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Robles-Medranda C, Egas-Izquierdo M, Alcívar-Vásquez J, Puga-Tejada M, Arevalo-Mora M, Cunto D, Baquerizo-Burgos J. Through-the-cholangioscope metal biliary stent placement as a novel endoscopic technique for bile duct strictures. Endoscopy 2024; 56:E138-E139. [PMID: 38359880 PMCID: PMC10869230 DOI: 10.1055/a-2241-1916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Robles-Medranda
- Gastroenterology, Instituto Ecuatoriano de Enfermedades Digestivas – IECED, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Maria Egas-Izquierdo
- Gastroenterology, Instituto Ecuatoriano de Enfermedades Digestivas – IECED, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Juan Alcívar-Vásquez
- Gastroenterology, Instituto Ecuatoriano de Enfermedades Digestivas – IECED, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Miguel Puga-Tejada
- Gastroenterology, Instituto Ecuatoriano de Enfermedades Digestivas – IECED, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Martha Arevalo-Mora
- Gastroenterology, Instituto Ecuatoriano de Enfermedades Digestivas – IECED, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Domenica Cunto
- Gastroenterology, Instituto Ecuatoriano de Enfermedades Digestivas – IECED, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Jorge Baquerizo-Burgos
- Gastroenterology, Instituto Ecuatoriano de Enfermedades Digestivas – IECED, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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2
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Thyssen E, Vagefi P, Mufti A, Tielleman T. Liver transplant bile duct suture leading to acute cholangitis: endoscopic removal via cholangioscopy. Endoscopy 2024; 56:E319-E320. [PMID: 38593999 PMCID: PMC11003810 DOI: 10.1055/a-2285-2546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Emil Thyssen
- Department of Internal Medicine – Digestive and Liver Diseases, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Parsia Vagefi
- Department of Surgery – Transplant Surgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Arjmand Mufti
- Department of Internal Medicine – Digestive and Liver Diseases, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Thomas Tielleman
- Department of Internal Medicine – Digestive and Liver Diseases, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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3
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Hassan KM, Dawod E, Hassan M, Salgado SM, Mahadev S, Sharaiha RZ, Sampath K. Endoscopic treatment of a hepatic abscess arising from a biliary stricture due to intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct. Endoscopy 2024; 56:E225-E226. [PMID: 38458238 PMCID: PMC10923627 DOI: 10.1055/a-2253-0948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamal M. Hassan
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Enad Dawod
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | | | - Sanjay M. Salgado
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - SriHari Mahadev
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Reem Z. Sharaiha
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Kartik Sampath
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
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Wu J, Cai SY, Chen XL, Chen ZT, Shi SH. Mirizzi syndrome: Problems and strategies. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2024; 23:234-240. [PMID: 38326157 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Mirizzi syndrome is a serious complication of gallstone disease. It is caused by the impacted stones in the gallbladder neck or cystic duct. One of the features of Mirizzi syndrome is severe inflammation or dense fibrosis at the Calot's triangle. In our clinical practice, bile duct, branches of right hepatic artery and right portal vein clinging to gallbladder infundibulum are often observed due to gallbladder infundibulum adhered to right hepatic hilum. The intraoperative damage of branches of right hepatic artery occurs more easily than that of bile duct, all of which are hidden pitfalls for surgeons. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) are the preferable tools for the diagnosis of Mirizzi syndrome. Anterograde cholecystectomy in Mirizzi syndrome is easy to damage branches of right hepatic artery and bile duct due to gallbladder infundibulum adhered to right hepatic hilum. Subtotal cholecystectomy is an easy, safe and definitive approach to Mirizzi syndrome. When combined with the application of ERCP, a laparoscopic management of Mirizzi syndrome by well-trained surgeons is feasible and safe. The objective of this review was to highlight its existing problems: (1) low preoperative diagnostic rate, (2) easy to damage bile duct and branches of right hepatic artery, and (3) high concomitant gallbladder carcinoma. Meanwhile, the review aimed to discuss the possible therapeutic strategies: (1) to enhance its preoperative recognition by imaging findings, and (2) to avoid potential pitfalls during surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, People's Hospital of Jiulongpo District, Chongqing 400050, China
| | - Shuang-Yong Cai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, People's Hospital of Jiulongpo District, Chongqing 400050, China
| | - Xu-Liang Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhi-Tao Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Shao-Hua Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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Luvira V. Tri-modal death distribution towards personalized management of intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct patients: Every story has its own conclusion. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2024; 23:313-316. [PMID: 38290936 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Vor Luvira
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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6
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Shirota S, Shirai T, Mori K, Inoue J, Sato H, Ishii T, Fujii H. Comment on: A case of vanishing bile duct syndrome during treatment of microscopic polyangiitis with avacopan. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2024; 63:e149-e150. [PMID: 37878792 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sae Shirota
- Department of Rheumatology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shirai
- Department of Rheumatology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kentaro Mori
- Department of Rheumatology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jun Inoue
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroko Sato
- Department of Rheumatology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomonori Ishii
- Department of Rheumatology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujii
- Department of Rheumatology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
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Yamaguchi S, Yamazaki M, Kido T, Hounoki H, Muraishi N, Tajiri K, Tanaka S, Tobe K, Shinoda K. A case of vanishing bile duct syndrome during treatment of microscopic polyangiitis with avacopan. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2024; 63:e120-e122. [PMID: 37307092 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamaguchi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Miho Yamazaki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Toshiki Kido
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hounoki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Nozomu Muraishi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kazuto Tajiri
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Tanaka
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Tobe
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Koichiro Shinoda
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Are VS, Gromski MA, Akisik F, Vilar-Gomez E, Lammert C, Ghabril M, Vuppalanchi R, Chalasani N. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Limited to Intrahepatic Bile Ducts Has Distinctly Better Prognosis. Dig Dis Sci 2024; 69:1421-1429. [PMID: 38347369 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-023-08260-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are two sub-phenotypes of large-duct primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC): isolated intrahepatic PSC (IIPSC) and extrahepatic disease with or without intrahepatic (extra/intrahepatic). AIMS This study examined the differences in outcomes in patients with IIPSC compared to extra/intrahepatic and small-duct PSC. METHODS Patients with PSC treated at our institution from 1998 to 2019 were investigated. Biochemistries, clinical events, and survival were assessed by chart review and National Death Index. Cox-proportional hazards were used to determine the risk of clinical outcomes based on biliary tract involvement. RESULTS Our cohort comprised 442 patients with large-duct PSC (57 had IIPSC, 385 had extra/intrahepatic PSC) and 23 with small-duct PSC. Median follow-up in the IIPSC group was not significantly different from the extra/intrahepatic group [7 vs. 6 years, P = 0.06]. Except for lower age (mean 37.9 vs. 43.0 years, P = 0.045), the IIPSC group was not different from the extra/intrahepatic. The IIPSC group had longer transplant-free survival (log-rank P = 0.001) with a significantly lower risk for liver transplantation (12% vs. 34%, P < 0.001). The IIPSC group had a lower risk of death or transplantation than the extra/intrahepatic PSC group [HR: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.17-0.67, P < 0.001]. No bile duct or gallbladder cancers developed in patients with IIPSC, compared to 24 in the extra/intrahepatic group. The clinical characteristics and outcomes of IIPSC were similar to 23 individuals with small-duct PSC. CONCLUSIONS Patients with IIPSC have a favorable prognosis similar to small-duct PSC. These data are important for counseling patients and designing therapeutic trials for PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay S Are
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 702 Rotary Circle, Suite 225, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Mark A Gromski
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 702 Rotary Circle, Suite 225, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Fatih Akisik
- Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Eduardo Vilar-Gomez
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 702 Rotary Circle, Suite 225, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Craig Lammert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 702 Rotary Circle, Suite 225, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Marwan Ghabril
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 702 Rotary Circle, Suite 225, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Raj Vuppalanchi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 702 Rotary Circle, Suite 225, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Naga Chalasani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 702 Rotary Circle, Suite 225, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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DeLong CG, Pauli EM, Winder JS. Surgeon-Performed Percutaneous Endoscopic Biliary Lithectomy: Description of a Novel Technique and Initial Results. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2024; 34:305-312. [PMID: 38573163 DOI: 10.1089/lap.2023.0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Percutaneous endoscopic biliary lithectomy (PEBL) can be performed through preexisting drain tracts, offering ductal clearance and definitive management for patients with complicated gallstone disease unable to undergo conventional therapy. The technique has not been widely adopted by general surgeons. Herein, we describe our technique with surgeon-performed PEBL and present initial results. Materials and Methods: A single institutional retrospective review of the electronic medical record was performed for patients who underwent percutaneous choledochoscopy between February 2019 and November 2020. All operations were performed by 1 of 2 board-certified general surgeons with fellowship training in surgical endoscopy. Preoperative, operative, and postoperative variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Thirteen patients underwent PEBL. Seventeen total procedures were performed; 4 patients underwent repeat intervention. The diagnoses leading to PEBL were: cholelithiasis (8), choledocholithiasis (4), and recurrent pancreatitis (1). Complete ductal clearance was achieved in 9 patients (69.2%) during the initial procedure. The remaining 4 patients (30.8%) underwent repeat PEBL, at which point complete ductal clearance was then achieved. The percutaneous drain was removed at the time of final procedure in 5 patients (38.5%) or within 5 weeks in the remaining 8 (61.5%). No intraoperative complications occurred, and no pancreatic or biliary postoperative complications or recurrences were noted with a mean follow-up of 279 ± 240 days. Conclusion: Surgeon-performed PEBL is a safe and effective method of achieving biliary ductal clearance. The technique is readily achieved following basic endoscopic and fluoroscopic principles and should be understood by all physicians managing gallstone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G DeLong
