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Gupta LK, Molla J, Prabhu AA. Story of Pore-Forming Proteins from Deadly Disease-Causing Agents to Modern Applications with Evolutionary Significance. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:1327-1356. [PMID: 37294530 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Animal venoms are a complex mixture of highly specialized toxic molecules. Among them, pore-forming proteins (PFPs) or toxins (PFTs) are one of the major disease-causing toxic elements. The ability of the PFPs in defense and toxicity through pore formation on the host cell surface makes them unique among the toxin proteins. These features made them attractive for academic and research purposes for years in the areas of microbiology as well as structural biology. All the PFPs share a common mechanism of action for the attack of host cells and pore formation in which the selected pore-forming motifs of the host cell membrane-bound protein molecules drive to the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane and eventually produces water-filled pores. But surprisingly their sequence similarity is very poor. Their existence can be seen both in a soluble state and also in transmembrane complexes in the cell membrane. PFPs are prevalent toxic factors that are predominately produced by all kingdoms of life such as virulence bacteria, nematodes, fungi, protozoan parasites, frogs, plants, and also from higher organisms. Nowadays, multiple approaches to applications of PFPs have been conducted by researchers both in basic as well as applied biological research. Although PFPs are very devastating for human health nowadays researchers have been successful in making these toxic proteins into therapeutics through the preparation of immunotoxins. We have discussed the structural, and functional mechanism of action, evolutionary significance through dendrogram, domain organization, and practical applications for various approaches. This review aims to emphasize the PFTs to summarize toxic proteins together for basic knowledge as well as to highlight the current challenges, and literature gap along with the perspective of promising biotechnological applications for their future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmi Kumari Gupta
- Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, Telangana, 506004, India
| | - Johiruddin Molla
- Ghatal Rabindra Satabarsiki Mahavidyalaya Ghatal, Paschim Medinipur, Ghatal, West Bengal, 721212, India
| | - Ashish A Prabhu
- Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, Telangana, 506004, India.
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Nowlan JP, Sies AN, Britney SR, Cameron ADS, Siah A, Lumsden JS, Russell S. Genomics of Tenacibaculum Species in British Columbia, Canada. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010101. [PMID: 36678448 PMCID: PMC9864904 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenacibaculum is a genus of Gram-negative filamentous bacteria with a cosmopolitan distribution. The research describing Tenacibaculum genomes stems primarily from Norway and Chile due to their impacts on salmon aquaculture. Canadian salmon aquaculture also experiences mortality events related to the presence of Tenacibaculum spp., yet no Canadian Tenacibaculum genomes are publicly available. Ribosomal DNA sequencing of 16S and four species-specific 16S quantitative-PCR assays were used to select isolates cultured from Atlantic salmon with mouthrot in British Columbia (BC), Canada. Ten isolates representing four known and two unknown species of Tenacibaculum were selected for shotgun whole genome sequencing using the Oxford Nanopore's MinION platform. The genome assemblies achieved closed circular chromosomes for seven isolates and long contigs for the remaining three isolates. Average nucleotide identity analysis identified T. ovolyticum, T. maritimum, T. dicentrarchi, two genomovars of T. finnmarkense, and two proposed novel species T. pacificus sp. nov. type strain 18-2881-AT and T. retecalamus sp. nov. type strain 18-3228-7BT. Annotation in most of the isolates predicted putative virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, most-notably toxins (i.e., hemolysins), type-IX secretion systems, and oxytetracycline resistance. Comparative analysis with the T. maritimum type-strain predicted additional toxins and numerous C-terminal secretion proteins, including an M12B family metalloprotease in the T. maritimum isolates from BC. The genomic prediction of virulence-associated genes provides important targets for studies of mouthrot disease, and the annotation of the antimicrobial resistance genes provides targets for surveillance and diagnosis in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Nowlan
- Center for Innovation in Fish Health, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Ashton N. Sies
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
- Institute for Microbial Systems and Society, Faculty of Science, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Scott R. Britney
- Center for Innovation in Fish Health, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Andrew D. S. Cameron
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
- Institute for Microbial Systems and Society, Faculty of Science, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Ahmed Siah
- BC Center for Aquatic Health Sciences, Campbell River, BC V9W 2C2, Canada
| | - John S. Lumsden
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Spencer Russell
- Center for Innovation in Fish Health, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada
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Mabrok M, Algammal AM, Sivaramasamy E, Hetta HF, Atwah B, Alghamdi S, Fawzy A, Avendaño-Herrera R, Rodkhum C. Tenacibaculosis caused by Tenacibaculum maritimum: Updated knowledge of this marine bacterial fish pathogen. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1068000. [PMID: 36683696 PMCID: PMC9853564 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1068000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenacibaculosis occurs due to the marine bacterial pathogen Tenacibaculum maritimum. This ulcerative disease causes high mortalities for various marine fish species worldwide. Several external clinical signs can arise, including mouth erosion, epidermal ulcers, fin necrosis, and tail rot. Research in the last 15 years has advanced knowledge on the traits and pathogenesis mechanisms of T. maritimum. Consequently, significant progress has been made in defining the complex host-pathogen relationship. Nevertheless, tenacibaculosis pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. Continued research is urgently needed, as demonstrated by recent reports on the re-emerging nature of tenacibaculosis in salmon farms globally. Current sanitary conditions compromise the development of effective alternatives to antibiotics, in addition to hindering potential preventive measures against tenacibaculosis. The present review compiles knowledge of T. maritimum reported after the 2006 review by Avendaño-Herrera and colleagues. Essential aspects are emphasized, including antigenic and genomic characterizations and molecular diagnostic procedures. Further summarized are the epidemiological foundations of the T. maritimum population structure and elucidations as to the virulence mechanisms of pathogenic isolates, as found using biological, microbiological, and genomic techniques. This comprehensive source of reference will undoubtable serve in tenacibaculosis prevention and control within the marine fish farming industry. Lastly, knowledge gaps and valuable research areas are indicated as potential guidance for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mabrok
