1
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Tian JS, Tay A. Progress on Electro-Enhancement of Cell Manufacturing. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301281. [PMID: 38059759 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
With the long persistence of complex, chronic diseases in society, there is increasing motivation to develop cells as living medicine to treat diseases ranging from cancer to wounds. While cell therapies can significantly impact healthcare, the shortage of starter cells meant that considerable raw materials must be channeled solely for cell expansion, leading to expensive products with long manufacturing time which can prevent accessibility by patients who either cannot afford the treatment or have highly aggressive diseases and cannot wait that long. Over the last three decades, there has been increasing knowledge on the effects of electrical modulation on proliferation, but to the best of the knowledge, none of these studies went beyond how electro-control of cell proliferation may be extended to enhance industrial scale cell manufacturing. Here, this review is started by discussing the importance of maximizing cell yield during manufacturing before comparing strategies spanning biomolecular/chemical/physical to modulate cell proliferation. Next, the authors describe how factors governing invasive and non-invasive electrical stimulation (ES) including capacitive coupling electric field may be modified to boost cell manufacturing. This review concludes by describing what needs to be urgently performed to bridge the gap between academic investigation of ES to industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Shane Tian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Andy Tay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- NUS Tissue Engineering Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117510, Singapore
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2
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Silkunas M, Silkuniene G, Pakhomov AG. Real-time imaging of individual electropores proves their longevity in cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 695:149408. [PMID: 38157631 PMCID: PMC10842338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
With over 50 years of electroporation research, the nature of cell membrane permeabilization remains elusive. The lifetime of electropores in molecular models is limited to nano- or microseconds, whereas the permeabilization of electroporated cells can last minutes. This study aimed at resolving a longstanding debate on whether the prolonged permeabilization is due to the formation of long-lived pores in cells. We developed a method for dynamic monitoring and conductance measurements of individual electropores. This was accomplished by time-lapse total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) imaging in HEK cells loaded with CAL-520 dye and placed on an indium tin oxide (ITO) surface. Applying a 1-ms, 0 to -400 mV pulse between the patch pipette and ITO evoked focal Ca2+ transients that identified individual electropores. Some transients disappeared in milliseconds but others persisted for over a minute. Persistent transients ("Ca2+ plumes") faded over time to a stable or a randomly fluctuating level that could include periods of full quiescence. Single pore conductance, measured by 0 to -50 mV, 50 ms steps at 30 and 60 s after the electroporation, ranged from 80 to 200 pS. These experiments proved electropore longevity in cells, in stark contrast to molecular simulations and many findings in lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantas Silkunas
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23508, USA; Institute for Digestive System Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Giedre Silkuniene
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23508, USA; Institute for Digestive System Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Andrei G Pakhomov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23508, USA.
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3
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Batista Napotnik T, Kos B, Jarm T, Miklavčič D, O'Connor RP, Rems L. Genetically engineered HEK cells as a valuable tool for studying electroporation in excitable cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:720. [PMID: 38184741 PMCID: PMC10771480 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-51073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Electric pulses used in electroporation-based treatments have been shown to affect the excitability of muscle and neuronal cells. However, understanding the interplay between electroporation and electrophysiological response of excitable cells is complex, since both ion channel gating and electroporation depend on dynamic changes in the transmembrane voltage (TMV). In this study, a genetically engineered human embryonic kidney cells expressing NaV1.5 and Kir2.1, a minimal complementary channels required for excitability (named S-HEK), was characterized as a simple cell model used for studying the effects of electroporation in excitable cells. S-HEK cells and their non-excitable counterparts (NS-HEK) were exposed to 100 µs pulses of increasing electric field strength. Changes in TMV, plasma membrane permeability, and intracellular Ca2+ were monitored with fluorescence microscopy. We found that a very mild electroporation, undetectable with the classical propidium assay but associated with a transient increase in intracellular Ca2+, can already have a profound effect on excitability close to the electrostimulation threshold, as corroborated by multiscale computational modelling. These results are of great relevance for understanding the effects of pulse delivery on cell excitability observed in context of the rapidly developing cardiac pulsed field ablation as well as other electroporation-based treatments in excitable tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Batista Napotnik
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška Cesta 25, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bor Kos
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška Cesta 25, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Jarm
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška Cesta 25, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška Cesta 25, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rodney P O'Connor
- École des Mines de Saint-Étienne, Department of Bioelectronics, Georges Charpak Campus, Centre Microélectronique de Provence, 880 Route de Mimet, 13120, Gardanne, France
| | - Lea Rems
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška Cesta 25, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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4
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Silkuniene G, Mangalanathan UM, Pakhomov AG, Pakhomova ON. Silencing of ATP1A1 attenuates cell membrane disruption by nanosecond electric pulses. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 677:93-97. [PMID: 37566922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the role of the Na/K-ATPase (NKA) in membrane permeabilization induced by nanosecond electric pulses. Using CRISPR/Cas9 and shRNA, we silenced the ATP1A1 gene, which encodes α1 NKA subunit in U937 human monocytes. Silencing reduced the rate and the cumulative uptake of YoPro-1 dye after electroporation by 300-ns, 7-10 kV/cm pulses, while ouabain, a specific NKA inhibitor, enhanced YoPro-1 entry. We conclude that the α1 subunit supports the electropermeabilized membrane state, by forming or stabilizing electropores or by hindering repair mechanisms, and this role is independent of NKA's ion pump function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giedre Silkuniene
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23508, USA; Institute for Digestive System Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Uma M Mangalanathan
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23508, USA
| | - Andrei G Pakhomov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23508, USA
| | - Olga N Pakhomova
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23508, USA.
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5
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Pakhomov AG, Gudvangen E, Mangalanathan U, Kondratiev O, Redondo L, Semenov I. Next generation CANCAN focusing for remote stimulation by nanosecond electric pulses. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 152:108437. [PMID: 37030093 PMCID: PMC10247516 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Focusing electric pulse effects away from electrodes is a challenge because the electric field weakens with distance. Previously we introduced a remote focusing method based on bipolar cancellation, a phenomenon of low efficiency of bipolar nanosecond electric pulses (nsEP). Superpositioning two bipolar nsEP into a unipolar pulse canceled bipolar cancellation ("CANCAN" effect), enhancing bioeffects at a distance despite the electric field weakening. Here, we introduce the next generation (NG) CANCAN focusing with unipolar nsEP packets designed to produce bipolar waveforms near electrodes (suppressing electroporation) but not at the remote target. NG-CANCAN was tested in CHO cell monolayers using a quadrupole electrode array and labeling electroporated cells with YO-PRO-1 dye. We routinely achieved 1.5-2 times stronger electroporation in the center of the quadrupole than near electrodes, despite a 3-4-fold field attenuation. With the array lifted 1-2 mm above the monolayer (imitating a 3D treatment), the remote effect was enhanced up to 6-fold. We analyzed the role of nsEP number, amplitude, rotation, and inter-pulse delay, and showed how remote focusing is enhanced when re-created bipolar waveforms exhibit stronger cancellation. Advantages of NG-CANCAN include the exceptional versatility of designing pulse packets and easy remote focusing using an off-the-shelf 4-channel nsEP generator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei G Pakhomov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA.