- Division of Minimally Invasive and Bariatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eric M Pauli
- Division of Minimally Invasive and Bariatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua S Winder
- Division of Minimally Invasive and Bariatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Eberhardt N, Santamarina BG, Enghardt ML, Rohland O, Hussain I, Tannert A, Thieme L, Rubio I, Jürgen Rödel, Bettina Löffler, Arndt HD, Bauer M, Busch A. The effects of photoactivated ciprofloxacin and bile acids on biofilms on bile duct catheters. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2024; 63:107086. [PMID: 38218325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2024.107086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined the potential of a novel photoactivatable ciprofloxacin to act against bacterial infections and microbiomes related to biliary diseases. It also evaluated treatment by combining the impact of bile acids and antibiotics on biofilms. Innovative strategies were evaluated to address the elusive bile duct microbiome resulting in biofilm-related infections linked to biliary catheters. The healthy biliary system is considered sterile, but bile microbiomes can occur in disease, and these correlate with hepatobiliary diseases. Causes include biofilms that form on internal-external biliary drainage catheters. These biliary catheters were used to noninvasively study the otherwise elusive bile microbiome for a pilot study. METHODS A new photoactivatable antibiotic was tested for efficacy against human-derived pathogenic bacterial isolates - Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli - and catheter-derived bile duct microbiomes. In addition, the effect of bile acids on the antibiotic treatment of biofilms was quantified using crystal violet staining, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and biofilm image analysis. Two novel approaches for targeting biliary biofilms were tested. RESULTS A photoactivated antibiotic based on ciprofloxacin showed efficacy in preventing biofilm formation and reducing bacterial viability without harming eukaryotic cells. Furthermore, combination treatment of antibiotics with bile acids, such as ursodesoxycholic acid, mildly influenced biofilm biomass but reduced bacterial survival within biofilms. CONCLUSION Bile acids, in addition to their endocrine and paracrine functions, may enhance antibiotic killing of bacterial biofilms compared with antibiotics alone. These approaches hold promise for treating biliary infections such as cholangitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Eberhardt
- Institute for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Belen Gonzalez Santamarina
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Germany; Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Enghardt
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Germany; Theoretical Microbial Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Rohland
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Iqra Hussain
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Germany
| | - Astrid Tannert
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Lara Thieme
- Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Jena University Hospital, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ignacio Rubio
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Germany; Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rödel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Bettina Löffler
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Arndt
- Institute for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Institute for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany; Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Anne Busch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Germany; Theoretical Microbial Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany.
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Prevost GA, Huber C, Schnell B, Candinas D, Wiest R, Schnüriger B. Feasibility and safety of intraoperative bile duct clearance by antegrade transcystic balloon sphincteroplasty: A prospective observational pilot study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2024; 96:666-673. [PMID: 37962117 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concomitant cholecystolithiasis and choledocholithiasis are common. Standard treatments are endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) followed by cholecystectomy or laparoendoscopic rendezvous. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography has drawbacks, such as post-ERC pancreatitis or bleeding, and potentially more than one intervention is required to address common bile duct (CBD) stones. Safety and feasibility of an intraoperative antegrade transcystic single-stage approach during cholecystectomy with balloon sphincteroplasty and pushing of stones to the duodenum has not been evaluated prospectively. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate this procedure regarding safety, feasibility, and stone clearance rate. METHODS Prospective single-center intervention study (SUPER Reporting-Guideline). Main inclusion criterion was confirmed choledocholithiasis (stones ≤6 mm) at intraoperative cholangiography. Success of the procedure was defined as CBD stone clearance at intraoperative control cholangiography, absence of symptoms and no elevated cholestasis parameters at 6 weeks follow-up. Simon's two-stage design was used to determine sample size. RESULTS From January 2021 to April 2022, a total of 57 patients fulfilled the final inclusion criteria and were included. Mild pancreatitis or cholangitis were present upon admission in 15 (26%) and 15 (26%) patients, respectively. Median number of CBD-stones was 1 (1-6). Median stone diameter was 4 mm (0.1-6 mm). Common bile duct stone clearance was achieved in 54 patients (94%). The main reason for failed CBD clearance was the inability to push the guidewire along the biliary stone into the duodenum. Median intervention time was 28 minutes (14-129 minutes). While there was no postoperative pancreatitis, two patients (3.5%) had asymptomatic hyperlipasemia 4 hours postoperatively. CONCLUSION Intraoperative CBD stone clearance by antegrade balloon sphincteroplasty appears to be safe and highly feasible. Its overall superiority to the current standards warrants evaluation by a randomized controlled trial. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic/Care Management, Level V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Andrea Prevost
- From the Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine (G.A.P., C.H., Bi.S., D.C., R.W., Be.S.), Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern; and Department of Surgery (G.A.P.), Kantonsspital Graubünden, Chur, Switzerland
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12
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Guan SB, Zhang WT, Guo H. [A case of the syndrome of disappearing intrahepatic bile ducts caused by Polygonum multiflorum]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 2024; 32:248-250. [PMID: 38584108 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20231203-00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- S B Guan
- Hepatobiliary Department, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - W T Zhang
- Hepatobiliary Department, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - H Guo
- Hepatobiliary Department, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
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13
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He Y, Ye R, Xie Y, Deng X, Zhang L. Endoscopic Treatment of Duodenocolic Fistula Caused by Migrating Biliary Stents. Am J Case Rep 2024; 25:e943020. [PMID: 38446721 PMCID: PMC10926232 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.943020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic biliary stent implantation is a recognized and effective method for the treatment of benign and malignant diseases of the bile duct and pancreas, ensuring smooth bile drainage. Currently, stent migration is considered a long-term and complex process, and in most cases, stents are removed through endoscopy or expelled from the body through the intestinal cavity. In rare cases, stents lead to formation of duodenocolic fistulas. CASE REPORT We report a case of duodenal colon fistula caused by a biliary stent penetrating the duodenum and entering the ascending colon. We removed the stent through endoscopy and clamped the fistulas of the colon and duodenum separately with titanium clips. Due to the presence of large common bile duct stones, nasobiliary drainage was performed again. Later, laparoscopic choledocholithotomy was performed, and the patient was discharged after rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS ERCP endoscopy must consider the possibility of stent displacement in patients with biliary stents. In the case of CBD biliary stent dislocation in the patient, continuous abdominal plain films and physical examinations are required until spontaneous discharge is confirmed. In addition, for patients with benign bile duct stenosis undergoing biliary drainage, doctors should urge them to return to the hospital on time to remove the stent. For patients with postoperative abdominal pain or peritonitis symptoms, abdominal CT scan confirmation is required and early intervention should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Long Zhang
- Corresponding Author: Long Zhang, e-mail:
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14
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Kamuni A, Kumar L, Giri S, Angadi S, Nanjegowda SK, Bhrugumalla S. PREDICTORS OF FAILURE OF ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY IN CLEARING BILE DUCT STONES DURING INDEX PROCEDURE - A PROSPECTIVE STUDY. Arq Gastroenterol 2024; 61:e23112. [PMID: 38451665 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-2803.24612023-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common bile duct (CBD) stones are known to complicate 10-15% of gallstone diseases. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the therapeutic modality of choice for bile duct clearance in CBD stones but may fail to achieve stone clearance. This prospective study was done to identify the predictors of failure of CBD clearance with ERCP. OBJECTIVE This prospective study was done to identify the predictors of failure of CBD clearance with ERCP. METHODS All consecutive patients with bile duct stones undergoing ERCP at a tertiary care center were prospectively included from October 2020 to October 2021. The study's primary outcome was to identify and analyze factors that could predict the failure of complete CBD clearance. RESULTS A total of 120 patients (50.8% males, median age: 53.5 years) were included in the final analysis. Successful clearance of CBD stones during the index procedure was achieved in 70% of patients. At a cut-off stone diameter of >10.5 mm and CBD diameter of >12.5 mm, the AUC was 0.890 and 0.884, respectively, to predict failed clearance of CBD. On multivariate analysis, stone diameter ≥15 mm [odds ratio (OR) 16.97, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.629-176.785], location of stones in hepatic ducts (OR 7.74, 95%CI: 2.041-29.332), presence of stricture distal to stone (OR 6.99, 95%CI: 1.402-34.726) and impacted stone (OR 21.61, 95%CI: 1.84-253.058) were independent predictors of failed bile duct clearance. CONCLUSION Stone size and location are independent predictors of failed bile duct clearance. The endoscopist should consider these factors while subjecting a patient to biliary ductal clearance to plan additional intervention. BACKGROUND • Failure to clear bile duct stones in the index ERCP can be seen in 15-20% of cases, and identifying the factors associated with failure is important. BACKGROUND • A prospective analysis was conducted to identify and analyze the factors that could predict the failure of complete CBD clearance. BACKGROUND • The present study reported a successful clearance of CBD stones during the index procedure in only 70% of patients. BACKGROUND • A stone diameter ≥15 mm, location of stones in hepatic ducts, presence of stricture distal to stone, and impacted stone were independent predictors of failed bile duct clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kamuni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Lohith Kumar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Suprabhat Giri
