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Vassallo N. Poration of mitochondrial membranes by amyloidogenic peptides and other biological toxins. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 39213385 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles known to serve broad functions, including in cellular metabolism, calcium buffering, signaling pathways and the regulation of apoptotic cell death. Maintaining the integrity of the outer (OMM) and inner mitochondrial membranes (IMM) is vital for mitochondrial health. Cardiolipin (CL), a unique dimeric glycerophospholipid, is the signature lipid of energy-converting membranes. It plays a significant role in maintaining mitochondrial architecture and function, stabilizing protein complexes and facilitating efficient oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) whilst regulating cytochrome c release from mitochondria. CL is especially enriched in the IMM and at sites of contact between the OMM and IMM. Disorders of protein misfolding, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, involve amyloidogenic peptides like amyloid-β, tau and α-synuclein, which form metastable toxic oligomeric species that interact with biological membranes. Electrophysiological studies have shown that these oligomers form ion-conducting nanopores in membranes mimicking the IMM's phospholipid composition. Poration of mitochondrial membranes disrupts the ionic balance, causing osmotic swelling, loss of the voltage potential across the IMM, release of pro-apoptogenic factors, and leads to cell death. The interaction between CL and amyloid oligomers appears to favour their membrane insertion and pore formation, directly implicating CL in amyloid toxicity. Additionally, pore formation in mitochondrial membranes is not limited to amyloid proteins and peptides; other biological peptides, as diverse as the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, gasdermin proteins, cobra venom cardiotoxins and bacterial pathogenic toxins, have all been described to punch holes in mitochondria, contributing to cell death processes. Collectively, these findings underscore the vulnerability of mitochondria and the involvement of CL in various pathogenic mechanisms, emphasizing the need for further research on targeting CL-amyloid interactions to mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neville Vassallo
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Tal-Qroqq, Malta
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Tal-Qroqq, Malta
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2
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Blanc FEC, Hummer G. Mechanism of proton-powered c-ring rotation in a mitochondrial ATP synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314199121. [PMID: 38451940 PMCID: PMC10945847 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314199121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Proton-powered c-ring rotation in mitochondrial ATP synthase is crucial to convert the transmembrane protonmotive force into torque to drive the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Capitalizing on recent cryo-EM structures, we aim at a structural and energetic understanding of how functional directional rotation is achieved. We performed multi-microsecond atomistic simulations to determine the free energy profiles along the c-ring rotation angle before and after the arrival of a new proton. Our results reveal that rotation proceeds by dynamic sliding of the ring over the a-subunit surface, during which interactions with conserved polar residues stabilize distinct intermediates. Ordered water chains line up for a Grotthuss-type proton transfer in one of these intermediates. After proton transfer, a high barrier prevents backward rotation and an overall drop in free energy favors forward rotation, ensuring the directionality of c-ring rotation required for the thermodynamically disfavored ATP synthesis. The essential arginine of the a-subunit stabilizes the rotated configuration through a salt bridge with the c-ring. Overall, we describe a complete mechanism for the rotation step of the ATP synthase rotor, thereby illuminating a process critical to all life at atomic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian E. C. Blanc
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main60438, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hummer
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main60438, Germany
- Institute for Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main60438, Germany
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3
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Makowski M, Almendro-Vedia VG, Domingues MM, Franco OL, López-Montero I, Melo MN, Santos NC. Activity modulation of the Escherichia coli F 1F O ATP synthase by a designed antimicrobial peptide via cardiolipin sequestering. iScience 2023; 26:107004. [PMID: 37416464 PMCID: PMC10320169 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Most antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) exert their microbicidal activity through membrane permeabilization. The designed AMP EcDBS1R4 has a cryptic mechanism of action involving the membrane hyperpolarization of Escherichia coli, suggesting that EcDBS1R4 may hinder processes involved in membrane potential dissipation. We show that EcDBS1R4 can sequester cardiolipin, a phospholipid that interacts with several respiratory complexes of E. coli. Among these, F1FO ATP synthase uses membrane potential to fuel ATP synthesis. We found that EcDBS1R4 can modulate the activity of ATP synthase upon partition to membranes containing cardiolipin. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that EcDBS1R4 alters the membrane environment of the transmembrane FO motor, impairing cardiolipin interactions with the cytoplasmic face of the peripheral stalk that binds the catalytic F1 domain to the FO domain. The proposed mechanism of action, targeting membrane protein function through lipid reorganization may open new venues of research on the mode of action and design of other AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Makowski
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Víctor G. Almendro-Vedia
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ps Juan XXIII 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Departamento de Química Física, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco M. Domingues
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Octavio L. Franco
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, 71966-700 Federal District, Brazil
- S-Inova Biotech, Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, 79117-900 Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Iván López-Montero
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ps Juan XXIII 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Departamento de Química Física, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel N. Melo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Nuno C. Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
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4
