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Yu D, Wagner S, Schütz M, Jeon Y, Seo M, Kim J, Brückner N, Kicuntod J, Tillmanns J, Wangen C, Hahn F, Kaufer BB, Neipel F, Eickhoff J, Klebl B, Nam K, Marschall M. An Antiherpesviral Host-Directed Strategy Based on CDK7 Covalently Binding Drugs: Target-Selective, Picomolar-Dose, Cross-Virus Reactivity. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:158. [PMID: 38399219 PMCID: PMC10892818 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The repertoire of currently available antiviral drugs spans therapeutic applications against a number of important human pathogens distributed worldwide. These include cases of the pandemic severe acute respiratory coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1 or AIDS), and the pregnancy- and posttransplant-relevant human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). In almost all cases, approved therapies are based on direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), but their benefit, particularly in long-term applications, is often limited by the induction of viral drug resistance or side effects. These issues might be addressed by the additional use of host-directed antivirals (HDAs). As a strong input from long-term experiences with cancer therapies, host protein kinases may serve as HDA targets of mechanistically new antiviral drugs. The study demonstrates such a novel antiviral strategy by targeting the major virus-supportive host kinase CDK7. Importantly, this strategy focuses on highly selective, 3D structure-derived CDK7 inhibitors carrying a warhead moiety that mediates covalent target binding. In summary, the main experimental findings of this study are as follows: (1) the in vitro verification of CDK7 inhibition and selectivity that confirms the warhead covalent-binding principle (by CDK-specific kinase assays), (2) the highly pronounced antiviral efficacies of the hit compounds (in cultured cell-based infection models) with half-maximal effective concentrations that reach down to picomolar levels, (3) a particularly strong potency of compounds against strains and reporter-expressing recombinants of HCMV (using infection assays in primary human fibroblasts), (4) additional activity against further herpesviruses such as animal CMVs and VZV, (5) unique mechanistic properties that include an immediate block of HCMV replication directed early (determined by Western blot detection of viral marker proteins), (6) a substantial drug synergism in combination with MBV (measured by a Loewe additivity fixed-dose assay), and (7) a strong sensitivity of clinically relevant HCMV mutants carrying MBV or ganciclovir resistance markers. Combined, the data highlight the huge developmental potential of this host-directed antiviral targeting concept utilizing covalently binding CDK7 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- DongHoon Yu
- Qurient Co., Ltd., C-Dong, 242 Pangyo-ro, C801 Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13487, Republic of Korea
| | - Sabrina Wagner
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virolosgy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Schütz
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virolosgy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yeejin Jeon
- Qurient Co., Ltd., C-Dong, 242 Pangyo-ro, C801 Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13487, Republic of Korea
| | - Mooyoung Seo
- Qurient Co., Ltd., C-Dong, 242 Pangyo-ro, C801 Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13487, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseung Kim
- Qurient Co., Ltd., C-Dong, 242 Pangyo-ro, C801 Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13487, Republic of Korea
| | - Nadine Brückner
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virolosgy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jintawee Kicuntod
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virolosgy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Tillmanns
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virolosgy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina Wangen
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virolosgy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Hahn
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virolosgy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benedikt B. Kaufer
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7–13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Neipel
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virolosgy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Eickhoff
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bert Klebl
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science UiT, Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kiyean Nam
- Qurient Co., Ltd., C-Dong, 242 Pangyo-ro, C801 Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13487, Republic of Korea
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virolosgy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Hao C, Xu Z, Xu C, Yao R. Anti-herpes simplex virus activities and mechanisms of marine derived compounds. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1302096. [PMID: 38259968 PMCID: PMC10800978 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1302096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the most widely prevalent herpes virus worldwide, and the herpetic encephalitis and genital herpes caused by HSV infection have caused serious harm to human health all over the world. Although many anti-HSV drugs such as nucleoside analogues have been ap-proved for clinical use during the past few decades, important issues, such as drug resistance, toxicity, and high cost of drugs, remain unresolved. Recently, the studies on the anti-HSV activities of marine natural products, such as marine polysaccharides, marine peptides and microbial secondary metabolites are attracting more and more attention all over the world. This review discusses the recent progress in research on the anti-HSV activities of these natural compounds obtained from marine organisms, relating to their structural features and the structure-activity relationships. In addition, the recent findings on the different anti-HSV mechanisms and molecular targets of marine compounds and their potential for therapeutic application will also be summarized in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Hao
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhongqiu Xu
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Can Xu
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruyong Yao
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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3