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sumaswi Angadi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Sukanya Bhrugumalla
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
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Teymouri A, Nasoori H, Fakheri M, Nasiri A. Features of biliary tract diseases in ketamine abusers: a systematic review of case reports. J Med Case Rep 2024; 18:84. [PMID: 38431685 PMCID: PMC10909254 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-024-04421-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Anesthesiologists prefer ketamine for certain surgeries due to its effectiveness as a non-competitive inhibitor of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in the brain. Recently, this agent has also shown promise as an antidepressant. However, ketamine can cause hallucinogenic effects and is sometimes abused as an illicit drug. Ketamine abuse has been associated with liver and bile duct complications. This systematic study aims to better understand cholangiopathy in ketamine abusers by reviewing case reports. METHODS AND MATERIAL In this systematic review, a comprehensive literature search was conducted with the terms "biliary tract diseases" and "ketamine". Case reports and case series of adult patients with documented ketamine abuse and reported cholangiopathy or biliary tract disease were included. We extracted the data of relevant information and the results were reported through narrative synthesis and descriptive statistics. RESULTS A total of 48 studies were initially identified, and 11 studies were finally included in the review. The mean age of the patients was 25.88 years. Of the 17 patients, 64.7% were men. Symptoms often included abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Most patients were discharged with improved symptoms and liver function. Common bile duct dilation and other findings were observed in imaging results and other diagnostic studies. CONCLUSION This review highlights the diverse presentations and diagnostic modalities used in ketamine-induced cholangiography. These patients tend to be young men with deranged liver function tests and abdominal pain, which should be taken into consideration. These patients often require a multidisciplinary approach in their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Teymouri
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadis Nasoori
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Science, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryamsadat Fakheri
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Zand St., Shiraz, 71348-14336, Iran
| | - Aref Nasiri
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Zand St., Shiraz, 71348-14336, Iran.
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16
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Teoh AYB. Don't forget the gallbladder if you cannot access the bile ducts! Dig Endosc 2024; 36:359. [PMID: 37644903 DOI: 10.1111/den.14661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Yuen Bun Teoh
- Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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17
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de Jong IEM, Theise ND, Wells RG. The space of Mall confirmed in humans: A response to "Portal venous branches as an anatomic railroad for a gut-bile duct axis". J Hepatol 2024; 80:e126-e127. [PMID: 37821022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iris E M de Jong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Pathology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Neil D Theise
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca G Wells
- Division of Gastroenterology and Pathology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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18
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Fritzsche JA, Ponsioen CY, Verheij J, Voermans RP. Brushing beyond biopsies: using the full potential of bile duct brushes. Gastrointest Endosc 2024; 99:477-478. [PMID: 38368049 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeska A Fritzsche
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cyriel Y Ponsioen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne Verheij
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier P Voermans
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Watanabe M, Okuwaki K, Kusano C. Successful conversion of transpapillary bile duct drainage to endoscopic ultrasound-guided choledochoduodenostomy using an inflated balloon catheter. Dig Endosc 2024; 36:378-379. [PMID: 38253814 DOI: 10.1111/den.14743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Watch a video of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kosuke Okuwaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chika Kusano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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20
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Merlen G, Tordjmann T. Tight junction proteins and biliary diseases. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2024; 40:70-76. [PMID: 38260939 DOI: 10.1097/mog.0000000000000996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the pathophysiological context of cholangiopathies and more broadly of hepatopathies, while it is conceptually clear that the maintenance of inter-cholangiocyte and inter-hepatocyte tight junction integrity would be crucial for liver protection, only scarce studies have been devoted to this topic. Indeed, in the liver, alteration of tight junctions, the intercellular adhesion complexes that control paracellular permeability would result in leaky bile ducts and bile canaliculi, allowing bile reflux towards hepatic parenchyma, contributing to injury during the disease process. RECENT FINDINGS Last decades have provided a great deal of information regarding both tight junction structural organization and signaling pathways related to tight junctions, providing clues about potential intervention to modulate paracellular permeability during cholangiopathies pathogenesis. Interestingly, several liver diseases have been reported to be associated with abnormal expression of one or several tight junction proteins. However, the question remains unanswered if these alterations would be primarily involved in the disease pathogenesis or if they would occur secondarily in the pathological course. SUMMARY In this review, we provide an overview of tight junction disruptions described in various biliary diseases that should pave the way for defining new therapeutic targets in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Merlen
- INSERM U1193, Université Paris-Saclay, bât Henri Moissan, 17 av. des Sciences, Orsay, France
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21
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Rai A, Sproule L, Larman T, Oshima K, Rhee D, Ng K, King E, Mogul D, Lemberg K. Liver transplant for primary biliary tract neuroendocrine tumor in a nine-year-old girl. Pediatr Transplant 2024; 28:e14732. [PMID: 38433619 DOI: 10.1111/petr.14732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare epithelial neoplasms that arise most commonly from the gastrointestinal tract. In pediatrics, the most common site of origin is in the appendix, with the liver being the most common site of metastasis. Neuroendocrine tumors arising from the biliary tract are extremely rare. METHODS We describe a case of a nine-year-old girl who presented with obstructive cholestasis and was found to have multiple liver masses identified on biopsy as well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor with an unknown primary tumor site. RESULT The patient underwent extensive investigation to identify a primary tumor site, including endoscopy, endoscopic ultrasound, and capsule endoscopy. The patient ultimately underwent definitive management with liver transplant, and on explant was discovered to have multiple well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors, WHO Grade 1, with extensive infiltration into the submucosa of bile duct, consistent with primary biliary tract neuroendocrine tumor. CONCLUSION Identifying the site of the primary tumor in NETs found within the liver can be challenging. To determine if an extrahepatic primary tumor exists, workup should include endoscopy, EUS, and capsule endoscopy. Children with well-differentiated hepatic NETs, with no identifiable primary tumor, and an unresectable tumor, are considered favorable candidates for liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Rai
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lauren Sproule
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Tatianna Larman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kiyoko Oshima
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Rhee
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth Ng
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth King
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Douglas Mogul
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn Lemberg
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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22
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Bunting D, Adesuyi A, Findlay J, Pawlak M, Sanders D. Management of intraoperatively identified small bile duct stones in patients undergoing cholecystectomy. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2024; 409:70. [PMID: 38386114 PMCID: PMC10884054 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-024-03260-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The management of CBDS (common bile duct stones) in patients with co-existing gallbladder stones has been debated. Guidelines recommend patients with CBDS identified on imaging should be offered duct clearance; however, this is based on low-quality evidence. This study aimed to investigate the natural history of small CBDS identified using IOUS (intraoperative ultrasound) in patients undergoing cholecystectomy. This may provide evidence to support a short-term expectant management approach in such patients. METHODS Patients with CBDS diagnosed on IOUS during cholecystectomy were identified from a database of consecutive patients undergoing surgery. Patients with CBDS identified were divided into small stone (SS, ≤5 mm) and large stone (LS, >5 mm) groups. Intraoperative CBDS management, postoperative investigations, postoperative bile duct clearance, re-admissions, complications, length of stay (LOS) and follow-up are described. RESULTS Fifty-nine of 427 patients had CBDS identified on IOUS. In the SS group (n=51), 46 patients underwent short-term expectant management rather than immediate/planned bile duct clearance. Following short-term expectant management, 41/46 patients (89.1%) did not require postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and at >3 year follow-up, none has since presented with residual CBDS. Median LOS was 0 days in the short-term expectant management group and 2 days in the immediate/planned bile duct clearance group, P=0.039. CONCLUSIONS This study reports the natural history of small CBDS identified on IOUS in patients undergoing cholecystectomy. Such patients were safely treated with short-term expectant management associated with a reduced hospital LOS. This provides rationale for undertaking further research to establish this as a preferred management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bunting
- Department of Upper GI and Abdominal Wall Surgery, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple, Devon, EX31 4JB, UK.
