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Liu W, Khan S, Tong M, Hu H, Yin L, Huang J. Identification and Expression of the CorA/MRS2/ALR Type Magnesium Transporters in Tomato. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2512. [PMID: 37447072 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+) is the most abundant divalent ion in plants, participating in numerous metabolic processes in growth and development. CorA/MRS2/ALR type Mg2+ transporters are essential for maintaining Mg2+ homeostasis in plants. However, the candidate protein and its potential functions in the tomato plant have not been fully understood. In this study, we identified seven MGT genes (SlMRS2) in tomato based on sequence similarity, domain analysis, conserved motif identification, and structure prediction. Two SlMRS2 genes were analyzed in the bacterial strain MM281, and a functional complementary assay demonstrated their high-affinity transport of Mg2+. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the expressions of these Mg2+ transporters were down-regulated in leaves under Mg2+ limitation, with a greater impact on lower and middle leaves compared to young leaves. Conversely, under Mg2+ toxicity, several genes were up-regulated in leaves with a circadian rhythm. Our findings indicate that members of the SlMRS2 family function as Mg2+ transporters and lay the groundwork for further analysis of their distinct functions in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shahbaz Khan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Mengying Tong
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Liyan Yin
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jiaquan Huang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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Franken GAC, Huynen MA, Martínez-Cruz LA, Bindels RJM, de Baaij JHF. Structural and functional comparison of magnesium transporters throughout evolution. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:418. [PMID: 35819535 PMCID: PMC9276622 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04442-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+) is the most prevalent divalent intracellular cation. As co-factor in many enzymatic reactions, Mg2+ is essential for protein synthesis, energy production, and DNA stability. Disturbances in intracellular Mg2+ concentrations, therefore, unequivocally result in delayed cell growth and metabolic defects. To maintain physiological Mg2+ levels, all organisms rely on balanced Mg2+ influx and efflux via Mg2+ channels and transporters. This review compares the structure and the function of prokaryotic Mg2+ transporters and their eukaryotic counterparts. In prokaryotes, cellular Mg2+ homeostasis is orchestrated via the CorA, MgtA/B, MgtE, and CorB/C Mg2+ transporters. For CorA, MgtE, and CorB/C, the motifs that form the selectivity pore are conserved during evolution. These findings suggest that CNNM proteins, the vertebrate orthologues of CorB/C, also have Mg2+ transport capacity. Whereas CorA and CorB/C proteins share the gross quaternary structure and functional properties with their respective orthologues, the MgtE channel only shares the selectivity pore with SLC41 Na+/Mg2+ transporters. In eukaryotes, TRPM6 and TRPM7 Mg2+ channels provide an additional Mg2+ transport mechanism, consisting of a fusion of channel with a kinase. The unique features these TRP channels allow the integration of hormonal, cellular, and transcriptional regulatory pathways that determine their Mg2+ transport capacity. Our review demonstrates that understanding the structure and function of prokaryotic magnesiotropic proteins aids in our basic understanding of Mg2+ transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A C Franken
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M A Huynen
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - L A Martínez-Cruz
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Derio, 48160, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - R J M Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J H F de Baaij
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Xu XF, Qian XX, Wang KQ, Yu YH, Guo YY, Zhao X, Wang B, Yang NY, Huang JR, Yang ZN. Slowing Development Facilitates Arabidopsis mgt Mutants to Accumulate Enough Magnesium for Pollen Formation and Fertility Restoration. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:621338. [PMID: 33552112 PMCID: PMC7854698 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.621338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) is an abundant and important cation in cells. Plants rely on Mg transporters to take up Mg from the soil, and then Mg is transported to anthers and other organs. Here, we showed that MGT6+/- plants display reduced fertility, while mgt6 plants are fertile. MGT6 is expressed in the anther at the early stages. Pollen mitosis and intine formation are impaired in aborted pollen grains (PGs) of MGT6+/- plants, which is similar to the defective pollen observed in mgt5 and mgt9 mutants. These results suggest that Mg deficiency leads to pollen abortion in MGT6+/- plants. Our data showed that mgt6 organs including buds develop significantly slower and mgt6 stamens accumulate a higher level of Mg, compared with wild-type (WT) and MGT6+/- plants. These results indicate that slower bud development allows mgt6 to accumulate sufficient amounts of Mg in the pollen, explaining why mgt6 is fertile. Furthermore, we found that mgt6 can restore fertility of mgt5, which has been reported to be male sterile due to defects in Mg transport from the tapetum to microspores and that an additional Mg supply can restore its fertility. Interestingly, mgt5 fertility is recovered when grown under short photoperiod conditions, which is a well-known factor regulating plant fertility. Taken together, these results demonstrate that slow development is a general mechanism to restore mgts fertility, which allows other redundant magnesium transporter (MGT) members to transport sufficient Mg for pollen formation.
