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Ay Ü, Leníček M, Haider RS, Classen A, van Eijk H, Koelfat KV, van der Kroft G, Neumann UP, Hoffmann C, Bolm C, Olde Damink SW, Schaap FG. Microbially conjugated bile salts found in human bile activate the bile salt receptors TGR5 and FXR. Hepatol Commun 2024; 8:e0383. [PMID: 38517202 PMCID: PMC10962891 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile salts of hepatic and microbial origin mediate interorgan cross talk in the gut-liver axis. Here, we assessed whether the newly discovered class of microbial bile salt conjugates (MBSCs) activate the main host bile salt receptors (Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 [TGR5] and farnesoid X receptor [FXR]) and enter the human systemic and enterohepatic circulation. METHODS N-amidates of (chenodeoxy) cholic acid and leucine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine were synthesized. Receptor activation was studied in cell-free and cell-based assays. MBSCs were quantified in mesenteric and portal blood and bile of patients undergoing pancreatic surgery. RESULTS MBSCs were activating ligands of TGR5 as evidenced by recruitment of Gsα protein, activation of a cAMP-driven reporter, and diminution of lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine release from macrophages. Intestine-enriched and liver-enriched FXR isoforms were both activated by MBSCs, provided that a bile salt importer was present. The affinity of MBSCs for TGR5 and FXR was not superior to host-derived bile salt conjugates. Individual MBSCs were generally not detected (ie, < 2.5 nmol/L) in human mesenteric or portal blood, but Leu-variant and Phe-variant were readily measurable in bile, where MBSCs comprised up to 213 ppm of biliary bile salts. CONCLUSIONS MBSCs activate the cell surface receptor TGR5 and the transcription factor FXR and are substrates for intestinal (apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter) and hepatic (Na+ taurocholate co-transporting protein) transporters. Their entry into the human circulation is, however, nonsubstantial. Given low systemic levels and a surplus of other equipotent bile salt species, the studied MBSCs are unlikely to have an impact on enterohepatic TGR5/FXR signaling in humans. The origin and function of biliary MBSCs remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ümran Ay
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Leníček
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty General Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Raphael S. Haider
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen’s Medical Center, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Center of Membrane Protein and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Arno Classen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans van Eijk
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kiran V.K. Koelfat
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gregory van der Kroft
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulf. P. Neumann
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Steven W.M. Olde Damink
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank G. Schaap
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Wang J, Bakker W, de Haan L, Bouwmeester H. Deoxynivalenol increases pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and reduces primary bile acid transport in an inflamed intestinal in vitro co-culture model. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113323. [PMID: 37803634 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The fungal secondary metabolite deoxynivalenol (DON) that can contaminate cereal-based food products not only induces inflammation but also reduces bile acid absorption by a healthy human intestine. Bile acid malabsorption is commonly observed in individuals with an inflamed intestine. Here we studied the effects of DON on inflammation and primary bile acid transport using an in vitro model for an inflamed intestine. An inflamed intestinal in vitro model was established by co-culturing a Caco-2 cell-layer and LPS-pre-stimulated THP-1 macrophages in Transwells. We observed a decreased transport of 5 primary bile acids across inflamed co-cultures compared to healthy co-cultures but not of chenodeoxycholic acid. DON exposure further reduced the transport of the affected primary bile acids across the inflamed co-cultures. DON exposure also enhanced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the inflamed co-cultures, while it did not increase the pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion from LPS-pre-stimulated THP-1 monocultures. Exposure of Caco-2 cell-layers to pro-inflammatory cytokines or THP-1 conditioned media partly mimicked the DON-induced effects of the co-culture model. Local activation of intestinal immune cells reinforces the direct pro-inflammatory effects of DON on intestinal epithelial cells. This affects the bile acid intestinal kinetics in an inflamed intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Wang
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Wouter Bakker
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Laura de Haan
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Bouwmeester
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Wang J, Sijs B, Bakker W, de Haan L, Bouwmeester H. Ribotoxin deoxynivalenol induces taurocholic acid malabsorption in an in vitro human intestinal model. Toxicol Lett 2023; 383:S0378-4274(23)00201-1. [PMID: 37315771 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The trichothecene toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is a ribotoxic mycotoxin that contaminates cereal-based food. DON binds to ribosomes, thereby inhibiting protein translation and activating stress mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). The activation of MAPK induces pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Emerging evidence showed that DON decreased bile acid reabsorption and apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) expression in Caco-2 cell layers. We hypothesized that the effect of DON on decreased ASBT mRNA expression is regulated via pro-inflammatory cytokines. We observed that MAPK inhibitors prevented DON to induce IL-8 secretion and prevented the DON-induced downregulation of ASBT mRNA expression. However, DON-induced taurocholic acid (TCA) transport reduction was not prevent by the MAPK inhibitors. We next observed a similarity between the activity of the non-inflammatory ribotoxin cycloheximide and DON to decrease TCA transport, which is consistent with their common ability to inhibit protein synthesis. Together, our results suggest that DON-induced TCA malabsorption is regulated by MAPK activation-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production and protein synthesis inhibition, both of which are initiated by DON binding to the ribosomes which therefore is the molecular initiating event for the adverse outcome of bile acid malabsorption. This study provides insights into the mechanism of ribotoxins-induced bile acid malabsorption in human intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Wang