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, EX1 2HZ, UK.
| | - Abidemi Adesuyi
- Department of Upper GI and Abdominal Wall Surgery, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple, Devon, EX31 4JB, UK
| | - John Findlay
- Department of Upper GI and Abdominal Wall Surgery, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple, Devon, EX31 4JB, UK
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, EX1 2HZ, UK
| | - Maciej Pawlak
- Department of Upper GI and Abdominal Wall Surgery, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple, Devon, EX31 4JB, UK
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, EX1 2HZ, UK
| | - David Sanders
- Department of Upper GI and Abdominal Wall Surgery, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple, Devon, EX31 4JB, UK
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, EX1 2HZ, UK
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23
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Hirukawa K, Yagi H, Kuroda K, Watanabe M, Nishi K, Nagata S, Abe Y, Kitago M, Adachi S, Sudo R, Kitagawa Y. Novel approach for reconstruction of the three-dimensional biliary system in decellularized liver scaffold using hepatocyte progenitors. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297285. [PMID: 38359035 PMCID: PMC10868823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Reconstruction of the biliary system is indispensable for the regeneration of transplantable liver grafts. Here, we report the establishment of the first continuous three-dimensional biliary system scaffold for bile acid excretion using a novel method. We confirmed the preservation of the liver-derived extracellular matrix distribution in the scaffold. In addition, hepatocyte progenitors decellularized via the bile duct by slow-speed perfusion differentiated into hepatocyte- and cholangiocyte-like cells, mimicking hepatic cords and bile ducts, respectively. Furthermore, qRT-PCR demonstrated increased ALB, BSEP, and AQP8 expression, revealing bile canaliculi- and bile duct-specific genetic patterns. Therefore, we concluded that locally preserved extracellular matrices in the scaffold stimulated hepatic progenitors and provided efficient differentiation, as well as regeneration of a three-dimensional continuous biliary system from hepatic cords through bile ducts. These findings suggest that organ-derived scaffolds can be utilized for the efficient reconstruction of functional biliary systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Hirukawa
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yagi
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Kohei Kuroda
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Masafumi Watanabe
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology (E308), Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
- Department of System Design Engineering, Keio University, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kotaro Nishi
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Shogo Nagata
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Yuta Abe
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Minoru Kitago
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Shungo Adachi
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Sudo
- Department of System Design Engineering, Keio University, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuko Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Japan
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Hayashi D, Mizuno T, Kawakatsu S, Baba T, Sando M, Yamaguchi J, Onoe S, Watanabe N, Sunagawa M, Ebata T. Liver remnant volume to body weight ratio of 0.65% as a lower limit in right hepatic trisectionectomy with bile duct resection. Surgery 2024; 175:404-412. [PMID: 37989634 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2023.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested the utility of an indocyanine green plasma clearance rate of the future liver remnant (FLR) (ICGK-F) ≥0.05 in hepatobiliary resection to reduce the surgical risk. The present study aimed to verify whether future liver remnant size rather than ICGK-F matters in extended hepatobiliary resection. METHODS Between 2004 and 2021, patients who underwent right hepatic trisectionectomy with bile duct resection were included. The effect of the FLR volume-to-body weight ratio (FLR/BW) and ICGK-F on posthepatectomy liver failure was evaluated along with other parameters. RESULTS Among 91 study patients, the median ICGK-F, FLR, and FLR/BW were 0.057 (range, 0.027-0.099), 392 mL (145-705), and 0.78% (0.40-1.37), respectively. Posthepatectomy liver failure occurred in 23 patients. The incidence was 10 (40%) in 25 patients with an ICGK-F <0.05 and 12 (18%) in 65 patients with an ICGK-F ≥0.05 (P = .053); 13 (52%) in 25 patients with a FLR/BW <0.65% and 10 (15%) in 66 patients with a FLR/BW ≥0.65% (P = .001). Multivariate analysis showed that a FLR/BW <0.65% (odds ratio, 11.7; P = .005), age ≥65 years (odds ratio, 31.7; P < .001), and blood loss ≥25 mL/kg (odds ratio, 22.1; P = .004) were independent predictors of posthepatectomy liver failure, but ICGK-F <0.05 was not (P = .499). According to the meeting number of 3 factors, posthepatectomy liver failure incidence was 0 of 22 (0%) in patients with 0 factors, 6 of 43 (14%) in patients with 1, and 17 of 26 (65%) in patients with 2 or 3 (P < .001). CONCLUSION A FLR/BW ≥0.65% may serve as a volumetric basis to reduce posthepatectomy liver failure after extended hepatobiliary resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hayashi
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takashi Mizuno
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shoji Kawakatsu
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Taisuke Baba
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masanori Sando
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Junpei Yamaguchi
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Onoe
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Watanabe
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masaki Sunagawa
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ebata
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
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Horwich BH, Dieterich DT. Phenotypes of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Differential Diagnosis. Clin Liver Dis 2024; 28:143-155. [PMID: 37945155 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a heterogenous immune-mediated disorder characterized by chronic inflammation and stricturing of the bile ducts. Though the driving pathophysiologic mechanisms remain elusive, there are several observed clinical phenotypes of the disease. The distribution of bile duct involvement, presence of concomitant inflammatory bowel disease, significant infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells, and overlapping features with other autoimmune disease has significant implications for prognosis and treatment. As there remains no pathognomonic finding for primary sclerosing cholangitis, a broad differential diagnosis and extensive evaluation of other underlying causes is critical to appropriate management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Horwich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, PO Box 1076, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Douglas T Dieterich
- Division of Liver Diseases, Institute for Liver Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, Annenberg 5-04, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Rastogi A, Gupta AA, Piplani T, Yadav KS, K V F, Bhangui P, Soin AS. Hilar Anatomy in 3035 Living Liver Donors: A Novel Classification for Donor Surgery and Suitability, Hepatic Surgeries, and Hepatobiliary Interventions. Transplantation 2024; 108:455-463. [PMID: 37953482 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examines the vascular and biliary variations in 3035 liver donors. We propose a novel classification of hepatic arteries, portal veins, and bile ducts and clinically relevant donor classification. METHODS Preoperative imaging and operative details of 3035 donors from 2005 to 2020 were reviewed. Hilar anatomical variations were identified and grouped on the basis of incidence and clinical relevance. RESULTS Hilar structures are classified according to the numbers supplying or draining the graft: for the hepatic artery, right (R) and left (L), RA1/LA1 (1 artery), RA2/LA2 (2 arteries), and RA3/LA3 (3 arteries), respectively, further defined on the basis of the inflow trunk into C (for common hepatic artery), S (for superior mesenteric artery), and L (for left gastric artery); for the portal vein, RP1 (1 vein) and RP2 (2 veins) for the right lobe; and for the hepatic duct, RB1/LB1 (1 duct), RB2/LB2 (2 ducts), RB3 (3 right ducts), and RB4 (4 right ducts). Donors were classified on the basis of anatomical variations into 3 groups: class 1 and class 2 donors, who can donate liver with acceptable risks, and class 3 donors, who are high-risk donors because they are anatomically unacceptable ( Figures S1 to S4, SDC , http://links.lww.com/TP/C918 ). CONCLUSIONS Defining hilar anatomical variations and donor grouping into anatomy-based clinical classes helps in operative planning of donors, hepatobiliary surgeries, and interventional procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Rastogi
- Division of Liver Transplantation and HPB (Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary) Surgery, Institute of Liver Transplantation, Medanta, Gurugram (Delhi NCR), Haryana, India
| | - Ankur A Gupta
- Division of Liver Transplantation and HPB (Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary) Surgery, Institute of Liver Transplantation, Medanta, Gurugram (Delhi NCR), Haryana, India
| | - Tarun Piplani
- Division of Liver and GI Radiology, Institute of Radiology, Medanta, Gurugram (Delhi NCR), Haryana, India