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Alipoor R, Ranjbar R. Small-molecule metabolites in SARS-CoV-2 treatment: a comprehensive review. Biol Chem 2022; 404:569-584. [PMID: 36490203 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has quickly spread all over the world. In this respect, traditional medicinal chemistry, repurposing, and computational approaches have been exploited to develop novel medicines for treating this condition. The effectiveness of chemicals and testing methods in the identification of new promising therapies, and the extent of preparedness for future pandemics, have been further highly advantaged by recent breakthroughs in introducing noble small compounds for clinical testing purposes. Currently, numerous studies are developing small-molecule (SM) therapeutic products for inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication, as well as managing the disease-related outcomes. Transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2)-inhibiting medicinal products can thus prevent the entry of the SARS-CoV-2 into the cells, and constrain its spreading along with the morbidity and mortality due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), particularly when co-administered with inhibitors such as chloroquine (CQ) and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH). The present review demonstrates that the clinical-stage therapeutic agents, targeting additional viral proteins, might improve the effectiveness of COVID-19 treatment if applied as an adjuvant therapy side-by-side with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Alipoor
- Student Research Committee , Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences , Bandar Abbas , Iran
| | - Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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4
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Sharma V, Gupta M. Designing of kinase hinge binders: A medicinal chemistry perspective. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 100:968-980. [PMID: 35112799 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases are key regulators of cellular signaling and play a critical role in oncogenesis. Inhibitors of protein kinases are pursued by both industry and academia as a promising target for cancer therapy. Within the protein kinases, the ATP site has produced more than 40 FDA-approved drugs. The ATP site is broadly composed of a hinge region, gatekeeper residues, DFG-loop, ribose pocket, and other hydrophobic regions. The hinge region in the ATP site can be used for designing potent inhibitors. In this review, we discuss some representative studies that will highlight the interactions of heterocyclic compounds with hinge regions of different kinases like BRAF kinase, EGRF kinase, MAP kinase, and Mps1 kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Mohit Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,GreenLight Biosciences, Woburn, MA, United States
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Liu Y, Chen L, Liu W, Li D, Zeng J, Tang Q, Zhang Y, Luan F, Zeng N. Cepharanthine Suppresses Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Replication Through the Downregulation of the PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK Signaling Pathways. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:795756. [PMID: 34956164 PMCID: PMC8696181 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.795756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cepharanthine (CEP) is a naturally occurring isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from Stephania cepharantha Hayata. Although its underlying molecular mechanism is not fully understood, this compound is reported as a promising antiviral drug. In the present study, we explore the anti-HSV-1 effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms of CEP in vitro. Our results show that CEP could significantly inhibit the formation of plaque and the expression of viral proteins and exhibit a general suppression of replication-associated genes. Whereas HSV-1 infection increases the expressions of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) in host cells, CEP was effective indirectly inhibiting phosphorylation levels of the targets in PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Moreover, CEP markedly decreased G0/G1 phase and increased G2/M phase cells and decreased the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase1 (CDK1) and cyclinB1 in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, CEP increased apoptosis in infected cells, reduced B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) protein levels, and increased the protein levels of Bcl-associated X protein (Bax), cleaved-caspase3, and nuclear IκB kinaseα (IκBα). Collectively, CEP could arrest the cell cycle in the G2/M phase and induce apoptosis in infected cells by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK signaling pathways, hence further reducing HSV-1 infection and subsequent reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Li
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiuseng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuexin Zhang
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Luan
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Nan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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6
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Menezes JCJMDS, Campos VR. Natural biflavonoids as potential therapeutic agents against microbial diseases. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:145168. [PMID: 33493916 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microbes broadly constitute several organisms like viruses, protozoa, bacteria, and fungi present in our biosphere. Fast-paced environmental changes have influenced contact of human populations with newly identified microbes resulting in diseases that can spread quickly. These microbes can cause infections like HIV, SARS-CoV2, malaria, nosocomial Escherichia coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), or Candida infection for which there are no available vaccines/drugs or are less efficient to prevent or treat these infections. In the pursuit to find potential safe agents for therapy of microbial infections, natural biflavonoids like amentoflavone, tetrahydroamentoflavone, ginkgetin, bilobetin, morelloflavone, agathisflavone, hinokiflavone, Garcinia biflavones 1 (GB1), Garcinia biflavones 2 (GB2), robustaflavone, strychnobiflavone, ochnaflavone, dulcisbiflavonoid C, tetramethoxy-6,6″-bigenkwanin and other derivatives isolated from several species of plants can provide effective starting points and become a source of future drugs. These biflavonoids show activity against influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), dengue, HIV-AIDS, coxsackieviral, hepatitis, HSV, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), protozoal (Leishmaniasis, Malaria) infections, bacterial and fungal infections. Some of the biflavonoids can provide antiviral and protozoal activity by inhibition of neuraminidase, chymotrypsin-like protease, DV-NS5 RNA dependant RNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase (RT), fatty acid synthase, DNA polymerase, UL54 gene expression, Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation, recombinant cysteine protease type 2.8 (r-CPB2.8), Plasmodium falciparum enoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase or cause depolarization of parasitic mitochondrial membranes. They may also provide anti-inflammatory therapeutic activity against the infection-induced cytokine storm. Considering the varied bioactivity of these biflavonoids against these organisms, their structure-activity relationships are derived and wherever possible compared with monoflavones. Overall, this review aims to highlight these natural biflavonoids and briefly discuss their sources, reported mechanism of action, pharmacological uses, and comment on resistance mechanism, flavopiridol repurposing and the bioavailability aspects to provide a starting point for anti-microbial research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C J M D S Menezes
- Section of Functional Morphology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, Nagasaki 859-3298, Japan.