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van Beekveld RAM, Derks MGN, Kumar R, Smid L, Maass T, Medeiros‐Silva J, Breukink E, Weingarth M. Specific Lipid Studies in Complex Membranes by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202472. [PMID: 36098094 PMCID: PMC10092488 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Specific interactions with phospholipids are often critical for the function of proteins or drugs, but studying these interactions at high resolution remains difficult, especially in complex membranes that mimic biological conditions. In principle, molecular interactions with phospholipids could be directly probed by solid-state NMR (ssNMR). However, due to the challenge to detect specific lipids in mixed liposomes and limited spectral sensitivity, ssNMR studies of specific lipids in complex membranes are scarce. Here, by using purified biological 13 C,15 N-labeled phospholipids, we show that we can selectively detect traces of specific lipids in complex membranes. In combination with 1 H-detected ssNMR, we show that our approach provides unprecedented high-resolution insights into the mechanisms of drugs that target specific lipids. This broadly applicable approach opens new opportunities for the molecular characterization of specific lipid interactions with proteins or drugs in complex fluid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A. M. van Beekveld
- NMR SpectroscopyDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 83584 CHUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Maik G. N. Derks
- NMR SpectroscopyDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 83584 CHUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Membrane Biochemistry and BiophysicsDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 83584 CHUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Raj Kumar
- NMR SpectroscopyDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 83584 CHUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Leanna Smid
- NMR SpectroscopyDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 83584 CHUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Thorben Maass
- NMR SpectroscopyDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 83584 CHUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - João Medeiros‐Silva
- NMR SpectroscopyDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 83584 CHUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Present address: Department of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of Technology170 Albany StreetCambridgeMA 02139USA
| | - Eefjan Breukink
- Membrane Biochemistry and BiophysicsDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 83584 CHUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Markus Weingarth
- NMR SpectroscopyDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 83584 CHUtrechtThe Netherlands
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5
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Jiang Z, Shen T, Huynh H, Fang X, Han Z, Ouyang K. Cardiolipin Regulates Mitochondrial Ultrastructure and Function in Mammalian Cells. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101889. [PMID: 36292774 PMCID: PMC9601307 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a unique, tetra-acylated diphosphatidylglycerol lipid that mainly localizes in the inner mitochondria membrane (IMM) in mammalian cells and plays a central role in regulating mitochondrial architecture and functioning. A deficiency of CL biosynthesis and remodeling perturbs mitochondrial functioning and ultrastructure. Clinical and experimental studies on human patients and animal models have also provided compelling evidence that an abnormal CL content, acyl chain composition, localization, and level of oxidation may be directly linked to multiple diseases, including cardiomyopathy, neuronal dysfunction, immune cell defects, and metabolic disorders. The central role of CL in regulating the pathogenesis and progression of these diseases has attracted increasing attention in recent years. In this review, we focus on the advances in our understanding of the physiological roles of CL biosynthesis and remodeling from human patients and mouse models, and we provide an overview of the potential mechanism by which CL regulates the mitochondrial architecture and functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitong Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tao Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Helen Huynh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xi Fang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhen Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (K.O.)
| | - Kunfu Ouyang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (K.O.)
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6
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Cardiolipin Biosynthesis Genes Are Not Required for Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Pathogenesis in C57BL/6J Mice. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0261721. [PMID: 35638781 PMCID: PMC9241728 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02617-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is an intracellular pathogen that parasitizes macrophages from within a vacuole. The vacuolar environment prompts the bacterium to regulate the lipid composition of the outer membrane (OM), and this influences host inflammation. S. Typhimurium regulates the levels of acidic glycerophospholipids known as cardiolipins (CL) within the OM, and mitochondrial CL molecules can prime and activate host inflammasomes. However, the contribution of S. Typhimurium’s CL biosynthesis genes to intracellular survival, inflammasome activation, and pathogenesis had not been examined. S. Typhimurium genes encode three CL synthases. Single, double, and triple mutants were constructed. Similar to other Enterobacteriaceae, ClsA is the primary CL synthase for S. Typhimurium during logarithmic growth, while ClsB and ClsC contribute CL production in stationary phase. It was necessary to delete all three genes to diminish the CL content of the envelope. Despite being devoid of CL molecules, ΔclsABC mutants were highly virulent during oral and systemic infection for C57BL/6J mice. In macrophages, ΔclsA, ΔclsB, ΔclsC, and ΔclsAC mutants behaved like the wild type, whereas ΔclsAB, ΔclsBC, and ΔclsABC mutants were attenuated and elicited reduced amounts of secreted interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-18, and lactate dehydrogenase. Hence, when clsA and clsC are deleted, clsB is necessary and sufficient to promote intracellular survival and inflammasome activation. Similarly, when clsB is deleted, clsA and clsC are necessary and sufficient. Therefore, the three CL synthase genes cooperatively and redundantly influence S. Typhimurium inflammasome activation and intracellular survival in C57BL/6J mouse macrophages but are dispensable for virulence in mice. IMPORTANCESalmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a pathogenic Gram-negative bacterium that regulates the cardiolipin (CL) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) composition of the outer membrane (OM) during infection. Mitochondrial CL molecules activate the inflammasome and its effector caspase-1, which initiates an inflammatory process called pyroptosis. Purified bacterial CL molecules also influence LPS activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4). S. Typhimurium resides within macrophage vacuoles and activates Tlr4 and the inflammasome during infection. However, the contribution of the three bacterial CL synthase genes (cls) to microbial pathogenesis and inflammation had not been tested. This study supports that the genes encoding the CL synthases work coordinately to promote intracellular survival in macrophages and to activate the inflammasome but do not influence inflammatory cytokine production downstream of Tlr4 or virulence in C57BL/6J mice. The macrophage phenotypes are not directly attributable to CL production but are caused by deleting specific combinations of cls gene products.