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Abdelazeem M. Algammal
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Elayaraja Sivaramasamy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Banan Atwah
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alghamdi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aml Fawzy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Directorate of Veterinary Medicine, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Viña del Mar, Chile,Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile,*Correspondence: Channarong Rodkhum, ; Ruben Avendaño-Herrera, ;
| | - Channarong Rodkhum
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,*Correspondence: Channarong Rodkhum, ; Ruben Avendaño-Herrera, ;
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Biggel M, Jessberger N, Kovac J, Johler S. Recent paradigm shifts in the perception of the role of Bacillus thuringiensis in foodborne disease. Food Microbiol 2022; 105:104025. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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5
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Mekasha S, Linke D. Secretion Systems in Gram-Negative Bacterial Fish Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:782673. [PMID: 34975803 PMCID: PMC8714846 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.782673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial fish pathogens are one of the key challenges in the aquaculture industry, one of the fast-growing industries worldwide. These pathogens rely on arsenal of virulence factors such as toxins, adhesins, effectors and enzymes to promote colonization and infection. Translocation of virulence factors across the membrane to either the extracellular environment or directly into the host cells is performed by single or multiple dedicated secretion systems. These secretion systems are often key to the infection process. They can range from simple single-protein systems to complex injection needles made from dozens of subunits. Here, we review the different types of secretion systems in Gram-negative bacterial fish pathogens and describe their putative roles in pathogenicity. We find that the available information is fragmented and often descriptive, and hope that our overview will help researchers to more systematically learn from the similarities and differences between the virulence factors and secretion systems of the fish-pathogenic species described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophanit Mekasha
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dirk Linke
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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6
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Sarkar P, Issac PK, Raju SV, Elumalai P, Arshad A, Arockiaraj J. Pathogenic bacterial toxins and virulence influences in cultivable fish. AQUACULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 52:2361-2376. [DOI: 10.1111/are.15089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Purabi Sarkar
- SRM Research Institute SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai India
| | - Praveen Kumar Issac
- SRM Research Institute SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai India
| | - Stefi V. Raju
- SRM Research Institute SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai India
| | - Preetham Elumalai
- Department of Fish Processing Technology Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) Kochi India
| | - Aziz Arshad
- International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences (I‐AQUAS) Universiti Putra Malaysia Negeri Sembilan Malaysia
- Department of Aquaculture Faculty of Agriculture Universiti Putra Malaysia Selangor Malaysia
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- SRM Research Institute SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai India
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Lopes PH, Fukushima CS, Shoji R, Bertani R, Tambourgi DV. Sphingomyelinase D Activity in Sicarius tropicus Venom: Toxic Potential and Clues to the Evolution of SMases D in the Sicariidae Family. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:256. [PMID: 33916208 PMCID: PMC8066738 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The spider family Sicariidae includes three genera, Hexophthalma, Sicarius and Loxosceles. The three genera share a common characteristic in their venoms: the presence of Sphingomyelinases D (SMase D). SMases D are considered the toxins that cause the main pathological effects of the Loxosceles venom, that is, those responsible for the development of loxoscelism. Some studies have shown that Sicarius spiders have less or undetectable SMase D activity in their venoms, when compared to Hexophthalma. In contrast, our group has shown that Sicarius ornatus, a Brazilian species, has active SMase D and toxic potential to envenomation. However, few species of Sicarius have been characterized for their toxic potential. In order to contribute to a better understanding about the toxicity of Sicarius venoms, the aim of this study was to characterize the toxic properties of male and female venoms from Sicarius tropicus and compare them with that from Loxosceles laeta, one of the most toxic Loxosceles venoms. We show here that S. tropicus venom presents active SMases D. However, regarding hemolysis development, it seems that these toxins in this species present different molecular mechanisms of action than that described for Loxosceles venoms, whereas it is similar to those present in bacteria containing SMase D. Besides, our results also suggest that, in addition to the interspecific differences, intraspecific variations in the venoms' composition may play a role in the toxic potential of venoms from Sicarius species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Hess Lopes
- Immunochemistry Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (P.H.L.); (R.S.)
