1
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Xu G, Yu J, Liu S, Cai L, Han XX. In situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for membrane protein analysis and sensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 267:116819. [PMID: 39362137 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 09/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Membrane proteins are involved in a variety of dynamic cellular processes and exploration of the structural basis of membrane proteins is of significance for a better understanding of their functions. In situ analysis of membrane proteins and their dynamics is, however, challenging for conventional techniques. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is powerful in protein structural characterization, allowing for sensitive, in-situ and real-time identification and dynamic monitoring under physiological conditions. In this review, the applications of SERS in probing membrane proteins are outlined, discussed and prospected. It starts with a brief introduction to membrane proteins, SERS theories and SERS-based strategies that commonly-used for membrane proteins. How to assemble phospholipid biolayers on SERS-active materials is highlighted, followed by respectively discussing about direct and indirect strategies for membrane protein sensing. SERS-based monitoring of protein-ligand interactions is finally introduced and its potential in biomedical applications is discussed in detail. The review ends with critical discussion about current challenges and limitations of this research field, and the promising perspectives in both fundamental and applied sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Jiaheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Shiyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Linjun Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Xiao Xia Han
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China.
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2
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Butler SM, Ercan B, You J, Schulz LP, Jolliffe KA. A change in metal cation switches selectivity of a phospholipid sensor from phosphatidic acid to phosphatidylserine. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5843-5849. [PMID: 38957899 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00418c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine are anionic phospholipids with emerging signalling roles in cells. Determination of how phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine change location and quantity in cells over time requires selective fluorescent sensors that can distinguish these two anionic phospholipids. However, the design of such synthetic sensors that can selectively bind and respond to a single phospholipid within the complex membrane milieu remains challenging. In this work, we present a simple and robust strategy to control the selectivity of synthetic sensors for phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine. By changing the coordination metal of a dipicolylamine (DPA) ligand from Zn(II) to Ni(II) on the same synthetic sensor with a peptide backbone, we achieve a complete switch in selectivity from phosphatidic acid to phosphatidylserine in model lipid membranes. Furthermore, this strategy was largely unaffected by the choice and the position of the fluorophores. We envision that this strategy will provide a platform for the rational design of targeted synthetic phospholipid sensors to probe plasma and intracellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Butler
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Bilge Ercan
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Jingyao You
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Luke P Schulz
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Katrina A Jolliffe
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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3
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Enoki TA. The use of hemifusion to create asymmetric giant unilamellar vesicles: Insights on induced order domains. Methods Enzymol 2024; 700:127-159. [PMID: 38971598 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The natural asymmetry of the lipid bilayer in biological membranes is, in part, a testament to the complexity of the structure and function of this barrier limiting and protecting cells (or organelles). These lipid bilayers consist of two lipid leaflets with different lipid compositions, resulting in unique interactions within each leaflet. These interactions, combined with interactions between the two leaflets, determine the overall behavior of the membrane. Model membranes provide the most suitable option for investigating the fundamental interactions of lipids. This report describes a comprehensive method to make asymmetric giant unilamellar vesicles (aGUVs) using the technique of hemifusion. In this method, calcium ions induce the hemifusion of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) with a supported lipid bilayer (SLB), both having different lipid compositions. During hemifusion, a stalk, or a more commonly seen hemifusion diaphragm, connects the outer leaflets of GUVs and the SLB. The lateral diffusion of lipids naturally promotes the lipid exchange between the connected outer leaflets. After calcium chelation to prevent further fusion, a mechanical shear detaches aGUVs from the SLB. A fluorescence quench assay is employed to test the extent of bilayer asymmetry. A fluorescence quenching assay tests bilayer asymmetry and verifies dye and lipid migration to a GUV's outer leaflet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais A Enoki
- Institute of Physics of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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4
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Maleš P, Brkljača Z, Crnolatac I, Petrov D, Bakarić D. Phase-Dependent Adsorption of Myelin Basic Protein to Phosphatidylcholine Lipid Bilayers. MEMBRANES 2024; 14:15. [PMID: 38248705 PMCID: PMC10819005 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The dense packing of opposite cytoplasmic surfaces of the lipid-enriched myelin membrane, responsible for the proper saltatory conduction of nerve impulses through axons, is ensured by the adhesive properties of myelin basic protein (MBP). Although preferentially interacting with negatively charged phosphatidylserine (PS) lipids, as an intrinsically disordered protein, it can easily adapt its shape to its immediate environment and thus adsorb to domains made of zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipids. As the molecular-level interaction pattern between MBP and PC lipid membranes suffers from scarce characterization, an experimental and computational study of multilamellar liposomes (MLVs) composed of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) in the presence of bovine MBP is presented here. Calorimetric and temperature-dependent UV-Vis measurements identified DPPC pretransition temperature (Tp) and calorimetric enthalpy (ΔHcal) as the physicochemical parameters most responsive to the presence of MBP. Besides suggesting an increase in β-sheet fractions of structured MBP segments as DPPC lipids undergo from the gel (20 °C) to the fluid (50 °C) phase, FTIR spectra unraveled the significant contribution of lysine (Lys) residues in the adsorption pattern, especially when DPPC is in the fluid (50 °C) phase. In addition to highlighting the importance of Lys residues in the MBP adsorption on DPPC lipid bilayer, employing salt bridges (SBs) and hydrogen bonds (HBs), MD data suggest the crucial importance of the orientation of MBP with respect to the surface of the DPPC lipid bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Maleš
- Division for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (P.M.); (Z.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Zlatko Brkljača
- Division for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (P.M.); (Z.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Ivo Crnolatac
- Division for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (P.M.); (Z.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Dražen Petrov
- Institute of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Danijela Bakarić
- Division for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (P.M.); (Z.B.); (I.C.)