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Bas Sijs
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter Bakker
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Laura de Haan
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Bouwmeester
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Osuna-Prieto FJ, Xu H, Ortiz-Alvarez L, Di X, Kohler I, Jurado-Fasoli L, Rubio-Lopez J, Plaza-Díaz J, Vilchez-Vargas R, Link A, Gil A, Ruiz JR, Rensen PCN, Martinez-Tellez B. The relative abundance of fecal bacterial species belonging to the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla is related to plasma levels of bile acids in young adults. Metabolomics 2023; 19:54. [PMID: 37278866 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-02016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut bacteria play a crucial role in the metabolism of bile acids (BA). Whether an association exists between the fecal microbiota composition and circulating BA levels in humans is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the relationship between fecal microbiota diversity and composition with plasma levels of BA in young adults. METHODS Fecal microbiota diversity/composition was analyzed with 16S rRNA sequencing in 80 young adults (74% women; 21.9 ± 2.2 years old). Plasma levels of BA were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. PERMANOVA and Spearman correlation analyses were used to investigate the association between fecal microbiota parameters and plasma levels of BA. RESULTS Fecal microbiota beta (P = 0.025) and alpha diversity indexes of evenness (rho = 0.237, P = 0.033), Shannon (rho = 0.313, P = 0.004), and inverse Simpson (rho = 0.283, P = 0.010) were positively associated with plasma levels of the secondary BA glycolithocholic acid (GLCA). The relative abundance of genera belonging to the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla was positively correlated with plasma levels of GLCA (all rho ≥ 0.225, P ≤ 0.049). However, the relative abundance of species from Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla were negatively correlated with plasma levels of primary and secondary BA (all rho ≤ - 0.220, P ≤ 0.045), except for the relative abundance of Bacteroides vulgatus, Alistipes onderdonkii, and Bacteroides xylanisolvens species (Bacteroidetes phylum) that were positively correlated with the plasma levels of GLCA. CONCLUSIONS The relative abundance of specific fecal bacteria species is associated with plasma levels of BA in young adults. However, further investigations are required to validate whether the composition of the gut microbiota can regulate the plasma concentrations of BA in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Osuna-Prieto
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Huiwen Xu
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Lourdes Ortiz-Alvarez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Xinyu Di
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Kohler
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas Jurado-Fasoli
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Physiology. Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Av.Conocimiento S/N, 18011, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Rubio-Lopez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Cirugía General Y del Aparato Digestivo, Complejo Hospitalario de Jaen, Jaén, Spain
| | - Julio Plaza-Díaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Ramiro Vilchez-Vargas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Link
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Angel Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs. Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBEROBN, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs. Granada, Granada, Spain.
- CIBEROBN, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Borja Martinez-Tellez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
- CIBEROBN, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences and SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.
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Deng F, Bae YH. Effect of modification of polystyrene nanoparticles with different bile acids on their oral transport. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2023; 48:102629. [PMID: 36410698 PMCID: PMC9918699 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2022.102629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bile acid-modified nanomedicine is a promising strategy to improve oral bioavailability. However, the efficiencies of different bile acids have not been clarified. To clarify this issue, deoxycholic acid (DCA) and cholic acid (CA) and glycocholic acid (GCA) were conjugated to carboxylated polystyrene nanoparticle (CPN). The endocytosis, intracellular and transcellular transport among the NPs were compared in Caco-2 cells, and their oral pharmacokinetics profiles were studied in C57BL/6 J mice. It was found that DCPN demonstrated higher uptake and transcytosis rate. With modification by different bile acids, the transport pathways of the NPs were altered. In mice, GCPN showed the highest absorption speed and oral bioavailability. It was found that the synergic effect of hydrophobicity and ASBT affinity might lead to the difference between in vitro and in vivo transport. This study will build a basis for the rational design of bile acid-modified nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, 30 S 2000 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - You Han Bae