| | - Vinícius R Campos
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Campus do Valonguinho, 24020-141 Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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7
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Aldea M, Michot JM, Danlos FX, Ribas A, Soria JC. Repurposing of Anticancer Drugs Expands Possibilities for Antiviral and Anti-Inflammatory Discovery in COVID-19. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:1336-1344. [PMID: 33846172 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic led to an unprecedented destabilization of the world's health and economic systems. The rapid spread and life-threatening consequences of COVID-19 have imposed testing of repurposed drugs, by investigating interventions already used in other indications, including anticancer drugs. The contours of anticancer drug repurposing have been shaped by similarities between the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and malignancies, including abnormal inflammatory and immunologic responses. In this review, we discuss the salient positive and negative points of repurposing anticancer drugs to advance treatments for COVID-19. SIGNIFICANCE: Targeting anti-inflammatory pathways with JAK/STAT inhibitors or anticytokine therapies aiming to curb COVID-19-related cytokine storm, using antiangiogenic drugs to reduce vascular abnormalities or immune-checkpoint inhibitors to improve antiviral defenses, could be of value in COVID-19. However, conflicting data on drug efficacy point to the need for better patient selection and biomarker studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Aldea
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Francois-Xavier Danlos
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Paris Saclay University, Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jean-Charles Soria
- Drug Development Department, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. .,Paris Saclay University, Saint-Aubin, France
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8
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Raghuvanshi R, Bharate SB. Recent Developments in the Use of Kinase Inhibitors for Management of Viral Infections. J Med Chem 2021; 65:893-921. [PMID: 33539089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Kinases are a group of therapeutic targets involved in the progression of numerous diseases, including cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, and viral infections. The majority of approved antiviral agents are inhibitors of virus-specific targets that are encoded by individual viruses. These inhibitors are narrow-spectrum agents that can cause resistance development. Viruses are dependent on host cellular proteins, including kinases, for progression of their life-cycle. Thus, targeting kinases is an important therapeutic approach to discovering broad-spectrum antiviral agents. As there are a large number of FDA approved kinase inhibitors for various indications, their repurposing for viral infections is an attractive and time-sparing strategy. Many kinase inhibitors, including baricitinib, ruxolitinib, imatinib, tofacitinib, pacritinib, zanubrutinib, and ibrutinib, are under clinical investigation for COVID-19. Herein, we discuss FDA approved kinase inhibitors, along with a repertoire of clinical/preclinical stage kinase inhibitors that possess antiviral activity or are useful in the management of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinky Raghuvanshi
- Medicinal Chemistry Division,CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sandip B Bharate
- Medicinal Chemistry Division,CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
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9
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Gargouri M, Alzwi A, Abobaker A. Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors as a new potential therapeutic option in management of COVID-19. Med Hypotheses 2020; 146:110380. [PMID: 33213999 PMCID: PMC7649033 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anis Abobaker
- Spire Fylde Coast Hospital, Blackpool, United Kingdom.