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Functional analysis of whether the glycine residue of the GMN motif of the Arabidopsis MRS2/MGT/CorA-type Mg 2+ channel protein AtMRS2-11 is critical for Mg 2+ transport activity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 697:108673. [PMID: 33217378 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+) plays a critical role in many physiological processes. The AtMRS2/MGT family, which contains nine Arabidopsis genes (and two pseudogenes), belongs to a eukaryotic subset of the CorA superfamily of divalent cation transporters. AtMRS2-11/MGT10 possesses the signature GlyMetAsn sequence (the GMN motif) conserved in the CorA superfamily; however, little is known about the role of the GMN motif in AtMRS2. Direct measurement using the fluorescent dye mag-fura-2 revealed that reconstituted AtMRS2-11 mediated rapid Mg2+ uptake into proteoliposomes at extraliposomal Mg2+ concentrations of 10 and 20 mM. Mutations in the GMN motif, G417 to A, S or V, did not show a significant change in Mg2+ uptake relative to the wild-type protein. The G417W mutant exhibited a significant increase in Mg2+ uptake. The functional complementation assay in Escherichia coli strain TM2 showed that E. coli cells expressing AtMRS2-11 with mutations in G of the GMN motif did not grow in LB medium without Mg2+ supplementation, while growth was observed in LB medium supplemented with 0.5 mM Mg2+; no difference was observed between the growth of TM2 cells expressing the AtMRS2-11 G417W mutant and that of cells expressing wild-type AtMRS2-11. These results suggested that the Mg2+ transport activity of the AtMRS2-11 GMN-motif mutants was low at low physiological Mg2+ concentrations; thus, the Gly residue is critical for Mg2+ transport, and the Mg2+ transport activity of the GMN-motif mutants was increased at high Mg2+ concentrations.
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Manishankar P, Wang N, Köster P, Alatar AA, Kudla J. Calcium Signaling during Salt Stress and in the Regulation of Ion Homeostasis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:5003005. [PMID: 29800460 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Soil composition largely defines the living conditions of plants and represents one of their most relevant, dynamic and complex environmental cues. The effective concentrations of many either tolerated or essential ions and compounds in the soil usually differ from the optimum that would be most suitable for plants. In this regard, salinity - caused by excess of NaCl - represents a widespread adverse growth condition but also shortage of ions like K+, NO3- and Fe2+ restrains plant growth. During the past years many components and mechanisms that function in the sensing and establishment of ion homeostasis have been identified and characterized. Here, we reflect on recent insights that extended our understanding of components and mechanisms, which govern and fine-tune plant salt stress tolerance and ion homeostasis. We put special emphasis on mechanisms that allow for interconnection of the salt overly sensitivity pathway with plant development and discuss newly emerging functions of Ca2+ signaling in salinity tolerance. Moreover, we review and discuss accumulating evidence for a central and unifying role of Ca2+ signaling and Ca2+ dependent protein phosphorylation in regulating sensing, uptake, transport and storage processes of various ions. Finally, based on this cross-field inventory, we deduce emerging concepts and arising questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Manishankar
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - N Wang
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - P Köster
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - A A Alatar
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - J Kudla
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Li H, Liu C, Zhou L, Zhao Z, Li Y, Qu M, Huang K, Zhang L, Lu Y, Cao M, Gao S, Zhang S. Molecular and functional characterization of the magnesium transporter gene ZmMGT12 in maize. Gene 2018; 665:167-173. [PMID: 29702186 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) is an essential mineral element for normal plant growth and development, and the CorA/MRS2/MGT-type Mg transporters play a significant role in maintaining Mg homeostasis in plants. In total, 12 maize CorA-like Mg2+ transporters have been identified, but none of them had been functionally characterized. Accordingly, we cloned and functionally characterized ZmMGT12 from the maize CorA-like gene family. ZmMGT12 exhibited the structure typical of Mg2+ transporters, i.e., two conserved TM domains and a GMN tripeptide motif. ZmMGT12, Arabidopsis AtMGT6, and rice OsMRS2-6 shared high protein sequence identity and thus clustered in the same phylogenetic branch, suggesting that they could be homologs. A functional complementation assay in the Salmonella typhimurium MM281 mutant indicated that ZmMGT12 possessed Mg2+ transport ability. ZmMGT12 was expressed in roots, stems, and leaves, with the highest expression in leaves. Moreover, ZmMGT12 expression was induced by light and exhibited a circadian expression pattern. In addition, the expression level of ZmMGT12 in leaf tissue was related to chlorophyll synthesis. Overexpression of ZmMGT12 in Arabidopsis caused no phenotypic change in transgenic plants, including in fresh shoot weight, chlorophyll content, shoot Mg2+ content, and chloroplast Mg2+ content. Together, these results suggest that ZmMGT12 is a Mg2+ transporter and may play a role in Mg transport into chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyou Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest China of Agricultural Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Chan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest China of Agricultural Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lina Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest China of Agricultural Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhuo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest China of Agricultural Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yihong Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest China of Agricultural Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Min Qu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest China of Agricultural Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Kaifeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest China of Agricultural Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest China of Agricultural Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yanli Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest China of Agricultural Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Moju Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest China of Agricultural Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shibin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest China of Agricultural Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Suzhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest China of Agricultural Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Kobayashi NI, Tanoi K. Critical Issues in the Study of Magnesium Transport Systems and Magnesium Deficiency Symptoms in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:23076-93. [PMID: 26404266 PMCID: PMC4613352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160923076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) is the second most abundant cation in living cells. Over 300 enzymes are known to be Mg-dependent, and changes in the Mg concentration significantly affects the membrane potential. As Mg becomes deficient, starch accumulation and chlorosis, bridged by the generation of reactive oxygen species, are commonly found in Mg-deficient young mature leaves. These defects further cause the inhibition of photosynthesis and finally decrease the biomass. Recently, transcriptome analysis has indicated the transcriptinal downregulation of chlorophyll apparatus at the earlier stages of Mg deficiency, and also the potential involvement of complicated networks relating to hormonal signaling and circadian oscillation. However, the processes of the common symptoms as well as the networks between Mg deficiency and signaling are not yet fully understood. Here, for the purpose of defining the missing pieces, several problems are considered and explained by providing an introduction to recent reports on physiological and transcriptional responses to Mg deficiency. In addition, it has long been unclear whether the Mg deficiency response involves the modulation of Mg2+ transport system. In this review, the current status of research on Mg2+ transport and the relating transporters are also summarized. Especially, the rapid progress in physiological characterization of the plant MRS2 gene family as well as the fundamental investigation about the molecular mechanism of the action of bacterial CorA proteins are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko I Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Keitaro Tanoi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Li J, Huang Y, Tan H, Yang X, Tian L, Luan S, Chen L, Li D. An endoplasmic reticulum magnesium transporter is essential for pollen development in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 231:212-20. [PMID: 25576006 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium is one of the essential macro-elements for plant growth and development, participated in photosynthesis and various metabolic processes. The Mg-transport abilities of the AtMGT (Magnesium Transporter) genes were identified in bacteria or yeast mutant system. In our previous studies, both the AtMGT5 and AtMGT9 were found essential for pollen development in Arabidopsis. Here we report another AtMGT member, AtMGT4, which was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, was essential for pollen development as well. AtMGT4 expressed notably in pollen grains from bicellular pollen stage to mature pollen stage. A T-DNA insertional mutant of the gene, named mgt4-1, showed pollen abortive phenotype, thus we could not get any homozygous mutant from progenies of self-crossed +/mgt4-1 plants. Meanwhile, nearly half of pollens in AtMGT4-RNAi transgenic lines were sterile, consistent with the phenotype of +/mgt4-1 mutant. Transgenic plants expressing AtMGT4 in the mgt4-1 background could recover the pollen fertility to the wild type. Together, our findings demonstrated that the disruption of AtMGT4 in Arabidopsis could cause a defect of pollen development. The visible pollen abortion appeared at bicellular pollen stage in +/mgt4-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Yuan Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Hong Tan
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Xiao Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Lianfu Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Sheng Luan
- NJU-NJFU Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Liangbi Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China.
| | - Dongping Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China.
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Mao D, Chen J, Tian L, Liu Z, Yang L, Tang R, Li J, Lu C, Yang Y, Shi J, Chen L, Li D, Luan S. Arabidopsis Transporter MGT6 Mediates Magnesium Uptake and Is Required for Growth under Magnesium Limitation. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:2234-2248. [PMID: 24794135 PMCID: PMC4079380 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.124628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although magnesium (Mg2+) is the most abundant divalent cation in plant cells, little is known about the mechanism of Mg2+ uptake by plant roots. Here, we report a key function of Magnesium Transport6 (MGT6)/Mitochondrial RNA Splicing2-4 in Mg2+ uptake and low-Mg2+ tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. MGT6 is expressed mainly in plant aerial tissues when Mg2+ levels are high in the soil or growth medium. Its expression is highly induced in the roots during Mg2+ deficiency, suggesting a role for MGT6 in response to the low-Mg2+ status in roots. Silencing of MGT6 in transgenic plants by RNA interference (RNAi) resulted in growth retardation under the low-Mg2+ condition, and the phenotype was restored to normal growth after RNAi plants were transferred to Mg2+-sufficient medium. RNAi plants contained lower levels of Mg2+ compared with wild-type plants under low Mg2+ but not under Mg2+-sufficient conditions. Further analysis indicated that MGT6 was localized in the plasma membrane and played a key role in Mg2+ uptake by roots under Mg2+ limitation. We conclude that MGT6 mediates Mg2+ uptake in roots and is required for plant adaptation to a low-Mg2+ environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Mao
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China Nanjing University-Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jian Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Lianfu Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Nanjing University-Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Renjie Tang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Jian Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Changqing Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Yonghua Yang
- Nanjing University-Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jisen Shi
- Nanjing University-Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, MOF Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Liangbi Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Dongping Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Sheng Luan
- Nanjing University-Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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