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, 30 S 2000 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Role of Hepatocyte Transporters in Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI)-In Vitro Testing. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010029. [PMID: 36678658 PMCID: PMC9866820 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids and bile salts (BA/BS) are substrates of both influx and efflux transporters on hepatocytes. Canalicular efflux transporters, such as BSEP and MRP2, are crucial for the removal of BA/BS to the bile. Basolateral influx transporters, such as NTCP, OATP1B1/1B3, and OSTα/β, cooperate with canalicular transporters in the transcellular vectorial flux of BA/BS from the sinusoids to the bile. The blockage of canalicular transporters not only impairs the bile flow but also causes the intracellular accumulation of BA/BS in hepatocytes that contributes to, or even triggers, liver injury. In the case of BA/BS overload, the efflux of these toxic substances back to the blood via MRP3, MRP4, and OST α/β is considered a relief function. FXR, a key regulator of defense against BA/BS toxicity suppresses de novo bile acid synthesis and bile acid uptake, and promotes bile acid removal via increased efflux. In drug development, the early testing of the inhibition of these transporters, BSEP in particular, is important to flag compounds that could potentially inflict drug-induced liver injury (DILI). In vitro test systems for efflux transporters employ membrane vesicles, whereas those for influx transporters employ whole cells. Additional in vitro pharmaceutical testing panels usually include cellular toxicity tests using hepatocytes, as well as assessments of the mitochondrial toxicity and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Primary hepatocytes are the cells of choice for toxicity testing, with HepaRG cells emerging as an alternative. Inhibition of the FXR function is also included in some testing panels. The molecular weight and hydrophobicity of the drug, as well as the steady-state total plasma levels, may positively correlate with the DILI potential. Depending on the phase of drug development, the physicochemical properties, dosing, and cut-off values of BSEP IC50 ≤ 25-50 µM or total Css,plasma/BSEP IC50 ≥ 0.1 may be an indication for further testing to minimize the risk of DILI liability.
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Luo W, Guo S, Zhou Y, Zhu J, Zhao J, Wang M, Sang L, Wang B, Chang B. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Novel understandings and therapeutic strategies based on bile acids (Review). Int J Oncol 2022; 61:117. [PMID: 35929515 PMCID: PMC9450808 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are the major components of bile and products of cholesterol metabolism. Cholesterol is catalyzed by a variety of enzymes in the liver to form primary BAs, which are excreted into the intestine with bile, and secondary BAs are formed under the modification of the gut microbiota. Most of the BAs return to the liver via the portal vein, completing the process of enterohepatic circulation. BAs have an important role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which may participate in the progression of HCC by recognizing receptors such as farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and mediating multiple downstream pathways. Certain BAs, such as ursodeoxycholic acid and obeticholic acid, were indicated to be able to delay liver injury and HCC progression. In the present review, the structure and function of BAs were introduced and the metabolism of BAs and the process of enterohepatic circulation were outlined. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which BAs participate in the development of HCC were summarized and possible strategies for targeting BAs and key sites of their metabolic processes to treat HCC were suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Shiqi Guo
- 104K class 87, The Second Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhou
- 104K class 87, The Second Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Junfeng Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Jingwen Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Lixuan Sang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Bingyuan Wang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Bing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
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Durník R, Šindlerová L, Babica P, Jurček O. Bile Acids Transporters of Enterohepatic Circulation for Targeted Drug Delivery. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092961. [PMID: 35566302 PMCID: PMC9103499 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are important steroidal molecules with a rapidly growing span of applications across a variety of fields such as supramolecular chemistry, pharmacy, and biomedicine. This work provides a systematic review on their transport processes within the enterohepatic circulation and related processes. The focus is laid on the description of specific or less-specific BA transport proteins and their localization. Initially, the reader is provided with essential information about BAs′ properties, their systemic flow, metabolism, and functions. Later, the transport processes are described in detail and schematically illustrated, moving step by step from the liver via bile ducts to the gallbladder, small intestine, and colon; this description is accompanied by descriptions of major proteins known to be involved in BA transport. Spillage of BAs into systemic circulation and urine excretion are also discussed. Finally, the review also points out some of the less-studied areas of the enterohepatic circulation, which can be crucial for the development of BA-related drugs, prodrugs, and drug carrier systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Durník
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Lenka Šindlerová
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Pavel Babica
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Ondřej Jurček
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC—Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého 1946/1, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
