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Yilmaz N, Panevska A, Tomishige N, Richert L, Mély Y, Sepčić K, Greimel P, Kobayashi T. Assembly dynamics and structure of an aegerolysin, ostreolysin A6. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104940. [PMID: 37343702 PMCID: PMC10366546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ostreolysin A6 (OlyA6) is an oyster mushroom-derived membrane-binding protein that, upon recruitment of its partner protein, pleurotolysin B, forms a cytolytic membrane pore complex. OlyA6 itself is not cytolytic but has been reported to exhibit pro-apoptotic activities in cell culture. Here we report the formation dynamics and the structure of OlyA6 assembly on a lipid membrane containing an OlyA6 high-affinity receptor, ceramide phosphoethanolamine, and cholesterol. High-speed atomic force microscopy revealed the reorganization of OlyA6 dimers from initial random surface coverage to 2D protein crystals composed of hexameric OlyA6 repeat units. Crystal growth took place predominantly in the longitudinal direction by the association of OlyA6 dimers, forming a hexameric unit cell. Molecular-level examination of the OlyA6 crystal elucidated the arrangement of dimers within the unit cell and the structure of the dimer that recruits pleurotolysin B for pore formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neval Yilmaz
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1, Wako, Saitama, Japan; NanoLSI, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Anastasija Panevska
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nario Tomishige
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1, Wako, Saitama, Japan; Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Ludovic Richert
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Yves Mély
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Greimel
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Toshihide Kobayashi
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1, Wako, Saitama, Japan; Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France.
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2
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Sokoya T, Parolek J, Foged MM, Danylchuk DI, Bozan M, Sarkar B, Hilderink A, Philippi M, Botto LD, Terhal PA, Mäkitie O, Piehler J, Kim Y, Burd CG, Klymchenko AS, Maeda K, Holthuis JCM. Pathogenic variants of sphingomyelin synthase SMS2 disrupt lipid landscapes in the secretory pathway. eLife 2022; 11:e79278. [PMID: 36102623 PMCID: PMC9531943 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingomyelin is a dominant sphingolipid in mammalian cells. Its production in the trans-Golgi traps cholesterol synthesized in the ER to promote formation of a sphingomyelin/sterol gradient along the secretory pathway. This gradient marks a fundamental transition in physical membrane properties that help specify organelle identify and function. We previously identified mutations in sphingomyelin synthase SMS2 that cause osteoporosis and skeletal dysplasia. Here, we show that SMS2 variants linked to the most severe bone phenotypes retain full enzymatic activity but fail to leave the ER owing to a defective autonomous ER export signal. Cells harboring pathogenic SMS2 variants accumulate sphingomyelin in the ER and display a disrupted transbilayer sphingomyelin asymmetry. These aberrant sphingomyelin distributions also occur in patient-derived fibroblasts and are accompanied by imbalances in cholesterol organization, glycerophospholipid profiles, and lipid order in the secretory pathway. We postulate that pathogenic SMS2 variants undermine the capacity of osteogenic cells to uphold nonrandom lipid distributions that are critical for their bone forming activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolulope Sokoya
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology and Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück UniversityOsnabrückGermany
| | - Jan Parolek
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology and Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück UniversityOsnabrückGermany
| | - Mads Møller Foged
- Cell Death and Metabolism Group, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research CenterCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Dmytro I Danylchuk
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Université de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Manuel Bozan
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology and Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück UniversityOsnabrückGermany
| | - Bingshati Sarkar
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology and Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück UniversityOsnabrückGermany
| | - Angelika Hilderink
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology and Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück UniversityOsnabrückGermany
| | - Michael Philippi
- Biophysics Division, Department of Biology and Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück UniversityOsnabrückGermany
| | - Lorenzo D Botto
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Paulien A Terhal
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Biophysics Division, Department of Biology and Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück UniversityOsnabrückGermany
| | - Yeongho Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Christopher G Burd
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Andrey S Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Université de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Kenji Maeda
- Cell Death and Metabolism Group, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research CenterCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Joost CM Holthuis
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology and Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück UniversityOsnabrückGermany
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3
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Towards Understanding the Function of Aegerolysins. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090629. [PMID: 36136567 PMCID: PMC9505663 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aegerolysins are remarkable proteins. They are distributed over the tree of life, being relatively widespread in bacteria and fungi, but also present in some insects, plants, protozoa, and viruses. Despite their abundance in cells of certain developmental stages and their presence in secretomes, only a few aegerolysins have been studied in detail. Their function, in particular, is intriguing. Here, we summarize previously published findings on the distribution, molecular interactions, and function of these versatile aegerolysins. They have very diverse protein sequences but a common fold. The machine learning approach of the AlphaFold2 algorithm, which incorporates physical and biological knowledge of protein structures and multisequence alignments, provides us new insights into the aegerolysins and their pore-forming partners, complemented by additional genomic support. We hypothesize that aegerolysins are involved in the mechanisms of competitive exclusion in the niche.