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7
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Abstract
SignificanceThe discovery that amphiphilic polymers, similar to phospholipids, can self-assemble to vesicles has inspired numerous applications. For instance, these polymersomes are employed for drug delivery due to their increased chemical and mechanical stability. These polymers can be also mixed with lipids to form the so-called hybrid membranes, which provide further biocompatibility, while new properties emerge. However, the fusion of these hybrids is to date barely explored. Herein, we determined that hybrid vesicles made of poly(dimethylsiloxane)-graft-poly(ethylene oxide) and oppositely charged lipids undergo rapid fusion, surpassing the efficiency in natural membranes. We provide biophysical insights into the mechanism and demonstrate that anionic lipids are not strictly required when the process is employed for the integration of membrane proteins.
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8
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Royes J, Biou V, Dautin N, Tribet C, Miroux B. Inducible intracellular membranes: molecular aspects and emerging applications. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:176. [PMID: 32887610 PMCID: PMC7650269 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01433-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane remodeling and phospholipid biosynthesis are normally tightly regulated to maintain the shape and function of cells. Indeed, different physiological mechanisms ensure a precise coordination between de novo phospholipid biosynthesis and modulation of membrane morphology. Interestingly, the overproduction of certain membrane proteins hijack these regulation networks, leading to the formation of impressive intracellular membrane structures in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The proteins triggering an abnormal accumulation of membrane structures inside the cells (or membrane proliferation) share two major common features: (1) they promote the formation of highly curved membrane domains and (2) they lead to an enrichment in anionic, cone-shaped phospholipids (cardiolipin or phosphatidic acid) in the newly formed membranes. Taking into account the available examples of membrane proliferation upon protein overproduction, together with the latest biochemical, biophysical and structural data, we explore the relationship between protein synthesis and membrane biogenesis. We propose a mechanism for the formation of these non-physiological intracellular membranes that shares similarities with natural inner membrane structures found in α-proteobacteria, mitochondria and some viruses-infected cells, pointing towards a conserved feature through evolution. We hope that the information discussed in this review will give a better grasp of the biophysical mechanisms behind physiological and induced intracellular membrane proliferation, and inspire new applications, either for academia (high-yield membrane protein production and nanovesicle production) or industry (biofuel production and vaccine preparation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Royes
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, Université de Paris, LBPC-PM, CNRS, UMR7099, 75005, Paris, France. .,Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild pour le Développement de la Recherche Scientifique, 75005, Paris, France. .,Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PASTEUR, PSL University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Valérie Biou
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, Université de Paris, LBPC-PM, CNRS, UMR7099, 75005, Paris, France.,Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild pour le Développement de la Recherche Scientifique, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Dautin
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, Université de Paris, LBPC-PM, CNRS, UMR7099, 75005, Paris, France.,Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild pour le Développement de la Recherche Scientifique, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Tribet
- Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PASTEUR, PSL University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Miroux
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, Université de Paris, LBPC-PM, CNRS, UMR7099, 75005, Paris, France. .,Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild pour le Développement de la Recherche Scientifique, 75005, Paris, France.
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9
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Monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) interactions with mitochondrial membrane proteins. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:993-1004. [PMID: 32453413 PMCID: PMC7329354 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) is a three-tailed variant of cardiolipin (CL), the signature lipid of mitochondria. MLCL is not normally found in healthy tissue but accumulates in mitochondria of people with Barth syndrome (BTHS), with an overall increase in the MLCL:CL ratio. The reason for MLCL accumulation remains to be fully understood. The effect of MLCL build-up and decreased CL content in causing the characteristics of BTHS are also unclear. In both cases, an understanding of the nature of MLCL interaction with mitochondrial proteins will be key. Recent work has shown that MLCL associates less tightly than CL with proteins in the mitochondrial inner membrane, suggesting that MLCL accumulation is a result of CL degradation, and that the lack of MLCL–protein interactions compromises the stability of the protein-dense mitochondrial inner membrane, leading to a decrease in optimal respiration. There is some data on MLCL–protein interactions for proteins involved in the respiratory chain and in apoptosis, but there remains much to be understood regarding the nature of MLCL–protein interactions. Recent developments in structural, analytical and computational approaches mean that these investigations are now possible. Such an understanding will be key to further insights into how MLCL accumulation impacts mitochondrial membranes. In turn, these insights will help to support the development of therapies for people with BTHS and give a broader understanding of other diseases involving defective CL content.