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10
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Kalra S, Joshi G, Munshi A, Kumar R. Structural insights of cyclin dependent kinases: Implications in design of selective inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 142:424-458. [PMID: 28911822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There are around 20 Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) known till date, and various research groups have reported their role in different types of cancer. The X-ray structures of some CDKs especially CDK2 was exploited in the past few years, and several inhibitors have been found, e.g., flavopiridol, indirubicin, roscovitine, etc., but due to the specificity issues of these inhibitors (binding to all CDKs), these were called as pan inhibitors. The revolutionary outcome of palbociclib in 2015 as CDK4/6 inhibitor added a new charm to the specific inhibitor design for CDKs. Computer-aided drug design (CADD) tools added a benefit to the design and development of new CDK inhibitors by studying the binding pattern of the inhibitors to the ATP binding domain of CDKs. Herein, we have attempted a comparative analysis of structural differences between several CDKs ATP binding sites and their inhibitor specificity by depicting the important ligand-receptor interactions for a particular CDK to be targeted. This perspective provides futuristic implications in the design of inhibitors considering the spatial features and structural insights of the specific CDK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Kalra
- Centre for Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Gaurav Joshi
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Anjana Munshi
- Centre for Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
| | - Raj Kumar
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
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11
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Klebl BM, Kurtenbach A, Salassidis K, Daub H, Herget T. Host Cell Targets in HCV Therapy: Novel Strategy or Proven Practice? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 16:69-90. [PMID: 15889531 DOI: 10.1177/095632020501600201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel antiviral drugs against hepatitis C is a challenging and competitive area of research. Progress of this research has been hampered due to the quasispecies nature of the hepatitis C virus, the absence of cellular infection models and the lack of easily accessible and highly representative animal models. The current combination therapy consisting of interferon-α and ribavirin mainly acts by supporting host cell defence. These therapeutics are the prototypic representatives of indirect antiviral agents as they act on cellular targets. However, the therapy is not a cure, when considered from the long-term perspective, for almost half of the chronically infected patients. This draws attention to the urgent need for more efficient treatments. Novel anti-hepatitis C treatments under study are directed against a number of so-called direct antiviral targets such as polymerases and proteases, which are encoded by the virus. Although such direct antiviral approaches have proven to be successful in several viral indications, there is a risk of resistant viruses developing. In order to avoid resistance, the development of indirect antiviral compounds has to be intensified. These act on host cell targets either by boosting the immune response or by blocking the virus host cell interaction. A particularly interesting approach is the development of inhibitors that interfere with signal transduction, such as protein kinase inhibitors. The purpose of this review is to stress the importance of developing indirect antiviral agents that act on host cell targets. In doing so, a large source of potential targets and mechanisms can be exploited, thus increasing the likelihood of success. Ultimately, combination therapies consisting of drugs against direct and indirect viral targets will most probably provide the solution to fighting and eradicating hepatitis C virus in patients.
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12
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Graf L, Feichtinger S, Naing Z, Hutterer C, Milbradt J, Webel R, Wagner S, Scott GM, Hamilton ST, Rawlinson WD, Stamminger T, Thomas M, Marschall M. New insight into the phosphorylation-regulated intranuclear localization of human cytomegalovirus pUL69 mediated by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and viral CDK orthologue pUL97. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:144-151. [PMID: 26555090 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are multifaceted regulators involved in the replication of human cytomegalovirus. Recently, we demonstrated an interaction of CDK9-cyclin T1 as well as viral CDK orthologue pUL97 with the viral regulator pUL69, thereby leading to pUL69-activating phosphorylation. Here, we demonstrate that colocalization and direct pUL69-cyclin T1 interaction is independent of viral strains and host cell types. In vitro phosphorylation of pUL69 by CDK9 or pUL97 did not occur in a single site-specific manner, but at multiple sites. The previously described fine-speckled nuclear aggregation of pUL69 was assigned to the late phase of viral replication. CDK inhibitors, including a novel inhibitor of the CDK-activating kinase CDK7, massively intensified this fine-speckled accumulation. Interestingly, we also observed spontaneous pUL69 accumulation in the absence of inhibitors at a lower frequency. These findings provide new insight into pUL69 kinase interregulation and emphasize the importance of pUL69 phosphorylation for correct intranuclear localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Graf
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine Feichtinger
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zin Naing
- Virology Division, SEALS Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Corina Hutterer
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Milbradt
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rike Webel
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Wagner
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gillian M Scott
- Virology Division, SEALS Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart T Hamilton
- Virology Division, SEALS Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - William D Rawlinson
- Virology Division, SEALS Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thomas Stamminger
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Thomas
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Yin X, Qi Y, Ren M, Wang S, Jiang H, Feng H, Cui S. Roscovitine treatment caused impairment of fertilizing ability in mice. Toxicol Lett 2015; 237:200-9. [PMID: 26101799 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the adverse effect of roscovitine on reproductive system of male mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male hSOD1(G93A) transgenetic mice received roscovitine 72 nmol/day (d) for 4 weeks (w), with normal control and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-treated animals served as controls (n=4). Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with roscovitine at either 72 nmol/d or 144 nmol/d for 4 w or 8 w, and normal control and DMSO treated mice served as controls. Fertility of male mice, sperm quality parameters, histological and related pathological changes of seminiferous tubules associated with roscovitine treatment were evaluated. RESULTS In male hSOD1(G93A) transgenetic mice treated with 72 nmol/d roscovitine for 4 w and C57BL/6 male mice treated with 72 nmol/d roscovitine for 8w and 144 nmol/d roscovitine for 4 w and 8 w, sperm counts and sperm motility rates decreased and sperm abnormality rates increased, and damage of seminiferous tubules were detected. Roscovitine treatment induced inhibition of CDK5 activities and decrease of BrdU-positive tubuler cells. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that roscovitine treatment induced interference of male reproductive system and caused impairment of fertilizing ability. Reproductive system of ALS male mice was more susceptible to roscovitine induced impaired fertilizing ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yin
- Department of Neurology, The First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yan Qi
- Department of Neurology, The First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Ming Ren
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261000, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shuyu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Hongquan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Honglin Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, PR China.
| | - Shangjin Cui
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China.