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van de Wiel SM, Porteiro B, Belt SC, Vogels EW, Bolt I, Vermeulen JL, de Waart DR, Verheij J, Muncan V, Oude Elferink RP, van de Graaf SF. Differential and organ-specific functions of organic solute transporter alpha and beta in experimental cholestasis. JHEP Rep 2022; 4:100463. [PMID: 35462858 PMCID: PMC9019253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Organic solute transporter (OST) subunits OSTα and OSTβ facilitate bile acid efflux from the enterocyte into the portal circulation. Patients with deficiency of OSTα or OSTβ display considerable variation in the level of bile acid malabsorption, chronic diarrhea, and signs of cholestasis. Herein, we generated and characterized a mouse model of OSTβ deficiency. Methods Ostβ-/- mice were generated using CRISR/Cas9 and compared to wild-type and Ostα-/- mice. OSTβ was re-expressed in livers of Ostβ-/- mice using adeno-associated virus serotype 8 vectors. Cholestasis was induced in both models by bile duct ligation (BDL) or 3.5-diethoxycarbonyl-1.4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) feeding. Results Similar to Ostα-/- mice, Ostβ-/- mice exhibited elongated small intestines with blunted villi and increased crypt depth. Increased expression levels of ileal Fgf15, and decreased Asbt expression in Ostβ-/- mice indicate the accumulation of bile acids in the enterocyte. In contrast to Ostα-/- mice, induction of cholestasis in Ostβ-/- mice by BDL or DDC diet led to lower survival rates and severe body weight loss, but an improved liver phenotype. Restoration of hepatic Ostβ expression via adeno-associated virus-mediated overexpression did not rescue the phenotype of Ostβ-/- mice. Conclusions OSTβ is pivotal for bile acid transport in the ileum and its deficiency leads to an intestinal phenotype similar to Ostα-/- mice, but it exerts distinct effects on survival and the liver phenotype, independent of its expression in the liver. Our findings provide insights into the variable clinical presentation of patients with OSTα and OSTβ deficiencies. Lay summary Organic solute transporter (OST) subunits OSTα and OSTβ together facilitate the efflux of conjugated bile acids into the portal circulation. Ostα knockout mice have longer and thicker small intestines and are largely protected against experimental cholestatic liver injury. Herein, we generated and characterized Ostβ knockout mice for the first time. Ostα and Ostβ knockout mice shared a similar phenotype under normal conditions. However, in cholestasis, Ostβ knockout mice had a worsened overall phenotype which indicates a separate and specific role of OSTβ, possibly as an interacting partner of other intestinal proteins. This manuscript describes the first mouse model of OSTβ deficiency. Ostβ-/- mice are viable and fertile, but show increased length and weight of the small intestine, blunted villi and deeper crypts. Ostβ deficiency leads to an altered microbiome compared to both wild-type and Ostα-/- mice. Cholestasis led to lower survival and worse body weight loss, but an improved liver phenotype, in Ostβ-/- mice compared to Ostα-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M.W. van de Wiel
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Begoña Porteiro
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Saskia C. Belt
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Esther W.M. Vogels
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Bolt
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline L.M. Vermeulen
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D. Rudi de Waart
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joanne Verheij
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vanesa Muncan
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald P.J. Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stan F.J. van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author. Address: Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Tel.: 020-5668832, fax: 020-5669190
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10
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Wang J, Bakker W, Zheng W, de Haan L, Rietjens IMCM, Bouwmeester H. Exposure to the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol reduces the transport of conjugated bile acids by intestinal Caco-2 cells. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1473-1482. [PMID: 35224661 PMCID: PMC9013688 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated bile acids are synthesized in liver and subsequently secreted into the intestinal lumen from which they are actively reabsorbed and transported back to liver. The efficient enterohepatic circulation of conjugated bile acids is important to maintain homeostasis. The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is a fungal secondary metabolite that contaminates cereal food. Upon human exposure, it can cause intestinal dysfunction. We explored the effects of DON exposure on the intestinal absorption of conjugated bile acids and the expression of bile acid transporters using an in vitro model based on Caco-2 cell layers grown in transwells. Our study shows that the transport rate of taurocholic acid (TCA) is decreased after 48-h pre-exposure of the Caco-2 cells to 2 µM DON, which is a realistic intestinal DON concentration. Exposure to DON downregulates expression of the genes coding for the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT), the ileal bile acid-binding protein (IBABP) and the organic solute transporter α (OSTα), and it counteracts the agonist activity of Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist GW4064 on these genes. In addition, the transport of ten taurine or glycine-conjugated bile acids in a physiological relevant mixture by the intestinal Caco-2 cell layers was decreased after pre-exposure of the cells to DON, pointing at a potential for DON-mediated accumulation of the conjugated bile acids at the intestinal luminal side. Together the results reveal that DON inhibits intestinal bile acid reabsorption by reducing the expression of bile acid transporters thereby affecting bile acid intestinal kinetics, leading to bile acid malabsorption in the intestine. Our study provides new insights into the hazards of DON exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Wang
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wouter Bakker
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Weijia Zheng
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura de Haan
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Bouwmeester