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5
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Wooding FBP, Kinoshita M. Milk fat globule membrane: formation and transformation. J DAIRY RES 2023; 90:367-375. [PMID: 38226400 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029923000742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is formed by complex cell biological processes in the lactating mammary epithelial cell which result in the release of the milk fat globule (MFG) into the secretory alveolus. The MFG is bounded by a continuous unit membrane (UM), separated from the MFG lipid by a thin layer of cytoplasm. This unique apocrine secretion process has been shown in all of the mammary species so far investigated. Once the MFG is released into the alveolus there is a considerable transformation of the UM with its attached cytoplasm. This is the MFGM. The transformation is stable and expressed milk shows the same transformed MFGM structure. Again, this transformation of structure is common to all mammalian species so far investigated. However, the explanation of the transformation very much depends on the method of investigation. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies suggest a literal breakdown to a discontinuous UM plus cytoplasm in patches and strands, whereas more recent confocal laser scanning light microscopy (CLSM) studies indicate a separation, in a continuous UM, of two phases, one liquid ordered and the other liquid disordered. This review is designed to show that the TEM and CLSM results show different views of the same structures once certain deficiencies in techniques are factored in.
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Affiliation(s)
- F B Peter Wooding
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Masanao Kinoshita
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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6
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Kusumi A, Tsunoyama TA, Tang B, Hirosawa KM, Morone N, Fujiwara TK, Suzuki KGN. Cholesterol- and actin-centered view of the plasma membrane: updating the Singer-Nicolson fluid mosaic model to commemorate its 50th anniversary †. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:pl1. [PMID: 37039596 PMCID: PMC10162409 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-12-0809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Two very polarized views exist for understanding the cellular plasma membrane (PM). For some, it is the simple fluid described by the original Singer-Nicolson fluid mosaic model. For others, due to the presence of thousands of molecular species that extensively interact with each other, the PM forms various clusters and domains that are constantly changing and therefore, no simple rules exist that can explain the structure and molecular dynamics of the PM. In this article, we propose that viewing the PM from its two predominant components, cholesterol and actin filaments, provides an excellent and transparent perspective of PM organization, dynamics, and mechanisms for its functions. We focus on the actin-induced membrane compartmentalization and lipid raft domains coexisting in the PM and how they interact with each other to perform PM functions. This view provides an important update of the fluid mosaic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Kusumi
- Membrane Cooperativity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Taka A. Tsunoyama
- Membrane Cooperativity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Bo Tang
- Membrane Cooperativity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Koichiro M. Hirosawa
- Institute for Glyco-Core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Morone
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Takahiro K. Fujiwara
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kenichi G. N. Suzuki
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Institute for Glyco-Core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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7
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Robinson GA, Wilkinson MGL, Wincup C. The Role of Immunometabolism in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2022; 12:806560. [PMID: 35154082 PMCID: PMC8826250 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.806560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which pathogenic abnormalities within both the innate and adaptive immune response have been described. In order to activated, proliferate and maintain this immunological response a drastic upregulation in energy metabolism is required. Recently, a greater understanding of these changes in cellular bioenergetics have provided new insight into the links between immune response and the pathogenesis of a number of diseases, ranging from cancer to diabetes and multiple sclerosis. In this review, we highlight the latest understanding of the role of immunometabolism in SLE with particular focus on the role of abnormal mitochondrial function, lipid metabolism, and mTOR signaling in the immunological phenomenon observed in the SLE. We also consider what implications this has for future therapeutic options in the management of the disease in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Anthony Robinson
- Department of Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Versus Arthritis at University College London (UCL), University College London Hospital (UCLH) and Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH), University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Meredyth G Ll Wilkinson
- Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Versus Arthritis at University College London (UCL), University College London Hospital (UCLH) and Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH), University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Rheumatology, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Wincup
- Department of Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Versus Arthritis at University College London (UCL), University College London Hospital (UCLH) and Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH), University College London, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Sidhu AK, Verma N, Kaushal P. Role of Biogenic Capping Agents in the Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Therapeutic Potential. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2021.801620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The biomedical properties of nanoparticles have been the area of focus for contemporary science; however, there are issues concerning their long-term toxicities. Recent trends in nanoparticle fabrication and surface manipulation, the use of distinctive biogenic capping agents, have allowed the preparation of nontoxic, surface-functionalized, and monodispersed nanoparticles for medical applications. These capping agents act as stabilizers or binding molecules that prevent agglomeration and steric hindrance, alter the biological activity and surface chemistry, and stabilize the interaction of nanoparticles within the preparation medium. Explicit features of nanoparticles are majorly ascribed to the capping present on their surface. The present review article is an attempt to compile distinctive biological capping agents deployed in the synthesis of metal nanoparticles along with the medical applications of these capped nanoparticles. First, this innovative review highlights the various biogenic capping agents, including biomolecules and biological extracts of plants and microorganisms. Next, the therapeutic applications of capped nanoparticles and the effect of biomolecules on the efficiency of the nanoparticles have been expounded. Finally, challenges and future directions on the use of biological capping agents have been concluded. The goal of the present review article is to provide a comprehensive report to researchers who are looking for alternative biological capping agents for the green synthesis of important metallic nanoparticles.
