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Liu J, Mao R, Lao IW, Yu L, Bai Q, Zhou X, Wang J. GLI1-altered mesenchymal tumor: a clinicopathological and molecular analysis of ten additional cases of an emerging entity. Virchows Arch 2021; 480:1087-1099. [PMID: 34779913 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-021-03224-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report 10 additional cases of GLI1-altered mesenchymal tumor to further delineate its clinicopathological and molecular spectrum. There were seven males and three females with a median age of 31 years (range 1.3 ~ 75 years). Five tumors arose in the oral cavity, one each in the stomach, uterine cervix, elbow, groin, and thigh. Histologically, all cases except one were composed of monomorphic round to epithelioid cells showing an infiltrative multinodular growth pattern. The neoplastic cells were surrounded by a rich network of capillary vessels. Vessel invasion or subendothelial protrusion into the vascular space was commonly present. One tumor developed regional lymph node metastasis. The remaining case showed a predominantly spindle cell tumor. By immunohistochemistry, most tumors showed diffuse staining of CD56 (8/8) with variable expression of S100 protein (7/8). In three tumors harboring amplified genes, strong and diffuse nuclear staining of MDM2 (2/3) and CDK4 (3/3) were noted. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) studies revealed GLI1 fusions in 7 cases and GLI1 amplification in 2 cases, which were validated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis in the majority of cases. One case did not show fusion gene by RNA-seq, but FISH revealed both amplification and break-apart of GLI1 gene. Follow-up information showed local recurrences in two patients. All other patients remained disease-free at the last follow-up. Our study further demonstrates that mesenchymal tumors with GLI1 alterations represent a distinctive clinicopathological entity. Although the tumor has a propensity for the tongue, it can also arise in somatic soft tissues as well as in visceral organs. Based on the characteristic morphological features and genomic profiles, we propose the term "GLI1-altered mesenchymal tumor" to describe this emerging entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Rongjun Mao
- Department of Pathology, Foshan Hospital of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Guangdong Province, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - I Weng Lao
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lin Yu
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qianming Bai
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Bi B, Li F, Guo J, Li C, Jing R, Lv X, Chen X, Wang F, Azadzoi KM, Wang L, Liu Y, Yang JH. Label-free quantitative proteomics unravels the importance of RNA processing in glioma malignancy. Neuroscience 2017; 351:84-95. [PMID: 28341197 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glioma, one of the most common cancers in human, is classified to different grades according to the degrees of malignancy. Glioblastoma (GBM) is known to be the most malignant (Grade IV) whereas low-grade astrocytoma (LGA, Grade II) is relatively benign. The mechanism underlying the pathogenesis and progression of glioma malignancy remains unclear. Here we report a quantitative proteomic study to elucidate the differences between GBM and LGA using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry followed by label-free quantification. A total of 136 proteins were differentially expressed in GBM for at least five folds in comparison with LGA. Ontological analysis revealed a close correlation between GBM-associated proteins and RNA processing. Interaction network analysis indicated that the GBM-associated proteins in the RNA processing were linked to crucial signaling transduction modulators including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1), which were further connected to the proteins important for neuronal structural integrity, development and functions. Upregulation of 40S ribosomal protein S5 (RPS5), Ferritin Heavy chain (FTH1) and STAT1, and downregulation of tenascin R (TNR) were validated as representatives by immune assays. In summary, we revealed a panel of GBM-associated proteins and the important modulators centered at the RNA-processing network in glioma malignancy that may become novel biomarkers and help elucidate the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baibin Bi
- Cancer Research Center, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China; Departments of Neurosurgery and Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; Brain Science Research Institute of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Feng Li
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; Brain Science Research Institute of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Jisheng Guo
- Cancer Research Center, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Cuiling Li
- Cancer Research Center, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Ruirui Jing
- Cancer Research Center, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Xin Lv
- Cancer Research Center, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Xinjun Chen
- Cancer Research Center, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Fengqin Wang
- Cancer Research Center, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Kazem M Azadzoi
- Departments of Surgery and Urology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02130, USA.
| | - Lin Wang
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Yuguang Liu
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; Brain Science Research Institute of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Jing-Hua Yang
- Cancer Research Center, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China; Departments of Surgery and Urology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02130, USA.