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Yde J, Wu Q, Borg JF, Fenton RA, Moeller HB. A systems-level analysis of bile acids effects on rat colon epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 322:G34-G48. [PMID: 34643455 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00178.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Bile acid diarrhea is a chronic condition caused by increased delivery of bile acids to the colon. The underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. To investigate genes involved in bile acid diarrhea, systems-level analyses were used on a rat bile acid diarrhea model. Twelve male Wistar Munich rats, housed in metabolic cages, were fed either control or bile acid-mixed (1% wt/wt) diets for 10 days. Food intake, water intake, urine volume, body weight, and fecal output were monitored daily. After euthanasia, colonic epithelial cells were isolated using calcium chelation and processed for systems-level analyses, that is, RNA-sequencing transcriptomics and mass spectrometry proteomics. Bile acid-fed rats suffered diarrhea, indicated by increased drinking, feces weight, and fecal water content compared with control rats. Urine output was unchanged. With bile acid feeding, RNA-sequencing revealed 204 increased and 401 decreased mRNAs; mass spectrometry revealed 183 increased and 111 decreased proteins. Among the altered genes were genes associated with electrolyte and water transport (including Slc12a7, Clca4, and Aqp3) and genes associated with bile acid transport (Slc2b1, Abcg2, Slc51a, Slc51b, and Fabps). Correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation (Pearson's r = 0.28) between changes in mRNA expression and changes in protein expression. However, caution must be exercised in making a direct correlation between experimentally determined transcriptomes and proteomes. Genes associated with bile acid transport responded to bile acid feeding, suggesting that colonic bile acid transport also occur by regulated protein facilitated mechanisms in addition to passive diffusion. In summary, the study provides annotated rat colonic epithelial cell transcriptome and proteome with response to bile acid feeding.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Feeding rats with a bile acid caused changes in fecal output, underlining this bile acid diarrhea model's usefulness. Colonic epithelial expression of genes associated with facilitated transport of bile acids was altered during bile acid feeding. The study raises the possibility of regulated colonic transepithelial transport of bile acids in response to luminal bile acids. In addition, this study provides annotated rat colonic epithelial cell transcriptome and proteome with response to bile acid feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Yde
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Johan F Borg
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Robert A Fenton
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hanne B Moeller
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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12
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Murphy WA, Beaudoin JJ, Laitinen T, Sjöstedt N, Malinen MM, Ho H, Swaan PW, Honkakoski P, Brouwer KLR. Identification of Key Amino Acids that Impact Organic Solute Transporter α/ β (OSTα/β). Mol Pharmacol 2021; 100:599-608. [PMID: 34599072 PMCID: PMC9132218 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic solute transporter α/β (OSTα/β) is a bidirectional bile acid transporter localized on the basolateral membrane of hepatic, intestinal, and renal epithelial cells. OSTα/β plays a critical role in intestinal bile acid reabsorption and is upregulated in hepatic diseases characterized by elevated bile acids, whereas genetic variants in SLC51A/B have been associated with clinical cholestasis. OSTα/β also transports and is inhibited by commonly used medications. However, there is currently no high-resolution structure of OSTα/β, and structure-function data for OSTα, the proposed substrate-binding subunit, are lacking. The present study addressed this knowledge gap and identified amino acids in OSTα that are important for bile acid transport. This was accomplished using computational modeling and site-directed mutagenesis of the OSTα subunit to generate OSTα/β mutant cell lines. Out of the 10 OSTα/β mutants investigated, four (S228K, T229S, Q269E, Q269K) exhibited decreased [3H]-taurocholate (TCA) uptake (ratio of geometric means relative to OSTα/β wild type (WT) of 0.76, 0.75, 0.79, and 0.13, respectively). Three OSTα/β mutants (S228K, Q269K, E305A) had reduced [3H]-TCA efflux % (ratio of geometric means relative to OSTα/β WT of 0.86, 0.65, and 0.79, respectively). Additionally, several OSTα/β mutants demonstrated altered expression and cellular localization when compared with OSTα/β WT. In summary, we identified OSTα residues (Ser228, Thr229, Gln269, Glu305) in predicted transmembrane domains that affect expression of OSTα/β and may influence OSTα/β-mediated bile acid transport. These data advance our understanding of OSTα/β structure/function and can inform future studies designed to gain further insight into OSTα/β structure or to identify additional OSTα/β substrates and inhibitors. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: OSTα/β is a clinically important transporter involved in enterohepatic bile acid recycling with currently no high-resolution protein structure and limited structure-function data. This study identified four OSTα amino acids (Ser228, Thr229, Gln269, Glu305) that affect expression of OSTα/β and may influence OSTα/β-mediated bile acid transport. These data can be utilized to inform future investigation of OSTα/β structure and refine molecular modeling approaches to facilitate the identification of substrates and/or inhibitors of OSTα/β.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Murphy
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (W.A.M., J.J.B., N.S., M.M.M., H.H., P.H., K.L.R.B.); School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (T.L., M.M.M., P.H.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (P.W.S.)
| | - James J Beaudoin
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (W.A.M., J.J.B., N.S., M.M.M., H.H., P.H., K.L.R.B.); School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (T.L., M.M.M., P.H.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (P.W.S.)
