harbor mainly critical survival signaling pathways, including insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling, recent evidence suggests that these membrane domains can also house death receptor-mediated apoptotic signaling. Recruitment of this death receptor signaling pathway in membrane rafts can be pharmacologically modulated, thus opening up the possibility to regulate cell demise with a therapeutic use. The synthetic ether phospholipid edelfosine shows a high affinity for cholesterol and accumulates in lipid rafts in a number of malignant hematological cells, leading to an efficient in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity by inducing translocation of death receptors and downstream signaling molecules to these membrane domains. Additional antitumor drugs have also been shown to act, at least in part, by recruiting death receptors in lipid rafts. The partition of death receptors together with downstream apoptotic signaling molecules in membrane rafts has led us to postulate the concept of a special liquid-ordered membrane platform coined as "cluster of apoptotic signaling molecule-enriched rafts" (CASMER), referring to raft platforms enriched in apoptotic molecules. CASMERs act as scaffolds for apoptosis signaling compartmentalization, facilitating and stabilizing protein-protein interactions by local assembly of cross-interacting molecules, which leads to apoptosis amplification and a decrease in apoptotic signal threshold. Edelfosine also displaced survival PI3K/Akt signaling from lipid rafts, leading to Akt inhibition, in mantle cell lymphoma cells. Thus, membrane rafts could act as scaffold structures where segregation of pro- from anti-apoptotic molecules could take place. In this review, we summarize our view of how reorganization of the protein composition of lipid raft membrane domains regulates cell death and therefore it might be envisaged as a novel target in the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faustino Mollinedo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Consuelo Gajate
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Maity PC, Yang J, Klaesener K, Reth M. The nanoscale organization of the B lymphocyte membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1853:830-40. [PMID: 25450974 PMCID: PMC4547082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The fluid mosaic model of Singer and Nicolson correctly predicted that the plasma membrane (PM) forms a lipid bi-layer containing many integral trans-membrane proteins. This model also suggested that most of these proteins were randomly dispersed and freely diffusing moieties. Initially, this view of a dynamic and rather unorganized membrane was supported by early observations of the cell surfaces using the light microscope. However, recent studies on the PM below the diffraction limit of visible light (~250nm) revealed that, at nanoscale dimensions, membranes are highly organized and compartmentalized structures. Lymphocytes are particularly useful to study this nanoscale membrane organization because they grow as single cells and are not permanently engaged in cell:cell contacts within a tissue that can influence membrane organization. In this review, we describe the methods that can be used to better study the protein:protein interaction and nanoscale organization of lymphocyte membrane proteins, with a focus on the B cell antigen receptor (BCR). Furthermore, we discuss the factors that may generate and maintain these membrane structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palash Chandra Maity
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, University of Freiburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Jianying Yang
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, University of Freiburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Klaesener
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, University of Freiburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Reth
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, University of Freiburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Meddens MBM, van den Dries K, Cambi A. Podosomes revealed by advanced bioimaging: what did we learn? Eur J Cell Biol 2014; 93:380-7. [PMID: 25454791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Podosomes are micrometer-sized, circular adhesions formed by cells such as osteoclasts, macrophages, dendritic cells, and endothelial cells. Because of their small size and the lack of methods to visualize individual proteins and protein complexes, podosomes have long been considered a simple two-module structure with a protrusive actin core and a surrounding adhesive ring composed of integrins and cytoskeletal adaptor proteins such as vinculin and talin. In the past decade, the applications of fluorescence based techniques that circumvent the diffraction limit of conventional light microscopy took a major leap forward. Podosomes have been imaged by a variety of these super-resolution methods, and in this concise review we discuss how these super-resolution data have increased our understanding of the podosome ultra-structure and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein B M Meddens
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Koen van den Dries
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Cambi