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4
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Human Milk Extracellular Vesicles: A Biological System with Clinical Implications. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152345. [PMID: 35954189 PMCID: PMC9367292 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of human milk by a breastfeeding infant is associated with positive health outcomes, including lower risk of diarrheal disease, respiratory disease, otitis media, and in later life, less risk of chronic disease. These benefits may be mediated by antibodies, glycoproteins, glycolipids, oligosaccharides, and leukocytes. More recently, human milk extracellular vesicles (hMEVs) have been identified. HMEVs contain functional cargos, i.e., miRNAs and proteins, that may transmit information from the mother to promote infant growth and development. Maternal health conditions can influence hMEV composition. This review summarizes hMEV biogenesis and functional contents, reviews the functional evidence of hMEVs in the maternal–infant health relationship, and discusses challenges and opportunities in hMEV research.
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Towards a Fungal Science That Is Independent of Researchers’ Gender. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070675. [PMID: 35887432 PMCID: PMC9321353 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The main drivers of gender mainstreaming in basic and clinical research appear to be funding agencies and scientific journals. Some funding agencies have already recognized the importance of their actions for the global development of ideas in science, but further targeted efforts are needed. The challenges for women scientists in fungal research appear to be similar to those in other science, technology, engineering, and mathematics disciplines, although the gender gap in mycology publishing appears to be less pronounced; however, women are underrepresented as last (corresponding) authors. Two examples of best practices to bridge the gap have been promoted in the fungal community: “power hour” and a central resource database for women researchers of fungi and oomycetes. A more balanced ratio of women researchers among (plenary) session speakers, (plenary) session chairs, and committee members at the recent fungal genetics conference is an encouraging sign that the gender gap can be closed. The editorial policy of some journals follows the guidance “Sex and Gender Equality in Research,” and other journals should follow, and indicate the gender ratio among authors and reviewers.
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Actin Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Single-Cell Wound Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910886. [PMID: 34639226 PMCID: PMC8509258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane protects the eukaryotic cell from its surroundings and is essential for cell viability; thus, it is crucial that membrane disruptions are repaired quickly to prevent immediate dyshomeostasis and cell death. Accordingly, cells have developed efficient repair mechanisms to rapidly reseal ruptures and reestablish membrane integrity. The cortical actin cytoskeleton plays an instrumental role in both plasma membrane resealing and restructuring in response to damage. Actin directly aids membrane repair or indirectly assists auxiliary repair mechanisms. Studies investigating single-cell wound repair have often focused on the recruitment and activation of specialized repair machinery, despite the undeniable need for rapid and dynamic cortical actin modulation; thus, the role of the cortical actin cytoskeleton during wound repair has received limited attention. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of membrane repair mechanisms directly or indirectly involving cortical actin cytoskeletal remodeling.
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Ibáñez F, Montesinos J, Area-Gomez E, Guerri C, Pascual M. Ethanol Induces Extracellular Vesicle Secretion by Altering Lipid Metabolism through the Mitochondria-Associated ER Membranes and Sphingomyelinases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168438. [PMID: 34445139 PMCID: PMC8395151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence pinpoints extracellular vesicles (EVs) as key players in intercellular communication. Given the importance of cholesterol and sphingomyelin in EV biology, and the relevance of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs) in cholesterol/sphingomyelin homeostasis, we evaluated if MAMs and sphingomyelinases (SMases) could participate in ethanol-induced EV release. EVs were isolated from the extracellular medium of BV2 microglia treated or not with ethanol (50 and 100 mM). Radioactive metabolic tracers combined with thin layer chromatography were used as quantitative methods to assay phospholipid transfer, SMase activity and cholesterol uptake/esterification. Inhibitors of SMase (desipramine and GW4869) and MAM (cyclosporin A) activities were also utilized. Our data show that ethanol increases the secretion and inflammatory molecule concentration of EVs. Ethanol also upregulates MAM activity and alters lipid metabolism by increasing cholesterol uptake, cholesterol esterification and SMase activity in microglia. Notably, the inhibition of either SMase or MAM activity prevented the ethanol-induced increase in EV secretion. Collectively, these results strongly support a lipid-driven mechanism, specifically via SMases and MAM, to explain the effect of ethanol on EV secretion in glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Ibáñez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (F.I.); (C.G.)