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Suzuki-Inoue K, Osada M, Ozaki Y. Physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of interaction between C-type lectin-like receptor 2 and podoplanin: partners from in utero to adulthood. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:219-229. [PMID: 27960039 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
A platelet activation receptor, C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2), has been identified as a receptor for a platelet-activating snake venom, rhodocytin. CLEC-2 protein is highly expressed in platelets/megakaryocytes, and at lower levels in liver Kupffer cells. Recently, podoplanin has been revealed as an endogenous ligand for CLEC-2. Podoplanin is expressed in certain types of tumor cells, fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) in lymph nodes, kidney podocytes, and lymphatic endothelial cells, but not in vascular endothelial cells. CLEC-2 in platelets cannot have access to podoplanin under normal conditions, but they interact with each other under pathologic conditions or during developmental stages, and play various pathophysiologic roles. CLEC-2 facilitates hematogenous metastasis of podoplanin-expressing tumors. During development, the interaction between CLEC-2 and podoplanin in lymphatic endothelial cells or neuroepithelial cells facilitates blood-lymphatic vessel separation and cerebrovascular patterning and integrity, respectively. In adulthood, platelet CLEC-2 binding to FRCs is crucial for maintenance of the integrity of high endothelial venules in lymph nodes. Podoplanin-expressing FRC-like cells have recently been identified in the bone marrow, and facilitate megakaryocyte proliferation and proplatelet formation by binding to megakaryocyte CLEC-2. Podoplanin is inducibly expressed in liver monocytes and keratinocytes during Salmonella infection and wound healing, and regulates thrombus formation in the liver and controlled wound healing, respectively. By binding to unknown ligands, platelet CLEC-2 regulates the maintenance of vascular integrity during inflammation, thrombus stability under flow, and maintenance of quiescence of hematopoietic stem cells. Podoplanin is expressed in various cells, and additional roles of the CLEC-2-podoplanin interaction will be revealed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Suzuki-Inoue
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - M Osada
- School of Medical Technology, Faculty of Healthcare Science, Gunma Paz College, Gunma, Japan
| | - Y Ozaki
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
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Omotuyi O, Ueda H. Energetics and protomer communication in the dynamical structure of S100A13 in free and protein-bound states. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2015.1091936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oi Omotuyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Center for Drug Discovery and Therapeutic Innovation, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - H Ueda
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Center for Drug Discovery and Therapeutic Innovation, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Stimulate Platelets and Facilitate Thrombus Formation through Platelet CLEC-2: Implications in Atherothrombosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139357. [PMID: 26418160 PMCID: PMC4587843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The platelet receptor CLEC-2 is involved in thrombosis/hemostasis, but its ligand, podoplanin, is expressed only in advanced atherosclerotic lesions. We investigated CLEC-2 ligands in vessel walls. Recombinant CLEC-2 bound to early atherosclerotic lesions and normal arterial walls, co-localizing with vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry showed that recombinant CLEC-2, but not an anti-podoplanin antibody, bound to VSMCs, suggesting that CLEC-2 ligands other than podoplanin are present in VSMCs. VSMCs stimulated platelet granule release and supported thrombus formation under flow, dependent on CLEC-2. The time to occlusion in a FeCl3-induced animal thrombosis model was significantly prolonged in the absence of CLEC-2. Because the internal elastic lamina was lacerated in our FeCl3-induced model, we assume that the interaction between CLEC-2 and its ligands in VSMCs induces thrombus formation. Protein arrays and Biacore analysis were used to identify S100A13 as a CLEC-2 ligand in VSMCs. However, S100A13 is not responsible for the above-described VSMC-induced platelet activation, because S100A13 is not expressed on the surface of normal VSMCs. S100A13 was released upon oxidative stress and expressed in the luminal area of atherosclerotic lesions. Suspended S100A13 did not activate platelets, but immobilized S100A13 significantly increased thrombus formation on collagen-coated surfaces. Taken together, we proposed that VSMCs stimulate platelets through CLEC-2, possibly leading to thrombus formation after plaque erosion and stent implantation, where VSMCs are exposed to blood flow. Furthermore, we identified S100A13 as one of the ligands on VSMCs.