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9
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Functional incorporation of the insect odorant receptor coreceptor in tethered lipid bilayer nanoarchitectures. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 203:114024. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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10
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Kumar S, Jia J, Deretic V. Atg8ylation as a general membrane stress and remodeling response. Cell Stress 2021; 5:128-142. [PMID: 34527862 PMCID: PMC8404385 DOI: 10.15698/cst2021.09.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Atg8 protein and its paralogs in mammals, mammalian Atg8s (mAtg8s), have been primarily appreciated for their participation in autophagy. However, lipidated mAtg8s, including the most frequently used autophagosomal membrane marker LC3B, are found on cellular membranes other than autophagosomes. Here we put forward a hypothesis that the lipidation of mAtg8s, termed 'Atg8ylation', is a general membrane stress and remodeling response analogous to the role that ubiquitylation plays in tagging proteins. Ubiquitin and mAtg8s are related in sequence and structure, and the lipidation of mAtg8s occurs on its C-terminal glycine, akin to the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin. Conceptually, we propose that mAtg8s and Atg8ylation are to membranes what ubiquitin and ubiquitylation are to proteins, and that, like ubiquitylation, Atg8ylation has a multitude of downstream effector outputs, one of which is autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jingyue Jia
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Vojo Deretic
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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11
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Milewska A, Sigurjonsson OE, Leosson K. SERS Imaging of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Differentiation. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:4999-5007. [PMID: 35007048 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the process of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) osteogenic differentiation is essential for a wide range of medical applications. However, these primary cells vary significantly from donor to donor, making it difficult to fully exploit their therapeutic potential. Although osteogenic differentiation has been studied extensively, there is still a shortage of standardized methods for the evaluation of the degree of differentiation. Here, we employ noninvasive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for studying such cells, offering a better understanding of cellular processes in situ. We present the long-term differentiation of MSCs on biocompatible gold nanoisland SERS substrates, combining imaging of cells with spectroscopic detection of molecular species and chemical events occurring on the cellular membrane adjacent to the surface of the SERS substrate. We detect multiple signs of bone tissue formation, from an early stage to mature osteoblasts, without labeling. We show that the results correlate very well with classical differentiation-detecting assays, indicating that the SERS imaging technique alone is sufficient to study the progress of osteogenic differentiation of such cells, paving a way toward continuous label-free screening of live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Milewska
- Innovation Center Iceland, Árleynir 2-8, 112 Reykjavík, Iceland.,The Blood Bank, Landspitali University Hospital, Snorrabraut 60, 105 Reykjavík, Iceland.,University of Iceland, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sæmundargötu 2, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Olafur E Sigurjonsson
- The Blood Bank, Landspitali University Hospital, Snorrabraut 60, 105 Reykjavík, Iceland.,Reykjavik University, School of Science and Engineering, Menntavegur 1, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
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12
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Hoxha E, Balbo I, Parolisi R, Audano M, Montarolo F, Ravera F, Guglielmotto M, Muratori L, Raimondo S, DiGregorio E, Buffo A, Brusco A, Borroni B, Mitro N, Caruso D, Tempia F. Elovl5 is required for proper action potential conduction along peripheral myelinated fibers. Glia 2021; 69:2419-2428. [PMID: 34139039 PMCID: PMC8453547 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Elovl5 elongates fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms and in cooperation with other enzymes guarantees the normal levels of very long‐chain fatty acids, which are necessary for a proper membrane structure. Action potential conduction along myelinated axons depends on structural integrity of myelin, which is maintained by a correct amount of fatty acids and a proper interaction between fatty acids and myelin proteins. We hypothesized that in Elovl5−/− mice, the lack of elongation of Elovl5 substrates might cause alterations of myelin structure. The analysis of myelin ultrastructure showed an enlarged periodicity with reduced G‐ratio across all axonal diameters. We hypothesized that the structural alteration of myelin might affect the conduction of action potentials. The sciatic nerve conduction velocity was significantly reduced without change in the amplitude of the nerve compound potential, suggesting a myelin defect without a concomitant axonal degeneration. Since Elovl5 is important in attaining normal amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are the principal component of myelin, we performed a lipidomic analysis of peripheral nerves of Elovl5‐deficient mice. The results revealed an unbalance, with reduction of fatty acids longer than 18 carbon atoms relative to shorter ones. In addition, the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids was strongly increased. These findings point out the essential role of Elovl5 in the peripheral nervous system in supporting the normal structure of myelin, which is the key element for a proper conduction of electrical signals along myelinated nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriola Hoxha
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ilaria Balbo
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Roberta Parolisi
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Italy
| | - Matteo Audano
- Department. of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Ravera
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Italy
| | - Michela Guglielmotto
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Luisa Muratori
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Raimondo
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Eleonora DiGregorio
- Medical Genetics Unit, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital and Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Annalisa Buffo
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Medical Genetics Unit, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital and Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Department. of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Department. of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Tempia
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,National Neuroscience Institute, Torino, Italy
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13