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (W.A.M., J.J.B., N.S., M.M.M., H.H., P.H., K.L.R.B.); School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (T.L., M.M.M., P.H.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (P.W.S.)
| | - Noora Sjöstedt
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (W.A.M., J.J.B., N.S., M.M.M., H.H., P.H., K.L.R.B.); School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (T.L., M.M.M., P.H.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (P.W.S.)
| | - Melina M Malinen
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (W.A.M., J.J.B., N.S., M.M.M., H.H., P.H., K.L.R.B.); School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (T.L., M.M.M., P.H.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (P.W.S.)
| | - Henry Ho
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (W.A.M., J.J.B., N.S., M.M.M., H.H., P.H., K.L.R.B.); School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (T.L., M.M.M., P.H.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (P.W.S.)
| | - Peter W Swaan
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (W.A.M., J.J.B., N.S., M.M.M., H.H., P.H., K.L.R.B.); School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (T.L., M.M.M., P.H.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (P.W.S.)
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (W.A.M., J.J.B., N.S., M.M.M., H.H., P.H., K.L.R.B.); School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (T.L., M.M.M., P.H.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (P.W.S.)
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (W.A.M., J.J.B., N.S., M.M.M., H.H., P.H., K.L.R.B.); School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (T.L., M.M.M., P.H.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (P.W.S.)
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13
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Xue X, Wu J, Ding M, Gao F, Zhou F, Xu B, Lu M, Li J, Li X. Si-Wu-Tang ameliorates fibrotic liver injury via modulating intestinal microbiota and bile acid homeostasis. Chin Med 2021; 16:112. [PMID: 34736501 PMCID: PMC8570021 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00524-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fibrotic liver injury is a progressive scarring event, which may permanently affect liver function and progress into devastating end-stage liver diseases due to the absence of effective therapies. Si-Wu-Tang (SWT), a traditional Chinese medicine formula used in clinic to treat gynecological disorders for centuries, has been investigated in recent preliminary findings for its role in alleviating chronic liver diseases. Here we aim to elucidate the therapeutic effects and possible mechanisms of SWT against fibrotic liver injury. Methods UHPLC-MS/MS was performed to investigate the chemical characterization of SWT. After intragastrically administered with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) every 3 days for 1-week, C57BL/6 mice were orally administered with SWT (5.2, 10.4 and 20.8 g/kg) once daily for 3 weeks along with CCl4 challenge. Liver function was determined by the measurement of serum biomarkers, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson’s trichrome staining. Intestinal inflammatory infiltration and the disruption of intestinal barrier were examined by H&E and E-cadherin immunohistochemical staining. The microbial composition of intestinal content was determined by 16S rRNA sequencing. Serum bile acids (BAs) profiling was analyzed by LC–MS/MS. Simultaneously, the expression of genes of interest was determined by qPCR and western blot. Results SWT exhibited remarkable therapeutic effects on CCl4-induced liver fibrosis, as indicated by improved collagen accumulation in livers, intestinal barrier injury and hepatic and intestinal inflammatory response. Results of 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that SWT treatment strikingly restructured intestinal microbiota in fibrotic mice by increasing the relative abundances of Bacteroides and Lachnoclostridium and decreasing the relative abundances of Alistipes and Rikenellaceae. UHPLC-MS/MS data suggested that SWT altered the composition of BAs in circulation as evidenced by increased unconjugated BAs like cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid but decreased conjugated BAs including taurocholic acid and taurodeoxycholic acid, compared to that in CCl4 mice. Notably, SWT efficiently improved the imbalance of BA homeostasis in livers caused by CCl4 via activating farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-fibroblast growth factor 15 enterohepatic and FXR-small heterodimer partner hepatic pathways. Conclusion SWT decreased inflammatory response, reconstructed gut microbiota-mediated BA homeostasis as well as activated FXR pathways, which eventually protected against CCl4-induced fibrotic liver injury. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13020-021-00524-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jianzhi Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Mingning Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bing Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Mingjun Lu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jun Li
- Gynecology Department, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xiaojiaoyang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China.
