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Wnętrzak A, Chachaj-Brekiesz A, Kobierski J, Dynarowicz-Latka P. The Structure of Oxysterols Determines Their Behavior at Phase Boundaries: Implications for Model Membranes and Structure-Activity Relationships. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1440:3-29. [PMID: 38036872 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The presence of an additional polar group in the cholesterol backbone increases the hydrophilicity of resulting compounds (oxysterols), determines their arrangement at the phase boundary, and interactions with other lipids and proteins. As a result, physicochemical properties of biomembranes (i.e., elasticity, permeability, and ability to bind proteins) are modified, which in turn may affect their functioning. The observed effect depends on the type of oxysterol and its concentration and can be both positive (e.g., antiviral activity) or negative (disturbance of cholesterol homeostasis, signal transduction, and protein segregation). The membrane activity of oxysterols has been successfully studied using membrane models (vesicles, monolayers, and solid supported films). Membrane models, in contrast to the natural systems, provide the possibility to selectively examine the specific aspect of biomolecule-membrane interactions. Moreover, the gradual increase in the complexity of the used model allows to understand the molecular phenomena occurring at the membrane level. The interest in research on artificial membranes has increased significantly in recent years, mainly due to the development of modern and sophisticated physicochemical methods (static and dynamic) in both the micro- and nanoscale, which are applied with the assistance of powerful theoretical calculations. This review provides an overview of the most important findings on this topic in the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Wnętrzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | | | - Jan Kobierski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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2
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Ahmed N, Francis ME, Ahmed N, Kelvin AA, Pezacki JP. microRNA-185 Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection through the Modulation of the Host's Lipid Microenvironment. Viruses 2023; 15:1921. [PMID: 37766327 PMCID: PMC10536008 DOI: 10.3390/v15091921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of the novel betacoronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), there has been an urgent need for the development of fast-acting antivirals, particularly in dealing with different variants of concern (VOC). SARS-CoV-2, like other RNA viruses, depends on host cell machinery to propagate and misregulate metabolic pathways to its advantage. Herein, we discovered that the immunometabolic microRNA-185 (miR-185) restricts SARS-CoV-2 propagation by affecting its entry and infectivity. The antiviral effects of miR-185 were studied in SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein pseudotyped virus, surrogate virus (HCoV-229E), as well as live SARS-CoV-2 virus in Huh7, A549, and Calu-3 cells. In each model, we consistently observed microRNA-induced reduction in lipid metabolism pathways-associated genes including SREBP2, SQLE, PPARG, AGPAT3, and SCARB1. Interestingly, we also observed changes in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) levels, the entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Taken together, these data show that miR-185 significantly restricts host metabolic and other pathways that appear to be essential to SAR-CoV-2 replication and propagation. Overall, this study highlights an important link between non-coding RNAs, immunometabolic pathways, and viral infection. miR-185 mimics alone or in combination with other antiviral therapeutics represent possible future fast-acting antiviral strategies that are likely to be broadly antiviral against multiple variants as well as different virus types of potential pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Magen E. Francis
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Noreen Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Alyson A. Kelvin
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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Luo H, Lv L, Yi J, Zhou Y, Liu C. Establishment of Replication Deficient Vesicular Stomatitis Virus for Studies of PEDV Spike-Mediated Cell Entry and Its Inhibition. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2075. [PMID: 37630636 PMCID: PMC10457912 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly contagious and virulent enteric coronavirus that causes severe enteric disease in pigs worldwide. PEDV infection causes profound diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration in pigs of all ages, resulting in high mortality rates, particularly among neonatal piglets. The spike glycoprotein (S) of PEDV plays a crucial role in binding to the host cell receptor and facilitating fusion between the viral and host membranes. Pseudotyped viral particles featuring the PEDV S protein are valuable tools for investigating virus entry, identifying neutralizing antibodies, and developing small molecules to impede virus replication. In this study, we used a codon-optimized PEDV S protein to generate recombinant pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) particles (rVSV-ΔG-EGFP-S). The full-length S protein was efficiently incorporated into VSV particles. The S protein pseudotyped VSV exhibited infectivity towards permissive cell lines of PEDV. Moreover, we identified a new permissive cell line, JHH7, which showed robust support for PEDV replication. In contrast to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, the removal of amino acids from the cytoplasmic tail resulted in reduced efficiency of viral pseudotyping. Furthermore, we demonstrated that 25-hydroxycholesterol inhibited rVSV-ΔG-EGFP-S entry, while human APN facilitated rVSV-ΔG-EGFP-S entry through the use of ANPEP knockout Huh7 cells. Finally, by transducing swine intestinal organoids with the rVSV-ΔG-EGFP-S virus, we observed efficient infection of the swine intestinal organoids by the PEDV spike-pseudotyped VSV. Our work offers valuable tools for studying the cellular entry of PEDV and developing interventions to curb its transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaye Luo
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (H.L.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Lilei Lv
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (H.L.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jingxuan Yi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (H.L.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (H.L.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Changlong Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (H.L.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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4