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10
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Gadolinium Complexes as Contrast Agent for Cellular NMR Spectroscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114042. [PMID: 32516957 PMCID: PMC7312942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aqua Gd3+ and Gd-DOTA (gadolinium-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacete) complexes were studied as a contrast agent in cellular NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy for distinguishing between intracellular and extracellular spaces. The contrast agents for this purpose should provide strong paramagnetic relaxation enhancement and localize in the extracellular space without disturbing biological functions. Cell membrane permeability to Gd complexes was evaluated from the concentrations of gadolinium complexes in the inside and outside of E. coli cells measured by the 1H-NMR relaxation. The site-specific binding of the complexes to E. coli cells was also analyzed by high-resolution solid-state 13C-NMR. The aqua Gd3+ complex did not enhance T1 relaxation in proportion to the amount of added Gd3+. This Gd3+ concentration dependence and the 13C-NMR indicated that its strong cytotoxicity should be due to the binding of the paramagnetic ions to cellular components especially at the lipid membranes. In contrast, Gd-DOTA stayed in the solution states and enhanced relaxation in proportion to the added amount. This agent exhibited strong T1 contrast between the intra- and extracellular spaces by a factor of ten at high concentrations under which the cells were viable over a long experimental time of days. These properties make Gd-DOTA suitable for selectively contrasting the living cellular space in NMR spectroscopy primarily owing to its weak interaction with cellular components.
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Schädeli D, Serricchio M, Ben Hamidane H, Loffreda A, Hemphill A, Beneke T, Gluenz E, Graumann J, Bütikofer P. Cardiolipin depletion–induced changes in theTrypanosoma bruceiproteome. FASEB J 2019; 33:13161-13175. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901184rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Schädeli
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Serricchio
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Alessio Loffreda
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tom Beneke
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Gluenz
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Bütikofer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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12
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Mühleip A, McComas SE, Amunts A. Structure of a mitochondrial ATP synthase with bound native cardiolipin. eLife 2019; 8:51179. [PMID: 31738165 PMCID: PMC6930080 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial ATP synthase fuels eukaryotic cells with chemical energy. Here we report the cryo-EM structure of a divergent ATP synthase dimer from mitochondria of Euglena gracilis, a member of the phylum Euglenozoa that also includes human parasites. It features 29 different subunits, 8 of which are newly identified. The membrane region was determined to 2.8 Å resolution, enabling the identification of 37 associated lipids, including 25 cardiolipins, which provides insight into protein-lipid interactions and their functional roles. The rotor-stator interface comprises four membrane-embedded horizontal helices, including a distinct subunit a. The dimer interface is formed entirely by phylum-specific components, and a peripherally associated subcomplex contributes to the membrane curvature. The central and peripheral stalks directly interact with each other. Last, the ATPase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) binds in a mode that is different from human, but conserved in Trypanosomatids. Every living thing uses the energy-rich molecule called adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, as fuel. It is the universal molecular currency for transferring energy. Cells trade it, mitochondria make it, and the energy extracted from it is used to drive chemical reactions, transport molecules across cell membranes, energize nerve impulses and contract muscles. ATP synthase is the enzyme that makes ATP molecules. It is a multi-part complex that straddles the inner membrane of mitochondria, the energy factories in cells. The enzyme complex interacts with fatty molecules in the mitochondrial inner membrane, creating a curvature that is required to produce ATP more efficiently. The mitochondrial ATP synthase has been studied in many different organisms, including yeast, algae, plants, pigs, cows and humans. These studies show that most of these ATP synthases are similar to each other, but obtaining a high resolution structure has been a challenge. Some single-cell organisms have unusual ATP synthases, which provide clues about how the enzyme evolved in pursuit of the most energy efficient arrangement. One such organism is the photosynthetic Euglena gracilis, which is closely related to the human parasites that cause sleeping sickness and Chagas disease. Now, Mü̈hleip et al. have extracted ATP synthase from E. gracilis and reconstructed its structure using electron cryo-microscopy. The high resolution of this reconstruction allowed for the first time to examine the fatty molecules associated with ATP synthase, called cardiolipins. This is important, because cardiolipins are thought to modulate the rotating motor of the enzyme and affect how the complex sits in the membrane. The analysis revealed that the ATP synthase in E. gracilis has 29 different protein subunits, 13 of which are only found in organisms of the same family. Some of the newly discovered subunits are glued together by fatty molecules and extend into the surrounding mitochondrial membrane. This distinctive structure suggests an adaptation which likely evolved independently in E. gracilis for efficiency. These results represent an important advance in the field, and provide direct evidence for the functional roles of cardiolipin. This information will be used to reconstruct the evolution of this mighty molecule and to further study the roles of cardiolipin in energy conversion. Moreover, the analysis identified similarities between the ATP synthase in E. gracilis and human parasites, which could provide new therapeutic targets in disease-causing parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Mühleip
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah E McComas
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Alexey Amunts
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Abstract
Synthesis and regulation of lipid levels and identities is critical for a wide variety of cellular functions, including structural and morphological properties of organelles, energy storage, signaling, and stability and function of membrane proteins. Proteolytic cleavage events regulate and/or influence some of these lipid metabolic processes and as a result help modulate their pleiotropic cellular functions. Proteins involved in lipid regulation are proteolytically cleaved for the purpose of their relocalization, processing, turnover, and quality control, among others. The scope of this review includes proteolytic events governing cellular lipid dynamics. After an initial discussion of the classic example of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, our focus will shift to the mitochondrion, where a range of proteolytic events are critical for normal mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism and enforcing quality control therein. Recently, mitochondrial phospholipid metabolic pathways have been implicated as important for the proliferative capacity of cancers. Thus, the assorted proteases that regulate, monitor, or influence the activity of proteins that are important for phospholipid metabolism represent attractive targets to be manipulated for research purposes and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingdewinde N. Sam