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14
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Beaudoin JJ, Bezençon J, Sjöstedt N, Fallon JK, Brouwer KLR. Role of Organic Solute Transporter Alpha/Beta in Hepatotoxic Bile Acid Transport and Drug Interactions. Toxicol Sci 2021; 176:34-35. [PMID: 32294204 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic solute transporter (OST) α/β is a key bile acid transporter expressed in various organs, including the liver under cholestatic conditions. However, little is known about the involvement of OSTα/β in bile acid-mediated drug-induced liver injury (DILI), a major safety concern in drug development. This study investigated whether OSTα/β preferentially transports more hepatotoxic, conjugated, primary bile acids and to what extent xenobiotics inhibit this transport. Kinetic studies with OSTα/β-overexpressing cells revealed that OSTα/β preferentially transported bile acids in the following order: taurochenodeoxycholate > glycochenodeoxycholate > taurocholate > glycocholate. The apparent half-maximal inhibitory concentrations for OSTα/β-mediated bile acid (5 µM) transport inhibition by fidaxomicin, troglitazone sulfate, and ethinyl estradiol were: 210, 334, and 1050 µM, respectively, for taurochenodeoxycholate; 97.6, 333, and 337 µM, respectively, for glycochenodeoxycholate; 140, 265, and 527 µM, respectively, for taurocholate; 59.8, 102, and 117 µM, respectively, for glycocholate. The potential role of OSTα/β in hepatocellular glycine-conjugated bile acid accumulation and cholestatic DILI was evaluated using sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH). Treatment of SCHH with the farnesoid X receptor agonist chenodeoxycholate (100 µM) resulted in substantial OSTα/β induction, among other proteomic alterations, reducing glycochenodeoxycholate and glycocholate accumulation in cells+bile 4.0- and 4.5-fold, respectively. Treatment of SCHH with troglitazone and fidaxomicin together under cholestatic conditions resulted in increased hepatocellular toxicity compared with either compound alone, suggesting that OSTα/β inhibition may accentuate DILI. In conclusion, this study provides insights into the role of OSTα/β in preferential disposition of bile acids associated with hepatotoxicity, the impact of xenobiotics on OSTα/β-mediated bile acid transport, and the role of this transporter in SCHH and cholestatic DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Noora Sjöstedt
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics
| | - John K Fallon
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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15
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Chothe PP, Pemberton R, Hariparsad N. Function and Expression of Bile Salt Export Pump in Suspension Human Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:314-321. [PMID: 33472814 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic understanding of bile salt disposition is not well established in suspension human hepatocytes (SHH) because of the limited information on the expression and function of bile salt export protein (BSEP) in this system. We investigated the transport function of BSEP in SHH using a method involving in situ biosynthesis of bile salts from their precursor bile acids, cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). Our data indicated that glycine- and taurine-conjugated CA and CDCA were generated efficiently and transported out of hepatocytes in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. We also observed that the membrane protein abundance of BSEP was similar between SHH and sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes. Furthermore, known cholestatic agents significantly inhibited G-CA and G-CDCA efflux in SHH. Interestingly, cyclosporine A, troglitazone, itraconazole, loratadine, and lovastatin inhibited G-CA efflux more potently than G-CDCA efflux (3- to 5-fold). Because of these significant differential effects on G-CA and G-CDCA efflux inhibition, we determined the IC50 values of troglitazone for G-CA (9.9 µM) and for G-CDCA (43.1 µM) efflux. The observed discrepancy in the IC50 was attributed to the fact that troglitazone also inhibits organic anion transporting polypeptides and Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide in addition to BSEP. The hepatocyte uptake study suggested that both active uptake and passive diffusion contribute to the liver uptake of CA, whereas CDCA primarily undergoes passive diffusion into the liver. In summary, these data demonstrated the expression and function of BSEP and its major role in transport of bile salts in cryopreserved SHH. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: BSEP transport function and protein abundance was evident in SHH in the present study. The membrane abundance of BSEP protein was similar between SHH and sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes. The study also illustrated the major role of BSEP relative to basolateral MRP3 and MRP4 in transport of bile salts in SHH. Understanding of BSEP function in SHH may bolster the utility of this platform in mechanistic understanding of bile salt disposition and potentially in the assessment of drugs for BSEP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paresh P Chothe
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel Pemberton
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Niresh Hariparsad
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, Massachusetts
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16
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Javitt NB. Hepatic bile formation: bile acid transport and water flow into the canalicular conduit. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G609-G618. [PMID: 32935994 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00078.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Advances in molecular biology identifying the many carrier-mediated organic anion transporters and advances in microscopy that have provided a more detailed anatomy of the canalicular conduit make updating the concept of osmotically determined canalicular flow possible. For the most part water flow is not transmembrane but via specific pore proteins in both the hepatocyte and the tight junction. These pores independently regulate the rate at which water flows in response to an osmotic gradient and therefore are determinants of canalicular bile acid concentration. Review of the literature indicates that the initial effect on hepatic bile flow of cholestatic agents such as Thorazine and estradiol 17β-glucuronide are on water flow and not bile salt export pump-mediated bile acid transport and thus provides new approaches to the pathogenesis of drug-induced liver injury. Attaining a micellar concentration of bile acids in the canaliculus is essential to the formation of cholesterol-lecithin vesicles, which mostly occur in the periportal region of the canalicular conduit. The other regions, midcentral and pericentral, may transport lesser amounts of bile acid but augment water flow. Broadening the concept of how hepatic bile flow is initiated, provides new insights into the pathogenesis of canalicular cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman B Javitt
