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De Leo V, Maurelli AM, Giotta L, Daniello V, Di Gioia S, Conese M, Ingrosso C, Ciriaco F, Catucci L. Polymer Encapsulated Liposomes for Oral Co-Delivery of Curcumin and Hydroxytyrosol. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010790. [PMID: 36614233 PMCID: PMC9821336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin (Cur) is a hydrophobic polyphenol from the rhizome of Curcuma spp., while hydroxytyrosol (HT) is a water-soluble polyphenol from Olea europaea. Both show outstanding antioxidant properties but suffer from scarce bioavailability and low stability in biological fluids. In this work, the co-encapsulation of Cur and HT into liposomes was realized, and the liposomal formulation was improved using polymers to increase their survival in the gastrointestinal tract. Liposomes with different compositions were formulated: Type 1, composed of phospholipids and cholesterol; Type 2, also with a PEG coating; and Type 3 providing an additional shell of Eudragit® S100, a gastro-resistant polymer. Samples were characterized in terms of size, morphology, ζ-potential, encapsulation efficiency, and loading capacity. All samples were subjected to a simulated in vitro digestion and their stability was investigated. The Eudragit®S100 coating demonstrated prevention of early releases of HT in the mouth and gastric phases, while the PEG shell reduced bile salts and pancreatin effects during the intestinal digestion. In vitro antioxidant activity showed a cumulative effect for Cur and HT loaded in vesicles. Finally, liposomes with HT concentrations up to 40 μM and Cur up to 4.7 μM, alone or in combination, did not show cytotoxicity against Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo De Leo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.D.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Anna Maria Maurelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Livia Giotta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Valeria Daniello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale L. Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Sante Di Gioia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale L. Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Massimo Conese
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale L. Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Chiara Ingrosso
- CNR-IPCF S.S. Bari, c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Fulvio Ciriaco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Catucci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.D.L.); (L.C.)
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Cuomo F, Iacovino S, Sacco P, De Leonardis A, Ceglie A, Lopez F. Progress in Colloid Delivery Systems for Protection and Delivery of Phenolic Bioactive Compounds: Two Study Cases-Hydroxytyrosol and Curcumin. Molecules 2022; 27:921. [PMID: 35164186 PMCID: PMC8839332 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insufficient intake of beneficial food components into the human body is a major issue for many people. Among the strategies proposed to overcome this complication, colloid systems have been proven to offer successful solutions in many cases. The scientific community agrees that the production of colloid delivery systems is a good way to adequately protect and deliver nutritional components. In this review, we present the recent advances on bioactive phenolic compounds delivery mediated by colloid systems. As we are aware that this field is constantly evolving, we have focused our attention on the progress made in recent years in this specific field. To achieve this goal, structural and dynamic aspects of different colloid delivery systems, and the various interactions with two bioactive constituents, are presented and discussed. The choice of the appropriate delivery system for a given molecule depends on whether the drug is incorporated in an aqueous or hydrophobic environment. With this in mind, the aim of this evaluation was focused on two case studies, one representative of hydrophobic phenolic compounds and the other of hydrophilic ones. In particular, hydroxytyrosol was selected as a bioactive phenol with a hydrophilic character, while curcumin was selected as typical representative hydrophobic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cuomo
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA) and Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (F.C.); (S.I.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Silvio Iacovino
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA) and Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (F.C.); (S.I.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Pasquale Sacco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Antonella De Leonardis
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA) and Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (F.C.); (S.I.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Andrea Ceglie
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
| | - Francesco Lopez
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA) and Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (F.C.); (S.I.); (A.D.L.)
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Andrade S, Ramalho MJ, Loureiro JA, Pereira MC. Liposomes as biomembrane models: Biophysical techniques for drug-membrane interaction studies. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Identification of Tyrosyl Oleate as a Novel Olive Oil Lipophenol with Proliferative and Antioxidant Properties in Human Keratinocytes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071051. [PMID: 34209968 PMCID: PMC8300722 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipophenols are an emerging subclass of phenolic compounds characterized by the presence of a lipid moiety. Recently, hydroxytyrosyl oleate (HtyOle), a derivative of hydroxytyrosol, has been identified in olive oil and by-products. Furthermore, HtyOle possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and tissue regenerating properties. In this work, the potential occurrence of tyrosyl oleate (TyOle) in olive oil was investigated based on the hypothesis that its precursors tyrosol and oleic acid, both present in relatively high amount can be coupled together. Moreover, TyOle effects have been investigated in human keratinocytes to verify its proliferative and antioxidant properties. The quantitative determination of TyOle was carried out by the external standard method in liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC/MS), in negative mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The proliferative properties of TyOle on immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCat) were evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiasol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Morphological changes were observed by fluorescent staining with phalloidin (for F-actin) or 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, for chromatin) dye. The antioxidant activity was assessed at the level of production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced with UV exposure. TyOle was identified in all the oil samples investigated. Interestingly, TyOle concentration was higher in defective or low-quality oils than in extra virgin oils. The formation of TyOle likely occurs during the crushing and kneading processes and its concentration is related to the increase of rancidity and of the concentration of free precursors. Herein we show that TyOle induced an increase in the viability of HaCat cells and cytoskeletal remodeling.