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Dingjan T, Futerman AH. The fine-tuning of cell membrane lipid bilayers accentuates their compositional complexity. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100021. [PMID: 33656770 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell membranes are now emerging as finely tuned molecular systems, signifying that re-evaluation of our understanding of their structure is essential. Although the idea that cell membrane lipid bilayers do little more than give shape and form to cells and limit diffusion between cells and their environment is totally passé, the structural, compositional, and functional complexity of lipid bilayers often catches cell and molecular biologists by surprise. Models of lipid bilayer structure have developed considerably since the heyday of the fluid mosaic model, principally by the discovery of the restricted diffusion of membrane proteins and lipids within the plane of the bilayer. In reviewing this field, we now suggest that further refinement of current models is necessary and propose that describing lipid bilayers as "finely-tuned molecular assemblies" best portrays their complexity and function. Also see the video abstract here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddkP-QRZTl8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamir Dingjan
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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14
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Vázquez RF, Ovalle-García E, Antillón A, Ortega-Blake I, Bakás LS, Muñoz-Garay C, Maté SM. Asymmetric bilayers mimicking membrane rafts prepared by lipid exchange: Nanoscale characterization using AFM-Force spectroscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1863:183467. [PMID: 32871116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids-enriched rafts domains are proposed to occur in plasma membranes and to mediate important cellular functions. Notwithstanding, the asymmetric transbilayer distribution of phospholipids that exists in the membrane confers the two leaflets different potentials to form lateral domains as next to no sphingolipids are present in the inner leaflet. How the physical properties of one leaflet can influence the properties of the other and its importance on signal transduction across the membrane are questions still unresolved. In this work, we combined AFM imaging and Force spectroscopy measurements to assess domain formation and to study the nanomechanical properties of asymmetric supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) mimicking membrane rafts. Asymmetric SLBs were formed by incorporating N-palmitoyl-sphingomyelin (16:0SM) into the outer leaflet of preformed 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC)/Cholesterol SLBs through methyl-β-cyclodextrin-mediated lipid exchange. Lipid domains were detected after incorporation of 16:0SM though their phase state varied from gel to liquid ordered (Lo) phase if the procedure was performed at 24 or 37 °C, respectively. When comparing symmetric and asymmetric Lo domains, differences in size and morphology were observed, with asymmetric domains being smaller and more interconnected. Both types of Lo domains showed similar mechanical stability in terms of rupture forces and Young's moduli. Notably, force curves in asymmetric domains presented two rupture events that could be attributed to the sequential rupture of a liquid disordered (Ld) and a Lo phase. Interleaflet coupling in asymmetric Lo domains could also be inferred from those measurements. The experimental approach outlined here would significantly enhance the applicability of membrane models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina F Vázquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT- La Plata, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina; Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Erasmo Ovalle-García
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, 62210 Cuernavaca, México
| | - Armando Antillón
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, 62210 Cuernavaca, México
| | - Iván Ortega-Blake
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, 62210 Cuernavaca, México
| | - Laura S Bakás
- Centro de Investigación en Proteínas Vegetales (CIProVe), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Carlos Muñoz-Garay
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, 62210 Cuernavaca, México
| | - Sabina M Maté
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT- La Plata, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
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15
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Cao X, Brouwers JFHM, van Dijk L, van de Lest CHA, Parker CT, Huynh S, van Putten JPM, Kelly DJ, Wösten MMSM. The Unique Phospholipidome of the Enteric Pathogen Campylobacter jejuni: Lysophosholipids Are Required for Motility at Low Oxygen Availability. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:5244-5258. [PMID: 32710984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In response to changes in their environment bacteria need to change both their protein and phospholipid repertoire to match environmental requirements, but the dynamics of bacterial phospholipid composition under different growth conditions is still largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the phospholipidome of the bacterial pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. Transcription profiling on logarithmic and stationary phase grown cells of the microaerophilic human pathogen C. jejuni using RNA-seq revealed differential expression of putative phospholipid biosynthesis genes. By applying high-performance liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry, we identified 203 phospholipid species representing the first determination of the phospholipidome of this pathogen. We identified nine different phospholipid classes carrying between one and three acyl chains. Phospholipidome analysis on bacteria of different ages (0-5 days) showed rapid changes in the ratio of phospholipids containing ethanolamine, or glycerol as phospholipid head group and in the number of cyclopropane bond containing fatty acids. Oxygen concentration influenced the percentage of lysophospholipids, and cyclo-propane bonds containing acyl chains. We show that large amounts of the phospholipids are lysophospholipids (30-45%), which mutant studies reveal are needed for normal C. jejuni motility at low oxygen conditions. C. jejuni possesses an unusual phospholipidome that is highly dynamic in response to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Cao
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jos F H M Brouwers
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Linda van Dijk
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Chris H A van de Lest
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Craig T Parker
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Steven Huynh
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Jos P M van Putten
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - David J Kelly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Marc M S M Wösten
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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16
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In Vitro Assays: Friends or Foes of Cell-Penetrating Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134719. [PMID: 32630650 PMCID: PMC7369778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell membrane is a complex and highly regulated system that is composed of lipid bilayer and proteins. One of the main functions of the cell membrane is the regulation of cell entry. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are defined as peptides that can cross the plasma membrane and deliver their cargo inside the cell. The uptake of a peptide is determined by its sequence and biophysicochemical properties. At the same time, the uptake mechanism and efficiency are shown to be dependent on local peptide concentration, cell membrane lipid composition, characteristics of the cargo, and experimental methodology, suggesting that a highly efficient CPP in one system might not be as productive in another. To better understand the dependence of CPPs on the experimental system, we present a review of the in vitro assays that have been employed in the literature to evaluate CPPs and CPP-cargos. Our comprehensive review suggests that utilization of orthogonal assays will be more effective for deciphering the true ability of CPPs to translocate through the membrane and enter the cell cytoplasm.