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Gee YJ, Sea YL, Lal SK. Viral modulation of lipid rafts and their potential as putative antiviral targets. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2413. [PMID: 36504273 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipid rafts are ubiquitous in cells. They are identified as cholesterol and glycosphingolipid enriched microdomains on cellular membranes. They serve as platforms for cellular communications by functioning in signal transduction and membrane trafficking. Such structural organisation fulfils cellular needs for normal function, but at the same time increases vulnerability of cells to pathogen invasion. Viruses rely heavily on lipid rafts in basically every stage of the viral life cycle for successful infection. Various mechanisms of lipid rafts modification exploited by diverse viruses for attachment, internalisation, membrane fusion, genome replication, assembly and release have been brought to light. This review focuses on virus-raft interactions and how a wide range of viruses manipulate lipid rafts at distinct stages of infection. The importance of virus-raft interactions in viral infections has inspired researchers to discover and develop antivirals that target this interaction, such as statins, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, viperin, 25-hydroxycholesterol and even anti-malarial drugs. The therapeutic modulations of lipid rafts as potential antiviral intervention from in vitro and in vivo evidence are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Jing Gee
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Yi Lin Sea
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Sunil Kumar Lal
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE, Malaysia.,Tropical Medicine & Biology Platform, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE, Malaysia
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5
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Winter SL, Chlanda P. The Art of Viral Membrane Fusion and Penetration. Subcell Biochem 2023; 106:113-152. [PMID: 38159225 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
As obligate pathogens, viruses have developed diverse mechanisms to deliver their genome across host cell membranes to sites of virus replication. While enveloped viruses utilize viral fusion proteins to accomplish fusion of their envelope with the cellular membrane, non-enveloped viruses rely on machinery that causes local membrane ruptures and creates an opening through which the capsid or viral genome is released. Both membrane fusion and membrane penetration take place at the plasma membrane or in intracellular compartments, often involving the engagement of the cellular machinery and antagonism of host restriction factors. Enveloped and non-enveloped viruses have evolved intricate mechanisms to enable virus uncoating and modulation of membrane fusion in a spatiotemporally controlled manner. This chapter summarizes and discusses the current state of understanding of the mechanisms of viral membrane fusion and penetration. The focus is on the role of lipids, viral scaffold uncoating, viral membrane fusion inhibitors, and host restriction factors as physicochemical modulators. In addition, recent advances in visualizing and detecting viral membrane fusion and penetration using cryo-electron microscopy methods are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L Winter
- Schaller Research Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petr Chlanda
- Schaller Research Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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6
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Weinhofer I, Buda A, Kunze M, Palfi Z, Traunfellner M, Hesse S, Villoria-Gonzalez A, Hofmann J, Hametner S, Regelsberger G, Moser AB, Eichler F, Kemp S, Bauer J, Kühl JS, Forss-Petter S, Berger J. Peroxisomal very long-chain fatty acid transport is targeted by herpesviruses and the antiviral host response. Commun Biol 2022; 5:944. [PMID: 36085307 PMCID: PMC9462615 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03867-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) are critical for human cytomegalovirus replication and accumulate upon infection. Here, we used Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection of human B cells to elucidate how herpesviruses target VLCFA metabolism. Gene expression profiling revealed that, despite a general induction of peroxisome-related genes, EBV early infection decreased expression of the peroxisomal VLCFA transporters ABCD1 and ABCD2, thus impairing VLCFA degradation. The mechanism underlying ABCD1 and ABCD2 repression involved RNA interference by the EBV-induced microRNAs miR-9-5p and miR-155, respectively, causing significantly increased VLCFA levels. Treatment with 25-hydroxycholesterol, an antiviral innate immune modulator produced by macrophages, restored ABCD1 expression and reduced VLCFA accumulation in EBV-infected B-lymphocytes, and, upon lytic reactivation, reduced virus production in control but not ABCD1-deficient cells. Finally, also other herpesviruses and coronaviruses target ABCD1 expression. Because viral infection might trigger neuroinflammation in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD, inherited ABCD1 deficiency), we explored a possible link between EBV infection and cerebral X-ALD. However, neither immunohistochemistry of post-mortem brains nor analysis of EBV seropositivity in 35 X-ALD children supported involvement of EBV in the onset of neuroinflammation. Collectively, our findings indicate a previously unrecognized, pivotal role of ABCD1 in viral infection and host defence, prompting consideration of other viral triggers in cerebral X-ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Weinhofer
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Agnieszka Buda
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Kunze
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zsofia Palfi
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthäus Traunfellner
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Hesse
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrea Villoria-Gonzalez
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Hametner
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Günther Regelsberger
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ann B Moser
- Department of Neurogenetics, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Florian Eichler
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephan Kemp
- Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Bauer
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jörn-Sven Kühl
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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7
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Mao S, Ren J, Xu Y, Lin J, Pan C, Meng Y, Xu N. Studies in the antiviral molecular mechanisms of 25-hydroxycholesterol: Disturbing cholesterol homeostasis and post-translational modification of proteins. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 926:175033. [PMID: 35598845 PMCID: PMC9119167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Efficient antiviral drug discovery has been a pressing issue of global public health concern since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019. In recent years, numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), a reactive oxysterol catalyzed by cholesterol-25-hydroxylase, exerts broad-spectrum antiviral activity with high efficiency and low toxicity. 25HC restricts viral internalization and disturbs the maturity of viral proteins using multiple mechanisms. First, 25HC reduces lipid rafts and cholesterol in the cytomembrane by inhibiting sterol-regulatory element binding proteins-2, stimulating liver X receptor, and activating Acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyl-transferase. Second, 25HC impairs endosomal pathways by restricting the function of oxysterol-binding protein or Niemann-pick protein C1, causing the virus to fail to release nucleic acid. Third, 25HC disturbs the prenylation of viral proteins by suppressing the sterol-regulatory element binding protein pathway and glycosylation by increasing the sensitivity of glycans to endoglycosidase. This paper reviews previous studies on the antiviral activity of 25HC in order to fully understand its role in innate immunity and how it may contribute to the development of urgently needed broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.
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8
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Wnętrzak A, Chachaj-Brekiesz A, Kuś K, Lipiec E, Dynarowicz-Latka P. Oxysterols can act antiviral through modification of lipid membrane properties - The Langmuir monolayer study. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 220:106092. [PMID: 35272016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we tested how oxysterols influence on fusion process between viral lipid envelope and host cells membranes. For this purpose, the Zika virus was selected, while dendritic cell (DC) and neural cell (NC) membranes were chosen as target membranes. The investigated systems were modeled as multicomponent Langmuir monolayers and characterized using surface manometry and imaging in micro- (Brewster angle microscopy, BAM) and nanoscale (Atomic Force Microscopy, AFM) to monitor local heterogeneity. The fusion process was conducted by mixing viral and host cell membranes devoid and in the presence of oxysterols: 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OH) and 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7β-OH) as representatives of chain- and ring-oxidized oxysterols, respectively. Our results show that oxysterols hinder the fusion with host cell membranes by modifying their biophysical properties. Moreover, oxysterols applied to an already infected membrane reverse the changes caused by the infection. It could therefore be concluded that oxysterols may display antiviral activity in two ways: they prevent the healthy membrane from viral infection by blocking the fusion process; and protect already infected membrane from pathological changes induced by the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Wnętrzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Anna Chachaj-Brekiesz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Karolina Kuś
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Lipiec
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
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9
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Odnoshivkina UG, Kuznetsova EA, Petrov AM. 25-Hydroxycholesterol as a Signaling Molecule of the Nervous System. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2022; 87:524-537. [PMID: 35790411 PMCID: PMC9201265 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922060049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential component of plasma membrane and precursor of biological active compounds, including hydroxycholesterols (HCs). HCs regulate cellular homeostasis of cholesterol; they can pass across the membrane and vascular barriers and act distantly as para- and endocrine agents. A small amount of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) is produced in the endoplasmic reticulum of most cells, where it serves as a potent regulator of the synthesis, intracellular transport, and storage of cholesterol. Production of 25-HC is strongly increased in the macrophages, dendrite cells, and microglia at the inflammatory response. The synthesis of 25-HC can be also upregulated in some neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spastic paraplegia type 5, and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. However, it is unclear whether 25-HC aggravates these pathologies or has the protective properties. The molecular targets for 25-HC are transcriptional factors (LX receptors, SREBP2, ROR), G protein-coupled receptor (GPR183), ion channels (NMDA receptors, SLO1), adhesive molecules (α5β1 and ανβ3 integrins), and oxysterol-binding proteins. The diversity of 25-HC-binding proteins points to the ability of HC to affect many physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we focused on the regulation of 25-HC production and its universal role in the control of cellular cholesterol homeostasis, as well as the effects of 25-HC as a signaling molecule mediating the influence of inflammation on the processes in the neuromuscular system and brain. Based on the evidence collected, it can be suggested that 25-HC prevents accumulation of cellular cholesterol and serves as a potent modulator of neuroinflammation, synaptic transmission, and myelinization. An increased production of 25-HC in response to a various type of damage can have a protective role and reduce neuronal loss. At the same time, an excess of 25-HC may exert the neurotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulia G Odnoshivkina
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences", Kazan, 420111, Russia
- Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, 420012, Russia
| | - Eva A Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences", Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Alexey M Petrov
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences", Kazan, 420111, Russia.
- Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, 420012, Russia
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10
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Tuck BJ, Miller LVC, Katsinelos T, Smith AE, Wilson EL, Keeling S, Cheng S, Vaysburd MJ, Knox C, Tredgett L, Metzakopian E, James LC, McEwan WA. Cholesterol determines the cytosolic entry and seeded aggregation of tau. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110776. [PMID: 35508140 PMCID: PMC9108550 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Assemblies of tau can transit between neurons, seeding aggregation in a prion-like manner. To accomplish this, tau must cross cell-limiting membranes, a process that is poorly understood. Here, we establish assays for the study of tau entry into the cytosol as a phenomenon distinct from uptake, in real time, and at physiological concentrations. The entry pathway of tau is cell type specific and, in neurons, highly sensitive to cholesterol. Depletion of the cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick type C1 or extraction of membrane cholesterol renders neurons highly permissive to tau entry and potentiates seeding even at low levels of exogenous tau assemblies. Conversely, cholesterol supplementation reduces entry and almost completely blocks seeded aggregation. Our findings establish entry as a rate-limiting step to seeded aggregation and demonstrate that dysregulated cholesterol, a feature of several neurodegenerative diseases, potentiates tau aggregation by promoting entry of tau assemblies into the cell interior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Tuck
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK.
| | - Lauren V C Miller
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Taxiarchis Katsinelos
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Annabel E Smith
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Emma L Wilson
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Sophie Keeling
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Shi Cheng
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Marina J Vaysburd
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Claire Knox
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Lucy Tredgett
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Emmanouil Metzakopian
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Leo C James
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - William A McEwan
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK.
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11
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Suzuki A, Urano Y, Ishida T, Noguchi N. Different functions of vitamin E homologues in the various types of cell death induced by oxysterols. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 176:356-365. [PMID: 34648906 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) and 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OHC) are produced by cholesterol 24-hydroxylase and cholesterol 25-hydroxylase, respectively. The purpose of the present study was to determine the type of cell death induced by these oxysterols in neuronal cells, hepatic cells, and keratinocytes, and to elucidate the inhibitory effect of vitamin E homologues on various types of cell death. In human neuronal cells (SH-SY5Y cells), 24S-OHC and 25-OHC caused a cell death that was independent of caspase activation. We reported previously that the esterification of 24S-OHC by acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) and the resulting formation of a lipid droplet (LD)-like structure are responsible for the 24S-OHC-induced neuronal cell death. Here, we found that 25-OHC also induced ACAT1-mediated 25-OHC esterification and LD formation in neuronal cells. 25-OHC-induced cell death was inhibited by α-tocopherol (α-Toc) but not by α-tocotrienol (α-Toc3), as observed for 24S-OHC-induced cell death in SH-SY5Y cells. In human hepatic cells (HepG2 cells), these oxysterols caused a cell death that was caspase- and oxysterol-esterification-independent. This cell death was suppressed by both α-Toc and α-Toc3, suggesting the involvement of free-radical-mediated lipid peroxidation in the cell death induced by these oxysterols in hepatic cells. In human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells), these oxysterols caused a caspase-dependent but oxysterol-esterification-independent cell death that was inhibited by α-Toc but not by α-Toc3. These results suggest that α-Toc and α-Toc3 act as radical-scavenging antioxidants against oxysterol-induced cell death in the same way in hepatic cells, whereas their behavior is different in inhibition of cell death in neuronal cells and keratinocytes. Collectively, these results demonstrated that 24S-OHC and 25-OHC induced the same type of cell death in each of the cell types examined, and that α-Toc and α-Toc3 exerted different effects, depending on the type of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuki Suzuki
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Urano
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Ishida
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Noriko Noguchi
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan.