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Erica Avery
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Steven M. Claypool
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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14
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Vamecq J, Papegay B, Nuyens V, Boogaerts J, Leo O, Kruys V. Mitochondrial dysfunction, AMPK activation and peroxisomal metabolism: A coherent scenario for non-canonical 3-methylglutaconic acidurias. Biochimie 2019; 168:53-82. [PMID: 31626852 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of 3-methylglutaconic aciduria (3-MGA) is a well understood phenomenon in leucine oxidation and ketogenesis disorders (primary 3-MGAs). In contrast, its genesis in non-canonical (secondary) 3-MGAs, a growing-up group of disorders encompassing more than a dozen of inherited metabolic diseases, is a mystery still remaining unresolved for three decades. To puzzle out this anthologic problem of metabolism, three clues were considered: (i) the variety of disorders suggests a common cellular target at the cross-road of metabolic and signaling pathways, (ii) the response to leucine loading test only discriminative for primary but not secondary 3-MGAs suggests these latter are disorders of extramitochondrial HMG-CoA metabolism as also attested by their failure to increase 3-hydroxyisovalerate, a mitochondrial metabolite accumulating only in primary 3-MGAs, (iii) the peroxisome is an extramitochondrial site possessing its own pool and displaying metabolism of HMG-CoA, suggesting its possible involvement in producing extramitochondrial 3-methylglutaconate (3-MG). Following these clues provides a unifying common basis to non-canonical 3-MGAs: constitutive mitochondrial dysfunction induces AMPK activation which, by inhibiting early steps in cholesterol and fatty acid syntheses, pipelines cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA to peroxisomes where a rise in HMG-CoA followed by local dehydration and hydrolysis may lead to 3-MGA yield. Additional contributors are considered, notably for 3-MGAs associated with hyperammonemia, and to a lesser extent in CLPB deficiency. Metabolic and signaling itineraries followed by the proposed scenario are essentially sketched, being provided with compelling evidence from the literature coming in their support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Vamecq
- Inserm, CHU Lille, Univ Lille, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Hormonology, Metabolism-Nutrition & Oncology (HMNO), Center of Biology and Pathology (CBP) Pierre-Marie Degand, CHRU Lille, EA 7364 RADEME, University of North France, Lille, France.
| | - Bérengère Papegay
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB unit 222), University Hospital Center, Charleroi, (CHU Charleroi), Belgium
| | - Vincent Nuyens
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB unit 222), University Hospital Center, Charleroi, (CHU Charleroi), Belgium
| | - Jean Boogaerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB unit 222), University Hospital Center, Charleroi, (CHU Charleroi), Belgium
| | - Oberdan Leo
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Immunology Research Center (UIRC), Free University of Brussels (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Véronique Kruys
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Gene, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Immunology Research Center (UIRC), Free University of Brussels (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
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15
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Elkins MR, Hong M. Elucidating ligand-bound structures of membrane proteins using solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 57:103-109. [PMID: 30903830 PMCID: PMC6697555 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Magic-angle-spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR spectroscopy is a versatile technique to elucidate functionally important protein-ligand interactions in lipid membranes. Here, we review recent solid-state NMR studies of membrane protein interactions with cholesterol, lipids, transported substrates, and peptide ligands. These studies are conducted in synthetic or native lipid bilayers to provide an accurate environment for ligand binding. The solid-state NMR approaches include multinuclear detection to gain comprehensive structural information, distance measurements to locate ligand-binding sites, and dynamic nuclear polarization and 1H detection to enhance spectral sensitivity. These studies provide novel insights into the mechanisms of virus budding, virus entry into cells, transmembrane signaling, substrate transport, antibacterial action, and many other biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Elkins
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
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16
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Corradi V, Sejdiu BI, Mesa-Galloso H, Abdizadeh H, Noskov SY, Marrink SJ, Tieleman DP. Emerging Diversity in Lipid-Protein Interactions. Chem Rev 2019; 119:5775-5848. [PMID: 30758191 PMCID: PMC6509647 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Membrane lipids interact with proteins in a variety of ways, ranging from providing a stable membrane environment for proteins to being embedded in to detailed roles in complicated and well-regulated protein functions. Experimental and computational advances are converging in a rapidly expanding research area of lipid-protein interactions. Experimentally, the database of high-resolution membrane protein structures is growing, as are capabilities to identify the complex lipid composition of different membranes, to probe the challenging time and length scales of lipid-protein interactions, and to link lipid-protein interactions to protein function in a variety of proteins. Computationally, more accurate membrane models and more powerful computers now enable a detailed look at lipid-protein interactions and increasing overlap with experimental observations for validation and joint interpretation of simulation and experiment. Here we review papers that use computational approaches to study detailed lipid-protein interactions, together with brief experimental and physiological contexts, aiming at comprehensive coverage of simulation papers in the last five years. Overall, a complex picture of lipid-protein interactions emerges, through a range of mechanisms including modulation of the physical properties of the lipid environment, detailed chemical interactions between lipids and proteins, and key functional roles of very specific lipids binding to well-defined binding sites on proteins. Computationally, despite important limitations, molecular dynamics simulations with current computer power and theoretical models are now in an excellent position to answer detailed questions about lipid-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Corradi
- Centre