| | - Caroline Sayuri Fukushima
- Special Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (C.S.F.); (R.B.)
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rosana Shoji
- Immunochemistry Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (P.H.L.); (R.S.)
| | - Rogério Bertani
- Special Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (C.S.F.); (R.B.)
| | - Denise V. Tambourgi
- Immunochemistry Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (P.H.L.); (R.S.)
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8
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The Food Poisoning Toxins of Bacillus cereus. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020098. [PMID: 33525722 PMCID: PMC7911051 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a ubiquitous soil bacterium responsible for two types of food-associated gastrointestinal diseases. While the emetic type, a food intoxication, manifests in nausea and vomiting, food infections with enteropathogenic strains cause diarrhea and abdominal pain. Causative toxins are the cyclic dodecadepsipeptide cereulide, and the proteinaceous enterotoxins hemolysin BL (Hbl), nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe) and cytotoxin K (CytK), respectively. This review covers the current knowledge on distribution and genetic organization of the toxin genes, as well as mechanisms of enterotoxin gene regulation and toxin secretion. In this context, the exceptionally high variability of toxin production between single strains is highlighted. In addition, the mode of action of the pore-forming enterotoxins and their effect on target cells is described in detail. The main focus of this review are the two tripartite enterotoxin complexes Hbl and Nhe, but the latest findings on cereulide and CytK are also presented, as well as methods for toxin detection, and the contribution of further putative virulence factors to the diarrheal disease.
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9
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Bacillus cereus Decreases NHE and CLO Exotoxin Synthesis to Maintain Appropriate Proteome Dynamics During Growth at Low Temperature. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100645. [PMID: 33036317 PMCID: PMC7601483 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular proteomes and exoproteomes are dynamic, allowing pathogens to respond to environmental conditions to sustain growth and virulence. Bacillus cereus is an important food-borne pathogen causing intoxication via emetic toxin and/or multiple protein exotoxins. Here, we compared the dynamics of the cellular proteome and exoproteome of emetic B. cereus cells grown at low (16 °C) and high (30 °C) temperature. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)-based shotgun proteomics analysis identified 2063 cellular proteins and 900 extracellular proteins. Hierarchical clustering following principal component analysis indicated that in B. cereus the abundance of a subset of these proteins—including cold-stress responders, and exotoxins non-hemolytic enterotoxin (NHE) and hemolysin I (cereolysin O (CLO))—decreased at low temperature, and that this subset governs the dynamics of the cellular proteome. NHE, and to a lesser extent CLO, also contributed significantly to exoproteome dynamics; with decreased abundances in the low-temperature exoproteome, especially in late growth stages. Our data therefore indicate that B. cereus may reduce its production of secreted protein toxins to maintain appropriate proteome dynamics, perhaps using catabolite repression to conserve energy for growth in cold-stress conditions, at the expense of virulence.