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12
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Fenizia C, Ibba SV, Vanetti C, Strizzi S, Rossignol JF, Biasin M, Trabattoni D, Clerici M. The Modulation of Cholesterol Metabolism Is Involved in the Antiviral Effect of Nitazoxanide. Infect Dis Rep 2021; 13:636-644. [PMID: 34287319 PMCID: PMC8293206 DOI: 10.3390/idr13030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously investigated the role of Nitazoxanide (NTZ), a thiazolide endowed with antiviral and antiparasitic activity, in HIV-1 infection. NTZ treatment in primary isolated PBMCs was able to reduce HIV-1 infection in vitro by inducing the expression of a number of type-I interferon-stimulated genes. Among them, NTZ was able to induce cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H), which is involved in cholesterol metabolism. In the present study, we wanted to deepen our knowledge about the antiviral mechanism of action of NTZ. Indeed, by inducing CH25H, which catalyzes the formation of 25-hydroxycholesterol from cholesterol, NTZ treatment repressed cholesterol biosynthetic pathways and promoted cholesterol mobilization and efflux from the cell. Such effects were even more pronounced upon stimulation with FLU antigens in combination. It is already well known how lipid metabolism and virus replication are tightly interconnected; thus, it is not surprising that the antiviral immune response employs genes related to cholesterol metabolism. Indeed, NTZ was able to modulate cholesterol metabolism in vitro and, by doing so, enhance the antiviral response. These results give us the chance to speculate about the suitability of NTZ as adjuvant for induction of specific natural immunity. Moreover, the putative application of NTZ to alimentary-related diseases should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Fenizia
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.F.); (C.V.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy; (S.V.I.); (S.S.); (M.B.); (D.T.)
| | - Salomè Valentina Ibba
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy; (S.V.I.); (S.S.); (M.B.); (D.T.)
| | - Claudia Vanetti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.F.); (C.V.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy; (S.V.I.); (S.S.); (M.B.); (D.T.)
| | - Sergio Strizzi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy; (S.V.I.); (S.S.); (M.B.); (D.T.)
| | | | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy; (S.V.I.); (S.S.); (M.B.); (D.T.)
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy; (S.V.I.); (S.S.); (M.B.); (D.T.)
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.F.); (C.V.)
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Via A. Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-5031-9678
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13
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Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines that represent a first line of defense against virus infections. The 12 different IFN-α subtypes share a receptor on target cells and trigger similar signaling cascades. Several studies have collectively shown that this apparent redundancy conceals qualitatively different responses induced by individual subtypes, which display different efficacies of inhibition of HIV replication. Some studies, however, provided evidence that the disparities are quantitative rather than qualitative. Since RNA expression analyses show a large but incomplete overlap of the genes induced, they may support both models. To explore if the IFN-α subtypes induce functionally relevant different anti-HIV activities, we have compared the efficacies of inhibition of all 12 subtypes on HIV spread and on specific steps of the viral replication cycle, including viral entry, reverse transcription, protein synthesis, and virus release. Finding different hierarchies of inhibition would validate the induction of qualitatively different responses. We found that while most subtypes similarly inhibit virus entry, they display distinctive potencies on other early steps of HIV replication. In addition, only some subtypes were able to target effectively the late steps. The extent of induction of known anti-HIV factors helps to explain some, but not all differences observed, confirming the participation of additional IFN-induced anti-HIV effectors. Our findings support the notion that different IFN-α subtypes can induce the expression of qualitatively different antiviral activities. IMPORTANCE The initial response against viruses relies in large part on type I interferons, which include 12 subtypes of IFN-α. These cytokines bind to a common receptor on the cell surface and trigger the expression of incompletely overlapping sets of genes. Whether the anti-HIV responses induced by IFN-α subtypes differ in the extent of expression or in the nature of the genes involved remains debated. Also, RNA expression profiles led to opposite conclusions, depending on the importance attributed to the induction of common or distinctive genes. To explore if relevant anti-HIV activities can be differently induced by the IFN-α subtypes, we compared their relative efficacies on specific steps of the replication cycle. We show that the hierarchy of IFN potencies depends on the step analyzed, supporting qualitatively different responses. This work will also prompt the search for novel IFN-induced anti-HIV factors acting on specific steps of the replication cycle.