for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Besian I. Sejdiu
- Centre
for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Haydee Mesa-Galloso
- Centre
for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Haleh Abdizadeh
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute
for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sergei Yu. Noskov
- Centre
for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Siewert J. Marrink
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute
for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - D. Peter Tieleman
- Centre
for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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17
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Borcik CG, Versteeg DB, Wylie BJ. An Inward-Rectifier Potassium Channel Coordinates the Properties of Biologically Derived Membranes. Biophys J 2019; 116:1701-1718. [PMID: 31010661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
KirBac1.1 is a prokaryotic inward-rectifier K+ channel from Burkholderia pseudomallei. It shares the common inward-rectifier K+ channel fold with eukaryotic channels, including conserved lipid-binding pockets. Here, we show that KirBac1.1 changes the phase properties and dynamics of the surrounding bilayer. KirBac1.1 was reconstituted into vesicles composed of 13C-enriched biological lipids. Two-dimensional liquid-state and solid-state NMR experiments were used to assign lipid 1H and 13C chemical shifts as a function of lipid identity and conformational degrees of freedom. A solid-state NMR temperature series reveals that KirBac1.1 lowers the primary thermotropic phase transition of Escherichia coli lipid membranes while introducing both fluidity and internal lipid order into the fluid phases. In B. thailandensis liposomes, the bacteriohopanetetrol hopanoid, and potentially ornithine lipids, introduce a similar primary lipid-phase transition and liquid-ordered properties. Adding KirBac1.1 to B. thailandensis lipids increases B. thailandensis lipid fluidity while preserving internal lipid order. This synergistic effect of KirBac1.1 in bacteriohopanetetrol-rich membranes has implications for bilayer dynamic structure. If membrane proteins can anneal lipid translational degrees of freedom while preserving internal order, it could offer an explanation to the nature of liquid-ordered protein-lipid organization in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin G Borcik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Derek B Versteeg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Benjamin J Wylie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.
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18
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Morgan JLW, Evans EGB, Zagotta WN. Functional characterization and optimization of a bacterial cyclic nucleotide-gated channel. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:7503-7515. [PMID: 30885945 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels produce the initial electrical signal in mammalian vision and olfaction. They open in response to direct binding of cyclic nucleotide (cAMP or cGMP) to a cytoplasmic region of the channel. However, the conformational rearrangements occurring upon binding to produce pore opening (i.e. gating) are not well understood. SthK is a bacterial CNG channel that has the potential to serve as an ideal model for structure-function studies of gating but is currently limited by its toxicity, native cysteines, and low open probability (P o). Here, we expressed SthK in giant Escherichia coli spheroplasts and performed patch-clamp recordings to characterize SthK gating in a bacterial membrane. We demonstrated that the P o in cAMP is higher than has been previously published and that cGMP acts as a weak partial SthK agonist. Additionally, we determined that SthK expression is toxic to E. coli because of gating by cytoplasmic cAMP. We overcame this toxicity by developing an adenylate cyclase-knockout E. coli cell line. Finally, we generated a cysteine-free SthK construct and introduced mutations that further increase the P o in cAMP. We propose that this SthK model will help elucidate the gating mechanism of CNG channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L W Morgan
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Eric G B Evans
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - William N Zagotta
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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19
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Sato T, Segawa M, Sekine S, Ito K. Mild depolarization is involved in troglitazone-induced liver mitochondrial membrane permeability transition via mitochondrial iPLA 2 activation. J Toxicol Sci 2019; 44:811-820. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.44.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Sato
- The Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Masahiro Segawa
- The Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Shuichi Sekine
- The Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Kousei Ito
- The Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
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20
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Paradies G, Paradies V, Ruggiero FM, Petrosillo G. Mitochondrial bioenergetics and cardiolipin alterations in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: implications for pharmacological cardioprotection. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H1341-H1352. [PMID: 30095969 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00028.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Increased reactive oxygen species production, impaired electron transport chain activity, aberrant mitochondrial dynamics, Ca2+ overload, and opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore have been proposed as major contributory factors to mitochondrial dysfunction during myocardial I/R injury. Cardiolipin (CL), a mitochondria-specific phospholipid, plays a pivotal role in multiple mitochondrial bioenergetic processes, including respiration and energy conversion, in mitochondrial morphology and dynamics as well as in several steps of the apoptotic process. Changes in CL levels, species composition, and degree of oxidation may have deleterious consequences for mitochondrial function with important implications in a variety of pathophysiological conditions, including myocardial I/R injury. In this review, we focus on the role played by CL alterations in mitochondrial dysfunction in myocardial I/R injury. Pharmacological strategies to prevent myocardial injury during I/R targeting mitochondrial CL are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Paradies
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | | | - Francesca Maria Ruggiero
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Petrosillo
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics, and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council , Bari , Italy
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21