| | - Emily Gudvangen
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
| | - Uma Mangalanathan
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
| | | | - Luis Redondo
- Pulsed Power Advanced Applications Group, Lisbon Engineering Superior Institute, GIAAPP/ISEL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Iurii Semenov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
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6
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Ruiz-Fernández AR, Campos L, Villanelo F, Garate JA, Perez-Acle T. Protein-Mediated Electroporation in a Cardiac Voltage-Sensing Domain Due to an nsPEF Stimulus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11397. [PMID: 37511161 PMCID: PMC10379607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study takes a step in understanding the physiological implications of the nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) by integrating molecular dynamics simulations and machine learning techniques. nsPEF, a state-of-the-art technology, uses high-voltage electric field pulses with a nanosecond duration to modulate cellular activity. This investigation reveals a relatively new and underexplored phenomenon: protein-mediated electroporation. Our research focused on the voltage-sensing domain (VSD) of the NaV1.5 sodium cardiac channel in response to nsPEF stimulation. We scrutinized the VSD structures that form pores and thereby contribute to the physical chemistry that governs the defibrillation effect of nsPEF. To do so, we conducted a comprehensive analysis involving the clustering of 142 replicas simulated for 50 ns under nsPEF stimuli. We subsequently pinpointed the representative structures of each cluster and computed the free energy between them. We find that the selected VSD of NaV1.5 forms pores under nsPEF stimulation, but in a way that significant differs from the traditional VSD opening. This study not only extends our understanding of nsPEF and its interaction with protein channels but also adds a new effect to further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo Campos
- Computational Biology Lab, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 7780272, Chile
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 8420524, Chile
| | - Felipe Villanelo
- Computational Biology Lab, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 7780272, Chile
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 8420524, Chile
| | - Jose Antonio Garate
- Computational Biology Lab, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 7780272, Chile
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 8420524, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus im NanoBioPhysics, Universidad de Valparaiso, Valparaiso 2351319, Chile
| | - Tomas Perez-Acle
- Computational Biology Lab, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 7780272, Chile
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 8420524, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso 2360102, Chile
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7
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Silkuniene G, Mangalanathan UM, Rossi A, Mollica PA, Pakhomov AG, Pakhomova O. Identification of Proteins Involved in Cell Membrane Permeabilization by Nanosecond Electric Pulses (nsEP). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119191. [PMID: 37298142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The study was aimed at identifying endogenous proteins which assist or impede the permeabilized state in the cell membrane disrupted by nsEP (20 or 40 pulses, 300 ns width, 7 kV/cm). We employed a LentiArray CRISPR library to generate knockouts (KOs) of 316 genes encoding for membrane proteins in U937 human monocytes stably expressing Cas9 nuclease. The extent of membrane permeabilization by nsEP was measured by the uptake of Yo-Pro-1 (YP) dye and compared to sham-exposed KOs and control cells transduced with a non-targeting (scrambled) gRNA. Only two KOs, for SCNN1A and CLCA1 genes, showed a statistically significant reduction in YP uptake. The respective proteins could be part of electropermeabilization lesions or increase their lifespan. In contrast, as many as 39 genes were identified as likely hits for the increased YP uptake, meaning that the respective proteins contributed to membrane stability or repair after nsEP. The expression level of eight genes in different types of human cells showed strong correlation (R > 0.9, p < 0.02) with their LD50 for lethal nsEP treatments, and could potentially be used as a criterion for the selectivity and efficiency of hyperplasia ablations with nsEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giedre Silkuniene
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
- Institute for Digestive System Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Uma M Mangalanathan
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
| | - Alessandra Rossi
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
- Department of Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Peter A Mollica
- College of Health Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
| | - Andrei G Pakhomov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
| | - Olga Pakhomova
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
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8
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Gudvangen E, Mangalanathan U, Semenov I, Kiester AS, Keppler MA, Ibey BL, Bixler JN, Pakhomov AG. Pulsed Electric Field Ablation of Esophageal Malignancies and Mitigating Damage to Smooth Muscle: An In Vitro Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032854. [PMID: 36769172 PMCID: PMC9917603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer ablation therapies aim to be efficient while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. Nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) is a promising ablation modality because of its selectivity against certain cell types and reduced neuromuscular effects. We compared cell killing efficiency by PEF (100 pulses, 200 ns-10 µs duration, 10 Hz) in a panel of human esophageal cells (normal and pre-malignant epithelial and smooth muscle). Normal epithelial cells were less sensitive than the pre-malignant ones to unipolar PEF (15-20% higher LD50, p < 0.05). Smooth muscle cells (SMC) oriented randomly in the electric field were more sensitive, with 30-40% lower LD50 (p < 0.01). Trains of ten, 300-ns pulses at 10 kV/cm caused twofold weaker electroporative uptake of YO-PRO-1 dye in normal epithelial cells than in either pre-malignant cells or in SMC oriented perpendicularly to the field. Aligning SMC with the field reduced the dye uptake fourfold, along with a twofold reduction in Ca2+ transients. A 300-ns pulse induced a twofold smaller transmembrane potential in cells aligned with the field, making them less vulnerable to electroporation. We infer that damage to SMC from nsPEF ablation of esophageal malignancies can be minimized by applying the electric field parallel to the predominant SMC orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Gudvangen
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
| | - Uma Mangalanathan
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
| | - Iurii Semenov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
| | - Allen S. Kiester
- Bioeffects Division, Airman System Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA
| | | | - Bennett L. Ibey
- Bioeffects Division, Airman System Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA
| | - Joel N. Bixler
- Bioeffects Division, Airman System Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA
| | - Andrei G. Pakhomov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
- Correspondence:
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9
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Kiełbik A, Sowa PW, Pakhomov AG, Gudvangen E, Mangalanathan U, Kulbacka J, Pakhomova ON. Urine protects urothelial cells against killing with nanosecond pulsed electric fields. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 149:108289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Ruiz-Fernández AR, Rosemblatt M, Perez-Acle T. Nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) and vaccines: a novel technique for the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses? Ann Med 2022; 54:1749-1756. [PMID: 35786157 PMCID: PMC9258060 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2087898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of 2020, worldwide attention has been being focussed on SARS-CoV-2, the second strain of the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus. Although advances in vaccine technology have been made, particularly considering the advent of mRNA vaccines, up to date, no single antigen design can ensure optimal immune response. Therefore, new technologies must be tested as to their ability to further improve vaccines. Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF) is one such method showing great promise in different biomedical and industrial fields, including the fight against COVID-19. Of note, available research shows that nsPEF directly damages the cell's DNA, so it is critical to determine if this technology could be able to fragment either viral DNA or RNA so as to be used as a novel technology to produce inactivated pathogenic agents that may, in turn, be used for the production of vaccines. Considering the available evidence, we propose that nsPEF may be used to produce inactivated SARS-CoV-2 viruses that may in turn be used to produce novel vaccines, as another tool to address 20 the current COVID-19 pandemic.Key MessagesViral inactivation by using pulsed electric fields in the nanosecond frequency.DNA fragmentation by a Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF).Opportunity to apply new technologies in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Ruiz-Fernández
- Computational Biology Lab, Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Rosemblatt
- Computational Biology Lab, Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - T Perez-Acle
- Computational Biology Lab, Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
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11
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Scuderi M, Dermol-Černe J, Amaral da Silva C, Muralidharan A, Boukany PE, Rems L. Models of electroporation and the associated transmembrane molecular transport should be revisited. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 147:108216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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12
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Ruiz-Fernández AR, Campos L, Gutierrez-Maldonado SE, Núñez G, Villanelo F, Perez-Acle T. Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF): Opening the Biotechnological Pandora’s Box. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116158. [PMID: 35682837 PMCID: PMC9181413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF) is an electrostimulation technique first developed in 1995; nsPEF requires the delivery of a series of pulses of high electric fields in the order of nanoseconds into biological tissues or cells. They primary effects in cells is the formation of membrane nanopores and the activation of ionic channels, leading to an incremental increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration, which triggers a signaling cascade producing a variety of effects: from apoptosis up to cell differentiation and proliferation. Further, nsPEF may affect organelles, making nsPEF a unique tool to manipulate and study cells. This technique is exploited in a broad spectrum of applications, such as: sterilization in the food industry, seed germination, anti-parasitic effects, wound healing, increased immune response, activation of neurons and myocites, cell proliferation, cellular phenotype manipulation, modulation of gene expression, and as a novel cancer treatment. This review thoroughly explores both nsPEF’s history and applications, with emphasis on the cellular effects from a biophysics perspective, highlighting the role of ionic channels as a mechanistic driver of the increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro R. Ruiz-Fernández
- Computational Biology Lab, Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 7780272, Chile; (L.C.); (S.E.G.-M.); (G.N.); (F.V.)