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14
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Wnętrzak A, Chachaj-Brekiesz A, Kuś K, Filiczkowska A, Lipiec E, Kobierski J, Petelska AD, Dynarowicz-Latka P. 25-hydroxycholesterol interacts differently with lipids of the inner and outer membrane leaflet - The Langmuir monolayer study complemented with theoretical calculations. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 211:105909. [PMID: 33984516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OH), a molecule with unusual behavior at the air/water interface, being anchored to the water surface alternatively with a hydroxyl group at C(3) or C(25), has been investigated in mixtures with main membrane phospholipids (phosphatidylcholines - PCs, and phosphatidylethanolamines - PEs), characteristic of the outer and inner membrane leaflet, respectively. To achieve this goal, the classical Langmuir monolayer approach based on thermodynamic analysis of interactions was conducted in addition to microscopic imaging of films (in situ with BAM and after transfer onto mica with AFM), surface-sensitive spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS), as well as theoretical calculations. Our results show that the strength of interactions is primarily determined by the kind of polar group (strong, attractive interactions leading to surface complexes formation were found to occur with PCs while weak or repulsive ones with PEs). Subsequently, the saturation of phosphatidylcholines apolar chain(s) was found to be crucial for the structure of the formed complexes. Namely, saturated PC (DPPC) does not have preferences regarding the orientation of 25-OH molecule in surface complexes (which results in the two possible 25-OH arrangements), while unsaturated PC (DOPC) enforces one specific orientation of oxysterol (with C(3)-OH group). Our findings suggest that the transport of 25-OH between inner and outer membrane leaflet can proceed without orientation changes, which is thermodynamically advantageous. This explains results found in real systems showing significant differences in the rate of transmembrane transport of 25-OH and the other chain-oxidized oxysterols compared to their ring-oxidized analogues or cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Wnętrzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Anna Chachaj-Brekiesz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Karolina Kuś
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Filiczkowska
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Lipiec
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan Kobierski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aneta D Petelska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-425, Bialystok, Poland
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15
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Domingues MM, Gomes B, Hollmann A, Santos NC. 25-Hydroxycholesterol Effect on Membrane Structure and Mechanical Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052574. [PMID: 33806504 PMCID: PMC7961727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is responsible for the plasticity of plasma membranes and is involved in physiological and pathophysiological responses. Cholesterol homeostasis is regulated by oxysterols, such as 25-hydroxycholesterol. The presence of 25-hydroxycholesterol at the membrane level has been shown to interfere with several viruses’ entry into their target cells. We used atomic force microscopy to assess the effect of 25-hydroxycholesterol on different properties of supported lipid bilayers with controlled lipid compositions. In particular, we showed that 25-hydroxycholesterol inhibits the lipid-condensing effects of cholesterol, rendering the bilayers less rigid. This study indicates that the inclusion of 25-hydroxycholesterol in plasma membranes or the conversion of part of their cholesterol content into 25-hydroxycholesterol leads to morphological alterations of the sphingomyelin (SM)-enriched domains and promotes lipid packing inhomogeneities. These changes culminate in membrane stiffness variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco M. Domingues
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (M.M.D.); (N.C.S.)
| | - Bárbara Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Axel Hollmann
- Centro de Investigación en Biofísica Aplicada y Alimentos (CIBAAL), Universidad Nacional de Santiago Del Estero-CONICET, Santiago del Estero 4206, Argentina;
| | - Nuno C. Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (M.M.D.); (N.C.S.)
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16
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Li C, Wang M, Cheng A, Jia R, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhu D, Zhao X, Chen S, Liu M, Zhang S, Ou X, Mao S, Gao Q, Sun D, Wen X, Tian B. The Roles of Envelope Glycoprotein M in the Life Cycle of Some Alphaherpesviruses. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:631523. [PMID: 33679658 PMCID: PMC7933518 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.631523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelope glycoprotein M (gM), a surface virion component conserved among alphaherpesviruses, is a multiple-transmembrane domain-containing glycoprotein with a complex N-linked oligosaccharide. The gM mediates a diverse range of functions during the viral life cycle. In this review, we summarize the biological features of gM, including its characterization and function in some specicial alphaherpesviruses. gM modulates the virus-induced membrane fusion during virus invasion, transports other proteins to the appropriate intracellular membranes for primary and secondary envelopment during virion assembly, and promotes egress of the virus. The gM can interact with various viral and cellular components, and the focus of recent research has also been on interactions related to gM. And we will discuss how gM participates in the life cycle of alphaherpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingjian Wen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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17
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Aggregation of 25-hydroxycholesterol in a complex biomembrane. Differences with cholesterol. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183413. [PMID: 32721397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
25-Hydroxycholesterol (25HC), one of the most important oxysterol molecules, can be used by cells to fight bacterial and viral infections but the mechanism that defines its biological effects are unknown. Using molecular dynamics, we have aimed to describe the orientation and location of 25HC in the membrane as well as the interactions it might have with lipids. We have studied two complex model membrane systems, one similar to the late endosome membrane and the other one to the plasma membrane. Our results reinforce that 25HC is inserted in the membrane in a relative stable location similar to but not identical to cholesterol. 25HC fluctuates in the membrane to a much greater degree than cholesterol, but the effect of 25HC on the phospholipid order parameters is not significantly different. One of the most notable facts about 25HC is that, unlike cholesterol, this molecule tends to aggregate, forming dimers, trimers and higher-order aggregates. These aggregates are formed spontaneously through the formation of hydrogen bonds between the two 25HC atoms, the formation of hydrogen bonds being independent of the studied system. Remarkably, no contacts or hydrogen bonds are observed between 25HC and cholesterol molecules, as well as between cholesterol molecules themselves at any time. It would be conceivable that 25HC, by forming high order aggregates without significantly altering the membrane properties, would modify the way proteins interact with the membrane and henceforth form a true innate antiviral molecule.