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Oda M, Yokotani A, Hayashi N, Kamoshida G. Role of Sphingomyelinase in the Pathogenesis of Bacillus cereus Infection. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:250-253. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Oda
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Atsushi Yokotani
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Naoki Hayashi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Go Kamoshida
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
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Divyakolu S, Chikkala R, Ratnakar KS, Sritharan V. Hemolysins of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>—An Update on Their Biology, Role in Pathogenesis and as Targets for Anti-Virulence Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/aid.2019.92007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Johler S, Kalbhenn EM, Heini N, Brodmann P, Gautsch S, Bağcioğlu M, Contzen M, Stephan R, Ehling-Schulz M. Enterotoxin Production of Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates From Biopesticides, Foods, and Outbreaks. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1915. [PMID: 30190709 PMCID: PMC6115515 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While the relevance of Bacillus (B.) cereus as a major cause of gastroenteritis is undisputed, the role of the closely related B. thuringiensis in foodborne disease is unclear. B. thuringiensis strains frequently harbor enterotoxin genes. However, the organism has only very rarely been associated with foodborne outbreaks, possibly due to the fact that during outbreak investigations, B. cereus is routinely not differentiated from B. thuringiensis. A recent EFSA scientific opinion stresses the urgent need for further data allowing for improved risk assessment, in particular as B. thuringiensis is a commonly used biopesticide. Therefore, the aim of this study was to gain further insights into the hazardous potential of B. thuringiensis. To this end, 39 B. thuringiensis isolates obtained from commercially used biopesticides, various food sources, as well as from foodborne outbreaks were characterized by panC typing, panC-based SplitsTree analysis, toxin gene profiling, FTIR spectroscopic analysis, a cytotoxicity assay screening for enterotoxic activity, and a sphingomyelinase assay. The majority of the tested B. thuringiensis isolates exhibited low (23%, n = 9) or mid level enterotoxicity (74%, n = 29), and produced either no (59%, n = 23) or low levels (33%, n = 13) of sphingomyelinase, which is reported to act synergistically with enterotoxins Nhe and Hbl. One strain isolated from rosemary was however classified as highly enterotoxic surpassing the cytotoxic activity of the high-level reference strain by a factor of 1.5. This strain also produced vast amounts of sphingomyelinase. Combining all results obtained in this study into a fingerprint pattern, several enterotoxic biopesticide strains were indistinguishable from those of isolates from foods or collected in association with outbreaks. Our study shows that many B. thuringiensis biopesticide strains exhibit mid-level cytotoxicity in a Vero cell assay and that some of these strains cannot be differentiated from isolates collected from foods or in association with outbreaks. Thus, we demonstrate that the use of B. thuringiensis strains as biopesticides can represent a food safety risk, underpinning the importance of assessing the hazardous potential of each strain and formulation used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Johler
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eva M. Kalbhenn
- Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Heini
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Murat Bağcioğlu
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Contzen
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart, Fellbach, Germany
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Shevchenko OG, Plyusnina SN. The role of interspecies differences in the ratio of choline-containing phospholipid fractions of rodent erythrocytes in response of these cells to the effect of membranotropic compounds. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093017040068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Pérez-Pascual D, Lunazzi A, Magdelenat G, Rouy Z, Roulet A, Lopez-Roques C, Larocque R, Barbeyron T, Gobet A, Michel G, Bernardet JF, Duchaud E. The Complete Genome Sequence of the Fish Pathogen Tenacibaculum maritimum Provides Insights into Virulence Mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1542. [PMID: 28861057 PMCID: PMC5561996 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenacibaculum maritimum is a devastating bacterial pathogen of wild and farmed marine fish with a broad host range and a worldwide distribution. We report here the complete genome sequence of the T. maritimum type strain NCIMB 2154T. The genome consists of a 3,435,971-base pair circular chromosome with 2,866 predicted protein-coding genes. Genes encoding the biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides, the type IX secretion system, iron uptake systems, adhesins, hemolysins, proteases, and glycoside hydrolases were identified. They are likely involved in the virulence process including immune escape, invasion, colonization, destruction of host tissues, and nutrient scavenging. Among the predicted virulence factors, type IX secretion-mediated and cell-surface exposed proteins were identified including an atypical sialidase, a sphingomyelinase and a chondroitin AC lyase which activities were demonstrated in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pérez-Pascual
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Aurelie Lunazzi
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Ghislaine Magdelenat
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Institut de Génomique, GenoscopeEvry, France
| | - Zoe Rouy
- Laboratoire d'Analyses Bioinformatiques en Génomique et Métabolisme, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR-8030), Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Institut de Génomique, GenoscopeEvry, France
| | - Alain Roulet