| | - Jorge Montesinos
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA;
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (M.P.); Tel.: +34-961-625-635 (M.P.); Fax: +34-963-864-642 (M.P.)
| | - Estela Area-Gomez
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Consuelo Guerri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (F.I.); (C.G.)
| | - María Pascual
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (F.I.); (C.G.)
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (M.P.); Tel.: +34-961-625-635 (M.P.); Fax: +34-963-864-642 (M.P.)
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8
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Panevska A, Glavan G, Jemec Kokalj A, Kukuljan V, Trobec T, Žužek MC, Vrecl M, Drobne D, Frangež R, Sepčić K. Effects of Bioinsecticidal Aegerolysin-Based Cytolytic Complexes on Non-Target Organisms. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:457. [PMID: 34208927 PMCID: PMC8310125 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aegerolysin proteins ostreolysin A6 (OlyA6), pleurotolysin A2 (PlyA2) and erylysin A (EryA) produced by the mushroom genus Pleurotus bind strongly to an invertebrate-specific membrane sphingolipid, and together with a protein partner pleurotolysin B (PlyB), form transmembrane pore complexes. This pore formation is the basis for the selective insecticidal activity of aegerolysin/PlyB complexes against two economically important coleopteran pests: the Colorado potato beetle and the western corn rootworm. In this study, we evaluated the toxicities of these aegerolysin/PlyB complexes using feeding tests with two ecologically important non-target arthropod species: the woodlouse and the honey bee. The mammalian toxicity of the EryA/PlyB complex was also evaluated after intravenous administration to mice. None of the aegerolysin/PlyB complexes were toxic against woodlice, but OlyA6/PlyB and PlyA2/PlyB were toxic to honeybees, with 48 h mean lethal concentrations (LC50) of 0.22 and 0.39 mg/mL, respectively, in their food. EryA/PlyB was also tested intravenously in mice up to 3 mg/kg body mass, without showing toxicity. With no toxicity seen for EryA/PlyB for environmentally beneficial arthropods and mammals at the tested concentrations, these EryA/PlyB complexes are of particular interest for development of new bioinsecticides for control of selected coleopteran pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasija Panevska
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.P.); (G.G.); (A.J.K.); (D.D.)
| | - Gordana Glavan
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.P.); (G.G.); (A.J.K.); (D.D.)
| | - Anita Jemec Kokalj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.P.); (G.G.); (A.J.K.); (D.D.)
| | - Veronika Kukuljan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Tomaž Trobec
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.T.); (M.C.Ž.); (M.V.)
| | - Monika Cecilija Žužek
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.T.); (M.C.Ž.); (M.V.)
| | - Milka Vrecl
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.T.); (M.C.Ž.); (M.V.)
| | - Damjana Drobne
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.P.); (G.G.); (A.J.K.); (D.D.)
| | - Robert Frangež
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.T.); (M.C.Ž.); (M.V.)
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.P.); (G.G.); (A.J.K.); (D.D.)
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9
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What Can Mushroom Proteins Teach Us about Lipid Rafts? MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11040264. [PMID: 33917311 PMCID: PMC8067419 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11040264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The lipid raft hypothesis emerged as a need to explain the lateral organization and behavior of lipids in the environment of biological membranes. The idea, that lipids segregate in biological membranes to form liquid-disordered and liquid-ordered states, was faced with a challenge: to show that lipid-ordered domains, enriched in sphingomyelin and cholesterol, actually exist in vivo. A great deal of indirect evidence and the use of lipid-binding probes supported this idea, but there was a lack of tools to demonstrate the existence of such domains in living cells. A whole new toolbox had to be invented to biochemically characterize lipid rafts and to define how they are involved in several cellular functions. A potential solution came from basic biochemical experiments in the late 1970s, showing that some mushroom extracts exert hemolytic activities. These activities were later assigned to aegerolysin-based sphingomyelin/cholesterol-specific cytolytic protein complexes. Recently, six sphingomyelin/cholesterol binding proteins from different mushrooms have been identified and have provided some insight into the nature of sphingomyelin/cholesterol-rich domains in living vertebrate cells. In this review, we dissect the accumulated knowledge and introduce the mushroom lipid raft binding proteins as molecules of choice to study the dynamics and origins of these liquid-ordered domains in mammalian cells.