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18
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Abstract
BACKGROUND 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) is an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG), which catalyzes the synthesis of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). 25HC intervenes in metabolic and infectious processes and controls cholesterol homeostasis and influences viral entry into host cells. We verified whether natural resistance to HIV-1 infection in HIV-1-exposed seronegative (HESN) individuals is at least partially mediated by particularities in sterol biosynthesis. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) isolated from 15 sexually exposed HESN and 15 healthy controls were in vitro HIV-1-infected and analyzed for: percentage of IFNα-producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs); cholesterol signaling and inflammatory response RNA expression; resistance to HIV-1 infection. MDMs from five healthy controls were in vitro HIV-1-infected in the absence/presence of exogenously added 25HC. RESULTS IFNα-producing pDCs were augmented in HESN compared with healthy controls both in unstimulated and in in vitro HIV-1-infected PBMCs (P < 0.001). An increased expression of CH25H and of a number of genes involved in cholesterol metabolism (ABCA1, ABCG1, CYP7B1, LXRα, OSBP, PPARγ, SCARB1) was observed as well; this, was associated with a reduced susceptibility to in-vitro HIV-1-infection of PBMCs and MDMs (P < 0.01). Notably, addition of 25HC to MDMs resulted in increased cholesterol efflux and augmented resistance to in-vitro HIV-1-infection. CONCLUSION Results herein show that in HESN sterol metabolism might be particularly efficient. This could be related to the activation of the IFNα pathway and results into a reduced susceptibility to in-vitro HIV-1 infection. These results suggest a possible basis for therapeutic interventions to modulate HIV-1 infection.
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19
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Thippeshappa R, Kimata JT, Kaushal D. Toward a Macaque Model of HIV-1 Infection: Roadblocks, Progress, and Future Strategies. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:882. [PMID: 32477302 PMCID: PMC7237640 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human-specific tropism of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) has complicated the development of a macaque model of HIV-1 infection/AIDS that is suitable for preclinical evaluation of vaccines and novel treatment strategies. Several innate retroviral restriction factors, such as APOBEC3 family of proteins, TRIM5α, BST2, and SAMHD1, that prevent HIV-1 replication have been identified in macaque cells. Accessory proteins expressed by Simian Immunodeficiency virus (SIV) such as viral infectivity factor (Vif), viral protein X (Vpx), viral protein R (Vpr), and negative factor (Nef) have been shown to play key roles in overcoming these restriction factors in macaque cells. Thus, substituting HIV-1 accessory genes with those from SIV may enable HIV-1 replication in macaques. We and others have constructed macaque-tropic HIV-1 derivatives [also called simian-tropic HIV-1 (stHIV-1) or Human-Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (HSIV)] carrying SIV vif to overcome APOBEC3 family proteins. Additional modifications to HIV-1 gag in some of the macaque-tropic HIV-1 have also been done to overcome TRIM5α restriction in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. Although these viruses replicate persistently in macaque species, they do not result in CD4 depletion. Thus, these studies suggest that additional blocks to HIV-1 replication exist in macaques that prevent high-level viral replication. Furthermore, serial animal-to-animal passaging of macaque-tropic HIV-1 in vivo has not resulted in pathogenic variants that cause AIDS in immunocompetent macaques. In this review, we discuss recent developments made toward developing macaque model of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Thippeshappa
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jason T Kimata
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
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20
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Interplay between Intrinsic and Innate Immunity during HIV Infection. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080922. [PMID: 31426525 PMCID: PMC6721663 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Restriction factors are antiviral components of intrinsic immunity which constitute a first line of defense by blocking different steps of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication cycle. In immune cells, HIV infection is also sensed by several pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), leading to type I interferon (IFN-I) and inflammatory cytokines production that upregulate antiviral interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Several studies suggest a link between these two types of immunity. Indeed, restriction factors, that are generally interferon-inducible, are able to modulate immune responses. This review highlights recent knowledge of the interplay between restriction factors and immunity inducing antiviral defenses. Counteraction of this intrinsic and innate immunity by HIV viral proteins will also be discussed.