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Jayanthi S, Kathir KM, Rajalingam D, Furr M, Daily A, Thurman R, Rutherford L, Chandrashekar R, Adams P, Prudovsky I, Kumar TKS. Copper binding affinity of the C2B domain of synaptotagmin-1 and its potential role in the nonclassical secretion of acidic fibroblast growth factor. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:2155-63. [PMID: 25224745 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) is a heparin-binding proangiogenic protein. FGF1 lacks the conventional N-terminal signal peptide required for secretion through the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi secretory pathway. FGF1 is released through a Cu(2+)-mediated nonclassical secretion pathway. The secretion of FGF1 involves the formation of a Cu(2+)-mediated multiprotein release complex (MRC) including FGF1, S100A13 (a calcium-binding protein) and p40 synaptotagmin (Syt1). It is believed that the binding of Cu(2+) to the C2B domain is important for the release of FGF1 into the extracellular medium. In this study, using a variety of biophysical studies, Cu(2+) and lipid interactions of the C2B domain of Syt1 were characterized. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiments reveal that the C2B domain binds to Cu(2+) in a biphasic manner involving an initial endothermic and a subsequent exothermic phase. Fluorescence energy transfer experiments using Tb(3+) show that there are two Cu(2+)-binding pockets on the C2B domain, and one of these is also a Ca(2+)-binding site. Lipid-binding studies using ITC demonstrate that the C2B domain preferentially binds to small unilamellar vesicles of phosphatidyl serine (PS). Results of the differential scanning calorimetry and limited trypsin digestion experiments suggest that the C2B domain is marginally destabilized upon binding to PS vesicles. These results, for the first time, suggest that the main role of the C2B domain of Syt1 is to serve as an anchor for the FGF1 MRC on the membrane bilayer. In addition, the binding of the C2B domain to the lipid bilayer is shown to significantly decrease the binding affinity of the protein to Cu(2+). The study provides valuable insights on the sequence of structural events that occur in the nonclassical secretion of FGF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Jayanthi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
| | | | | | - Mercede Furr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
| | - Anna Daily
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
| | - Ryan Thurman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
| | - Lindsay Rutherford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
| | - Reena Chandrashekar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
| | - Paul Adams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
| | - Igor Prudovsky
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA.
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Egan JB, Barrett MT, Champion MD, Middha S, Lenkiewicz E, Evers L, Francis P, Schmidt J, Shi CX, Van Wier S, Badar S, Ahmann G, Kortuem KM, Boczek NJ, Fonseca R, Craig DW, Carpten JD, Borad MJ, Stewart AK. Whole genome analyses of a well-differentiated liposarcoma reveals novel SYT1 and DDR2 rearrangements. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87113. [PMID: 24505276 PMCID: PMC3914808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma, but little is known about the genomic basis of this disease. Given the low cell content of this tumor type, we utilized flow cytometry to isolate the diploid normal and aneuploid tumor populations from a well-differentiated liposarcoma prior to array comparative genomic hybridization and whole genome sequencing. This work revealed massive highly focal amplifications throughout the aneuploid tumor genome including MDM2, a gene that has previously been found to be amplified in well-differentiated liposarcoma. Structural analysis revealed massive rearrangement of chromosome 12 and 11 gene fusions, some of which may be part of double minute chromosomes commonly present in well-differentiated liposarcoma. We identified a hotspot of genomic instability localized to a region of chromosome 12 that includes a highly conserved, putative L1 retrotransposon element, LOC100507498 which resides within a gene cluster (NAV3, SYT1, PAWR) where 6 of the 11 fusion events occurred. Interestingly, a potential gene fusion was also identified in amplified DDR2, which is a potential therapeutic target of kinase inhibitors such as dastinib, that are not routinely used in the treatment of patients with liposarcoma. Furthermore, 7 somatic, damaging single nucleotide variants have also been identified, including D125N in the PTPRQ protein. In conclusion, this work is the first to report the entire genome of a well-differentiated liposarcoma with novel chromosomal rearrangements associated with amplification of therapeutically targetable genes such as MDM2 and DDR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan B. Egan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Barrett
- Clinical Translational Research Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Mia D. Champion
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sumit Middha
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Lenkiewicz
- Clinical Translational Research Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Lisa Evers
- Clinical Translational Research Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Princy Francis
- Research, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jessica Schmidt
- Research, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Chang-Xin Shi
- Research, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Scott Van Wier