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Veljkovic N, Vucicevic J, Tassini S, Glisic S, Veljkovic V, Radi M. Preclinical discovery and development of maraviroc for the treatment of HIV. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:671-84. [PMID: 25927601 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1041497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maraviroc is a first-in-class antiretroviral (ARV) drug acting on a host cell target (CCR5), which blocks the entry of the HIV virus into the cell. Maraviroc is currently indicated for combination ARV treatment in adults infected only with CCR5-tropic HIV-1. AREAS COVERED This drug discovery case history focuses on the key studies that led to the discovery and approval of maraviroc, as well as on post-launch clinical reports. The article is based on the data reported in published preclinical and clinical studies, conference posters and on drug package data. EXPERT OPINION The profound understanding of HIV's entry mechanisms has provided a strong biological rationale for targeting the chemokine receptor CCR5. The CCR5-antagonist mariviroc, with its unique mode of action and excellent safety profile, is an important therapeutic option for HIV patients. In general, the authors believe that targeting host factors is a useful approach for combating new and re-emerging transmissible diseases, as well as pathogens that easily become resistant to common antiviral drugs. Maraviroc, offering a potent and safe cellular receptor-mediated pharmacological response to HIV, has paved the way for the development of a new generation of host-targeting antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Veljkovic
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Nuclear Sciences VINCA, Center for Multidisciplinary Research , P.O. Box 522, Belgrade , Serbia +381 11 3408154 ; + 381 11 7440100 ;
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Yan L, Lai F, Chen X, Xiao Z. Discovery of novel indirubin-3'-monoxime derivatives as potent inhibitors against CDK2 and CDK9. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2447-51. [PMID: 25908517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Indirubin-3'-monoxime (IM) is a potent cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor. Twenty novel IM derivatives were prepared to investigate the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of this compound class. Six compounds showed significant inhibition against both CDK2/cyclin E1 and CDK9/cyclin T1. The most potent compound 7t exhibited IC50 values at submicromolar level. Preliminary SAR trends were suggested and cytotoxicity of these compounds was investigated. Molecular docking studies on compounds 7l and 7t provided conducive clues for further structural optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Fangfang Lai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Zhiyan Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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A novel CDK7 inhibitor of the Pyrazolotriazine class exerts broad-spectrum antiviral activity at nanomolar concentrations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:2062-71. [PMID: 25624324 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04534-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases represent central and multifunctional regulators of a balanced virus-host interaction. Cyclin-dependent protein kinase 7 (CDK7) plays crucial regulatory roles in cell cycle and transcription, both connected with the replication of many viruses. Previously, we developed a CDK7 inhibitor, LDC4297, that inhibits CDK7 in vitro in the nano-picomolar range. Novel data from a kinome-wide evaluation (>330 kinases profiled in vitro) demonstrate a kinase selectivity. Importantly, we provide first evidence for the antiviral potential of the CDK7 inhibitor LDC4297, i.e., in exerting a block of the replication of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in primary human fibroblasts at nanomolar concentrations (50% effective concentration, 24.5 ± 1.3 nM). As a unique feature compared to approved antiherpesviral drugs, inhibition occurred already at the immediate-early level of HCMV gene expression. The mode of antiviral action was considered multifaceted since CDK7-regulated cellular factors that are supportive of HCMV replication were substantially affected by the inhibitors. An effect of LDC4297 was identified in the interference with HCMV-driven inactivation of retinoblastoma protein (Rb), a regulatory step generally considered a hallmark of herpesviral replication. In line with this finding, a broad inhibitory activity of the drug could be demonstrated against a selection of human and animal herpesviruses and adenoviruses, whereas other viruses only showed intermediate drug sensitivity. Summarized, the CDK7 inhibitor LDC4297 is a promising candidate for further antiviral drug development, possibly offering new options for a comprehensive approach to antiviral therapy.