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
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17
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Pérez A, Rivoira MA, Rodríguez V, Marchionatti A, Tolosa de Talamoni N. Role of mitochondria in the differential action of sodium deoxycholate and ursodeoxycholic acid on rat duodenum. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 99:270-277. [PMID: 32687730 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sodium deoxycholate (NaDOC) inhibits the intestinal Ca2+ absorption and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) stimulates it. The aim of this study was to determine whether NaDOC and UDCA produce differential effects on the redox state of duodenal mitochondria altering the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain (ETC) functioning, which could lead to perturbations in the mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis. Rat intestinal mitochondria were isolated from untreated and treated animals with either NaDOC, UDCA, or both. Krebs cycle enzymes, ETC components, ATP synthase, and mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis markers were determined. NaDOC decreased isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) and malate dehydrogenase activities affecting the ETC and ATP synthesis. NaDOC also induced oxidative stress and increased the superoxide dismutase activity and impaired the mitochondrial biogenesis and functionality. UDCA increased the activities of ICDH and complex II of ETC. The combination of both bile acids conserved the functional activities of Krebs cycle enzymes, ETC components, oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial biogenesis. In conclusion, the inhibitory effect of NaDOC on intestinal Ca2+ absorption is mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction, which is avoided by UDCA. The stimulatory effect of UDCA alone is associated with amelioration of mitochondrial functioning. This knowledge could improve treatment of diseases that affect the intestinal Ca2+ absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Pérez
- Laboratorio "Dr. Fernando Cañas", Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, INICSA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Pabellón Argentina, 2do. Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.,Laboratorio "Dr. Fernando Cañas", Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, INICSA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Pabellón Argentina, 2do. Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Angélica Rivoira
- Laboratorio "Dr. Fernando Cañas", Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, INICSA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Pabellón Argentina, 2do. Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.,Laboratorio "Dr. Fernando Cañas", Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, INICSA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Pabellón Argentina, 2do. Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Valeria Rodríguez
- Laboratorio "Dr. Fernando Cañas", Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, INICSA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Pabellón Argentina, 2do. Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.,Laboratorio "Dr. Fernando Cañas", Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, INICSA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Pabellón Argentina, 2do. Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana Marchionatti
- Laboratorio "Dr. Fernando Cañas", Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, INICSA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Pabellón Argentina, 2do. Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.,Laboratorio "Dr. Fernando Cañas", Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, INICSA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Pabellón Argentina, 2do. Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nori Tolosa de Talamoni
- Laboratorio "Dr. Fernando Cañas", Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, INICSA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Pabellón Argentina, 2do. Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.,Laboratorio "Dr. Fernando Cañas", Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, INICSA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Pabellón Argentina, 2do. Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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Beaudoin JJ, Brouwer KLR, Malinen MM. Novel insights into the organic solute transporter alpha/beta, OSTα/β: From the bench to the bedside. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 211:107542. [PMID: 32247663 PMCID: PMC7480074 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organic solute transporter alpha/beta (OSTα/β) is a heteromeric solute carrier protein that transports bile acids, steroid metabolites and drugs into and out of cells. OSTα/β protein is expressed in various tissues, but its expression is highest in the gastrointestinal tract where it facilitates the recirculation of bile acids from the gut to the liver. Previous studies established that OSTα/β is upregulated in liver tissue of patients with extrahepatic cholestasis, obstructive cholestasis, and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), conditions that are characterized by elevated bile acid concentrations in the liver and/or systemic circulation. The discovery that OSTα/β is highly upregulated in the liver of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) further highlights the clinical relevance of this transporter because the incidence of NASH is increasing at an alarming rate with the obesity epidemic. Since OSTα/β is closely linked to the homeostasis of bile acids, and tightly regulated by the nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor, OSTα/β is a potential drug target for treatment of cholestatic liver disease, and other bile acid-related metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. Obeticholic acid, a semi-synthetic bile acid used to treat PBC, under review for the treatment of NASH, and in development for the treatment of other metabolic disorders, induces OSTα/β. Some drugs associated with hepatotoxicity inhibit OSTα/β, suggesting a possible role for OSTα/β in drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Furthermore, clinical cases of homozygous genetic defects in both OSTα/β subunits resulting in diarrhea and features of cholestasis have been reported. This review article has been compiled to comprehensively summarize the recent data emerging on OSTα/β, recapitulating the available literature on the structure-function and expression-function relationships of OSTα/β, the regulation of this important transporter, the interaction of drugs and other compounds with OSTα/β, and the comparison of OSTα/β with other solute carrier transporters as well as adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporters. Findings from basic to more clinically focused research efforts are described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Beaudoin
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Melina M Malinen
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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