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pilarczyk M, Mateuszuk L, Rygula A, Kepczynski M, Chlopicki S, Baranska M, Kaczor A. Endothelium in spots--high-content imaging of lipid rafts clusters in db/db mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106065. [PMID: 25166908 PMCID: PMC4148353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid rafts (LRs) are dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched nanodomains involved in the regulation of cellular functions and signal transduction, that upon stimuli, via (e.g. association of raft proteins and lipids), may cluster into domains of submicron or micron scale. Up to date, however, lipid raft clusters were observed only under artificially promoted conditions and their formation in vivo has not been confirmed. Using non-destructive approach involving Raman and Atomic Force Microscopy imaging we demonstrated the presence of clustered lipid rafts in endothelium of the aorta of the db/db mice that represent a reliable murine model of type 2 diabetes. The raft clusters in the aorta of diabetic mice were shown to occupy a considerably larger (about 10-fold) area of endothelial cells surface as compared to the control. Observation of pathology-promoted LRs confirms that the cellular increase of lipid content results in clustering of LRs. Clustering of LRs leads to the formation of assemblies with diameters up to 3 micrometers and increased lipid character. This massive clustering of lipid rafts in diabetes may trigger a signaling cascade leading to vascular inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pilarczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Jagiellonian Centre of Experimental Therapeutics, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lukasz Mateuszuk
- Jagiellonian Centre of Experimental Therapeutics, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Rygula
- Jagiellonian Centre of Experimental Therapeutics, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre of Experimental Therapeutics, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Baranska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Jagiellonian Centre of Experimental Therapeutics, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kaczor
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Jagiellonian Centre of Experimental Therapeutics, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mivelle M, Van Zanten TS, Manzo C, Garcia-Parajo MF. Nanophotonic approaches for nanoscale imaging and single-molecule detection at ultrahigh concentrations. Microsc Res Tech 2014; 77:537-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Mivelle
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques; Mediterranean Technology Park; Castelldefels 08860 Barcelona Spain
| | - Thomas. S. Van Zanten
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques; Mediterranean Technology Park; Castelldefels 08860 Barcelona Spain
| | - Carlo Manzo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques; Mediterranean Technology Park; Castelldefels 08860 Barcelona Spain
| | - Maria F. Garcia-Parajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques; Mediterranean Technology Park; Castelldefels 08860 Barcelona Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats; 08010 Barcelona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Toyota T, Banno T, Nitta S, Takinoue M, Nomoto T, Natsume Y, Matsumura S, Fujinami M. Molecular Building Blocks and Their Architecture in Biologically/Environmentally Compatible Soft Matter Chemical Machinery. J Oleo Sci 2014; 63:1085-98. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess14190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
21
|
Zuidscherwoude M, de Winde CM, Cambi A, van Spriel AB. Microdomains in the membrane landscape shape antigen-presenting cell function. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 95:251-63. [PMID: 24168856 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0813440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane of immune cells is a highly organized cell structure that is key to the initiation and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. It is well-established that immunoreceptors embedded in the plasma membrane have a nonrandom spatial distribution that is important for coupling to components of intracellular signaling cascades. In the last two decades, specialized membrane microdomains, including lipid rafts and TEMs, have been identified. These domains are preformed structures ("physical entities") that compartmentalize proteins, lipids, and signaling molecules into multimolecular assemblies. In APCs, different microdomains containing immunoreceptors (MHC proteins, PRRs, integrins, among others) have been reported that are imperative for efficient pathogen recognition, the formation of the immunological synapse, and subsequent T cell activation. In addition, recent work has demonstrated that tetraspanin microdomains and lipid rafts are involved in BCR signaling and B cell activation. Research into the molecular mechanisms underlying membrane domain formation is fundamental to a comprehensive understanding of membrane-proximal signaling and APC function. This review will also discuss the advances in the microscopy field for the visualization of the plasma membrane, as well as the recent progress in targeting microdomains as novel, therapeutic approach for infectious and malignant diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malou Zuidscherwoude
- 1.Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences/278 TIL, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hensel M, Klingauf J, Piehler J. Imaging the invisible: resolving cellular microcompartments by superresolution microscopy techniques. Biol Chem 2013; 394:1097-113. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2012-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Unraveling the spatio-temporal organization of dynamic cellular microcompartments requires live cell imaging techniques capable of resolving submicroscopic structures. While the resolution of traditional far-field fluorescence imaging techniques is limited by the diffraction barrier, several fluorescence-based microscopy techniques providing sub-100 nm resolution have become available during the past decade. Here, we briefly introduce the optical principles of these techniques and compare their capabilities and limitations with respect to spatial and temporal resolution as well as live cell capabilities. Moreover, we summarize how these techniques contributed to a better understanding of plasma membrane microdomains, the dynamic nanoscale organization of neuronal synapses and the sub-compartmentation of microorganisms. Based on these applications, we highlight complementarity of these techniques and their potential to address specific challenges in the context of dynamic cellular microcompartments, as well as the perspectives to overcome current limitations of these methods.