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastian, Bellavista 7, Santiago 8420524, Chile
- Correspondence: (A.R.R.-F.); (T.P.-A.)
| | - Leonardo Campos
- Computational Biology Lab, Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 7780272, Chile; (L.C.); (S.E.G.-M.); (G.N.); (F.V.)
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastian, Bellavista 7, Santiago 8420524, Chile
| | - Sebastian E. Gutierrez-Maldonado
- Computational Biology Lab, Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 7780272, Chile; (L.C.); (S.E.G.-M.); (G.N.); (F.V.)
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastian, Bellavista 7, Santiago 8420524, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Núñez
- Computational Biology Lab, Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 7780272, Chile; (L.C.); (S.E.G.-M.); (G.N.); (F.V.)
| | - Felipe Villanelo
- Computational Biology Lab, Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 7780272, Chile; (L.C.); (S.E.G.-M.); (G.N.); (F.V.)
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastian, Bellavista 7, Santiago 8420524, Chile
| | - Tomas Perez-Acle
- Computational Biology Lab, Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 7780272, Chile; (L.C.); (S.E.G.-M.); (G.N.); (F.V.)
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastian, Bellavista 7, Santiago 8420524, Chile
- Correspondence: (A.R.R.-F.); (T.P.-A.)
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13
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Bertagna F, Lewis R, Silva SRP, McFadden J, Jeevaratnam K. Thapsigargin blocks electromagnetic field-elicited intracellular Ca 2+ increase in HEK 293 cells. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15189. [PMID: 35510320 PMCID: PMC9069166 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have previously been identified for cellular proliferation and changes in expression and conduction of diverse types of ion channels. The major effect elicited by EMFs seems to be directed toward Ca2+ homeostasis. This is particularly remarkable since Ca2+ acts as a central modulator in various signaling pathways, including, but not limited to, cell differentiation and survival. Despite this, the mechanisms underlying this modulation have yet to be unraveled. Here, we assessed the effect of EMFs on intracellular [Ca2+], by exposing HEK 293 cells to both radio‐frequency electromagnetic fields (RF‐EMFs) and static magnetic fields (SMFs). We detected a constant and significant increase in [Ca2+] subsequent to exposure to both types of fields. Strikingly, the increase was nulled by administration of 10 μM Thapsigargin, a blocker of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPases (SERCAs), indicating the involvement of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in EMF‐related modulation of Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Bertagna
- Leverhulme Quantum Biology Doctoral Training Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Rebecca Lewis
- Leverhulme Quantum Biology Doctoral Training Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - S Ravi P Silva
- Leverhulme Quantum Biology Doctoral Training Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.,Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Johnjoe McFadden
- Leverhulme Quantum Biology Doctoral Training Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.,School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Kamalan Jeevaratnam
- Leverhulme Quantum Biology Doctoral Training Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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14
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Havelka D, Zhernov I, Teplan M, Lánský Z, Chafai DE, Cifra M. Lab-on-chip microscope platform for electro-manipulation of a dense microtubules network. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2462. [PMID: 35165315 PMCID: PMC8844285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsed electric field (PEF) technology is promising for the manipulation of biomolecular components and has potential applications in biomedicine and bionanotechnology. Microtubules, nanoscopic tubular structures self-assembled from protein tubulin, serve as important components in basic cellular processes as well as in engineered biomolecular nanosystems. Recent studies in cell-based models have demonstrated that PEF affects the cytoskeleton, including microtubules. However, the direct effects of PEF on microtubules are not clear. In this work, we developed a lab-on-a-chip platform integrated with a total internal reflection fluorescence microscope system to elucidate the PEF effects on a microtubules network mimicking the cell-like density of microtubules. The designed platform enables the delivery of short (microsecond-scale), high-field-strength (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\le$$\end{document}≤ 25 kV/cm) electric pulses far from the electrode/electrolyte interface. We showed that microsecond PEF is capable of overcoming the non-covalent microtubule bonding force to the substrate and translocating the microtubules. This microsecond PEF effect combined with macromolecular crowding led to aggregation of microtubules. Our results expand the toolbox of bioelectronics technologies and electromagnetic tools for the manipulation of biomolecular nanoscopic systems and contribute to the understanding of microsecond PEF effects on a microtubule cytoskeleton.
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15
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Electroporation and cell killing by milli- to nanosecond pulses and avoiding neuromuscular stimulation in cancer ablation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1763. [PMID: 35110567 PMCID: PMC8811018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04868-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ablation therapies aim at eradication of tumors with minimal impact on surrounding healthy tissues. Conventional pulsed electric field (PEF) treatments cause pain and muscle contractions far beyond the ablation area. The ongoing quest is to identify PEF parameters efficient at ablation but not at stimulation. We measured electroporation and cell killing thresholds for 150 ns–1 ms PEF, uni- and bipolar, delivered in 10- to 300-pulse trains at up to 1 MHz rates. Monolayers of murine colon carcinoma cells exposed to PEF were stained with YO-PRO-1 dye to detect electroporation. In 2–4 h, dead cells were labeled with propidium. Electroporation and cell death thresholds determined by matching the stained areas to the electric field intensity were compared to nerve excitation thresholds (Kim et al. in Int J Mol Sci 22(13):7051, 2021). The minimum fourfold ratio of cell killing and stimulation thresholds was achieved with bipolar nanosecond PEF (nsPEF), a sheer benefit over a 500-fold ratio for conventional 100-µs PEF. Increasing the bipolar nsPEF frequency up to 100 kHz within 10-pulse bursts increased ablation thresholds by < 20%. Restricting such bursts to the refractory period after nerve excitation will minimize the number of neuromuscular reactions while maintaining the ablation efficiency and avoiding heating.