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10
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Banerji R, Karkee A, Kanojiya P, Saroj SD. Pore-forming toxins of foodborne pathogens. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:2265-2285. [PMID: 33773026 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are water-soluble molecules that have been identified as the most crucial virulence factors during bacterial pathogenesis. PFTs disrupt the host cell membrane to internalize or to deliver other bacterial or virulence factors for establishing infections. Disruption of the host cell membrane by PFTs can lead to uncontrollable exchanges between the extracellular and the intracellular matrix, thereby disturbing the cellular homeostasis. Recent studies have provided insights into the molecular mechanism of PFTs during pathogenesis. Evidence also suggests the activation of several signal transduction pathways in the host cell on recognition of PFTs. Additionally, numerous distinctive host defense mechanisms as well as membrane repair mechanisms have been reported; however, studies reveal that PFTs aid in host immune evasion of the bacteria through numerous pathways. PFTs have been primarily associated with foodborne pathogens. Infection and death from diseases by consuming contaminated food are a constant threat to public health worldwide, affecting socioeconomic development. Moreover, the emergence of new foodborne pathogens has led to the rise of bacterial antimicrobial resistance affecting the population. Hence, this review focuses on the role of PFTs secreted by foodborne pathogens. The review highlights the molecular mechanism of foodborne bacterial PFTs, assisting bacterial survival from the host immune responses and understanding the downstream mechanism in the activation of various signaling pathways in the host upon PFT recognition. PFT research is a remarkable and an important field for exploring novel and broad applications of antimicrobial compounds as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajashri Banerji
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
| | - Astha Karkee
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
| | - Poonam Kanojiya
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
| | - Sunil D Saroj
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
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11
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Kobayashi T, Tomishige N, Inaba T, Makino A, Murata M, Yamaji-Hasegawa A, Murate M. Impact of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors on Cellular Sphingomyelin Imaging with Specific Reporter Proteins. CONTACT (THOUSAND OAKS (VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.)) 2021; 4:25152564211042456. [PMID: 37366372 PMCID: PMC10259817 DOI: 10.1177/25152564211042456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) is a major sphingolipid in mammalian cells. Although SM is enriched in the outer leaflet of the cell plasma membrane, lipids are also observed in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane and intracellular organelles such as endolysosomes, the Golgi apparatus and nuclei. SM is postulated to form clusters with glycosphingolipids (GSLs), cholesterol (Chol), and other SM molecules through hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding. Thus, different clusters composed of SM, SM/Chol, SM/GSL and SM/GSL/Chol with different stoichiometries may exist in biomembranes. In addition, SM monomers may be located in the glycerophospholipid-rich areas of membranes. Recently developed SM-binding proteins (SBPs) distinguish these different SM assemblies. Here, we summarize the effects of intrinsic factors regulating the lipid-binding specificity of SBPs and extrinsic factors, such as the lipid phase and lipid density, on SM recognition by SBPs. The combination of different SBPs revealed the heterogeneity of SM domains in biomembranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihide Kobayashi
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN
CPR, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et
Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg,
Illkirch, France
| | - Nario Tomishige
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN
CPR, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et
Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg,
Illkirch, France
| | | | - Asami Makino
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Michio Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate
School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- ERATO, Lipid Active Structure Project,
Japan Science and Technology Agency, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University,
Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Motohide Murate
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN
CPR, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et
Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg,
Illkirch, France
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12
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Panevska A, Skočaj M, Modic Š, Razinger J, Sepčić K. Aegerolysins from the fungal genus Pleurotus - Bioinsecticidal proteins with multiple potential applications. J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 186:107474. [PMID: 32971130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aegerolysin proteins ostreolysin A6, pleurotolysin A2 and erylysin A are produced by mushrooms of the genus Pleurotus. These aegerolysins can interact specifically with sphingolipid-enriched membranes. In particular, they strongly bind insect cells and to artificial lipid membranes that contain physiologically relevant concentrations of the main invertebrate-specific sphingolipid, ceramide phosphoethanolamine. Moreover, the aegerolysins permeabilise these membranes when combined with their protein partner pleurotolysin B, which contains a membrane-attack-complex/perforin domain. These aegerolysin/ pleurotolysin B complexes show strong and selective toxicity towards western corn rootworm larvae and adults and Colorado potato beetle larvae. Their insecticidal activities arise through aegerolysin binding to ceramide phosphoethanolamine in the insect midgut. This mode of membrane binding is different from those described for similar aegerolysin-based complexes of bacterial origin (e.g., Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1), or other Bacillus thuringiensis proteinaceous crystal toxins, which associate with protein receptors. The ability of Pleurotus aegerolysins to specifically interact with sphingolipid-enriched domains in mammalian cells can be further exploited to visualize lipid rafts in living cells, and to treat certain types of tumours and metabolic disorders. Finally, these proteins can strongly enhance fruiting initiation of P. ostreatus even when applied externally. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge of the potential biotechnological and biomedical applications of the Pleurotus aegerolysins, either alone or when complexed with pleurotolysin B, with special emphasis on their bioinsecticidal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasija Panevska
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Matej Skočaj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Špela Modic
- Plant Protection Department, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Jaka Razinger
- Plant Protection Department, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Brito C, Cabanes D, Sarmento Mesquita F, Sousa S. Mechanisms protecting host cells against bacterial pore-forming toxins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1319-1339. [PMID: 30591958 PMCID: PMC6420883 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2992-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are key virulence determinants produced and secreted by a variety of human bacterial pathogens. They disrupt the plasma membrane (PM) by generating stable protein pores, which allow uncontrolled exchanges between the extracellular and intracellular milieus, dramatically disturbing cellular homeostasis. In recent years, many advances were made regarding the characterization of conserved repair mechanisms that allow eukaryotic cells to recover from mechanical disruption of the PM membrane. However, the specificities of the cell recovery pathways that protect host cells against PFT-induced damage remain remarkably elusive. During bacterial infections, the coordinated action of such cell recovery processes defines the outcome of infected cells and is, thus, critical for our understanding of bacterial pathogenesis. Here, we review the cellular pathways reported to be involved in the response to bacterial PFTs and discuss their impact in single-cell recovery and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Brito
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, IBMC, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Programa Doutoral em Biologia Molecular e Celular (MCbiology), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Didier Cabanes
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, IBMC, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Sarmento Mesquita
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, IBMC, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Sandra Sousa
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, IBMC, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
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14
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Panevska A, Hodnik V, Skočaj M, Novak M, Modic Š, Pavlic I, Podržaj S, Zarić M, Resnik N, Maček P, Veranič P, Razinger J, Sepčić K. Pore-forming protein complexes from Pleurotus mushrooms kill western corn rootworm and Colorado potato beetle through targeting membrane ceramide phosphoethanolamine. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5073. [PMID: 30911026 PMCID: PMC6433908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aegerolysins ostreolysin A (OlyA) and pleurotolysin A (PlyA), and pleurotolysin B (PlyB) with the membrane-attack-complex/perforin domain are proteins from the mushroom genus Pleurotus. Upon binding to sphingomyelin/cholesterol-enriched membranes, OlyA and PlyA can recruit PlyB to form multimeric bi-component transmembrane pores. Recently, Pleurotus aegerolysins OlyA, PlyA2 and erylysin A (EryA) were demonstrated to preferentially bind to artificial lipid membranes containing 50 mol% ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE), the main sphingolipid in invertebrate cell membranes. In this study, we demonstrate that OlyA6, PlyA2 and EryA bind to insect cells and to artificial lipid membranes with physiologically relevant CPE concentrations. Moreover, these aegerolysins permeabilize these membranes when combined with PlyB. These aegerolysin/PlyB complexes show selective toxicity toward western corn rootworm larvae and adults and Colorado potato beetle larvae. These data strongly suggest that these aegerolysin/PlyB complexes recognize CPE as their receptor molecule in the insect midgut. This mode of binding is different from those described for similar aegerolysin-based bacterial complexes, or other Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins, which have protein receptors. Targeting of Pleurotus aegerolysins to CPE and formation of transmembrane pores in concert with PlyB suggest the use of aegerolysin/PlyB complexes as novel biopesticides for the control of western corn rootworm and Colorado potato beetle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasija Panevska
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vesna Hodnik
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Skočaj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maruša Novak
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Modic
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova 17, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ivana Pavlic
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sara Podržaj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miki Zarić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Resnik
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Maček
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Veranič
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jaka Razinger