- Genotoul Genome & Transcriptome (GeT-PlaGe), Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueCastanet-Tolosan, France.,Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (UAR1209)Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Celine Lopez-Roques
- Genotoul Genome & Transcriptome (GeT-PlaGe), Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueCastanet-Tolosan, France.,Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (UAR1209)Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Robert Larocque
- Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative des Modèles Marins (UMR 8227), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne UniversitésRoscoff, France
| | - Tristan Barbeyron
- Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative des Modèles Marins (UMR 8227), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne UniversitésRoscoff, France
| | - Angélique Gobet
- Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative des Modèles Marins (UMR 8227), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne UniversitésRoscoff, France
| | - Gurvan Michel
- Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative des Modèles Marins (UMR 8227), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne UniversitésRoscoff, France
| | - Jean-François Bernardet
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Eric Duchaud
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
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15
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Risks for public health related to the presence of Bacillus cereus and other Bacillus spp. including Bacillus thuringiensis in foodstuffs. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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16
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Abstract
Bacterial sphingomyelinases and phospholipases are a heterogeneous group of esterases which are usually surface associated or secreted by a wide variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These enzymes hydrolyze sphingomyelin and glycerophospholipids, respectively, generating products identical to the ones produced by eukaryotic enzymes which play crucial roles in distinct physiological processes, including membrane dynamics, cellular signaling, migration, growth, and death. Several bacterial sphingomyelinases and phospholipases are essential for virulence of extracellular, facultative, or obligate intracellular pathogens, as these enzymes contribute to phagosomal escape or phagosomal maturation avoidance, favoring tissue colonization, infection establishment and progression, or immune response evasion. This work presents a classification proposal for bacterial sphingomyelinases and phospholipases that considers not only their enzymatic activities but also their structural aspects. An overview of the main physiopathological activities is provided for each enzyme type, as are examples in which inactivation of a sphingomyelinase- or a phospholipase-encoding gene impairs the virulence of a pathogen. The identification of sphingomyelinases and phospholipases important for bacterial pathogenesis and the development of inhibitors for these enzymes could generate candidate vaccines and therapeutic agents, which will diminish the impacts of the associated human and animal diseases.
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17
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Neyrolles O, Wolschendorf F, Mitra A, Niederweis M. Mycobacteria, metals, and the macrophage. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:249-63. [PMID: 25703564 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a facultative intracellular pathogen that thrives inside host macrophages. A key trait of M. tuberculosis is to exploit and manipulate metal cation trafficking inside infected macrophages to ensure survival and replication inside the phagosome. Here, we describe the recent fascinating discoveries that the mammalian immune system responds to infections with M. tuberculosis by overloading the phagosome with copper and zinc, two metals which are essential nutrients in small quantities but are toxic in excess. M. tuberculosis has developed multi-faceted resistance mechanisms to protect itself from metal toxicity including control of uptake, sequestration inside the cell, oxidation, and efflux. The host response to infections combines this metal poisoning strategy with nutritional immunity mechanisms that deprive M. tuberculosis from metals such as iron and manganese to prevent bacterial replication. Both immune mechanisms rely on the translocation of metal transporter proteins to the phagosomal membrane during the maturation process of the phagosome. This review summarizes these recent findings and discusses how metal-targeted approaches might complement existing TB chemotherapeutic regimens with novel anti-infective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Neyrolles
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Univer-sité Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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18
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Speer A, Sun J, Danilchanka O, Meikle V, Rowland JL, Walter K, Buck BR, Pavlenok M, Hölscher C, Ehrt S, Niederweis M. Surface hydrolysis of sphingomyelin by the outer membrane protein Rv0888 supports replication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages. Mol Microbiol 2015; 97:881-97. [PMID: 26036301 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelinases secreted by pathogenic bacteria play important roles in host-pathogen interactions ranging from interfering with phagocytosis and oxidative burst to iron acquisition. This study shows that the Mtb protein Rv0888 possesses potent sphingomyelinase activity cleaving sphingomyelin, a major lipid in eukaryotic cells, into ceramide and phosphocholine, which are then utilized by Mtb as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus sources, respectively. An Mtb rv0888 deletion mutant did not grow on sphingomyelin as a sole carbon source anymore and replicated poorly in macrophages indicating that Mtb utilizes sphingomyelin during infection. Rv0888 is an unusual membrane protein with a surface-exposed C-terminal sphingomyelinase domain and a putative N-terminal channel domain that mediated glucose and phosphocholine uptake across the outer membrane in an M. smegmatis porin mutant. Hence, we propose to name Rv0888 as SpmT (sphingomyelinase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis). Erythrocyte membranes contain up to 27% sphingomyelin. The finding that Rv0888 accounts for half of Mtb's hemolytic activity is consistent with its sphingomyelinase activity and the observation that Rv0888 levels are increased in the presence of erythrocytes and sphingomyelin by 5- and 100-fold, respectively. Thus, Rv0888 is a novel outer membrane protein that enables Mtb to utilize sphingomyelin as a source of several essential nutrients during intracellular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Speer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jim Sun