- Research, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sandra Badar
- Research, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Gregory Ahmann
- Research, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - K. Martin Kortuem
- Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Nicole J. Boczek
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rafael Fonseca
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- Division of Hematology/Oncology Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - David W. Craig
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - John D. Carpten
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Mitesh J. Borad
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- Division of Hematology/Oncology Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - A. Keith Stewart
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- Division of Hematology/Oncology Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Emwas AHM, Al-Talla ZA, Guo X, Al-Ghamdi S, Al-Masri HT. Utilizing NMR and EPR spectroscopy to probe the role of copper in prion diseases. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2013; 51:255-268. [PMID: 23436479 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.3936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an essential nutrient for the normal development of the brain and nervous system, although the hallmark of several neurological diseases is a change in copper concentrations in the brain and central nervous system. Prion protein (PrP) is a copper-binding, cell-surface glycoprotein that exists in two alternatively folded conformations: a normal isoform (PrP(C)) and a disease-associated isoform (PrP(Sc)). Prion diseases are a group of lethal neurodegenerative disorders that develop as a result of conformational conversion of PrP(C) into PrP(Sc). The pathogenic mechanism that triggers this conformational transformation with the subsequent development of prion diseases remains unclear. It has, however, been shown repeatedly that copper plays a significant functional role in the conformational conversion of prion proteins. In this review, we focus on current research that seeks to clarify the conformational changes associated with prion diseases and the role of copper in this mechanism, with emphasis on the latest applications of NMR and EPR spectroscopy to probe the interactions of copper with prion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Hamid M Emwas
- NMR Core Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Prudovsky I, Kumar TKS, Sterling S, Neivandt D. Protein-phospholipid interactions in nonclassical protein secretion: problem and methods of study. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:3734-72. [PMID: 23396106 PMCID: PMC3588068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14023734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular proteins devoid of signal peptides use nonclassical secretion mechanisms for their export. These mechanisms are independent of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. Some nonclassically released proteins, particularly fibroblast growth factors (FGF) 1 and 2, are exported as a result of their direct translocation through the cell membrane. This process requires specific interactions of released proteins with membrane phospholipids. In this review written by a cell biologist, a structural biologist and two membrane engineers, we discuss the following subjects: (i) Phenomenon of nonclassical protein release and its biological significance; (ii) Composition of the FGF1 multiprotein release complex (MRC); (iii) The relationship between FGF1 export and acidic phospholipid externalization; (iv) Interactions of FGF1 MRC components with acidic phospholipids; (v) Methods to study the transmembrane translocation of proteins; (vi) Membrane models to study nonclassical protein release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Prudovsky
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | | | - Sarah Sterling
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; E-Mails: (S.S.); (D.N.)
| | - David Neivandt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; E-Mails: (S.S.); (D.N.)
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Sadiq S, Ghazala Z, Chowdhury A, Büsselberg D. Metal toxicity at the synapse: presynaptic, postsynaptic, and long-term effects. J Toxicol 2012; 2012:132671. [PMID: 22287959 PMCID: PMC3263637 DOI: 10.1155/2012/132671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal neurotoxicity is a global health concern. This paper summarizes the evidence for metal interactions with synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. Presynaptically metal ions modulate neurotransmitter release through their interaction with synaptic vesicles, ion channels, and the metabolism of neurotransmitters (NT). Many metals (e.g., Pb(2+), Cd(2+), and Hg(+)) also interact with intracellular signaling pathways. Postsynaptically, processes associated with the binding of NT to their receptors, activation of channels, and degradation of NT are altered by metals. Zn(2+), Pb(2+), Cu(2+), Cd(2+), Ni(2+), Co(2+), Li(3+), Hg(+), and methylmercury modulate NMDA, AMPA/kainate, and/or GABA receptors activity. Al(3+), Pb(2+), Cd(2+), and As(2)O(3) also impair synaptic plasticity by targeting molecules such as CaM, PKC, and NOS as well as the transcription machinery involved in the maintenance of synaptic plasticity. The multiple effects of metals might occur simultaneously and are based on the specific metal species, metal concentrations, and the types of neurons involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation—Education City, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
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