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova 17, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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15
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Pollet H, Conrard L, Cloos AS, Tyteca D. Plasma Membrane Lipid Domains as Platforms for Vesicle Biogenesis and Shedding? Biomolecules 2018; 8:E94. [PMID: 30223513 PMCID: PMC6164003 DOI: 10.3390/biom8030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contribute to several pathophysiological processes and appear as emerging targets for disease diagnosis and therapy. However, successful translation from bench to bedside requires deeper understanding of EVs, in particular their diversity, composition, biogenesis and shedding mechanisms. In this review, we focus on plasma membrane-derived microvesicles (MVs), far less appreciated than exosomes. We integrate documented mechanisms involved in MV biogenesis and shedding, focusing on the red blood cell as a model. We then provide a perspective for the relevance of plasma membrane lipid composition and biophysical properties in microvesiculation on red blood cells but also platelets, immune and nervous cells as well as tumor cells. Although only a few data are available in this respect, most of them appear to converge to the idea that modulation of plasma membrane lipid content, transversal asymmetry and lateral heterogeneity in lipid domains may play a significant role in the vesiculation process. We suggest that lipid domains may represent platforms for inclusion/exclusion of membrane lipids and proteins into MVs and that MVs could originate from distinct domains during physiological processes and disease evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Pollet
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute & Université Catholique de Louvain, UCL B1.75.05, Avenue Hippocrate, 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Louise Conrard
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute & Université Catholique de Louvain, UCL B1.75.05, Avenue Hippocrate, 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Anne-Sophie Cloos
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute & Université Catholique de Louvain, UCL B1.75.05, Avenue Hippocrate, 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Donatienne Tyteca
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute & Université Catholique de Louvain, UCL B1.75.05, Avenue Hippocrate, 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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16
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Record M, Silvente-Poirot S, Poirot M, Wakelam MJO. Extracellular vesicles: lipids as key components of their biogenesis and functions. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1316-1324. [PMID: 29764923 PMCID: PMC6071772 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.e086173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication has been known for decades to involve either direct contact between cells or to operate via circulating molecules, such as cytokines, growth factors, or lipid mediators. During the last decade, we have begun to appreciate the increasing importance of intercellular communication mediated by extracellular vesicles released by viable cells either from plasma membrane shedding (microvesicles, also named microparticles) or from an intracellular compartment (exosomes). Exosomes and microvesicles circulate in all biological fluids and can trigger biological responses at a distance. Their effects include a large variety of biological processes, such as immune surveillance, modification of tumor microenvironment, or regulation of inflammation. Extracellular vesicles can carry a large array of active molecules, including lipid mediators, such as eicosanoids, proteins, and nucleic acids, able to modify the phenotype of receiving cells. This review will highlight the role of the various lipidic pathways involved in the biogenesis and functions of microvesicles and exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Record
- UMR INSERM 1037-CRCT (Cancer Research Center of Toulouse), University of Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Team "Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations," Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Silvente-Poirot
- UMR INSERM 1037-CRCT (Cancer Research Center of Toulouse), University of Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Team "Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations," Toulouse, France
| | - Marc Poirot
- UMR INSERM 1037-CRCT (Cancer Research Center of Toulouse), University of Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Team "Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations," Toulouse, France
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Making Use of Genomic Information to Explore the Biotechnological Potential of Medicinal Mushrooms. MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS OF THE WORLD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5978-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Lundell G, Holm LE, Ljunggren JG, Wasserman J. Incidence of hypothyroidism after 131I therapy for hyperthyroidism. Relation to pretherapy serum levels of T3, T4 and thyroid antibodies. J Lipid Res 1982; 59:2255-2261. [PMID: 6277151 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r084210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A correlation is reported between serum levels of triiodothyronine (S-T3) and thyroxine (S-T4) before treatment, as well as levels of thyroid antibodies before treatment, and the development of hypothyroidism following 131I therapy in 86 patients with hyperthyroidism. Patients with marked elevation of S-T3 or S-T4 had demonstrable antibodies to thyroid cytoplasmic antigen more often than those with normal or moderately elevated levels, and patients with markedly elevated levels of S-T3 also had a higher incidence of hypothyroidism after treatment. Patients with nodular thyroid glands and with markedly elevated levels of S-T3 required a larger number of 131I doses before no signs of hyperthyroidism persisted in comparison to those with moderately elevated levels.
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