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Olga Danilchanka
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Virginia Meikle
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jennifer L Rowland
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kerstin Walter
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Borstel, Germany
| | - Bradford R Buck
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mikhail Pavlenok
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Christoph Hölscher
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Borstel, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence 'Inflammation at Interfaces', Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sabine Ehrt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Niederweis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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19
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Enterotoxigenic profile, antimicrobial susceptibility, and biofilm formation of Bacillus cereus isolated from ricotta processing. Int Dairy J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Olchowik-Grabarek E, Swiecicka I, Andreeva-Kovaleskaya Z, Solonin A, Bonarska-Kujawa D, Kleszczyńska H, Mavlyanov S, Zamaraeva M. Role of Structural Changes Induced in Biological Membranes by Hydrolysable Tannins from Sumac Leaves (Rhus typhina L.) in their Antihemolytic and Antibacterial Effects. J Membr Biol 2014; 247:533-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-014-9664-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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21
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Doll VM, Ehling-Schulz M, Vogelmann R. Concerted action of sphingomyelinase and non-hemolytic enterotoxin in pathogenic Bacillus cereus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61404. [PMID: 23613846 PMCID: PMC3628865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus causes food poisoning and serious non-gastrointestinal-tract infections. Non-hemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe), which is present in most B. cereus strains, is considered to be one of the main virulence factors. However, a B. cereus ΔnheBC mutant strain lacking Nhe is still cytotoxic to intestinal epithelial cells. In a screen for additional cytotoxic factors using an in vitro model for polarized colon epithelial cells we identified B. cereus sphingomyelinase (SMase) as a strong inducer of epithelial cell death. Using single and double deletion mutants of sph, the gene encoding for SMase, and nheBC in B. cereus we demonstrated that SMase is an important factor for B. cereus cytotoxicity in vitro and pathogenicity in vivo. SMase substantially complemented Nhe induced cytotoxicity in vitro. In addition, SMase but not Nhe contributed significantly to the mortality rate of larvae in vivo in the insect model Galleria mellonella. Our study suggests that the role of B. cereus SMase as a secreted virulence factor for in vivo pathogenesis has been underestimated and that Nhe and SMase complement each other significantly to cause full B. cereus virulence hence disease formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria M. Doll
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Zentralinstitut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelforschung ZIEL, Technische Universität München, Freising Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Functional Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roger Vogelmann
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- * E-mail:
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22
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Oda M, Imagawa H, Kato R, Yabiku K, Yoshikawa T, Takemoto T, Takahashi H, Yamamoto H, Nishizawa M, Sakurai J, Nagahama M. Novel inhibitor of bacterial sphingomyelinase, SMY-540, developed based on three-dimensional structure analysis. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2013; 29:303-10. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2013.777717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroshi Imagawa
- Department of Chemistry of Functional Molecules, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
Yamashiro-cho, TokushimaJapan
| | | | | | - Tomomi Yoshikawa
- Department of Chemistry of Functional Molecules, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
Yamashiro-cho, TokushimaJapan
| | - Takayuki Takemoto
- Department of Chemistry of Functional Molecules, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
Yamashiro-cho, TokushimaJapan
| | - Hironobu Takahashi
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Tokushima Bunri University
Yamashiro-cho, TokushimaJapan
| | - Hirofumi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry of Functional Molecules, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
Yamashiro-cho, TokushimaJapan
| | - Mugio Nishizawa
- Department of Chemistry of Functional Molecules, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
Yamashiro-cho, TokushimaJapan
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23