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16
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L Pall M. Low Intensity Electromagnetic Fields Act via Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel (VGCC) Activation to Cause Very Early Onset Alzheimer's Disease: 18 Distinct Types of Evidence. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:119-132. [PMID: 35114921 PMCID: PMC9189734 DOI: 10.2174/1567205019666220202114510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Electronically generated electromagnetic fields (EMFs) including those used in wireless communication such as cell phones, Wi-Fi and smart meters, are coherent, producing very high electric and magnetic forces which act on the voltage sensor of voltage-gated calcium channels to produce increases in intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i. The calcium hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has shown that each of the important AD-specific and nonspecific causal elements are produced by excessive [Ca2+]i. [Ca2+]i acts in AD via excessive calcium signaling and the peroxynitrite/oxidative stress/inflammation pathway which are each elevated by EMFs. An apparent vicious cycle in AD involves amyloid-beta protein (A) and [Ca2+]i. Three types of epidemiology each suggest EMF causation of AD including early onset AD. Extensive animal model studies show that low intensity EMFs cause neurodegeneration including AD, with AD animals having elevated levels of A, amyloid precursor protein and BACE1. Rats exposed to pulsed EMFs every day are reported to develop universal or near universal very very very early onset neurodegeneration including AD; these findings are superficially similar to humans with digital dementia. EMFs producing modest increases in [Ca2+]i can also produce protective, therapeutic effects. The therapeutic pathway and peroxynitrite pathway inhibit each other. A summary of 18 different findings is provided, which collectively provide powerful evidence for EMF causation of AD. The author is concerned that smarter, more highly pulsed "smart" wireless communication may cause widespread very, very early onset AD in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Pall
- Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry & Basic Medical Sciences Washington State University Mailing Address: 638 NE 41stst Ave., Portland OR 97232, USA
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17
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Consales C, Merla C, Benassi B, Garcia-Sanchez T, Muscat A, André FM, Marino C, Mir LM. Biological effects of ultrashort electric pulses in a neuroblastoma cell line: the energy density role. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 98:109-121. [PMID: 34714724 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.1998704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the numerous literature results about biological effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure, the interaction mechanisms of these fields with organisms are still a matter of debate. Extremely low frequency (ELF) MFs can modulate redox homeostasis and we showed that 24 h exposure to 50 Hz-1 mT has a pro-oxidant effect and effects on the epigenome of SH-SY5Y cells, decreasing miR-34b/c expression through the hypermethylation of their promoter. METHODS Here, we investigated the role of the electromagnetic deposited energy density (ED) during exposures lasting 24 h to 1 mT amplitude MFs at a frequency of 50 Hz in inducing the above mentioned effects. To this end, we delivered ultrashort electric pulses, in the range of microsecond and nanosecond duration, with the same ED of the previously performed magnetic exposure to SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, we explored the effect of higher deposited energy densities. Analysis of i) gene and microRNA expression, ii) cell morphology, iii) reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and iv) apoptosis were carried out. RESULTS We observed significant changes in egr-1 and c-fos expression at very low deposited ED levels, but no change of the ROS production, miR-34b/c expression, nor the appearance of indicators of apoptosis. We thus sought investigating changes in egr-1 and c-fos expression caused by ultrashort electric pulses at increasing deposited ED levels. The pulses with the higher deposited ED caused cell electroporation and even other morphological changes such as cell fusion. The changes in egr-1 and c-fos expression were more intense, but, again, no change of the ROS production, miR-34b/c expression, nor apoptosis induction was observed. CONCLUSIONS These results, showing that extremely low levels of electric stimulation (never investigated until now) can cause transcriptional changes, also reveal the safety of the electroporating pulses used in biomedical applications and open up the possibility to further therapeutic applications of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Consales
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Merla
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Benassi
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, Italy
| | - Tomás Garcia-Sanchez
- Institut Gustave Roussy, CNRS, Metabolic and Systemic Aspects of the Oncogenesis (METSY), Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adeline Muscat
- Institut Gustave Roussy, CNRS, Metabolic and Systemic Aspects of the Oncogenesis (METSY), Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Franck M André
- Institut Gustave Roussy, CNRS, Metabolic and Systemic Aspects of the Oncogenesis (METSY), Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Carmela Marino
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, Italy
| | - Lluis M Mir
- Institut Gustave Roussy, CNRS, Metabolic and Systemic Aspects of the Oncogenesis (METSY), Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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18
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Kasprzycka W, Trębińska-Stryjewska A, Lewandowski RB, Stępińska M, Osuchowska PN, Dobrzyńska M, Achour Y, Osuchowski ŁP, Starzyński J, Mierczyk Z, Trafny EA. Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field Only Transiently Affects the Cellular and Molecular Processes of Leydig Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011236. [PMID: 34681896 PMCID: PMC8541366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to verify whether the nanosecond pulsed electric field, not eliciting thermal effects, permanently changes the molecular processes and gene expression of Leydig TM3 cells. The cells were exposed to a moderate electric field (80 quasi-rectangular shape pulses, 60 ns pulse width, and an electric field of 14 kV/cm). The putative disturbances were recorded over 24 h. After exposure to the nanosecond pulsed electric field, a 19% increase in cell diameter, a loss of microvilli, and a 70% reduction in cell adhesion were observed. Some cells showed the nonapoptotic externalization of phosphatidylserine through the pores in the plasma membrane. The cell proportion in the subG1 phase increased by 8% at the expense of the S and G2/M phases, and the DNA was fragmented in a small proportion of the cells. The membrane mitochondrial potential and superoxide content decreased by 37% and 23%, respectively. Microarray’s transcriptome analysis demonstrated a negative transient effect on the expression of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, DNA repair, cell proliferation, and the overexpression of plasma membrane proteins. We conclude that nanosecond pulsed electric field affected the physiology and gene expression of TM3 cells transiently, with a noticeable heterogeneity of cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Kasprzycka
- Biomedical Engineering Centre, Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (W.K.); (A.T.-S.); (R.B.L.); (M.S.); (P.N.O.); (M.D.); (Ł.P.O.); (Z.M.)
| | - Alicja Trębińska-Stryjewska
- Biomedical Engineering Centre, Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (W.K.); (A.T.-S.); (R.B.L.); (M.S.); (P.N.O.); (M.D.); (Ł.P.O.); (Z.M.)
| | - Rafał Bogdan Lewandowski
- Biomedical Engineering Centre, Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (W.K.); (A.T.-S.); (R.B.L.); (M.S.); (P.N.O.); (M.D.); (Ł.P.O.); (Z.M.)
| | - Małgorzata Stępińska
- Biomedical Engineering Centre, Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (W.K.); (A.T.-S.); (R.B.L.); (M.S.); (P.N.O.); (M.D.); (Ł.P.O.); (Z.M.)
| | - Paulina Natalia Osuchowska
- Biomedical Engineering Centre, Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (W.K.); (A.T.-S.); (R.B.L.); (M.S.); (P.N.O.); (M.D.); (Ł.P.O.); (Z.M.)
| | - Monika Dobrzyńska
- Biomedical Engineering Centre, Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (W.K.); (A.T.-S.); (R.B.L.); (M.S.); (P.N.O.); (M.D.); (Ł.P.O.); (Z.M.)
| | - Yahia Achour
- Faculty of Electronics, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (Y.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Łukasz Paweł Osuchowski
- Biomedical Engineering Centre, Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (W.K.); (A.T.-S.); (R.B.L.); (M.S.); (P.N.O.); (M.D.); (Ł.P.O.); (Z.M.)
| | - Jacek Starzyński
- Faculty of Electronics, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (Y.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Zygmunt Mierczyk
- Biomedical Engineering Centre, Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (W.K.); (A.T.-S.); (R.B.L.); (M.S.); (P.N.O.); (M.D.); (Ł.P.O.); (Z.M.)
| | - Elżbieta Anna Trafny
- Biomedical Engineering Centre, Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (W.K.); (A.T.-S.); (R.B.L.); (M.S.); (P.N.O.); (M.D.); (Ł.P.O.); (Z.M.)
- Correspondence:
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19
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Tolstykh GP, Valdez CM, Montgomery ND, Cantu JC, Sedelnikova A, Ibey BL. Intrinsic properties of primary hippocampal neurons contribute to PIP 2 depletion during nsEP-induced physiological response. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 142:107930. [PMID: 34450563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
High-energy, short-duration electric pulses (EPs) are known to be effective in neuromodulation, but the biological mechanisms underlying this effect remain unclear. Recently, we discovered that nanosecond electric pulses (nsEPs) could initiate the phosphatidylinositol4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) depletion in non-excitable cells identical to agonist-induced activation of the Gq11 coupled receptors. PIP2 is the precursor for multiple intracellular second messengers critically involved in the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and plasma membrane (PM) ion channels responsible for the control of neuronal excitability. In this paper we demonstrate a novel finding that five day in vitro (DIV5) primary hippocampal neurons (PHNs) undergo significantly higher PIP2 depletion after 7.5 kV/cm 600 ns EP exposure than DIV1 PHNs and day 1-5 (D1-D5) non-excitable Chinese hamster ovarian cells with muscarinic receptor 1 (CHO-hM1). Despite the age of development, the stronger 15 kV/cm 600 ns or longer 7.5 kV/cm 12 µs EP initiated profound PIP2 depletion in all cells studied, outlining damage of the cellular PM and electroporation. Therefore, the intrinsic properties of PHNs in concert with nanoporation explain the stronger neuronal response to nsEP at lower intensity exposures. PIP2 reduction in neurons could be a primary biological mechanism responsible for the stimulation or inhibition of neuronal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb P Tolstykh
- General Dynamics Information Technology, 4141 Petroleum Road, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA.