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Hariharan P, Tikhonova E, Medeiros-Silva J, Jeucken A, Bogdanov MV, Dowhan W, Brouwers JF, Weingarth M, Guan L. Structural and functional characterization of protein-lipid interactions of the Salmonella typhimurium melibiose transporter MelB. BMC Biol 2018; 16:85. [PMID: 30075778 PMCID: PMC6091025 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-018-0553-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Membrane lipids play critical roles in the structure and function of membrane-embedded transporters. Salmonella typhimurium MelB (MelBSt) is a symporter coupling melibiose translocation with a cation (Na+, Li+, or H+). We present an extensive study on the effects of specific phospholipids on the structure of MelBSt and the melibiose transport catalyzed by this protein. RESULTS Lipidomic analysis and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) experiments reveal that at least one phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and one phosphatidylglycerol (PG) molecule associate with MelBSt at high affinities. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy experiments confirmed the presence of lipid tails and glycerol backbones that co-purified with MelBSt; headgroups of PG were also observed. Studies with lipid-engineered strains, including PE-deficient, cardiolipin (CL)- and PG-deficient, or CL-deficient strains, show that lack of PE or PG, however not CL, largely inhibits both H+- and Na+-coupled melibiose active transport to different extents. Interestingly, neither the co-substrate binding (melibiose or Na+) nor MelBSt folding and stability are affected by changing lipid compositions. Remarkably, the delipidated MelBSt with only 2-3 bound lipids, regardless of the headgroup species, also exhibits unchanged melting temperature values as shown by circular dichroism spectroscopy. CONCLUSIONS (1) Lipid tails and glycerol backbones of interacting PE and PG may contribute to the stability of the structure of MelBSt. (2) The headgroups of PE and PG, but not of CL, play important roles in melibiose transport; however, lipid headgroups do not modulate the folding and stability of MelBSt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parameswaran Hariharan
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Center for Membrane Protein Research, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Elena Tikhonova
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Center for Membrane Protein Research, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - João Medeiros-Silva
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aike Jeucken
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Lipidomics Facility, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mikhail V Bogdanov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science, Center McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - William Dowhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science, Center McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jos F Brouwers
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Lipidomics Facility, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Weingarth
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Lan Guan
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Center for Membrane Protein Research, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA.
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22
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Paradies G, Paradies V, Ruggiero FM, Petrosillo G. Mitochondrial bioenergetics decay in aging: beneficial effect of melatonin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3897-3911. [PMID: 28785806 PMCID: PMC11107727 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a biological process characterized by progressive decline in physiological functions, increased oxidative stress, reduced capacity to respond to stresses, and increased risk of contracting age-associated disorders. Mitochondria are referred to as the powerhouse of the cell through their role in the oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP. These organelles contribute to the aging process, mainly through impairment of electron transport chain activity, opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and increased oxidative stress. These events lead to damage to proteins, lipids and mitochondrial DNA. Cardiolipin, a phospholipid of the inner mitochondrial membrane, plays a pivotal role in several mitochondrial bioenergetic processes as well as in mitochondrial-dependent steps of apoptosis and in mitochondrial membrane stability and dynamics. Cardiolipin alterations are associated with mitochondrial bienergetics decline in multiple tissues in a variety of physiopathological conditions, as well as in the aging process. Melatonin, the major product of the pineal gland, is considered an effective protector of mitochondrial bioenergetic function. Melatonin preserves mitochondrial function by preventing cardiolipin oxidation and this may explain, at least in part, the protective role of this compound in mitochondrial physiopathology and aging. Here, mechanisms through which melatonin exerts its protective role against mitochondrial dysfunction associated with aging and age-associated disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Paradies
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
| | - Valeria Paradies
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca M Ruggiero
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Petrosillo
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
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23
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Carranza G, Angius F, Ilioaia O, Solgadi A, Miroux B, Arechaga I. Cardiolipin plays an essential role in the formation of intracellular membranes in Escherichia coli. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1124-1132. [PMID: 28284722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria, chloroplasts and photosynthetic bacteria are characterized by the presence of complex and intricate membrane systems. In contrast, non-photosynthetic bacteria lack membrane structures within their cytoplasm. However, large scale over-production of some membrane proteins, such as the fumarate reductase, the mannitol permease MtlA, the glycerol acyl transferase PlsB, the chemotaxis receptor Tsr or the ATP synthase subunit b, can induce the proliferation of intra cellular membranes (ICMs) in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli. These ICMs are particularly rich in cardiolipin (CL). Here, we have studied the effect of CL in the generation of these membranous structures. We have deleted the three genes (clsA, clsB and clsC) responsible of CL biosynthesis in E. coli and analysed the effect of these mutations by fluorescent and electron microscopy and by lipid mass spectrometry. We have found that CL is essential in the formation of non-lamellar structures in the cytoplasm of E. coli cells. These results could help to understand the structuration of membranes in E. coli and other membrane organelles, such as mitochondria and ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Carranza
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria - CSIC - SODERCAN, Santander, Spain
| | - Federica Angius
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, CNRS, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Oana Ilioaia
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, CNRS, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Solgadi
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Paris Saclay d'Innovation Thérapeutique, INSERM, CNRS, - Plateforme SAMM - CHATENAY-MALABRY, France
| | - Bruno Miroux
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, CNRS, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
| | - Ignacio Arechaga
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria - CSIC - SODERCAN, Santander, Spain.