| | - Kamal S Yadav
- Division of Liver Transplantation and HPB (Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary) Surgery, Institute of Liver Transplantation, Medanta, Gurugram (Delhi NCR), Haryana, India
| | - Fysal K V
- Division of Liver Transplantation and HPB (Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary) Surgery, Institute of Liver Transplantation, Medanta, Gurugram (Delhi NCR), Haryana, India
| | - Prashant Bhangui
- Division of Liver Transplantation and HPB (Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary) Surgery, Institute of Liver Transplantation, Medanta, Gurugram (Delhi NCR), Haryana, India
| | - Arvinder S Soin
- Division of Liver Transplantation and HPB (Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary) Surgery, Institute of Liver Transplantation, Medanta, Gurugram (Delhi NCR), Haryana, India
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Ibrarullah M, Sikora SS. Response to Re: Anatomical appraisal of safe cholecystectomy: a prospective study. ANZ J Surg 2024; 94:275. [PMID: 38044534 DOI: 10.1111/ans.18810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ibrarullah
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Apollo Hospitals, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sadiq S Sikora
- Institute of Digestive & HPB Sciences, Sakra World Hospital, Bangalore, India
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Ye L, Ziesch A, Schneider JS, Ofner A, Nieß H, Denk G, Hohenester S, Mayr D, Mahajan UM, Munker S, Khaled NB, Wimmer R, Gerbes AL, Mayerle J, He Y, Geier A, Toni END, Zhang C, Reiter FP. The inhibition of YAP Signaling Prevents Chronic Biliary Fibrosis in the Abcb4 -/- Model by Modulation of Hepatic Stellate Cell and Bile Duct Epithelium Cell Pathophysiology. Aging Dis 2024; 15:338-356. [PMID: 37307826 PMCID: PMC10796084 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) represents a chronic liver disease characterized by poor prognosis and lacking causal treatment options. Yes-associated protein (YAP) functions as a critical mediator of fibrogenesis; however, its therapeutic potential in chronic biliary diseases such as PSC remains unestablished. The objective of this study is to elucidate the possible significance of YAP inhibition in biliary fibrosis by examining the pathophysiology of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and biliary epithelial cells (BEC). Human liver tissue samples from PSC patients were analyzed to assess the expression of YAP/connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) relative to non-fibrotic control samples. The pathophysiological relevance of YAP/CTGF in HSC and BEC was investigated in primary human HSC (phHSC), LX-2, H69, and TFK-1 cell lines through siRNA or pharmacological inhibition utilizing verteporfin (VP) and metformin (MF). The Abcb4-/- mouse model was employed to evaluate the protective effects of pharmacological YAP inhibition. Hanging droplet and 3D matrigel culture techniques were utilized to investigate YAP expression and activation status of phHSC under various physical conditions. YAP/CTGF upregulation was observed in PSC patients. Silencing YAP/CTGF led to inhibition of phHSC activation and reduced contractility of LX-2 cells, as well as suppression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in H69 cells and proliferation of TFK-1 cells. Pharmacological inhibition of YAP mitigated chronic liver fibrosis in vivo and diminished ductular reaction and EMT. YAP expression in phHSC was effectively modulated by altering extracellular stiffness, highlighting YAP's role as a mechanotransducer. In conclusion, YAP regulates the activation of HSC and EMT in BEC, thereby functioning as a checkpoint of fibrogenesis in chronic cholestasis. Both VP and MF demonstrate effectiveness as YAP inhibitors, capable of inhibiting biliary fibrosis. These findings suggest that VP and MF warrant further investigation as potential therapeutic options for the treatment of PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangtao Ye
- Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.
| | - Andreas Ziesch
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Andrea Ofner
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.
| | - Hanno Nieß
- Biobank of the Department of General, Visceral and Transplantion Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.
| | - Gerald Denk
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.
| | - Simon Hohenester
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.
| | - Doris Mayr
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany.
| | - Ujjwal M. Mahajan
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.
| | - Stefan Munker
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.
| | - Najib Ben Khaled
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.
| | - Ralf Wimmer
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Julia Mayerle
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.
| | - Yulong He
- Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Andreas Geier
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Enrico N. De Toni
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.
| | - Changhua Zhang
- Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Florian P. Reiter
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Peng T, Zhong Y, Lin X, Jiang B, Wang P, Jia Y. Analysis and numerical investigation of bile flow dynamics within the strictured biliary duct. Int J Numer Method Biomed Eng 2024; 40:e3790. [PMID: 37997039 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The mechanics of bile flow in the biliary system plays an important role in studying bile stasis and gallstone formation. Bile duct stricture is an abnormal phenomenon that refers to the bile duct getting smaller or narrower. The main objective of this study is to study the influence of stricture on bile flow dynamics using numerical methods. We employed a numerical Computational Fluid Dynamics model of the bile flow within a strictured hepatic duct. We studied and compared the influence of stricture severity, stricture length, eccentricity, and bile flow property on the bile flow dynamics. The bile flow velocity, pressure distribution, pressure drop, and wall shear stress are provided in detail. The stricture alters the normal bile flow pattern and increases flow resistance. At the location upstream and downstream of the stricture, bile flow slows down. In the area of the stricture throat, bile flow is accelerated, and recirculation forms behind the stricture. The maximum pressure drop of the biliary system increases with the stricture length. The eccentricity makes the flow deflect away from the duct's centerline. The behavior of the deflected flow is significantly altered downstream of the stricture. Such bile flow behavior as deceleration and recirculation may lead to cholestasis. Stricture alters bile flow in the biliary tract, causing changes in biliary hydrodynamic indexes, which could potentially serve as an omen for gallstone formation and other related diseases. The consideration of the bile duct stricture could lead to better patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Peng
- Zhuhai UM Science & Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yunlong Zhong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Lin
- Zhuhai UM Science & Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai, China
| | - Bingyan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanwei Jia
- Zhuhai UM Science & Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macao, China
- Faculty of Science and Technology - Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Macau, Macau, China
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, China
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Pan W, Li J, Liu L, Huang Y, Huang M, Liu H. Comparing triple scope-combined bile duct exploration lithotripsy with laparoscopic hepatectomy for hepatolithiasis (with video). Asian J Surg 2024; 47:946-952. [PMID: 38195279 DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2023.12.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare the efficacy of Three-scope combined (laparoscopic, rigid choledochoscopy and electronic choledochoscopy, TS) with laparoscopic hepatectomy (LH) for patients with hepatolithiasis (HL). METHODS Between January 2019 and January 2020, 118 consecutive patients with HL treated with TS (TS group, n = 57) or LH (LH group, n = 61) were analyzed in this study. Perioperative and long-term outcomes, including operative time, intraoperative blood loss, blood transfusion, postoperative bowel function recovery time, postoperative hospital stay, complication rate, stone removal rate, and stone recurrence rate, were compared and analyzed between the two groups. RESULTS Compared with the LH group, the TS group had significantly lower intraoperative blood loss and transfusions, significantly shorter operative time and hospital stay, and fewer complications (P < 0.05 for all). There was no significant difference in the final stone removal rate, stone recurrence rate and postoperative bowel function recovery time (P > 0.05 for all). CONCLUSION TS is a safe and effective treatment for HL and is superior to LH in terms of overall treatment outcome and complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Pan
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province, 330000, China.
| | - JunJie Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province, 330000, China.
| | - LingPeng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province, 330000, China.
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province, 330000, China.
| | - MingWen Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province, 330000, China.
| | - HongLiang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province, 330000, China.