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17
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Fink S, Reddersen K, Wiegand C, Elsner P, Hipler UC. Evaluation of cell and hemocompatibility of Cucurbiturils. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 146:105271. [PMID: 32084586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cucurbiturils (CB) are pumpkin-shaped macrocyclic molecules consisting of methylen-bridged glycoluril units. Because of their complexing characteristics, they can be used as drug containers for medical purposes. For future biomedical and dermal application of CB, the investigation of cell compatibility is essential. Little is known about the influence of CB on eukaryotic cells, especially on dermal keratinocytes. The structurally related cyclodextrins are known to induce cell death by apoptosis in HaCaT keratinocytes as well as hemolysis in erythrocytes. OBJECTIVE To examine cytotoxic effects of different CB. METHODS Different cytotoxicity tests were performed on HaCaT keratinocytes and erythrocytes incubated with CB[5], CB[6], and CB[7]. RESULTS CB[5] and CB[6] did not lead to cytotoxic reactions at high concentrations up to 30 mg/mL whereas incubation with CB[7] triggered apoptosis at a concentration of 3.75 mg/mL. None of the investigated CB caused hemolytic effects on erythrocytes. CONCLUSION These results confirm the high potential of CB as host-complexes for biomedical and dermal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fink
- Department of Dermatology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | | | - Cornelia Wiegand
- Department of Dermatology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Elsner
- Department of Dermatology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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18
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Sevencan C, McCoy RSA, Ravisankar P, Liu M, Govindarajan S, Zhu J, Bay BH, Leong DT. Cell Membrane Nanotherapeutics: From Synthesis to Applications Emerging Tools for Personalized Cancer Therapy. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Sevencan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Reece Sean Ashley McCoy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Priyaharshini Ravisankar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D MaterialsGraphene Research Centre Singapore 117546 Singapore
| | - Meng Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Suresh Govindarajan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Jingyi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education InstitutesDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringJinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Boon Huat Bay
- Department of AnatomyNational University of Singapore 4 Medical Drive Singapore 117594 Singapore
| | - David Tai Leong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and EngineeringNational University of Singapore Singapore 117456 Singapore
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19
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van IJzendoorn SCD, Agnetti J, Gassama-Diagne A. Mechanisms behind the polarized distribution of lipids in epithelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1862:183145. [PMID: 31809710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells are polarized cells and typically display distinct plasma membrane domains: basal plasma membrane domains face the underlying tissue, lateral domains contact adjacent cells and apical domains face the exterior lumen. Each membrane domain is endowed with a specific macromolecular composition that constitutes the functional identity of that domain. Defects in apical-basal plasma membrane polarity altogether or more subtle defects in the composition of either apical or basal plasma membrane domain can give rise to severe diseases. Lipids are the main component of cellular membranes and mechanisms that control their polarized distribution in epithelial cells are emerging. In particular sphingolipids and phosphatidylinositol lipids have taken center stage in the organization of the apical and basolateral plasma membrane domain. This short review article discusses mechanisms that contribute to the polarized distribution of lipids in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven C D van IJzendoorn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Jean Agnetti
- INSERM, Unité 1193, Villejuif F-94800, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMR-S 1193, Villejuif F-94800, France
| | - Ama Gassama-Diagne
- INSERM, Unité 1193, Villejuif F-94800, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMR-S 1193, Villejuif F-94800, France
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20
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Milewska A, Zivanovic V, Merk V, Arnalds UB, Sigurjónsson ÓE, Kneipp J, Leosson K. Gold nanoisland substrates for SERS characterization of cultured cells. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:6172-6188. [PMID: 31853393 PMCID: PMC6913407 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.006172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a simple approach for fabricating cell-compatible SERS substrates, using repeated gold deposition and thermal annealing. The substrates exhibit SERS enhancement up to six orders of magnitude and high uniformity. We have carried out Raman imaging of fixed mesenchymal stromal cells cultured directly on the substrates. Results of viability assays confirm that the substrates are highly biocompatible and Raman imaging confirms that cell attachment to the substrates is sufficient to realize significant SERS enhancement of cellular components. Using the SERS substrates as an in vitro sensing platform allowed us to identify multiple characteristic molecular fingerprints of the cells, providing a promising avenue towards non-invasive chemical characterization of biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Milewska
- Innovation Center Iceland, Árleynir 2–8, 112 Reykjavík, Iceland
- The Blood Bank, Landspitali University Hospital, Snorrabraut 60, 105 Reykjavík, Iceland