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Klinger PP, Schubert U. The ubiquitin–proteasome system in HIV replication: potential targets for antiretroviral therapy. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 3:61-79. [PMID: 15757458 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.3.1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of HIV approximately 20 years ago, more than 60 million individuals have been infected, and AIDS still remains one of the most devastating diseases humankind has ever faced. Unfortunately, there is little hope that an effective vaccine will be developed in the near future. Current antiretroviral treatment is based on drugs that either target the viral enzymes (protease and reverse transcriptase) or the attachment and entry of the virus. Although the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy in the mid-1990s has led to a profound reduction in HIV-related morbidity and mortality, the complete eradication of the virus from infected individuals has never been achieved. In addition, these antiviral drugs can induce serious adverse effects, particularly when administered in combination over prolonged treatment periods. A further drawback to these treatments is that with the high mutation rate of HIV, drug-resistant mutants are evolving, particularly when antiretroviral treatment only suppresses virus replication to marginal levels in latently infected cells making up the virus reservoirs in vivo. Cellular genes have much lower mutation rates, and drug-mediated modulation of specific cellular pathways represents an attractive antiviral strategy. Recent findings showing that proteasome inhibitors interfere with budding, maturation and infectivity of HIV have triggered intensive investigation of the hitherto unappreciated function of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in HIV replication. It was also observed that, like several other retroviruses, HIV-1 virions contain a small amount of mono-ubiquitinylated Gag proteins. Currently, two E3-type ubiquitin ligases, in addition to one E3-like protein, have been identified as regulators of HIV budding. These ligases might represent interesting targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia P Klinger
- University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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18
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Differential proteome analysis of chikungunya virus infection on host cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61444. [PMID: 23593481 PMCID: PMC3622599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne alphavirus that has caused multiple unprecedented and re-emerging outbreaks in both tropical and temperate countries. Despite ongoing research efforts, the underlying factors involved in facilitating CHIKV replication during early infection remains ill-characterized. The present study serves to identify host proteins modulated in response to early CHIKV infection using a proteomics approach. Methodology and Principal Findings The whole cell proteome profiles of CHIKV-infected and mock control WRL-68 cells were compared and analyzed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE). Fifty-three spots were found to be differentially modulated and 50 were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF. Eight were significantly up-regulated and 42 were down-regulated. The mRNA expressions of 15 genes were also found to correlate with the corresponding protein expression. STRING network analysis identified several biological processes to be affected, including mRNA processing, translation, energy production and cellular metabolism, ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) and cell cycle regulation. Conclusion/Significance This study constitutes a first attempt to investigate alteration of the host cellular proteome during early CHIKV infection. Our proteomics data showed that during early infection, CHIKV affected the expression of proteins that are involved in mRNA processing, host metabolic machinery, UPP, and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) regulation (in favour of virus survival, replication and transmission). While results from this study complement the proteomics results obtained from previous late host response studies, functional characterization of these proteins is warranted to reinforce our understanding of their roles during early CHIKV infection in humans.
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N'gompaza-Diarra J, Bettayeb K, Gresh N, Meijer L, Oumata N. Synthesis and biological evaluation of selective and potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 56:210-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Zhang C, Elkahloun AG, Robertson M, Gills JJ, Tsurutani J, Shih JH, Fukuoka J, Hollander MC, Harris CC, Travis WD, Jen J, Dennis PA. Loss of cytoplasmic CDK1 predicts poor survival in human lung cancer and confers chemotherapeutic resistance. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23849. [PMID: 21887332 PMCID: PMC3161069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The dismal lethality of lung cancer is due to late stage at diagnosis and inherent therapeutic resistance. The incorporation of targeted therapies has modestly improved clinical outcomes, but the identification of new targets could further improve clinical outcomes by guiding stratification of poor-risk early stage patients and individualizing therapeutic choices. We hypothesized that a sequential, combined microarray approach would be valuable to identify and validate new targets in lung cancer. We profiled gene expression signatures during lung epithelial cell immortalization and transformation, and showed that genes involved in mitosis were progressively enhanced in carcinogenesis. 28 genes were validated by immunoblotting and 4 genes were further evaluated in non-small cell lung cancer tissue microarrays. Although CDK1 was highly expressed in tumor tissues, its loss from the cytoplasm unexpectedly predicted poor survival and conferred resistance to chemotherapy in multiple cell lines, especially microtubule-directed agents. An analysis of expression of CDK1 and CDK1-associated genes in the NCI60 cell line database confirmed the broad association of these genes with chemotherapeutic responsiveness. These results have implications for personalizing lung cancer therapy and highlight the potential of combined approaches for biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Zhang
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Abdel G. Elkahloun
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew Robertson
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joell J. Gills
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Junji Tsurutani
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Medical Oncology Department, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Joanna H. Shih
- Biometric Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Junya Fukuoka
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - M. Christine Hollander
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Curtis C. Harris
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William D. Travis
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jin Jen
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Phillip A. Dennis
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Roscovitine inhibits EBNA1 serine 393 phosphorylation, nuclear localization, transcription, and episome maintenance. J Virol 2011; 85:2859-68. [PMID: 21209116 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01628-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection causes human lymphomas and carcinomas. EBV usually persists as an episome in malignant cells. EBV episome persistence, replication, and gene expression are dependent on EBNA1 binding to multiple cognate sites in oriP. To search for inhibitors of EBNA1- and oriP-dependent episome maintenance or transcription, a library of 40,550 small molecules was screened for compounds that inhibit EBNA1- and oriP-dependent transcription and do not inhibit EBNA1- and oriP-independent transcription. This screening identified roscovitine, a selective inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), CDK2, CDK5, and CDK7. Based on motif predictions of EBNA1 serine 393 as a CDK phosphorylation site and (486)RALL(489) and (580)KDLVM(584) as potential cyclin binding domains, we hypothesized that cyclin binding to EBNA1 may enable CDK1, -2, -5, or -7 to phosphorylate serine 393. We found that Escherichia coli-expressed EBNA1 amino acids 387 to 641 were phosphorylated in vitro by CDK1-, -2-, -5-, and -7/cyclin complexes and serine 393 phosphorylation was roscovitine inhibited. Further, S393A mutation abrogated phosphorylation. S393A mutant EBNA1 was deficient in supporting EBNA1- and oriP-dependent transcription and episome persistence, and roscovitine had little further effect on the diminished S393A mutant EBNA1-mediated transcription or episome persistence. Immunoprecipitated FLAG-EBNA1 was phosphorylated in vitro, and roscovitine inhibited this phosphorylation. Moreover, roscovitine decreased nuclear EBNA1 and often increased cytoplasmic EBNA1, whereas S393A mutant EBNA1 was localized equally in the nucleus and cytoplasm and was unaffected by roscovitine treatment. These data indicate that roscovitine effects are serine 393 specific and that serine 393 is important in EBNA1- and oriPCp-dependent transcription and episome persistence.