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Iqbal A, Van Hul N, Belicova L, Corbat AA, Hankeova S, Andersson ER. Spatially segregated defects and IGF1-responsiveness of hilar and peripheral biliary organoids from a model of Alagille syndrome. Liver Int 2024; 44:541-558. [PMID: 38014627 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alagille syndrome (ALGS) manifests with peripheral intrahepatic bile duct (IHBD) paucity, which can spontaneously resolve. In a model for ALGS, Jag1Ndr/Ndr mice, this occurs with distinct architectural mechanisms in hilar and peripheral IHBDs. Here, we investigated region-specific IHBD characteristics and addressed whether IGF1, a cholangiocyte mitogen that is downregulated in ALGS and in Jag1Ndr/Ndr mice, can improve biliary outcomes. METHODS Intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ICOs) were derived from hilar and peripheral adult Jag1+/+ and Jag1Ndr/Ndr livers (hICOs and pICOs, respectively). ICOs were grown in Matrigel or microwell arrays, and characterized using bulk RNA sequencing, immunofluorescence, and high throughput analyses of nuclear sizes. ICOs were treated with IGF1, followed by analyses of growth, proliferation, and death. CellProfiler and Python scripts were custom written for image analyses. Key results were validated in vivo by immunostaining. RESULTS Cell growth assays and transcriptomics demonstrated that Jag1Ndr/Ndr ICOs were less proliferative than Jag1+/+ ICOs. IGF1 specifically rescued survival and growth of Jag1Ndr/Ndr pICOs. Jag1Ndr/Ndr hICOs were the least proliferative, with lower Notch signalling and an enrichment of hepatocyte signatures and IGF uptake/transport pathways. In vitro (Jag1Ndr/Ndr hICOs) and in vivo (Jag1Ndr/Ndr hilar portal tracts) analyses revealed ectopic HNF4a+ hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS Hilar and peripheral Jag1Ndr/Ndr ICOs exhibit differences in Notch signalling status, proliferation, and cholangiocyte commitment which may result in cholangiocyte-to-hepatocyte transdifferentiation. While Jag1Ndr/Ndr pICOs can be rescued by IGF1, hICOs are unresponsive, perhaps due to their hepatocyte-like state and/or expression of IGF transport components. IGF1 represents a potential therapeutic for peripheral bile ducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshan Iqbal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Noemi Van Hul
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lenka Belicova
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agustin A Corbat
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simona Hankeova
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma R Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Peiseler M, Tacke F. Bile duct-associated macrophages enter the spotlight in inflammatory cholestatic liver disease. Hepatology 2024; 79:257-260. [PMID: 37607726 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Peiseler
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
- BIH, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
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Singh S, Budiman T, Redmond D, Gupta V. Modulation of canonical Wnt signaling regulates peribiliary mesenchymal identity during homeostasis and injury. Hepatol Commun 2024; 8:e0368. [PMID: 38251878 PMCID: PMC10805418 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The matrix and associated mesenchyme of the extrahepatic bile ducts are distinct, which could drive diseases with a predilection for these ducts, such as primary sclerosing cholangitis. We aimed to understand the molecular drivers of peribiliary mesenchymal cell (PMC) identity in the extrahepatic bile ducts and dissect how this changed in the context of injury using an entirely in vivo approach with transcriptomic analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS Single-cell sequencing with a receptor-ligand analysis showed that PMCs had the most interactions with surrounding cells. Wnt4, Wnt5a, and Wnt7b were identified as the major ligands secreted from PMCs and cholangiocytes that interacted in both paracrine and autocrine fashion. Bile duct ligation caused an increase in all 3 Wingless/Integrated ligands and Axin2 with an associated increase in the transcription factors T-box transcription factor (Tbx)2 and Tbx3. Conversely, Indian hedgehog secretion decreased without an associated decrease in hedgehog signaling effectors. Loss of smoothened within PMCs did not impact hedgehog signaling effectors or cellular identity, whereas smoothened gain of function led to myofibroblast transdifferentiation with upregulation of Tbx2 and Tbx3 without injury. Loss of β-catenin caused a decrease in expression of all 3 Gli transcription factors and associated mesenchymal gene expression, which was phenocopied with compound Gli2 and Gli3 loss in uninjured PMCs. With injury, loss of β-catenin resulted in decreased myofibroblast transdifferentiation with reduced Tbx2 and Tbx3 expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results show how modulation of canonical Wingless/Integrated signaling in PMCs is important for regulating basal mesenchymal gene expression and initiating a myogenic gene transcriptional program during injury. They also highlight reciprocating interactions between the hedgehog and Wingless/Integrated signaling pathways within PMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serrena Singh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tifanny Budiman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - David Redmond
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vikas Gupta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Jung Y, Nelson HA, Lin DMH. Use of therapeutic plasma exchange to remove lipoprotein X in a patient with vanishing bile duct syndrome presenting with cholestasis, pseudohyponatremia, and hypercholesterolemia: A case report and review of literature. J Clin Apher 2024; 39:e22105. [PMID: 38334173 DOI: 10.1002/jca.22105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lipoprotein X (Lp-X) is an abnormal lipoprotein found in multiple disease conditions, including liver dysfunction and cholestasis. High Lp-X concentrations can interfere with some laboratory testing that may result in spurious results. The detection of Lp-X can be challenging, and there is currently a lack of consensus regarding the management of Lp-X other than treating the underlying disease. CASE PRESENTATION A 42-year-old female with Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with dexamethasone, high dose cytarabine and cisplatin and vanishing bile duct syndrome confirmed by liver biopsy presented with cholestasis, pseudohyponatremia (sodium, 113 mmol/L; reference range 136-146 mmL/L; serum osmolality, 303 mOsm/kg), and hypercholesterolemia (> 2800 mg/dL, reference range < 200 mg/dL). Lp-X was confirmed by lipoprotein electrophoresis (EP). Although she did not manifest any specific signs or symptoms, therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) was initiated based on laboratory findings of extreme hypercholesterolemia, spuriously abnormal serum sodium, and HDL values, and the potential for short- and long-term sequelae such as hyperviscosity syndrome, xanthoma, and neuropathy. During the hospitalization, she was treated with four 1.0 plasma volume TPE over 6 days using 5% albumin for replacement fluid. After the first TPE, total cholesterol (TC) decreased to 383 mg/dL and sodium was measured at 131 mmol/L. The patient was transitioned into outpatient maintenance TPE to eliminate the potential of Lp-X reappearance while the underlying disease was treated. Serial follow-up laboratory testing with lipoprotein EP showed the disappearance of Lp-X after nine TPEs over a 10-week period. LITERATURE REVIEW There are seven and four case reports of Lp-X treated with TPE and lipoprotein apheresis (LA), respectively. While all previous case reports showed a reduction in TC levels, none had monitored the disappearance of Lp-X after completing a course of therapeutic apheresis. CONCLUSION Clinicians should have a heightened suspicion for the presence of abnormal Lp-X in patients with cholestasis, hypercholesterolemia, and pseudohyponatremia. Once Lp-X is confirmed by lipoprotein EP, TPE should be initiated to reduce TC level and remove abnormal Lp-X. Most LA techniques are not expected to be beneficial since Lp-X lacks apolipoprotein B. Therefore, we suggest that inpatient course of TPE be performed every other day until serum sodium, TC and HDL levels become normalized. Outpatient maintenance TPE may also be considered to keep Lp-X levels low while the underlying disease is treated. Serum sodium, TC, and HDL levels should be monitored while on maintenance TPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujung Jung
- Bloodworks Northwest, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Heather A Nelson
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology®, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - David Ming-Hung Lin
- Bloodworks Northwest, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Huang J, Xu D, Li A. ASO Author Reflections: Laparoscopic Resection of the Middle Bile Duct for Cholangiocarcinoma: How We Do It (with Video). Ann Surg Oncol 2024; 31:1278-1279. [PMID: 37952020 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-023-14567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
| | - Dingwei Xu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ao Li
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Hatayama Y, Kanno T, Takikawa T, Matsumoto R, Arata Y, Suzuki S, Ogata Y, Saito M, Jin X, Miura S, Hatta W, Hamada S, Uno K, Kume K, Kikuta K, Asano N, Imatani A, Koike T, Masamune A. A Novel Dry Simulator Model for Learning Comprehensive Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography/Endoscopic Sphincterotomy Procedures while Minimizing Adverse Bleeding Events (with Video). Digestion 2024; 105:149-156. [PMID: 38198778 PMCID: PMC10994596 DOI: 10.1159/000536217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) are essential skills for performing endoscopic cholangiopancreatic procedures. However, these procedures have a high incidence of adverse events, and current training predominantly relies on patient-based approaches. Herein, we aimed to develop an ERCP/EST simulator model to address the need for safer training alternatives, especially for learners with limited ERCP experience. METHODS The model was designed to facilitate the use of actual endoscopic devices, supporting learning objectives that align with the components of the validated Bethesda ERCP Skill Assessment Tool (BESAT). BESAT focuses on skills, such as papillary alignment, maintenance of duodenoscope position, gentle and efficient cannulation, controlled sphincterotomy in the correct trajectory, and guidewire manipulation. Thirty gastroenterology trainees used the simulator between May 2022 and March 2023, and their satisfaction was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) and pre- and post-training questionnaires. RESULTS The novel simulator model comprised a disposable duodenal papillary section, suitable for incision with an electrosurgical knife, alongside washable upper gastrointestinal tract and bile duct sections for repeated use. The duodenal papillary section enabled reproduction of a realistic endoscope position and the adverse bleeding events due to improper incisions. The bile duct section allowed for the reproduction of fluoroscopic-like images, enabling learners to practice guidewire guidance and insertion of other devices. Following training, the median VAS score reflecting the expectation for model learning significantly increased from 69.5 (interquartile range [IQR]: 55.5-76.5) to 85.5 (IQR: 78.0-92.0) (p < 0.01). All participants expressed a desire for repeated simulator training sessions. CONCLUSIONS This innovative simulator could serve as a practical educational tool, particularly beneficial for novices in ERCP. It could facilitate hands-on practice with actual devices, enhancing procedural fluency and understanding of precise incisions to minimize the risk of bleeding complications during EST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Hatayama
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kanno
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- R and D Division of Career Education for Medical Professionals, Medical Education Center, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takikawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Matsumoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yutaro Arata
- Graduate Medical Education Center, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Suguo Suzuki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yohei Ogata
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masahiro Saito
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Xiaoyi Jin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shin Miura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Waku Hatta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shin Hamada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kaname Uno
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kume
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kikuta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoki Asano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akira Imatani
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Koike
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsushi Masamune
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Ruzzenente A, Alaimo L, D'Onofrio M, Marchese A, Roman D, Conci S, De Bellis M, Pedrazzani C, Campagnaro T, Guglielmi A. Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: three-dimensional modelling algorithm to estimate tumour extension and bile duct resection margins. Br J Surg 2024; 111:znad428. [PMID: 38198153 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znad428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ruzzenente