- University of Iceland, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sæmundargötu 2, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Vesna Zivanovic
- Humboldt University, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Virginia Merk
- Humboldt University, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Unnar B. Arnalds
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhaga 3, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Ólafur E. Sigurjónsson
- The Blood Bank, Landspitali University Hospital, Snorrabraut 60, 105 Reykjavík, Iceland
- Reykjavik University, School of Science and Engineering, Menntavegur 1, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Janina Kneipp
- Humboldt University, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristjan Leosson
- Innovation Center Iceland, Árleynir 2–8, 112 Reykjavík, Iceland
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhaga 3, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland
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21
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Enoki TA, Heberle FA, Feigenson GW. FRET Detects the Size of Nanodomains for Coexisting Liquid-Disordered and Liquid-Ordered Phases. Biophys J 2019; 114:1921-1935. [PMID: 29694869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomembranes with as few as three lipid components can form coexisting liquid-disordered (Ld) and liquid-ordered (Lo) phases. In the coexistence region of Ld and Lo phases, the lipid mixtures 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC)/1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC)/chol or brain sphingomyelin (bSM)/DOPC/chol form micron-scale domains that are easily visualized with light microscopy. Although large domains are not observed in the mixtures DSPC/1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC)/chol and bSM/POPC/chol, lateral heterogeneity is nevertheless detected using techniques with nanometer-scale spatial resolution. We propose a simple and accessible method to measure domain sizes below optical resolution (∼200 nm). We measured nanodomain size for the latter two mixtures by combining experimental Förster resonance energy transfer data with a Monte-Carlo-based analysis. We found a domain radius of 7.5-10 nm for DSPC/POPC/chol, similar to values obtained previously by neutron scattering, and ∼5 nm for bSM/POPC/chol, slightly smaller than measurable by neutron scattering. These analyses also detect the domain-size transition that is observed by fluorescence microscopy in the four-component lipid mixture bSM/DOPC/POPC/chol. Accurate measurements of fluorescent-probe partition coefficients are especially important for the analysis; therefore, we exploit three different methods to measure the partition coefficient of fluorescent molecules between Ld and Lo phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais A Enoki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Frederick A Heberle
- Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee; Large Scale Structures Group, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Gerald W Feigenson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
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22
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Luchini A, Vitiello G. Understanding the Nano-bio Interfaces: Lipid-Coatings for Inorganic Nanoparticles as Promising Strategy for Biomedical Applications. Front Chem 2019; 7:343. [PMID: 31165058 PMCID: PMC6534186 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit relevant physical properties for application in biomedicine and specifically for both the diagnosis and therapy (i.e. theranostic) of severe pathologies, such as cancer. The inorganic NP core is often not stable in aqueous suspension and can induce cytotoxic effects. For this reason, over the years, several coating strategies were suggested to improve the NP stability in aqueous solutions as well as the NP biocompatibility. Among the various components which can be used for NP coatings, lipids, and in particular phospholipids emerged as versatile molecular building blocks for the production of NP coatings suitable for biomedical application. The recent synthetic efforts in NP lipid coatings allows today to introduce on the NP surface a large variety of lipid molecules eventually in mixture with amphiphilic or hydrophobic drugs or active molecules for cell targeting. In this review, the most relevant examples of NP lipid-coatings are presented and grouped in two main categories: supported lipid bilayers (SLB) and hybrid lipid bilayers (HLB). The discussed scientific cases take into account the most commonly used inorganic NP for biomedical applications in cancer therapy and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Vitiello
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CSGI, Center for Colloids and Surface Science, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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23
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Penkauskas T, Preta G. Biological applications of tethered bilayer lipid membranes. Biochimie 2019; 157:131-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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24
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Goñi FM. "Rafts": A nickname for putative transient nanodomains. Chem Phys Lipids 2018; 218:34-39. [PMID: 30476484 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The membrane raft hypothesis, proposed in 1997 by Simons and Ikonen, has played a paradoxical role in the history of biomembrane research. While it has generated a large amount of investigations, thus helping to increase our understanding of membranes, the object that gives name to the hypothesis, i.e. the raft itself, has been and still is an object of controversy, in which its very reality is often questioned. In this contribution I review the history of the hypothesis and its reception by membrane biologists, and summarize some of the valuable physico-chemical results that have been obtained while testing the raft hypothesis. To save a useful concept from its many misuses I propose that the expression "(transient) nanodomains" be employed instead of "rafts".