Collapse
|
23
|
Klotzsch E, Schütz GJ. A critical survey of methods to detect plasma membrane rafts. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120033. [PMID: 23267184 PMCID: PMC3538433 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane is still one of the enigmatic cellular structures. Although the microscopic structure is getting clearer, not much is known about the organization at the nanometre level. Experimental difficulties have precluded unambiguous approaches, making the current picture rather fuzzy. In consequence, a variety of different membrane models has been proposed over the years, on the basis of different experimental strategies. Recent data obtained via high-resolution single-molecule microscopy shed new light on the existing hypotheses. We thus think it is a good time for reviewing the consistency of the existing models with the new data. In this paper, we summarize the available models in ten propositions, each of which is discussed critically with respect to the applied technologies and the strengths and weaknesses of the approaches. Our aim is to provide the reader with a sound basis for his own assessment. We close this chapter by exposing our picture of the membrane organization at the nanoscale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerhard J. Schütz
- Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8–10, Vienna 1040, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Water defects induced by expansion and electrical fields in DMPC and DMPE monolayers: Contribution of hydration and confined water. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 102:871-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
25
|
Vorup-Jensen T. On the roles of polyvalent binding in immune recognition: perspectives in the nanoscience of immunology and the immune response to nanomedicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1759-81. [PMID: 22705545 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Immunology often conveys the image of large molecules, either in the soluble state or in the membrane of leukocytes, forming multiple contacts with a target for actions of the immune system. Avidity names the ability of a polyvalent molecule to form multiple connections of the same kind with ligands tethered to the same surface. Polyvalent interactions are vastly stronger than their monovalent equivalent. In the present review, the functional consequences of polyvalent interactions are explored in a perspective of recent theoretical advances in understanding the thermodynamics of such binding. From insights on the structural biology of soluble pattern recognition molecules as well as adhesion molecules in the cell membranes or in their proteolytically shed form, this review documents the prominent role of polyvalent interactions in making the immune system a formidable barrier to microbial infection as well as constituting a significant challenge to the application of nanomedicines.
Collapse
|
26
|
Mollinedo F. Lipid raft involvement in yeast cell growth and death. Front Oncol 2012; 2:140. [PMID: 23087902 PMCID: PMC3467458 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The notion that cellular membranes contain distinct microdomains, acting as scaffolds for signal transduction processes, has gained considerable momentum. In particular, a class of such domains that is rich in sphingolipids and cholesterol, termed as lipid rafts, is thought to compartmentalize the plasma membrane, and to have important roles in survival and cell death signaling in mammalian cells. Likewise, yeast lipid rafts are membrane domains enriched in sphingolipids and ergosterol, the yeast counterpart of mammalian cholesterol. Sterol-rich membrane domains have been identified in several fungal species, including the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe as well as the pathogens Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Yeast rafts have been mainly involved in membrane trafficking, but increasing evidence implicates rafts in a wide range of additional cellular processes. Yeast lipid rafts house biologically important proteins involved in the proper function of yeast, such as proteins that control Na+, K+, and pH homeostasis, which influence many cellular processes, including cell growth and death. Membrane raft constituents affect drug susceptibility, and drugs interacting with sterols alter raft composition and membrane integrity, leading to yeast cell death. Because of the genetic tractability of yeast, analysis of yeast rafts could be an excellent model to approach unanswered questions of mammalian raft biology, and to understand the role of lipid rafts in the regulation of cell death and survival in human cells. A better insight in raft biology might lead to envisage new raft-mediated approaches to the treatment of human diseases where regulation of cell death and survival is critical, such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faustino Mollinedo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad de Salamanca Salamanca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hinterdorfer P, Garcia-Parajo MF, Dufrêne YF. Single-molecule imaging of cell surfaces using near-field nanoscopy. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:327-36. [PMID: 21992025 DOI: 10.1021/ar2001167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Living cells use surface molecules such as receptors and sensors to acquire information about and to respond to their environments. The cell surface machinery regulates many essential cellular processes, including cell adhesion, tissue development, cellular communication, inflammation, tumor metastasis, and microbial infection. These events often involve multimolecular interactions occurring on a nanometer scale and at very high molecular concentrations. Therefore, understanding how single-molecules localize, assemble, and interact on the surface of living cells is an important challenge and a difficult one to address because of the lack of high-resolution single-molecule imaging techniques. In this Account, we show that atomic force microscopy (AFM) and near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) provide unprecedented possibilities for mapping the distribution of single molecules on the surfaces of cells with nanometer spatial resolution, thereby shedding new light on their highly sophisticated functions. For single-molecule recognition imaging by AFM, researchers label the tip with specific antibodies or ligands and detect molecular recognition signals on the cell surface using either adhesion force or dynamic recognition force mapping. In single-molecule NSOM, the tip is replaced by an optical fiber with a nanoscale aperture. As a result, topographic and optical images are simultaneously generated, revealing the spatial distribution of fluorescently labeled molecules. Recently, researchers have made remarkable progress in the application of near-field nanoscopy to image the distribution of cell surface molecules. Those results have led to key breakthroughs: deciphering the nanoscale architecture of bacterial cell walls; understanding how cells assemble surface receptors into nanodomains and modulate their functional state; and understanding how different components of the cell membrane (lipids, proteins) assemble and communicate to confer efficient functional responses upon cell activation. We anticipate that the next steps in the evolution of single-molecule near-field nanoscopy will involve combining single-molecule imaging with single-molecule force spectroscopy to simultaneously measure the localization, elasticity, and interactions of cell surface molecules. In addition, progress in high-speed AFM should allow researchers to image single cell surface molecules at unprecedented temporal resolution. In parallel, exciting advances in the fields of photonic antennas and plasmonics may soon find applications in cell biology, enabling true nanoimaging and nanospectroscopy of individual molecules in living cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hinterdorfer
- Institute for Biophysics, Christian
Doppler Laboratory of Nanoscopic Methods in Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse
69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Maria F. Garcia-Parajo
- ICFO-The Institute of Photonic Sciences, Mediterranean Technology Park,
08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain, and ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010
Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yves F. Dufrêne
- Institute of Condensed Matter
and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2/18, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kalay Z. Reaction kinetics in the plasma membrane. Biotechnol J 2012; 7:745-52. [PMID: 22378739 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A great puzzle in science is establishing a bottom up understanding of life by revealing how a collection of molecules gives rise to a living cell that can survive, communicate, and reproduce. In the confines of physics, chemistry, or material science laboratories where it possible to study complex interactions between molecules in a well-defined environment, our understanding of collective behavior is substantially developed. However, the environment in which molecules of a biological cell perform their functions is far from ideal or controllable. The environment inside cellular regions such as the plasma membrane is heterogeneous and dynamic, and functional molecules such as proteins are both dynamic and promiscuous, as they interact with countless other molecules. This makes it extremely challenging to grasp the inner mechanism of the cells, both experimentally and theoretically. On the bright side, this presents scientists with a colorful playground that waits to be explored: the mesoscopic world inside the cell. This review covers some of the recent experimental and theoretical developments in the study of molecular interactions in the plasma membrane, viewed as a heterogeneous medium where the number of reactants can be small, sometimes countable, and its implications for biological function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziya Kalay
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Demchenko AP. Modern views on the structure and dynamics of biological membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.7124/bc.000029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. P. Demchenko