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Oda M, Hashimoto M, Takahashi M, Ohmae Y, Seike S, Kato R, Fujita A, Tsuge H, Nagahama M, Ochi S, Sasahara T, Hayashi S, Hirai Y, Sakurai J. Role of sphingomyelinase in infectious diseases caused by Bacillus cereus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38054. [PMID: 22701599 PMCID: PMC3368938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) is a pathogen in opportunistic infections. Here we show that Bacillus cereus sphingomyelinase (Bc-SMase) is a virulence factor for septicemia. Clinical isolates produced large amounts of Bc-SMase, grew in vivo, and caused death among mice, but ATCC strains isolated from soil did not. A transformant of the ATCC strain carrying a recombinant plasmid containing the Bc-SMase gene grew in vivo, but that with the gene for E53A, which has little enzymatic activity, did not. Administration of an anti-Bc-SMase antibody and immunization against Bc-SMase prevented death caused by the clinical isolates, showing that Bc-SMase plays an important role in the diseases caused by B. cereus. Treatment of mouse macrophages with Bc-SMase resulted in a reduction in the generation of H2O2 and phagocytosis of macrophages induced by peptidoglycan (PGN), but no effect on the release of TNF-α and little release of LDH under our experimental conditions. Confocal laser microscopy showed that the treatment of mouse macrophages with Bc-SMase resulted in the formation of ceramide-rich domains. A photobleaching analysis suggested that the cells treated with Bc-SMase exhibited a reduction in membrane fluidity. The results suggest that Bc-SMase is essential for the hydrolysis of SM in membranes, leading to a reduction in phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Oda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Manabu Hashimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masaya Takahashi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuka Ohmae
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Soshi Seike
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ryoko Kato
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Aoi Fujita
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tsuge
- Institute for Health Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Japan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo Motoyama Kita-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nagahama
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Sadayuki Ochi
- School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Teppei Sasahara
- School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimono-city, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shunji Hayashi
- School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimono-city, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Hirai
- School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimono-city, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Jun Sakurai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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24
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Oda M, Takahashi M, Tsuge H, Nagahama M, Sakurai J. Role of side-edge site of sphingomyelinase from Bacillus cereus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 422:128-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.04.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Chaves-Moreira D, Souza FN, Fogaça RTH, Mangili OC, Gremski W, Senff-Ribeiro A, Chaim OM, Veiga SS. The relationship between calcium and the metabolism of plasma membrane phospholipids in hemolysis induced by brown spider venom phospholipase-D toxin. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:2529-40. [PMID: 21590705 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Brown spider venom phospholipase-D belongs to a family of toxins characterized as potent bioactive agents. These toxins have been involved in numerous aspects of cell pathophysiology including inflammatory response, platelet aggregation, endothelial cell hyperactivation, renal disorders, and hemolysis. The molecular mechanism by which these toxins cause hemolysis is under investigation; literature data have suggested that enzyme catalysis is necessary for the biological activities triggered by the toxin. However, the way by which phospholipase-D activity is directly related with human hemolysis has not been determined. To evaluate how brown spider venom phospholipase-D activity causes hemolysis, we examined the impact of recombinant phospholipase-D on human red blood cells. Using six different purified recombinant phospholipase-D molecules obtained from a cDNA venom gland library, we demonstrated that there is a correlation of hemolytic effect and phospholipase-D activity. Studying recombinant phospholipase-D, a potent hemolytic and phospholipase-D recombinant toxin (LiRecDT1), we determined that the toxin degrades synthetic sphingomyelin (SM), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and lyso-platelet-activating factor. Additionally, we determined that the toxin degrades phospholipids in a detergent extract of human erythrocytes, as well as phospholipids from ghosts of human red blood cells. The products of the degradation of synthetic SM and LPC following recombinant phospholipase-D treatments caused hemolysis of human erythrocytes. This hemolysis, dependent on products of metabolism of phospholipids, is also dependent on calcium ion concentration because the percentage of hemolysis increased with an increase in the dose of calcium in the medium. Recombinant phospholipase-D treatment of human erythrocytes stimulated an influx of calcium into the cells that was detected by a calcium-sensitive fluorescent probe (Fluo-4). This calcium influx was shown to be channel-mediated rather than leak-promoted because the influx was inhibited by L-type calcium channel inhibitors but not by a T-type calcium channel blocker, sodium channel inhibitor or a specific inhibitor of calcium activated potassium channels. Finally, this inhibition of hemolysis following recombinant phospholipase-D treatment occurred in a concentration-dependent manner in the presence of L-type calcium channel blockers such as nifedipine and verapamil. The data provided herein, suggest that the brown spider venom phospholipase-D-induced hemolysis of human erythrocytes is dependent on the metabolism of membrane phospholipids, such as SM and LPC, generating bioactive products that stimulate a calcium influx into red blood cells mediated by the L-type channel.