- Division of General and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Gynaecology, and Paediatrics, University of Verona, University Hospital G.B. Rossi, Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Alaimo
- Division of General and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Gynaecology, and Paediatrics, University of Verona, University Hospital G.B. Rossi, Verona, Italy
| | - Mirko D'Onofrio
- Department of Radiology, University of Verona, University Hospital G.B. Rossi, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Marchese
- Division of General and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Gynaecology, and Paediatrics, University of Verona, University Hospital G.B. Rossi, Verona, Italy
| | - Diletta Roman
- Division of General and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Gynaecology, and Paediatrics, University of Verona, University Hospital G.B. Rossi, Verona, Italy
| | - Simone Conci
- Division of General and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Gynaecology, and Paediatrics, University of Verona, University Hospital G.B. Rossi, Verona, Italy
| | - Mario De Bellis
- Division of General and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Gynaecology, and Paediatrics, University of Verona, University Hospital G.B. Rossi, Verona, Italy
| | - Corrado Pedrazzani
- Division of General and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Gynaecology, and Paediatrics, University of Verona, University Hospital G.B. Rossi, Verona, Italy
| | - Tommaso Campagnaro
- Division of General and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Gynaecology, and Paediatrics, University of Verona, University Hospital G.B. Rossi, Verona, Italy
| | - Alfredo Guglielmi
- Division of General and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Gynaecology, and Paediatrics, University of Verona, University Hospital G.B. Rossi, Verona, Italy
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Zhuang MQ, Zheng C, Xie WW, Xu L, Wu JL, Zhang DQ, Chen YG, Niu SS, Zhan X, Zhou YB. Diagnostic value of new biliary biopsy cannulae for malignant bile duct strictures via endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pathway. Asian J Surg 2024; 47:471-476. [PMID: 37142503 DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2023.04.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) plays a major role in the diagnosis of malignant biliary strictures. ERCP fluoroscopy-guided biliary biopsy is more sensitive than brushing, but it is more difficult to perform and less successful. Therefore, a new technique of biliary biopsy using a new biliary biopsy cannula via the ERCP route was developed in our center with the aim of improving the diagnosis rate of malignant biliary strictures. METHODS This is a retrospective study that included 42 patients who underwent ERCP-guided biliary brushing and biliary biopsy for biliary strictures using a new biliary biopsy cannula in our department from January 2019 to May 2022. The final diagnosis was determined after brushing, biliary biopsy under the new biliary biopsy cannula or adequate follow-up. Diagnostic rates were calculated and analyzed for relevant factors. RESULTS The satisfactory rates of pathological specimens of 42 patients who underwent bile duct biopsy with bile duct brush and new bile duct biopsy cannula were 57.14% and 95.24% respectively. Cholangiocarcinoma was diagnosed in 45.23% and 83.30% of the samples by biliary brush examination and biliary biopsy using the new biliary biopsy cannula, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The ERCP route using a new biliary biopsy cannula for biliary biopsy technique can improve pathology positivity and benefit ratio. It provides a new approach in the diagnosis of malignant stenosis in the bile duct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Qi Zhuang
- Department of Digestive Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Cheng Zheng
- Department of Digestive Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Wei-Wei Xie
- Department of Digestive Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Digestive Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Jia-Li Wu
- Department of Digestive Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Dao-Quan Zhang
- Department of Digestive Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Yuan-Gan Chen
- Department of Digestive Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Sen-Sen Niu
- Department of Digestive Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Xiang Zhan
- Department of Digestive Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Yu-Bao Zhou
- Department of Digestive Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China.
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Kamakura M, Uehara T, Muraki T, Iwaya M, Asaka S, Nakajima T, Iwaya Y, Nagaya T, Yoshizawa T, Shimizu A, Kuraishi Y, Ota H, Umemura T. Mucosal damage in pancreaticobiliary maljunction is stronger in the gallbladder than in the bile duct. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 253:155011. [PMID: 38103363 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.155011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frequency of gallbladder carcinoma is high in pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM), and the mechanism of carcinogenesis is not well understood. METHODS The expression of γH2AX, the most sensitive marker for detecting DNA damage, was analyzed using immunohistochemistry in patients with PBM, in which the gallbladder and bile duct were simultaneously resected. Gallbladder and bile ducts were evaluated in non-neoplastic regions in 13 cases of PBM without cancer in the gallbladder and bile ducts. RESULTS The median frequencies of γH2AX expression in the bile duct and gallbladder within the same case were 5.9% (range 1.7-12.05%) and 9.9% (range 2.8-25%), respectively, and were significantly higher in the gallbladder mucosa (P < 0.0004). γH2AX expression strongly correlated in the bile duct and gallbladder (r = 0.9436, P < 0.0001). PBM caused marked mucosal damage to the gallbladder. CONCLUSIONS Mucosal damage may be involved in carcinogenesis, which may be useful for predicting malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kamakura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uehara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
| | - Takashi Muraki
- Department of Gastroenterology, North Alps Medical Center Azumi Hospital, Ikeda, Japan
| | - Mai Iwaya
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Shiho Asaka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagano Children's Hospital, Azumino, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Nakajima
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yugo Iwaya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Tadanobu Nagaya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yoshizawa
- Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kuraishi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Ota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan; Department of Biomedical Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takeji Umemura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Romashchenko PN, Aliev AK, Pryadko AS, Abasov SY, Maistrenko NA. [Clinical and economic justification of icg-cholangiography in «difficult» laparoscopic cholecystectomy]. Khirurgiia (Mosk) 2024:105-111. [PMID: 38634591 DOI: 10.17116/hirurgia2024041105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To prove from a clinical and economic point of view the expediency of using ICG cholangiography in patients with «difficult» laparoscopic cholecystectomy for the prevention of damage to the bile ducts. MATERIAL AND METHODS The results of treatment of 173 patients with cholelithiasis at various levels of health care providing were analyzed with regard to assessment of indicators of surgery complexity, developed complications and economic costs. RESULTS The effectiveness of the original scale of «difficult» laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been proved. The financial and economic costs of treatment of patients with damage of biliary ducts and patients with cholelithiasis without development of complications have been analyzed and evaluated. A comparative description of financial costs for patients with «difficult» laparoscopic cholecystectomy with the use of ICG-cholangiography has been given. A program on care delivery for patients suffering from cholelithiasis in the conditions of region with regard to safety and economic effectiveness has been developed. CONCLUSION The implementation of this program provides the minimization of postoperative complications and fatality at all levels of surgical care delivery. It has been established that a rational approach to reducing the number of biliary ducts damages is their prevention by prediction of «difficult» laparoscopic cholecystectomy and performance of such interventions in medical organizations of III level with the possibility of modern technologies use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A K Aliev
- S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A S Pryadko
- S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Leningrad Regional Clinical Hospital, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sh Yu Abasov
- S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - N A Maistrenko
- S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Tanisaka Y, Mizuide M, Ryozawa S. Texture and color enhancement imaging aided in the identification of a deviated bile duct orifice in a patient with a large periampullary diverticulum. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2024; 31:e3-e4. [PMID: 37799002 DOI: 10.1002/jhbp.1374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Deviation of the bile duct orifice due to a large periampullary diverticulum presents difficulty in identifying the bile duct orifice, resulting in failure to achieve selective biliary cannulation. Tanisaka and colleagues demonstrate the usefulness of texture and color enhancement imaging for the identification of a deviated bile duct orifice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tanisaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Mizuide
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Japan
| | - Shomei Ryozawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Japan
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Mizuno F, Imai N, Yasuda K, Yokoyama S, Yamamoto K, Ito T, Ishizu Y, Honda T, Ishigami M, Kawashima H. Successful Treatment with Steroids in a Patient with Vanishing Bile Duct Syndrome and Acute Tubular Necrosis. Intern Med 2024; 63:57-61. [PMID: 37164665 PMCID: PMC10824634 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.1826-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Vanishing bile duct syndrome (VBDS) is a rare but potentially serious cholestatic liver disease caused by various etiologies, including drugs. We herein report a complicated case of VBDS with acute tubular necrosis (ATN) that improved significantly with steroid treatment. An Asian man in his 30s was admitted with the acute onset of severe jaundice and a decline in the renal function. Although initial treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid did not reduce jaundice or renal dysfunction, steroid treatment remarkably improved the VBDS and ATN to within the respective normal ranges. Steroid treatment can be considered in cases of VBDS that appear to have an immune-mediated cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Mizuno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Norihiro Imai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kazushi Yasuda
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shinya Yokoyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kenta Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takanori Ito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoji Ishizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takashi Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ishigami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kawashima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Hadfield MJ, DeCarli K, Bash K, Sun G, Almhanna K. Current and Emerging Therapeutic Targets for the Treatment of Cholangiocarcinoma: An Updated Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:543. [PMID: 38203714 PMCID: PMC10779232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignancy of the bile ducts that is often associated with late diagnosis, poor overall survival, and limited treatment options. The standard of care therapy for cholangiocarcinoma has been cytotoxic chemotherapy with modest improvements in overall survival with the addition of immune checkpoint inhibitors. The discovery of actionable mutations has led to the advent of targeted therapies against FGFR and IDH-1, which has expanded the treatment landscape for this patient population. Significant efforts have been made in the pre-clinical space to explore novel immunotherapeutic approaches, as well as antibody-drug conjugates. This review provides an overview of the current landscape of treatment options, as well as promising future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Hadfield
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University, Providence, RI 02806, USA; (M.J.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Kathryn DeCarli
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University, Providence, RI 02806, USA; (M.J.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Kinan Bash
- Department of Graduate Studies, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA;
| | - Grace Sun
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University, Providence, RI 02806, USA; (M.J.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Khaldoun Almhanna
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University, Providence, RI 02806, USA; (M.J.H.); (G.S.)