| | - Christopher M Valdez
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Bioeffects Division, Radio Frequency Bioeffects Branch, 4141 Petroleum Road, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Noel D Montgomery
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Bioeffects Division, Radio Frequency Bioeffects Branch, 4141 Petroleum Road, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Jody C Cantu
- General Dynamics Information Technology, 4141 Petroleum Road, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | | | - Bennett L Ibey
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Bioeffects Division, Radio Frequency Bioeffects Branch, 4141 Petroleum Road, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
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20
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Zemlin CW. Safety factor for electrostimulation with nanosecond pulses. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 141:107882. [PMID: 34274877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
While electrical stimulation with pulses of milli- or microsecond duration is possible without electroporation, stimulation with nanosecond pulses typically entails electroporation, and nanosecond pulses can even cause electroporation without stimulation. A recently proposed explanation for this intriguing finding is that stimulation requires not only that a threshold membrane potential is reached, but also that it is sustained for a certain time tmin, while electroporation occurs almost immediately after a higher threshold potential is reached. Here we analytically derive stimulation and electroporation thresholds for membranes that satisfy these assumptions. We analyze the safety factor, i.e. the ratio between electroporation and stimulation threshold and its dependence on pulse duration, membrane charging time constant, and tmin. We find that the safety factor is sharply reduced if both the pulse duration and the membrane charging time constant are below tmin. We discuss different approaches to get models with varying tmin that could be used to experimentally test this theory and cardiac applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Zemlin
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8234, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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21
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Exploring the Conformational Changes Induced by Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields on the Voltage Sensing Domain of a Ca 2+ Channel. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11070473. [PMID: 34206827 PMCID: PMC8303878 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11070473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF or Nano Pulsed Stimulation, NPS) is a technology that delivers a series of pulses of high-voltage electric fields during a short period of time, in the order of nanoseconds. The main consequence of nsPEF upon cells is the formation of nanopores, which is followed by the gating of ionic channels. Literature is conclusive in that the physiological mechanisms governing ion channel gating occur in the order of milliseconds. Hence, understanding how these channels can be activated by a nsPEF would be an important step in order to conciliate fundamental biophysical knowledge with improved nsPEF applications. To get insights on both the kinetics and thermodynamics of ion channel gating induced by nsPEF, in this work, we simulated the Voltage Sensing Domain (VSD) of a voltage-gated Ca2+ channel, inserted in phospholipidic membranes with different concentrations of cholesterol. We studied the conformational changes of the VSD under a nsPEF mimicked by the application of a continuous electric field lasting 50 ns with different intensities as an approach to reveal novel mechanisms leading to ion channel gating in such short timescales. Our results show that using a membrane with high cholesterol content, under an nsPEF of 50 ns and E→ = 0.2 V/nm, the VSD undergoes major conformational changes. As a whole, our work supports the notion that membrane composition may act as an allosteric regulator, specifically cholesterol content, which is fundamental for the response of the VSD to an external electric field. Moreover, changes on the VSD structure suggest that the gating of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels by a nsPEF may be due to major conformational changes elicited in response to the external electric field. Finally, the VSD/cholesterol-bilayer under an nsPEF of 50 ns and E→ = 0.2 V/nm elicits a pore formation across the VSD suggesting a new non-reported effect of nsPEF into cells, which can be called a “protein mediated electroporation”.
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22
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Haberkorn I, Siegenthaler L, Buchmann L, Neutsch L, Mathys A. Enhancing single-cell bioconversion efficiency by harnessing nanosecond pulsed electric field processing. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 53:107780. [PMID: 34048886 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) processing is gaining momentum as a physical means for single-cell bioconversion efficiency enhancement. The technology allows biomass yields per substrate (YX/S) to be leveraged and poses a viable option for stimulating intracellular compound production. NsPEF processing thus resonates with myriad domains spanning the pharmaceutical and medical sectors, as well as food and feed production. The exact working mechanisms underlying nsPEF-based enhancement of bioconversion efficiency, however, remain elusive, and a better understanding would be pivotal for leveraging process control to broaden the application of nsPEF and scale-up industrial implementation. To bridge this gap, the study provides the electrotechnological and metabolic fundamentals of nsPEF processing in the bio-based domain to enable a critical evaluation of pathways underlying the enhancement of single-cell bioconversion efficiency. Evidence suggests that treating cells during the rapid proliferating and thus the early to mid-exponential state of cellular growth is critical to promoting bioconversion efficiency. A combined effect of transient intracellular and sublethal stress induction and effects caused on the plasma membrane level result in an enhancement of cellular bioconversion efficiency. Congruency exists regarding the involvement of transient cytosolic Ca2+ hubs in nsPEF treatment responses, as well as that of reactive oxygen species formation culminating in the onset of cellular response pathways. A distinct assignment of single effects and their contributions to enhancing bioconversion efficiency, however, remains challenging. Current applications of nsPEF processing comprise microalgae, bacteria, and yeast biorefineries, but these endeavors are in their infancies with limitations associated with a lack of understanding of the underlying treatment mechanisms, an incomplete reporting, insufficient characterization, and control of processing parameters. The study aids in fostering the upsurge of nsPEF applications in the bio-based domain by providing a basis to gain a better understanding of cellular mechanisms underlying an nsPEF-based enhancement of cellular bioconversion efficiency and suggests best practice guidelines for nsPEF documentation for improved knowledge transfer. Better understanding and reporting of processes parameters and consequently improved process control could foster industrial-scale nsPEF realization and ultimately aid in perpetuating nsPEF applicability within the bio-based domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Haberkorn
- ETH Zürich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Lya Siegenthaler
- ETH Zürich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Lukas Neutsch
- ZHAW, Bioprocess Technology Research Group, Grüentalstrasse 14, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland.
| | - Alexander Mathys
- ETH Zürich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Efficacy and safety of non-surgical short-wave radiofrequency treatment of mild-to-moderate erythematotelangiectatic rosacea: a prospective, open-label pilot study. Arch Dermatol Res 2021; 314:341-347. [PMID: 33934172 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-021-02225-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although various treatments have been proposed for the management of rosacea, achieving complete remission of persistent erythema remains challenging. Short-wave radiofrequency (SWRF) treatment has been shown to repair skin barriers and reduce chronic inflammation. However, limited studies have evaluated the effectiveness of SWRF treatment for erythematotelangiectatic rosacea (ETR). A prospective, open-label pilot study using SWRF therapy was conducted on 30 patients with mild-to-moderate ETR. During the first stage, the patients underwent a single, full-face treatment and were evaluated before and after the session, as well as on the 7th and 15th day post-treatment. During the second stage, ten treatment sessions were administered, and the patients were evaluated before and after the tenth session, as well as 1 month after the treatment. Adverse events were recorded during each treatment session, and the patients were followed up for 3 months after the last session. Twenty-eight patients completed the entire trial. On the 7th day after the single treatment, the global score (total score of flushing, persistent erythema, and telangiectasia) of ETR improved from 5.23 ± 1.09 to 4.00 ± 0.76 relative to the baseline value (p < 0.05); moreover, the overall treatment satisfaction improved from 7.27 ± 0.89 to 4.90 ± 0.91 (p < 0.05). 1 month after the tenth treatment session, the global score improved from 5.30 ± 1.01 to 3.85 ± 0.93 (p < 0.05), and the overall treatment satisfaction improved from 7.13 ± 0.85 to 5.17 ± 1.19 (p < 0.05). During the 3 month follow-up period, there were two cases of recurrence. Therefore, this report indicates that SWRF might be an effective auxiliary treatment for mild-to-moderate ETR.