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Karabulut S, Toprak M. Biophysical study of phloretin with human serum albumin in liposomes using spectroscopic methods. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2020; 49:463-472. [PMID: 32705322 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-020-01452-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of drugs to diffuse through the lipid bilayer of cell membranes is important for their metabolism, distribution, and efficacy. In this study, the interaction between phloretin and human serum albumin (HSA) in an L-egg lecithin phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposome suspension was investigated by fluorescence and absorbance spectroscopy. The spectroscopic and fluorescence quenching experiments show that phloretin molecules penetrated into the lumen of the liposome. The partition coefficient of phloretin in the PC liposome suspensions was calculated from fluorescence quenching measurements. The results show that phloretin efficiently quenches the intrinsic fluorescence of HSA through a combination of dynamic and static quenching. The values of Gibbs free energy, and the enthalpy and entropic change in the binding process of phloretin with HSA in the PC liposome suspensions were negative, suggesting that the binding process of phloretin and HSA was spontaneous. Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals force interactions play an important role in the interaction between the two molecules. In addition, binding of phloretin to HSA in liposome suspensions was investigated by synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Karabulut
- Department of Chemistry, Bingol University, 12000, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Toprak
- Department of Chemistry, Bingol University, 12000, Bingol, Turkey.
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Delivery Systems for Hydroxytyrosol Supplementation: State of the Art. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids4020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to highlight the benefits and limitations of the main colloid-based available delivery systems for hydroxytyrosol. Hydroxytyrosol is a phenolic compound with clear biological activities for human wellness. Olive fruits, leaves and extra-virgin oil are the main food sources of hydroxytyrosol. Moreover, olive oil mill wastewaters are considered a potential source to obtain hydroxytyrosol to use in the food industry. However, recovered hydroxytyrosol needs adequate formulations and delivery systems to increase its chemical stability and bioavailability. Therefore, the application of hydroxytyrosol delivery systems in food sector is still a fascinating challenge. Principal delivery systems are based on the use of colloids, polymers able to perform gelling, thickening and stabilizing functions in various industrial sectors, including food manufacturing. Here, we review the recipes for the available hydroxytyrosol systems and their relative production methods, as well as aspects relative to system characteristics and hydroxytyrosol effectiveness.
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Determination of pH Effects on Phosphatidyl-Hydroxytyrosol and Phosphatidyl-Tyrosol Bilayer Behavior. Methods Protoc 2018; 1:mps1040041. [PMID: 31164581 PMCID: PMC6481071 DOI: 10.3390/mps1040041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A robust method was developed to investigate the liposomal behavior of novel enzymatically-synthesized hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol phospholipids. Bilayer characteristic obtained by this method, including bilayer formation stability and adsorption properties, were explored using dynamic light scattering, zeta-potential measurements, and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCMD), respectively. Liposome diameters were found to typically increase from pH 5.5 to pH 10. Zeta potentials values, on the other hand, were found to be well below −25 mV at all pH conditions explored, with the lowest values (and thus, the best liposome stability) at pH 5.5 or pH 10. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring measurements demonstrated that 100% 1,2-dioloeoylphosphatidyl-hydroxytyrosol (DOPHT) liposomes adsorbed intact onto silica in buffer conditions at pH 5.5 and with no calcium, or at pH 7.5 with calcium (no adsorption was detected at pH 10). 1,2-Dioleoylphosphatidyl-tyrosol (DOPT) liposomes were shown to adsorb intact under buffer conditions only at pH 5.5 with and without calcium. 1,2-Dioleoylphosphatidyl-2-phenolethanol (DOPPE), in comparison, readily adsorbed intact at pH 7.5 without calcium and just slightly at pH 5.5 with calcium present, but formed a supported bilayer over hours at pH 5.5 in the absence of calcium ions.
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Zhi D, Bai Y, Yang J, Cui S, Zhao Y, Chen H, Zhang S. A review on cationic lipids with different linkers for gene delivery. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 253:117-140. [PMID: 29454463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cationic lipids have become known as one of the most versatile tools for the delivery of DNA, RNA and many other therapeutic molecules, and are especially attractive because they can be easily designed, synthesized and characterized. Most of cationic lipids share the common structure of cationic head groups and hydrophobic portions with linker bonds between both domains. The linker bond is an important determinant of the chemical stability and biodegradability of cationic lipid, and further governs its transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity. Based on the structures of linker bonds, they can be grouped into many types, such as ether, ester, amide, carbamate, disulfide, urea, acylhydrazone, phosphate, and other unusual types (carnitine, vinyl ether, ketal, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, malonic acid diamide and dihydroxybenzene). This review summarizes some research results concerning the nature (such as the structure and orientation of linker groups) and density (such as the spacing and the number of linker groups) of linker bond for improving the chemical stability, biodegradability, transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity of cationic lipid to overcome the critical barriers of in vitro and in vivo transfection.
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Evans KO, Compton DL. Phosphatidyl-hydroxytyrosol and phosphatidyl-tyrosol bilayer properties. Chem Phys Lipids 2016; 202:69-76. [PMID: 27986474 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol phospholipids were enzymatically synthesized and investigated for their bilayer properties. Dynamic light scattering demonstrated that hand extrusion at 100nm consistently resulted in liposomes of nearly 85nm diameter for both phosphatidyl-hydroxytyrosol (DOPHT) and phosphatidyl-tyrosol (DOPT). Transmission electron microscopy showed DOPT and DOPHT liposomes extruded at 100-nm to be spherical and non-distinctive from one another. Zeta potential measurements resulted in surface charges<-25mV, demonstrating both DOPT and DOPHT form highly stable liposomes. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring measurements demonstrated that liposomal adsorption was dependent on a combination of DOPT (or DOPHT) mole-percent and calcium ions concentration. Fluorescence anisotropy measurements indicated that melting temperatures of DOPT and DOPHT were below 4°C, suggesting that adsorption behavior and liposome formation was limited by electrostatic interactions and not gel-state formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kervin O Evans
- Renewable Products Research Unit, USDA, Agriculture Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research Center, 1815N. University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
| | - David L Compton
- Renewable Products Research Unit, USDA, Agriculture Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research Center, 1815N. University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
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