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cambi A, Lidke DS. Nanoscale membrane organization: where biochemistry meets advanced microscopy. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:139-49. [PMID: 22004174 DOI: 10.1021/cb200326g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms that shape an effective cellular response is a fundamental question in biology. Biochemical measurements have revealed critical information about the order of protein-protein interactions along signaling cascades but lack the resolution to determine kinetics and localization of interactions on the plasma membrane. Furthermore, the local membrane environment influences membrane receptor distributions and dynamics, which in turn influences signal transduction. To measure dynamic protein interactions and elucidate the consequences of membrane architecture interplay, direct measurements at high spatiotemporal resolution are needed. In this review, we discuss the biochemical principles regulating membrane nanodomain formation and protein function, ranging from the lipid nanoenvironment to the cortical cytoskeleton. We also discuss recent advances in fluorescence microscopy that are making it possible to quantify protein organization and biochemical events at the nanoscale in the living cell membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Cambi
- Department of Tumor Immunology,
Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Diane S. Lidke
- Department of Pathology and
Cancer Research and Treatment Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Berguiga L, Roland T, Monier K, Elezgaray J, Argoul F. Amplitude and phase images of cellular structures with a scanning surface plasmon microscope. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:6571-6586. [PMID: 21451685 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.006571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Imaging cellular internal structure at nanometer scale axial resolution with non invasive microscopy techniques has been a major technical challenge since the nineties. We propose here a complement to fluorescence based microscopies with no need of staining the biological samples, based on a Scanning Surface Plasmon Microscope (SSPM). We describe the advantages of this microscope, namely the possibility of both amplitude and phase imaging and, due to evanescent field enhancement by the surface plasmon resonance, a very high resolution in Z scanning (Z being the axis normal to the sample). We show for fibroblast cells (IMR90) that SSPM offers an enhanced detection of index gradient regions, and we conclude it is very well suited to discriminate regions of variable density in biological media such as cell compartments, nucleus, nucleoli and membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Berguiga
- USR3010, UMR 5672, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bader AN, Hoetzl S, Hofman EG, Voortman J, van Bergen en Henegouwen PMP, van Meer G, Gerritsen HC. Homo‐FRET Imaging as a Tool to Quantify Protein and Lipid Clustering. Chemphyschem 2010; 12:475-83. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arjen N. Bader
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Universiteit Utrecht, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) 30 253 2706
| | - Sandra Hoetzl
- Department of Membrane Enzymology, Universiteit Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht (The Netherlands)
| | - Erik G. Hofman
- Department of Cellular Dynamics, Universiteit Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht (The Netherlands)
| | - Jarno Voortman
- Department of Cellular Dynamics, Universiteit Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht (The Netherlands)
| | | | - Gerrit van Meer
- Department of Membrane Enzymology, Universiteit Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht (The Netherlands)
| | - Hans C. Gerritsen
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Universiteit Utrecht, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) 30 253 2706
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Simons K, Gerl MJ. Revitalizing membrane rafts: new tools and insights. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2010; 11:688-99. [DOI: 10.1038/nrm2977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 994] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
35
|
Direct mapping of nanoscale compositional connectivity on intact cell membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:15437-42. [PMID: 20713733 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1003876107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lateral segregation of cell membranes is accepted as a primary mechanism for cells to regulate a diversity of cellular functions. In this context, lipid rafts have been conceptualized as organizing principle of biological membranes where underlying cholesterol-mediated selective connectivity must exist even at the resting state. However, such a level of nanoscale compositional connectivity has been challenging to prove. Here we used single-molecule near-field scanning optical microscopy to visualize the nanolandscape of raft ganglioside GM1 after tightening by its ligand cholera toxin (CTxB) on intact cell membranes. We show that CTxB tightening of GM1 is sufficient to initiate a minimal raft coalescence unit, resulting in the formation of cholesterol-dependent GM1 nanodomains < 120 nm in size. This particular arrangement appeared independent of cell type and GM1 expression level on the membrane. Simultaneous dual color high-resolution images revealed that GPI anchored and certain transmembrane proteins were recruited to regions proximal (< 150 nm) to CTxB-GM1 nanodomains without physical intermixing. Together with in silico experiments, our high-resolution data conclusively demonstrate the existence of raft-based interconnectivity at the nanoscale. Such a linked state on resting cell membranes constitutes thus an obligatory step toward the hierarchical evolution of large-scale raft coalescence upon cell activation.
Collapse
|