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Taibi A, Perrin ML, Albouys J, Jacques J, Yardin C, Durand-Fontanier S, Bardet SM. 10 ns PEFs induce a histological response linked to cell death and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in an immunocompetent mouse model of peritoneal metastasis. Clin Transl Oncol 2021; 23:1220-1237. [PMID: 33677709 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-020-02525-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The application of nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) could be an effective therapeutic strategy for peritoneal metastasis (PM) from colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the sensitivity of CT-26 CRC cells to nsPEFs in combination with chemotherapeutic agents, and to observe the subsequent in vivo histologic response. METHODS In vitro cellular assays were performed to assess the effects of exposure to 1, 10, 100, 500 and 1000 10 ns pulses in a cuvette or bi-electrode system at 10 and 200 Hz. nsPEF treatment was applied alone or in combination with oxaliplatin and mitomycin. Cell death was detected by flow cytometry, and permeabilization and intracellular calcium levels by fluorescent confocal microscopy after treatment. A mouse model of PM was used to investigate the effects of in vivo exposure to pulses delivered using a bi-electrode system; morphological changes in mitochondria were assessed by electron microscopy. Fibrosis was measured by multiphoton microscopy, while the histological response (HR; hematoxylin-eosin-safran stain), proliferation (KI67, DAPI), and expression of immunological factors (CD3, CD4, CD8) were evaluated by classic histology. RESULTS 10 ns PEFs exerted a dose-dependent effect on CT-26 cells in vitro and in vivo, by inducing cell death and altering mitochondrial morphology after plasma membrane permeabilization. In vivo results indicated a specific CD8+ T cell immune response, together with a strong HR according to the Peritoneal Regression Grading Score (PRGS). CONCLUSIONS The effects of nsPEFs on CT-26 were confirmed in a mouse model of CRC with PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Taibi
- Digestive Surgery Department, Limoges University Hospital, Limoges, France.,Univ. Limoges, CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, 87000, Limoges, France
| | - M-L Perrin
- Univ. Limoges, CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, 87000, Limoges, France
| | - J Albouys
- Univ. Limoges, CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, 87000, Limoges, France.,Gastroenterology Department, Limoges University Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - J Jacques
- Univ. Limoges, CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, 87000, Limoges, France.,Gastroenterology Department, Limoges University Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - C Yardin
- Univ. Limoges, CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, 87000, Limoges, France.,Cytology and Histology Department, Limoges University Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - S Durand-Fontanier
- Digestive Surgery Department, Limoges University Hospital, Limoges, France.,Univ. Limoges, CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, 87000, Limoges, France
| | - S M Bardet
- Univ. Limoges, CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, 87000, Limoges, France.
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25
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Průša J, Ayoub AT, Chafai DE, Havelka D, Cifra M. Electro-opening of a microtubule lattice in silico. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:1488-1496. [PMID: 33815687 PMCID: PMC7985272 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of the structure and function of biomaterials is essential for advancing bio-nanotechnology and biomedicine. Microtubules (MTs) are self-assembled protein polymers that are essential for fundamental cellular processes and key model compounds for the design of active bio-nanomaterials. In this in silico study, a 0.5 μs-long all-atom molecular dynamics simulation of a complete MT with approximately 1.2 million atoms in the system indicated that a nanosecond-scale intense electric field can induce the longitudinal opening of the cylindrical shell of the MT lattice, modifying the structure of the MT. This effect is field-strength- and temperature-dependent and occurs on the cathode side. A model was formulated to explain the opening on the cathode side, which resulted from an electric-field-induced imbalance between electric torque on tubulin dipoles and cohesive forces between tubulin heterodimers. Our results open new avenues for electromagnetic modulation of biological and artificial materials through action on noncovalent molecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Průša
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 18251, Czech Republic
| | - Ahmed Taha Ayoub
- Biomolecular Simulation Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11777, Egypt
| | - Djamel Eddine Chafai
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 18251, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Havelka
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 18251, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Cifra
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 18251, Czech Republic
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26
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Pakhomov AG, Pakhomova ON. The interplay of excitation and electroporation in nanosecond pulse stimulation. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 136:107598. [PMID: 32711366 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Conventional electric stimuli of micro- and millisecond duration excite or activate cells at voltages 10-100 times below the electroporation threshold. This ratio is remarkably different for nanosecond electric pulses (nsEP), which caused excitation and activation only at or above the electroporation threshold in diverse cell lines, primary cardiomyocytes, neurons, and chromaffin cells. Depolarization to the excitation threshold often results from (or is assisted by) the loss of the resting membrane potential due to ion leaks across the membrane permeabilized by nsEP. Slow membrane resealing and the build-up of electroporation damages prevent repetitive excitation by nsEP. However, peripheral nerves and muscles are exempt from this rule and withstand multiple cycles of excitation by nsEP without the loss of function or signs of electroporation. We show that the damage-free excitation by nsEP may be enabled by the membrane charging time constant sufficiently large to (1) cap the peak transmembrane voltage during nsEP below the electroporation threshold, and (2) extend the post-nsEP depolarization long enough to activate voltage-gated ion channels. The low excitatory efficacy of nsEP compared to longer pulses makes them advantageous for medical applications where the neuromuscular excitation is an unwanted side effect, such as electroporation-based cancer and tissue ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei G Pakhomov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA.
| | - Olga N Pakhomova
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
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27
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Xiao S, Zou X, Huynh K, Yamada R, Petrella R, Bani Hani M, Beebe S. A High-Power Dielectric Biconical Antenna for Treatment of Subcutaneous Targets. Bioelectromagnetics 2020; 41:413-424. [PMID: 32533598 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A dielectric biconical antenna (DiBiCA) for radiating subnanosecond pulses to treat subcutaneous tissue was designed, constructed, and tested. It is composed of a conical wave launcher and truncated conical emitter. In between, there is a short cylinder that provides a space for a ring terminating resistor. The material of the antenna has a dielectric constant of 28, so its size is small (length: 7 cm and aperture diameter: 2.2 cm). It was housed in an oil container to withstand high voltages and avoid surface flashover. The radiated electric field, measured in water, increased as the input voltage increased up to 30 kV but leveled off for higher voltages up to 50 kV, presumably because of losses in the antenna dielectric. The maximum field was 1.5 kV/cm for a depth of 5 mm and 1.0 kV/cm for a depth of 20 mm. Although the dielectric loss mechanism remains to be investigated, the antenna can be useful for noninvasive delivery of subnanosecond pulses to induce biological responses on subcutaneous targets. The DiBiCA radiated pulses were shown to change the viabilities of dendritic cells and macrophages for 10-min exposure. Bioelectromagnetics. 2020;41:413-424. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Xiao
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Xianbing Zou
- National Key Laboratory of Communication, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Khiem Huynh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Ryo Yamada
- Graduate School, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ross Petrella
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Maisoun Bani Hani
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Stephen Beebe
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
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28
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Rems L, Kasimova MA, Testa I, Delemotte L. Pulsed Electric Fields Can Create Pores in the Voltage Sensors of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels. Biophys J 2020; 119:190-205. [PMID: 32559411 PMCID: PMC7335976 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsed electric fields are increasingly used in medicine to transiently increase the cell membrane permeability via electroporation to deliver therapeutic molecules into the cell. One type of event that contributes to this increase in membrane permeability is the formation of pores in the membrane lipid bilayer. However, electrophysiological measurements suggest that membrane proteins are affected as well, particularly voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs). The molecular mechanisms by which the electric field could affects these molecules remain unidentified. In this study, we used molecular dynamics simulations to unravel the molecular events that take place in different VGICs when exposing them to electric fields mimicking electroporation conditions. We show that electric fields can induce pores in the voltage-sensor domains (VSDs) of different VGICs and that these pores form more easily in some channels than in others. We demonstrate that poration is more likely in VSDs that are more hydrated and are electrostatically more favorable for the entry of ions. We further show that pores in VSDs can expand into so-called complex pores, which become stabilized by lipid headgroups. Our results suggest that such complex pores are considerably more stable than conventional lipid pores, and their formation can lead to severe unfolding of VSDs from the channel. We anticipate that such VSDs become dysfunctional and unable to respond to changes in transmembrane voltage, which is in agreement with previous electrophysiological measurements showing a decrease in the voltage-dependent transmembrane ionic currents after pulse treatment. Finally, we discuss the possibility of activation of VGICs by submicrosecond-duration pulses. Overall, our study reveals a new, to our knowledge, mechanism of electroporation through membranes containing VGICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Rems
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Marina A Kasimova
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ilaria Testa
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Lucie Delemotte
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden.