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix M Goñi
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
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25
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Mobarak E, Javanainen M, Kulig W, Honigmann A, Sezgin E, Aho N, Eggeling C, Rog T, Vattulainen I. How to minimize dye-induced perturbations while studying biomembrane structure and dynamics: PEG linkers as a rational alternative. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:2436-2445. [PMID: 30028957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Organic dye-tagged lipid analogs are essential for many fluorescence-based investigations of complex membrane structures, especially when using advanced microscopy approaches. However, lipid analogs may interfere with membrane structure and dynamics, and it is not obvious that the properties of lipid analogs would match those of non-labeled host lipids. In this work, we bridged atomistic simulations with super-resolution imaging experiments and biomimetic membranes to assess the performance of commonly used sphingomyelin-based lipid analogs. The objective was to compare, on equal footing, the relative strengths and weaknesses of acyl chain labeling, headgroup labeling, and labeling based on poly-ethyl-glycol (PEG) linkers in determining biomembrane properties. We observed that the most appropriate strategy to minimize dye-induced membrane perturbations and to allow consideration of Brownian-like diffusion in liquid-ordered membrane environments is to decouple the dye from a membrane by a PEG linker attached to a lipid headgroup. Yet, while the use of PEG linkers may sound a rational and even an obvious approach to explore membrane dynamics, the results also suggest that the dyes exploiting PEG linkers interfere with molecular interactions and their dynamics. Overall, the results highlight the great care needed when using fluorescent lipid analogs, in particular accurate controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Mobarak
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Laboratory of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P. O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Javanainen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Laboratory of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P. O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland; Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Waldemar Kulig
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Laboratory of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P. O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Alf Honigmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Erdinc Sezgin
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Noora Aho
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute of Applied Optics Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Max-Wien Platz 4, 07743 Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tomasz Rog
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Laboratory of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P. O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Laboratory of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P. O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland; MEMPHYS - Center for Biomembrane Physics (www.memphys.dk).
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26
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Juhola H, Postila PA, Rissanen S, Lolicato F, Vattulainen I, Róg T. Negatively Charged Gangliosides Promote Membrane Association of Amphipathic Neurotransmitters. Neuroscience 2018; 384:214-223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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27
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Bitler A, Dover RS, Shai Y. Fractal properties of cell surface structures: A view from AFM. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 73:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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28
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Robinson GA, Waddington KE, Pineda-Torra I, Jury EC. Transcriptional Regulation of T-Cell Lipid Metabolism: Implications for Plasma Membrane Lipid Rafts and T-Cell Function. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1636. [PMID: 29225604 PMCID: PMC5705553 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that cholesterol and glycosphingolipids are enriched in the plasma membrane (PM) and form signaling platforms called lipid rafts, essential for T-cell activation and function. Moreover, changes in PM lipid composition affect the biophysical properties of lipid rafts and have a role in defining functional T-cell phenotypes. Here, we review the role of transcriptional regulators of lipid metabolism including liver X receptors α/β, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, estrogen receptors α/β (ERα/β), and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins in T-cells. These receptors lie at the interface between lipid metabolism and immune cell function and are endogenously activated by lipids and/or hormones. Importantly, they regulate cellular cholesterol, fatty acid, glycosphingolipid, and phospholipid levels but are also known to modulate a broad spectrum of immune responses. The current evidence supporting a role for lipid metabolism pathways in controlling immune cell activation by influencing PM lipid raft composition in health and disease, and the potential for targeting lipid biosynthesis pathways to control unwanted T-cell activation in autoimmunity is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A. Robinson
- Centre of Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty E. Waddington
- Centre of Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ines Pineda-Torra
- Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth C. Jury
- Centre of Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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29
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Optical measurement of receptor tyrosine kinase oligomerization on live cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1436-1444. [PMID: 28389201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) are important cell surface receptors that transduce extracellular signals across the plasma membrane. The traditional view of how these receptors function is that ligand binding to the extracellular domains acts as a master-switch that enables receptor monomers to dimerize and subsequently trans-phosphorylate each other on their intracellular domains. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that receptor oligomerization is not merely a consequence of ligand binding, but is instead part of a complex process responsible for regulation of receptor activation. Importantly, the oligomerization dynamics and subsequent activation of these receptors are affected by other cellular components, such as cytoskeletal machineries and cell membrane lipid characteristics. Thus receptor activation is not an isolated molecular event mediated by the ligand-receptor interaction, but instead involves orchestrated interactions between the receptors and other cellular components. Measuring receptor oligomerization dynamics on live cells can yield important insights into the characteristics of these interactions. Therefore, it is imperative to develop techniques that can probe receptor movements on the plasma membrane with optimal temporal and spatial resolutions. Various microscopic techniques have been used for this purpose. Optical techniques including single molecule tracking (SMT) and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) measure receptor diffusion on live cells. Receptor-receptor interactions can also be assessed by detecting Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between fluorescently-labeled receptors situated in close proximity or by counting the number of receptors within a diffraction limited fluorescence spot (stepwise bleaching). This review will describe recent developments of optical techniques that have been used to study receptor oligomerization on living cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Interactions between membrane receptors in cellular membranes edited by Kalina Hristova.