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26
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Brothers MC, Ho M, Maharjan R, Clemons NC, Bannai Y, Waites MA, Faulkner MJ, Kuhlenschmidt TB, Kuhlenschmidt MS, Blanke SR, Rienstra CM, Wilson BA. Membrane interaction of Pasteurella multocida toxin involves sphingomyelin. FEBS J 2011; 278:4633-48. [PMID: 21951695 PMCID: PMC3220749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) is an AB toxin that causes pleiotropic effects in targeted host cells. The N-terminus of PMT (PMT-N) is considered to harbor the membrane receptor binding and translocation domains responsible for mediating cellular entry and delivery of the C-terminal catalytic domain into the host cytosol. Previous studies have implicated gangliosides as the host receptors for PMT binding. To gain further insight into the binding interactions involved in PMT binding to cell membranes, we explored the role of various membrane components in PMT binding, utilizing four different approaches: (a) TLC-overlay binding experiments with (125) I-labeled PMT, PMT-N or the C-terminus of PMT; (b) pull-down experiments using reconstituted membrane liposomes with full-length PMT; (c) surface plasmon resonance analysis of PMT-N binding to reconstituted membrane liposomes; (d) and surface plasmon resonance analysis of PMT-N binding to HEK-293T cell membranes without or with sphingomyelinase, phospholipase D or trypsin treatment. The results obtained revealed that, in our experimental system, full-length PMT and PMT-N did not bind to gangliosides, including monoasialogangliosides GM(1) , GM(2) or GM(3) , but instead bound to membrane phospholipids, primarily the abundant sphingophospholipid sphingomyelin or phosphatidylcholine with other lipid components. Collectively, these studies demonstrate the importance of sphingomyelin for PMT binding to membranes and suggest the involvement of a protein co-receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mengfei Ho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ram Maharjan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Nathan C. Clemons
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yuka Bannai
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Mark A. Waites
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | | | | - Steven R. Blanke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Chad M. Rienstra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Brenda A. Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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27
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Shevchenko OG, Shishkina LN. Comparative analysis of phospholipid composition in blood erythrocytes of various species of mouse-like rodents. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093011020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Chaves JQ, Pires ES, Vivoni AM. Genetic diversity, antimicrobial resistance and toxigenic profiles of Bacillus cereus isolated from food in Brazil over three decades. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 147:12-6. [PMID: 21440319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is an ever-present problem. It is widely distributed in several environments such as soil and plants and is commonly isolated from food and additives. In this study we analyzed 97 foodborne B. cereus sensu stricto strains isolated in Brazil in the 1980's, 1990's and 2000's in order to investigate the genetic diversity (assessed by Rep-PCR), antimicrobial resistance and toxigenic profiles (presence of hblA, hblC and hblD; nheA, nheB and nheC as well as cytK, ces and entFM genes) of such strains. The majority of the strains (79, 81.4%) were β-hemolytic. The NHE complex was found in 82 strains (84.5%) and HBL complex was found in 61 (62.9%) strains. All strains were negative to ces. The cytK-2 gene was found in 44 (45.4%) strains. The predominant toxigenic pattern was type I (32, 33%) which included strains positive for all toxin genes but ces. Computer assisted cluster analysis of Rep-PCR profiles showed a high genetic diversity. Seven major clusters comprising two or more strains were found and cluster 1 was predominant (ten strains, nine of them showing 100% similarity). This cluster included strains isolated in the 1980's and the 1990's. Cluster analysis of Rep-PCR profiles based on decade of isolation, source, hemolytic pattern, toxigenic and antibiotic resistance patterns revealed a similar clustering pattern as found in the analysis including all strains. The inability to observe a predominant band pattern when Rep-PCR cluster analysis was based on decade of isolation suggests that this diversity has been maintained over time. All strains were susceptible to gentamicin. We detected resistance to tetracycline (11 strains showing intermediate resistance and nine completely resistant strains), clindamycin (ten intermediate strains) and vancomycin (one strain). Clindamycin resistance showed statistical association with strains isolated in 2000's. The predominant resistance pattern was type A (72, 72.2%) which included strains susceptible to all drugs tested. Our results suggest that the majority of the strains present in several types of food in Brazil pose a potential risk to cause food poisoning due to the high prevalence of toxin genes found in these strains. However, additional studies involving cytotoxicity tests and affiliation of these strains to phylogenetic groups based on molecular data would be useful to better evaluate this potential and could provide a more accurate indication of the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeane Quintanilha Chaves
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Bacteriana, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, RJ, Brazil
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