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29
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Chafai DE, Vostárek F, Dráberová E, Havelka D, Arnaud-Cormos D, Leveque P, Janáček J, Kubínová L, Cifra M, Dráber P. Microtubule Cytoskeleton Remodeling by Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e2000070. [PMID: 32459064 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Remodeling of nanoscopic structures is not just crucial for cell biology, but it is also at the core of bioinspired materials. While the microtubule cytoskeleton in cells undergoes fast adaptation, adaptive materials still face this remodeling challenge. Moreover, the guided reorganization of the microtubule network and the correction of its abnormalities is still a major aim. This work reports new findings for externally triggered microtubule network remodeling by nanosecond electropulses (nsEPs). At first, a wide range of nsEP parameters, applied in a low conductivity buffer, is explored to find out the minimal nsEP dosage needed to disturb microtubules in various cell types. The time course of apoptosis and microtubule recovery in the culture medium is thereafter assessed. Application of nsEPs to cells in culture media result in modulation of microtubule binding properties to end-binding (EB1) protein, quantified by newly developed image processing techniques. The microtubules in nsEP-treated cells in the culture medium have longer EB1 comets but their density is lower than that of the control. The nsEP treatment represents a strategy for microtubule remodeling-based nano-biotechnological applications, such as engineering of self-healing materials, and as a manipulation tool for the evaluation of microtubule remodeling mechanisms during various biological processes in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djamel Eddine Chafai
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Chaberská 1014/57, Prague, 182 51, Czechia
| | - František Vostárek
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague, 142 20, Czechia
| | - Eduarda Dráberová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague, 142 20, Czechia
| | - Daniel Havelka
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Chaberská 1014/57, Prague, 182 51, Czechia
| | - Delia Arnaud-Cormos
- University of Limoges, CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, Limoges, F-87000, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Philippe Leveque
- University of Limoges, CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, Limoges, F-87000, France
| | - Jiří Janáček
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague, 142 20, Czechia
| | - Lucie Kubínová
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague, 142 20, Czechia
| | - Michal Cifra
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Chaberská 1014/57, Prague, 182 51, Czechia
| | - Pavel Dráber
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague, 142 20, Czechia
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30
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Probing Nanoelectroporation and Resealing of the Cell Membrane by the Entry of Ca 2+ and Ba 2+ Ions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093386. [PMID: 32403282 PMCID: PMC7247012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The principal bioeffect of the nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) is a lasting cell membrane permeabilization, which is often attributed to the formation of nanometer-sized pores. Such pores may be too small for detection by the uptake of fluorescent dyes. We tested if Ca2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, and Ba2+ ions can be used as nanoporation markers. Time-lapse imaging was performed in CHO, BPAE, and HEK cells loaded with Fluo-4, Calbryte, or Fluo-8 dyes. Ca2+ and Ba2+ did not change fluorescence in intact cells, whereas their entry after nsPEF increased fluorescence within <1 ms. The threshold for one 300-ns pulse was at 1.5–2 kV/cm, much lower than >7 kV/cm for the formation of larger pores that admitted YO-PRO-1, TO-PRO-3, or propidium dye into the cells. Ba2+ entry caused a gradual emission rise, which reached a stable level in 2 min or, with more intense nsPEF, kept rising steadily for at least 30 min. Ca2+ entry could elicit calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) followed by Ca2+ removal from the cytosol, which markedly affected the time course, polarity, amplitude, and the dose-dependence of fluorescence change. Both Ca2+ and Ba2+ proved as sensitive nanoporation markers, with Ba2+ being more reliable for monitoring membrane damage and resealing.
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31
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Extracellular-Ca 2+-Induced Decrease in Small Molecule Electrotransfer Efficiency: Comparison between Microsecond and Nanosecond Electric Pulses. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12050422. [PMID: 32375426 PMCID: PMC7285190 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroporation—a transient electric-field-induced increase in cell membrane permeability—can be used to facilitate the delivery of anticancer drugs for antitumour electrochemotherapy. In recent years, Ca2+ electroporation has emerged as an alternative modality to electrochemotherapy. The antitumor effect of calcium electroporation is achieved as a result of the introduction of supraphysiological calcium doses. However, calcium is also known to play a key role in membrane resealing, potentially altering the pore dynamics and molecular delivery during electroporation. To elucidate the role of calcium for the electrotransfer of small charged molecule into cell we have performed experiments using nano- and micro-second electric pulses. The results demonstrate that extracellular calcium ions inhibit the electrotransfer of small charged molecules. Experiments revealed that this effect is related to an increased rate of membrane resealing. We also employed mathematical modelling methods in order to explain the differences between the CaCl2 effects after the application of nano- and micro-second duration electric pulses. Simulation showed that these differences occur due to the changes in transmembrane voltage generation in response to the increase in specific conductivity when CaCl2 concentration is increased.