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Abstract
Preparation and storage of functional membrane proteins such as G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are crucial to the processes of drug delivery and discovery. Here, we describe a method of preparing powdered GPCRs using rhodopsin as the prototype. We purified rhodopsin in CHAPS detergent with low detergent to protein ratio so the bulk of the sample represented protein (ca. 72% w/w). Our new method for generating powders of membrane proteins followed by rehydration paves the way for conducting functional and biophysical experiments. As an illustrative application, powdered rhodopsin was prepared with and without the cofactor 11-cis-retinal to enable partial rehydration of the protein with D2O in a controlled manner. Quasi-elastic neutron scattering studies using both spatial motion and energy landscape models form the basis for crucial insights into structural fluctuations and thermodynamics of GPCR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Udeep Chawla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Michael F. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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25
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Biasutto L, Azzolini M, Szabò I, Zoratti M. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore in AD 2016: An update. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1863:2515-30. [PMID: 26902508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 30years the mitochondrial permeability transition - the permeabilization of the inner mitochondrial membrane due to the opening of a wide pore - has progressed from being considered a curious artifact induced in isolated mitochondria by Ca(2+) and phosphate to a key cell-death-inducing process in several major pathologies. Its relevance is by now universally acknowledged and a pharmacology targeting the phenomenon is being developed. The molecular nature of the pore remains to this day uncertain, but progress has recently been made with the identification of the FOF1 ATP synthase as the probable proteic substrate. Researchers sharing this conviction are however divided into two camps: these believing that only the ATP synthase dimers or oligomers can form the pore, presumably in the contact region between monomers, and those who consider that the ring-forming c subunits in the FO sector actually constitute the walls of the pore. The latest development is the emergence of a new candidate: Spastic Paraplegia 7 (SPG7), a mitochondrial AAA-type membrane protease which forms a 6-stave barrel. This review summarizes recent developments of research on the pathophysiological relevance and on the molecular nature of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mitochondrial Channels edited by Pierre Sonveaux, Pierre Maechler and Jean-Claude Martinou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Biasutto
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy; University of Padova, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Michele Azzolini
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy; University of Padova, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Ildikò Szabò
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy; University of Padova, Department of Biology, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Zoratti
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy; University of Padova, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy.
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27
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Lin TY, Weibel DB. Organization and function of anionic phospholipids in bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:4255-67. [PMID: 27026177 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In addition to playing a central role as a permeability barrier for controlling the diffusion of molecules and ions in and out of bacterial cells, phospholipid (PL) membranes regulate the spatial and temporal position and function of membrane proteins that play an essential role in a variety of cellular functions. Based on the very large number of membrane-associated proteins encoded in genomes, an understanding of the role of PLs may be central to understanding bacterial cell biology. This area of microbiology has received considerable attention over the past two decades, and the local enrichment of anionic PLs has emerged as a candidate mechanism for biomolecular organization in bacterial cells. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of anionic PLs in bacteria, including their biosynthesis, subcellular localization, and physiological relevance, discuss evidence and mechanisms for enriching anionic PLs in membranes, and conclude with an assessment of future directions for this area of bacterial biochemistry, biophysics, and cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti-Yu Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Douglas B Weibel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Morales-Rios E, Watt IN, Zhang Q, Ding S, Fearnley IM, Montgomery MG, Wakelam MJO, Walker JE. Purification, characterization and crystallization of the F-ATPase from Paracoccus denitrificans. Open Biol 2015; 5:150119. [PMID: 26423580 PMCID: PMC4593670 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The structures of F-ATPases have been determined predominantly with mitochondrial enzymes, but hitherto no F-ATPase has been crystallized intact. A high-resolution model of the bovine enzyme built up from separate sub-structures determined by X-ray crystallography contains about 85% of the entire complex, but it lacks a crucial region that provides a transmembrane proton pathway involved in the generation of the rotary mechanism that drives the synthesis of ATP. Here the isolation, characterization and crystallization of an integral F-ATPase complex from the α-proteobacterium Paracoccus denitrificans are described. Unlike many eubacterial F-ATPases, which can both synthesize and hydrolyse ATP, the P. denitrificans enzyme can only carry out the synthetic reaction. The mechanism of inhibition of its ATP hydrolytic activity involves a ζ inhibitor protein, which binds to the catalytic F₁-domain of the enzyme. The complex that has been crystallized, and the crystals themselves, contain the nine core proteins of the complete F-ATPase complex plus the ζ inhibitor protein. The formation of crystals depends upon the presence of bound bacterial cardiolipin and phospholipid molecules; when they were removed, the complex failed to crystallize. The experiments open the way to an atomic structure of an F-ATPase complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Morales-Rios
- The Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ian N. Watt
- The Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | | | - Shujing Ding
- The Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ian M. Fearnley
- The Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Martin G. Montgomery
- The Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | | | - John E. Walker
- The Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK,e-mail:
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