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Cascio Baccanelli CM, Sian AM, Uad PV, Goransky Patiño J. [Non-Hodgkin large B-cell lymphoma of the bile duct mimicking a Klatskin tumor: case report]. Rev Fac Cien Med Univ Nac Cordoba 2023; 80:510-522. [PMID: 38150195 PMCID: PMC10851406 DOI: 10.31053/1853.0605.v80.n4.42808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The obstruction of the bile duct secondary to non-Hodgkin lymphoma is extremely rare. That's why we present the case of a 63-year-old female patient who sought medical attention due to jaundice, dark urine, acholia, and weakness. Laboratory results showed a cholestatic pattern, and an ultrasound revealed dilation of the intra and extrahepatic bile ducts, for which a cholangio resonance was ordered. It showed an expansive formation with ill-defined borders compromising the common hepatic duct associated with its stenosis. The initial suspicion was a Klatskin tumor, for which a biopsy was performed, which reported infiltration of a double expressor large B-cell lymphoma as a primary neoplasm of the bile duct. The patient underwent chemotherapy treatment with R-CHOP regimen (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone) and went into remission. Due to continuous episodes of cholangitis, a Roux-en-Y hepatic jejunal anastomosis with biliary tract reconstruction was performed. Currently, she remains in remission, seven years after the diagnosis. This case highlights the rarity of large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the bile duct and emphasizes the importance of biopsy for effective treatment, combining chemotherapy for the underlying disease and surgery for obstructive complications.
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Mao HM, Huang SG, Yang Y, Cai TN, Guo WL. Using machine learning models to predict the surgical risk of children with pancreaticobiliary maljunction and biliary dilatation. Surg Today 2023; 53:1352-1362. [PMID: 37160428 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-023-02696-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop machine learning (ML) models to predict the surgical risk of children with pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) and biliary dilatation. METHODS The subjects of this study were 157 pediatric patients who underwent surgery for PBM with biliary dilatation between January, 2015 and August, 2022. Using preoperative data, four ML models were developed, including logistic regression (LR), random forest (RF), support vector machine classifier (SVC), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). The performance of each model was assessed via the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC). Model interpretations were generated by Shapley Additive Explanations. A nomogram was used to validate the best-performing model. RESULTS Sixty-eight patients (43.3%) were classified as the high-risk surgery group. The XGBoost model (AUC = 0.822) outperformed the LR (AUC = 0.798), RF (AUC = 0.802) and SVC (AUC = 0.804) models. In all four models, enhancement of the choledochal cystic wall and an abnormal position of the right hepatic artery were the two most important features. Moreover, the diameter of the choledochal cyst, bile duct variation, and serum amylase were selected as key predictive factors by all four models. CONCLUSIONS Using preoperative data, the ML models, especially XGBoost, have the potential to predict the surgical risk of children with PBM and biliary dilatation. The nomogram may provide surgeons early warning to avoid intraoperative iatrogenic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Mao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Shun-Gen Huang
- Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, China
| | - Tian-Na Cai
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, China
| | - Wan-Liang Guo
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, China.
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Hirata K, Yamamoto Y, Hatanaka K, Kinoshita K, Abiko S, Suzuki K, Tanaka T, Ishibe E, Nakajima K, Naruse H, Umehara M, Tsuruga Y, Nakanishi K, Munakata S, Shimoyama N. Hepatobiliary and pancreatic: Tiny pigmented intra-hepatic ducts stones as the cause of jaundice and liver failure. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 38:2052. [PMID: 37680105 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Hirata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hakodate Municipal Hospital, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Y Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hakodate Municipal Hospital, Hakodate, Japan
| | - K Hatanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hakodate Municipal Hospital, Hakodate, Japan
| | - K Kinoshita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hakodate Municipal Hospital, Hakodate, Japan
| | - S Abiko
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hakodate Municipal Hospital, Hakodate, Japan
| | - K Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hakodate Municipal Hospital, Hakodate, Japan
| | - T Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hakodate Municipal Hospital, Hakodate, Japan
| | - E Ishibe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hakodate Municipal Hospital, Hakodate, Japan
| | - K Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hakodate Municipal Hospital, Hakodate, Japan
| | - H Naruse
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hakodate Municipal Hospital, Hakodate, Japan
| | - M Umehara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hakodate Municipal Hospital, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Y Tsuruga
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hakodate Municipal Hospital, Hakodate, Japan
| | - K Nakanishi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hakodate Municipal Hospital, Hakodate, Japan
| | - S Munakata
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Hakodate Municipal Hospital, Hakodate, Japan
| | - N Shimoyama
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Hakodate Municipal Hospital, Hakodate, Japan
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47
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Ray K. Understanding remodelling of bile ducts to promote polycystic liver disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:759. [PMID: 37789058 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00852-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Ray
- Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, .
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48
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Omoto S, Takenaka M, Fukunaga T, Okamoto A, Komeda Y, Jeong S, Kudo M. Diagnosis of an intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct with fibrovascular stalks using detective flow imaging. Endoscopy 2023; 55:E1012-E1014. [PMID: 37647936 PMCID: PMC10468265 DOI: 10.1055/a-2134-9350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Omoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Mamoru Takenaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Fukunaga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Ayana Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yodogawa Christian Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoriaki Komeda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Seok Jeong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Masatoshi Kudo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
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Fukasawa Y, Fukasawa M, Takano S, Kawakami S, Hayakawa H, Harai S, Enomoto N. Guidewire malposition outside the bile duct during endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy. Endoscopy 2023; 55:E894-E895. [PMID: 37442180 PMCID: PMC10344610 DOI: 10.1055/a-2113-9777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimitsu Fukasawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Fukasawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Shinichi Takano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawakami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hayakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Shota Harai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Enomoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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50
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Zhang Y, Tang D, Wang L, Yang J, Wu X, Xiao X, Wang JS. Prevention of Portal-Tract Fibrosis in Zfyve19-/- Mouse Model with Adeno-Associated Virus Vector Delivering ZFYVE19. Hum Gene Ther 2023; 34:1219-1229. [PMID: 37672510 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2023.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc finger FYVE-type containing 19 (ZFYVE19) deficiency, caused by biallelic ZFYVE19 complete loss-of-function variants, is a recently identified chronic hepatobiliary disorder characterized by obvious portal-tract fibrosis, increased numbers of bile ducts with malformations, and abnormal levels of serum markers of hepatobiliary injury. As liver-targeted adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy has been used successfully in hepatobiliary diseases, liver-targeted gene therapy has been explored in a mouse model of this disorder. Three ZFYVE19 AAV vectors (AAV-hZFYVE19, AAV-hZFYVE19-m, and AAV-hZFYVE19-co) were constructed and injected into Zfyve19-/- mice, which were treated with alpha-naphthyl isothiocyanate, a hepatobiliary toxin. Hematoxylin/eosin, immunohistochemical staining, immunofluorescence staining, Sirius Red staining, real-time quantitative PCR, and Western blotting of liver tissue, along with serum hepatobiliary injury marker analyses, were performed to evaluate the effects of gene therapy. AAV-hZFYVE19 decreased serum hepatobiliary injury markers, portal-tract inflammation, ductal hyperplasia, and portal-tract fibrosis in the Zfyve19-/- model mice most substantially at a relatively low dose (1 × 1011 vg/kg), whereas AAV-hZFYVE19 at a higher dose gradually lost the abovementioned benefits and even caused deterioration at the highest dose of 5 × 1012 vg/kg. These observations verified the pathogenicity of ZFYVE19 deficiency and suggested that the ZFYVE19 gene needs to function well at an optimal level of expression; both too low and too high a ZFYVE19 expression may be harmful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dingyue Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Wu
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-She Wang
- The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, Shanghai, China
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