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21
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Poojari C, Wilkosz N, Lira RB, Dimova R, Jurkiewicz P, Petka R, Kepczynski M, Róg T. Behavior of the DPH fluorescence probe in membranes perturbed by drugs. Chem Phys Lipids 2019; 223:104784. [PMID: 31199906 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2019.104784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) is one of the most commonly used fluorescent probes to study dynamical and structural properties of lipid bilayers and cellular membranes via measuring steady-state or time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy. In this study, we present a limitation in the use of DPH to predict the order of lipid acyl chains when the lipid bilayer is doped with itraconazole (ITZ), an antifungal drug. Our steady-state fluorescence anisotropy measurements showed a significant decrease in fluorescence anisotropy of DPH embedded in the ITZ-containing membrane, suggesting a substantial increase in membrane fluidity, which indirectly indicates a decrease in the order of the hydrocarbon chains. This result or its interpretation is in disagreement with the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching measurements and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation data. The results of these experiments and calculations indicate an increase in the hydrocarbon chain order. The MD simulations of the bilayer containing both ITZ and DPH provide explanations for these observations. Apparently, in the presence of the drug, the DPH molecules are pushed deeper into the hydrophobic membrane core below the lipid double bonds, and the probe predominately adopts the orientation of the ITZ molecules that is parallel to the membrane surface, instead of orienting parallel to the lipid acyl chains. For this reason, DPH anisotropy provides information related to the less ordered central region of the membrane rather than reporting the properties of the upper segments of the lipid acyl chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Poojari
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, PO Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Natalia Wilkosz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Rafael B Lira
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rumiana Dimova
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Piotr Jurkiewicz
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry AS CR, v.v.i, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Rafał Petka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kepczynski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Róg
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, PO Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland; Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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22
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Gomes B, Sanna G, Madeddu S, Hollmann A, Santos NC. Combining 25-Hydroxycholesterol with an HIV Fusion Inhibitor Peptide: Interaction with Biomembrane Model Systems and Human Blood Cells. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:582-591. [PMID: 30816690 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The fusion between the viral and the target cell membrane is a crucial step in the life cycle of enveloped viruses. The blocking of this process is a well-known therapeutic approach that led to the development of the fusion inhibitor peptide enfuvirtide, clinically used against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1. Despite this significant advance on viral treatment, the appearance of resistance has limited its clinical use. Such a limitation has led to the development of other fusion inhibitor peptides, such as C34, that present the same structural domain as enfuvirtide (heptad repeat sequence) but have different functional domains (pocket-binding domain in the case of C34 and lipid-binding domain in the case of enfuvirtide). Recently, the antiviral properties of 25-hydroxycholesterol were demonstrated, which boosted the interest in this oxysterol. The combination of two distinct antiviral molecules, C34 and 25-hydroxycholesterol, may help to suppress the emergence of resistant viruses. In this work, we characterized the interaction of the C34-25-hydroxycholesterol conjugate with biomembrane model systems and human blood cells. Lipid vesicles and monolayers with defined lipid compositions were used as biomembrane model systems. The conjugate interacts preferentially with membranes rich in sphingomyelin (a lipid enriched in lipid rafts) and presents a poor partition to membranes composed solely of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. We hypothesize that cholesterol causes a repulsive effect that is overcome in the presence of sphingomyelin. Importantly, the peptide shows a preference for human peripheral blood mononuclear cells relative to erythrocytes, which shows its potential to target CD4+ cells. Antiviral activity results against different wild-type and drug-resistant HIV strains further demonstrated the potential of C34-HC as a good candidate for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Giusepinna Sanna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Microbiology and Virology, University of Cagliary, Cagliari 09123, Italy
| | - Silvia Madeddu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Microbiology and Virology, University of Cagliary, Cagliari 09123, Italy
| | - Axel Hollmann
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compounds, CIBAAL−University of Santiago del Estero and CONICET, Santiago del Estero, Argentina
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Basic and Applied Microbiology, University of Quilmes, Bernal B1876BXD, Argentina
| | - Nuno C. Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon 1649-028, Portugal
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23
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Beitari S, Wang Y, Liu SL, Liang C. HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein at the Interface of Host Restriction and Virus Evasion. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040311. [PMID: 30935048 PMCID: PMC6521621 DOI: 10.3390/v11040311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Without viral envelope proteins, viruses cannot enter cells to start infection. As the major viral proteins present on the surface of virions, viral envelope proteins are a prominent target of the host immune system in preventing and ultimately eliminating viral infection. In addition to the well-appreciated adaptive immunity that produces envelope protein-specific antibodies and T cell responses, recent studies have begun to unveil a rich layer of host innate immune mechanisms restricting viral entry. This review focuses on the exciting progress that has been made in this new direction of research, by discussing various known examples of host restriction of viral entry, and diverse viral countering strategies, in particular, the emerging role of viral envelope proteins in evading host innate immune suppression. We will also highlight the effective cooperation between innate and adaptive immunity to achieve the synergistic control of viral infection by targeting viral envelope protein and checking viral escape. Given that many of the related findings were made with HIV-1, we will use HIV-1 as the model virus to illustrate the basic principles and molecular mechanisms on host restriction targeting HIV-1 envelope protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saina Beitari
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
| | - Yimeng Wang
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
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