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32
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Wasson EM, Alinezhadbalalami N, Brock RM, Allen IC, Verbridge SS, Davalos RV. Understanding the role of calcium-mediated cell death in high-frequency irreversible electroporation. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 131:107369. [PMID: 31706114 PMCID: PMC10039453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.107369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
High-frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE) is an emerging electroporation-based therapy used to ablate cancerous tissue. Treatment consists of delivering short, bipolar pulses (1-10μs) in a series of 80-100 bursts (1 burst/s, 100μs on-time). Reducing pulse duration leads to reduced treatment volumes compared to traditional IRE, therefore larger voltages must be applied to generate ablations comparable in size. We show that adjuvant calcium enhances ablation area in vitro for H-FIRE treatments of several pulse durations (1, 2, 5, 10μs). Furthermore, H-FIRE treatment using 10μs pulses delivered with 1mM CaCl2 results in cell death thresholds (771±129V/cm) comparable to IRE thresholds without calcium (698±103V/cm). Quantifying the reversible electroporation threshold revealed that CaCl2 enhances the permeabilization of cells compared to a NaCl control. Gene expression analysis determined that CaCl2 upregulates expression of eIFB5 and 60S ribosomal subunit genes while downregulating NOX1/4, leading to increased signaling in pathways that may cause necroptosis. The opposite was found for control treatment without CaCl2 suggesting cells experience an increase in pro survival signaling. Our study is the first to identify key genes and signaling pathways responsible for differences in cell response to H-FIRE treatment with and without calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M Wasson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Goodwin Hall, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Sciences Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Nastaran Alinezhadbalalami
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech- Wake Forest University, 325 Stanger Street, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Sciences Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Rebecca M Brock
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, 1 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Irving C Allen
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, 1 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Sciences Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Scott S Verbridge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech- Wake Forest University, 325 Stanger Street, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Sciences Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Rafael V Davalos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Goodwin Hall, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech- Wake Forest University, 325 Stanger Street, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Sciences Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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33
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Głral M, Pankiewicz U, Sujka M, Kowalski R, Góral D, Kozłowicz K. Influence of Pulsed Electric Field on Accumulation of Calcium in Lactobacillus rhamnosus B 442. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:44-53. [PMID: 31838798 PMCID: PMC9728274 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1908.08064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Calcium is an element that performs many important functions in the human body. A study was conducted on the use of a pulsed electric field (PEF) to enrich cells of Lactobacillus rhamnosus B 442 in calcium ions. The highest concentration of calcium ions in bacterial cells (7.30 mg/g d.m.) was obtained at ion concentration of 200 µg/ml of medium and with the use of the following PEF parameters: field strength 3.0 kV/cm, exposure time 10 min, pulse width 75 ms and 20 h of culturing after which bacteria were treated with the field. Cell biomass varied in the range from 0.09 g/g d.m. to 0.252 g/g d.m., and the total number of bacteria ranged from 1010 CFU/ml to 1012 CFU/ml. Microscope photographs prove that calcium ions were situated within the cells of the bacteria, and electroporation contributed to an increase in the effectiveness of the ion bioaccumulation process. Samples containing calcium and subjected to electroporation displayed intensive fluorescence. The significance of this research was the possibility of using probiotic bacteria enriched with calcium ions for the production of functional food in subsequent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maógorzata Głral
- Department of Analysis and Food Quality Assessment, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology University of Life Sciences, Skromna 8, 20-704, Lublin, Poland
| | - Urszula Pankiewicz
- Department of Analysis and Food Quality Assessment, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology University of Life Sciences, Skromna 8, 20-704, Lublin, Poland,Corresponding author Phone: +48-81-462-33-29 E-mail:
| | - Monika Sujka
- Department of Analysis and Food Quality Assessment, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology University of Life Sciences, Skromna 8, 20-704, Lublin, Poland
| | - Radosław Kowalski
- Department of Analysis and Food Quality Assessment, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology University of Life Sciences, Skromna 8, 20-704, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Góral
- Department of Analysis and Food Quality Assessment, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology University of Life Sciences, Skromna 8, 20-704, Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kozłowicz
- Department of Biological Bases of Food and Feed Technologies, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Life Sciences, Głęboka 8, 0-61, Lublin, Poland
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34
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Casciola M, Xiao S, Apollonio F, Paffi A, Liberti M, Muratori C, Pakhomov AG. Cancellation of nerve excitation by the reversal of nanosecond stimulus polarity and its relevance to the gating time of sodium channels. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4539-4550. [PMID: 31055644 PMCID: PMC11105181 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The initiation of action potentials (APs) by membrane depolarization occurs after a brief vulnerability period, during which excitation can be abolished by the reversal of the stimulus polarity. This vulnerability period is determined by the time needed for gating of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC). We compared nerve excitation by ultra-short uni- and bipolar stimuli to define the time frame of bipolar cancellation and of AP initiation. Propagating APs in isolated frog sciatic nerve were elicited by cathodic pulses (200 ns-300 µs), followed by an anodic (canceling) pulse of the same duration after a 0-200-µs delay. We found that the earliest and the latest boundaries for opening the critical number of VGSC needed to initiate AP are, respectively, between 11 and 20 µs and between 100 and 200 µs after the onset of depolarization. Stronger depolarization accelerated AP initiation, apparently due to faster VGSC opening, but not beyond the 11-µs limit. Bipolar cancellation was augmented by reducing pulse duration, shortening the delay between pulses, decreasing the amplitude of the cathodic pulse, and increasing the amplitude of the anodic one. Some of these characteristics contrasted the bipolar cancellation of cell membrane electroporation (Pakhomov et al. in Bioelectrochemistry 122:123-133, 2018; Gianulis et al. in Bioelectrochemistry 119:10-19, 2017), suggesting different mechanisms. The ratio of nerve excitation thresholds for a unipolar cathodic pulse and a symmetrical bipolar pulse increased as a power function as the pulse duration decreased, in remarkable agreement with the predictions of SENN model of nerve excitation (Reilly and Diamant in Health Phys 83(3):356-365, 2002).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Casciola
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, 4211 Monarch Way, Suite 300, Norfolk, VA, 23508, USA
| | - Shu Xiao
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, 4211 Monarch Way, Suite 300, Norfolk, VA, 23508, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Francesca Apollonio
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications (D.I.E.T.), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Paffi
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications (D.I.E.T.), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Micaela Liberti
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications (D.I.E.T.), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Muratori
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, 4211 Monarch Way, Suite 300, Norfolk, VA, 23508, USA
| | - Andrei G Pakhomov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, 4211 Monarch Way, Suite 300, Norfolk, VA, 23508, USA.
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35
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Excitation and electroporation by MHz bursts of nanosecond stimuli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 518:759-764. [PMID: 31472962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intense nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) is a novel modality for cell activation and nanoelectroporation. Applications of nsPEF in research and therapy are hindered by a high electric field requirement, typically from 1 to over 50 kV/cm to elicit any bioeffects. We show how this requirement can be overcome by engaging temporal summation when pulses are compressed into high-rate bursts (up to several MHz). This approach was tested for excitation of ventricular cardiomyocytes and peripheral nerve fibers; for membrane electroporation of cardiomyocytes, CHO, and HEK cells; and for killing EL-4 cells. MHz compression of nsPEF bursts (100-1000 pulses) enables excitation at only 0.01-0.15 kV/cm and electroporation already at 0.4-0.6 kV/cm. Clear separation of excitation and electroporation thresholds allows for multiple excitation cycles without membrane disruption. The efficiency of nsPEF bursts increases with the duty cycle (by increasing either pulse duration or repetition rate) and with increasing the total time "on" (by increasing either pulse duration or number). For some endpoints, the efficiency of nsPEF bursts matches a single "long" pulse whose amplitude and duration equal the time-average amplitude and duration of the bursts. For other endpoints this rule is not valid, presumably because of nsPEF-specific bioeffects and/or possible modification of targets already during the burst. MHz compression of nsPEF bursts is a universal and efficient way to lower excitation thresholds and facilitate electroporation.
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Ohnishi N, Fujiwara Y, Kamezaki T, Katsuki S. Variations of Intracellular Ca 2+ Mobilization Initiated by Nanosecond and Microsecond Electrical Pulses in HeLa Cells. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2018; 66:2259-2268. [PMID: 30561339 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2018.2886602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
GOAL Herein, the variations in transient Ca2+ mobilizations in HeLa cells exposed to a single, non-thermal pulsed electric field (PEF) are described. METHODS Three PEF waveforms categorized by pulse duration and intensity were used to deduce the kinetics involved in Ca2+ mobilization. A fast microscopic fluorescent imaging system and a fluorescent molecular probe were used to observe transient intracellular Ca2+ mobilization after pulse exposure. The sources and pathways in the transient Ca2+ mobilizations were investigated using an inhibitor of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) along with a Ca2+-free buffer. RESULTS When exposed to the 10-μs-long PEF, the Ca2+ concentration increased mainly at the cathodic region near the membrane. However, Ca2+ concentration increased at both anodic and cathodic regions when Na+ concentration in the buffer was reduced. Ca2+ concentration increased only in the presence of extracellular Ca2+. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the 10-μs PEF takes a large amount of extracellular Na+ into the cell through the electropermeabilized plasma membrane, especially at the anodic side, resulting in the suppression of the Ca2+ influx. On the contrary, the 20-ns-long PEF increased Ca2+ concentration in the surrounding region of the nucleus only in the presence of extracellular Ca2+. The PEF exposure with inhibition of the IP3R indicates that increased Ca2+ ions are released from the ER via the activated IP3R. SIGNIFICANCE These mechanisms could induce specific cell responses, such as Ca2+ oscillations, Ca2+ waves, and Ca2+ puffs.
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