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30
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Kinoshita M, Suzuki KGN, Matsumori N, Takada M, Ano H, Morigaki K, Abe M, Makino A, Kobayashi T, Hirosawa KM, Fujiwara TK, Kusumi A, Murata M. Raft-based sphingomyelin interactions revealed by new fluorescent sphingomyelin analogs. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1183-1204. [PMID: 28330937 PMCID: PMC5379944 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201607086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) has been proposed to form cholesterol-dependent raft domains and sphingolipid domains in the plasma membrane (PM). How SM contributes to the formation and function of these domains remains unknown, primarily because of the scarcity of suitable fluorescent SM analogs. We developed new fluorescent SM analogs by conjugating a hydrophilic fluorophore to the SM choline headgroup without eliminating its positive charge, via a hydrophilic nonaethylene glycol linker. The new analogs behaved similarly to the native SM in terms of their partitioning behaviors in artificial liquid order-disorder phase-separated membranes and detergent-resistant PM preparations. Single fluorescent molecule tracking in the live-cell PM revealed that they indirectly interact with each other in cholesterol- and sphingosine backbone-dependent manners, and that, for ∼10-50 ms, they undergo transient colocalization-codiffusion with a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein, CD59 (in monomers, transient-dimer rafts, and clusters), in CD59-oligomer size-, cholesterol-, and GPI anchoring-dependent manners. These results suggest that SM continually and rapidly exchanges between CD59-associated raft domains and the bulk PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanao Kinoshita
- Lipid Active Structure Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology Organization, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.,Project Research Center for Fundamental Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kenichi G N Suzuki
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,The Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Nobuaki Matsumori
- Lipid Active Structure Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology Organization, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan .,Project Research Center for Fundamental Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Misa Takada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hikaru Ano
- Lipid Active Structure Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology Organization, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.,Project Research Center for Fundamental Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kenichi Morigaki
- Research Center for Environmental Genomics, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Abe
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Asami Makino
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Toshihide Kobayashi
- UMR 7213 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch 67401, France
| | - Koichiro M Hirosawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takahiro K Fujiwara
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kusumi
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan .,Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Membrane Cooperativity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa 904-0412, Japan
| | - Michio Murata
- Lipid Active Structure Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology Organization, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.,Project Research Center for Fundamental Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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31
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Kraft ML. Sphingolipid Organization in the Plasma Membrane and the Mechanisms That Influence It. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 4:154. [PMID: 28119913 PMCID: PMC5222807 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are structural components in the plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells. Their metabolism produces bioactive signaling molecules that modulate fundamental cellular processes. The segregation of sphingolipids into distinct membrane domains is likely essential for cellular function. This review presents the early studies of sphingolipid distribution in the plasma membranes of mammalian cells that shaped the most popular current model of plasma membrane organization. The results of traditional imaging studies of sphingolipid distribution in stimulated and resting cells are described. These data are compared with recent results obtained with advanced imaging techniques, including super-resolution fluorescence detection and high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Emphasis is placed on the new insight into the sphingolipid organization within the plasma membrane that has resulted from the direct imaging of stable isotope-labeled lipids in actual cell membranes with high-resolution SIMS. Super-resolution fluorescence techniques have recently revealed the biophysical behaviors of sphingolipids and the unhindered diffusion of cholesterol analogs in the membranes of living cells are ultimately in contrast to the prevailing hypothetical model of plasma membrane organization. High-resolution SIMS studies also conflicted with the prevailing hypothesis, showing sphingolipids are concentrated in micrometer-scale membrane domains, but cholesterol is evenly distributed within the plasma membrane. Reductions in cellular cholesterol decreased the number of sphingolipid domains in the plasma membrane, whereas disruption of the cytoskeleton eliminated them. In addition, hemagglutinin, a transmembrane protein that is thought to be a putative raft marker, did not cluster within sphingolipid-enriched regions in the plasma membrane. Thus, sphingolipid distribution in the plasma membrane is dependent on the cytoskeleton, but not on favorable interactions with cholesterol or hemagglutinin. The alternate views of plasma membrane organization suggested by these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Kraft
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana, IL, USA
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32
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Tu-Sekine B, Raben DM. Measuring Diacylglycerol Kinase-θ Activity and Binding. Methods Enzymol 2016; 583:231-253. [PMID: 28063493 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This section provides detailed protocols for the analysis of a mammalian diacylglycerol kinase, DGKθ, including an activity assay, a kinetic analysis, preparation of small unilamellar vesicles, and a vesicle pulldown assay. The goal of this section is to provide an overview of the unique challenges inherent in the study of an interfacial enzyme such as DGKθ and to outline methods useful for analysis. We include a short tutorial on selecting lipids for forming the interface since this is critical for a successful in vitro assay, and lipids are important regulators of this enzyme. The general principles can be applied to the study of other interfacial enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tu-Sekine
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - D M Raben
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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33
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Vattulainen I, Róg T. Lipid membranes: Theory and simulations bridged to experiments. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:2251-2253. [PMID: 27316372 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland; Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 64, FI-00014, Finland; MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Tomasz Róg
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland; Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 64, FI-00014, Finland
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