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Guendel I, Agbottah ET, Kehn-Hall K, Kashanchi F. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 by cdk inhibitors. AIDS Res Ther 2010; 7:7. [PMID: 20334651 PMCID: PMC2852372 DOI: 10.1186/1742-6405-7-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection relies primarily on the administration of anti-retroviral nucleoside analogues, either alone or in combination with HIV-protease inhibitors. Although these drugs have a clinical benefit, continuous therapy with the drugs leads to drug-resistant strains of the virus. Recently, significant progress has been made towards the development of natural and synthetic agents that can directly inhibit HIV-1 replication or its essential enzymes. We previously reported on the pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (PCI) r-roscovitine as a potential inhibitor of HIV-1 replication. PCIs are among the most promising novel antiviral agents to emerge over the past few years. Potent activity on viral replication combined with proliferation inhibition without the emergence of resistant viruses, which are normally observed in HAART patients; make PCIs ideal candidates for HIV-1 inhibition. To this end we evaluated twenty four cdk inhibitors for their effect on HIV-1 replication in vitro. Screening of these compounds identified alsterpaullone as the most potent inhibitor of HIV-1 with activity at 150 nM. We found that alsterpaullone effectively inhibits cdk2 activity in HIV-1 infected cells with a low IC50 compared to control uninfected cells. The effects of alsterpaullone were associated with suppression of cdk2 and cyclin expression. Combining both alsterpaullone and r-roscovitine (cyc202) in treatment exhibited even stronger inhibitory activities in HIV-1 infected PBMCs.
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Fauré A, Thieffry D. Logical modelling of cell cycle control in eukaryotes: a comparative study. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2009; 5:1569-81. [PMID: 19763341 DOI: 10.1039/b907562n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dynamical modelling is at the core of the systems biology paradigm. However, the development of comprehensive quantitative models is complicated by the daunting complexity of regulatory networks controlling crucial biological processes such as cell division, the paucity of currently available quantitative data, as well as the limited reproducibility of large-scale experiments. In this context, qualitative modelling approaches offer a useful alternative or complementary framework to build and analyse simplified, but still rigorous dynamical models. This point is illustrated here by analysing recent logical models of the molecular network controlling mitosis in different organisms, from yeasts to mammals. After a short introduction covering cell cycle and logical modelling, we compare the assumptions and properties underlying these different models. Next, leaning on their transposition into a common logical framework, we compare their functional structure in terms of regulatory circuits. Finally, we discuss assets and prospects of qualitative approaches for the modelling of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Fauré
- Aix-Marseille University & INSERM U928-TAGC, Marseille, France.
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Rechter S, Scott GM, Eickhoff J, Zielke K, Auerochs S, Müller R, Stamminger T, Rawlinson WD, Marschall M. Cyclin-dependent Kinases Phosphorylate the Cytomegalovirus RNA Export Protein pUL69 and Modulate Its Nuclear Localization and Activity. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:8605-13. [PMID: 19179338 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m805693200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is subject to regulation by cellular protein kinases. Recently, we and others reported that inhibition of cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) or the viral CDK ortholog pUL97 can induce intranuclear speckled aggregation of the viral mRNA export factor, pUL69. Here we provide the first evidence for a direct regulatory role of CDKs on pUL69 functionality. Although replication of all HCMV strains was dependent on CDK activity, we found strain-specific differences in the amount of CDK inhibitor-induced pUL69 aggregate formation. In all cases analyzed, the inhibitor-induced pUL69 aggregates were clearly localized within viral replication centers but not subnuclear splicing, pore complex, or aggresome structures. The CDK9 and cyclin T1 proteins colocalized with these pUL69 aggregates, whereas other CDKs behaved differently. Phosphorylation analyses in vivo and in vitro demonstrated pUL69 was strongly phosphorylated in HCMV-infected fibroblasts and that CDKs represent a novel class of pUL69-phosphorylating kinases. Moreover, the analysis of CDK inhibitors in a pUL69-dependent nuclear mRNA export assay provided evidence for functional impairment of pUL69 under suppression of CDK activity. Thus, our data underline the crucial importance of CDKs for HCMV replication, and indicate a direct impact of CDK9-cyclin T1 on the nuclear localization and activity of the viral regulator pUL69.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Rechter
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany, GPC Biotech AG, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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The effects of trichostatin A on the oncolytic ability of herpes simplex virus for oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2008; 16:237-45. [PMID: 18949013 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2008.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Combining the use of a chemotherapeutic agent with oncolytic virotherapy is a useful way to increase the efficiency of the treatment of cancer. The effect of the histone diacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) on the antitumor activity of a herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) mutant was examined in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells. Immunoblotting analysis and immunoflourescence staining revealed that a cytoplasmic nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) component, p65, translocated into the nucleus after infection with gamma(1)34.5 gene-deficient HSV-1 R849, indicating that R849 activated NF-kappaB. TSA induced acetylation of p65 and increased the amount of p65 in the nucleus of oral SCC cells. Treatment of R849-infected cells with TSA also increased the amount of nuclear p65 and binding of NF-kappaB to its DNA-binding site and an NF-kappaB inhibitor SN50 diminished the increase in nuclear p65. In the presence of TSA, the production of virus and the expression of LacZ integrated into R849 and glycoprotein D, but not ICP0, ICP6 and thymidine kinase, were increased. The viability of cells treated with a combination of R849 and TSA was lower than that of those treated with R849 only. After treatment with TSA, expression of the cell cycle kinase inhibitor p21 was upregulated and the cell cycle was arrested at G1. These results indicate that TSA enhanced the replication of the HSV-1 mutant through the activation of NF-kappaB and induced cell cycle arrest at G1 to inhibit cell growth. TSA can be used as an enhancing agent for oncolytic virotherapy for oral SCC with gamma(1)34.5 gene-deficient HSV-1.
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Pinchuk GV, Lee SR, Nanduri B, Honsinger KL, Stokes JV, Pinchuk LM. Bovine viral diarrhea viruses differentially alter the expression of the protein kinases and related proteins affecting the development of infection and anti-viral mechanisms in bovine monocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1784:1234-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lanza A, Cirillo N, Rossiello R, Rienzo M, Cutillo L, Casamassimi A, de Nigris F, Schiano C, Rossiello L, Femiano F, Gombos F, Napoli C. Evidence of key role of Cdk2 overexpression in pemphigus vulgaris. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:8736-45. [PMID: 18199752 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702186200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is still poorly understood. Autoantibodies present in PV patients can promote detrimental effects by triggering altered transduction of signals, which results in a final acantholysis. To investigate mechanisms involved in PV, cultured keratinocytes were treated with PV serum. PV sera were able to promote the cell cycle progression, inducing the accumulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2). Microarray analysis on keratinocytes detected that PV serum induced important changes in genes coding for one and the same proteins with known biological functions involved in PV disease (560 differentially expressed genes were identified). Then, we used two different approaches to investigate the role of Cdk2. First, small interfering RNA depletion of Cdk2 prevented cell-cell detachment induced by PV sera. Second, pharmacological inhibition of Cdk2 activity through roscovitine prevented blister formation and acantholysis in the mouse model of the disease. In vivo PV serum was found to alter multiple different pathways by microarray analysis (1463 differentially expressed genes were identified). Major changes in gene expression induced by roscovitine were studied through comparison of effects of PV serum alone and in association with roscovitine. The most significantly enriched pathways were cell communication, gap junction, focal adhesion, adherens junction, and tight junction. Our data indicate that major Cdk2-dependent multiple gene regulatory events are present in PV. This alteration may influence the evolution of PV and its therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Lanza
- Regional Center on Craniofacial Malformations, Clinical Odontostomatology, and Human Pathology, 1st School of Medicine and Surgery, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Echalier A, Bettayeb K, Ferandin Y, Lozach O, Clément M, Valette A, Liger F, Marquet B, Morris JC, Endicott JA, Joseph B, Meijer L. Meriolins (3-(pyrimidin-4-yl)-7-azaindoles): synthesis, kinase inhibitory activity, cellular effects, and structure of a CDK2/cyclin A/meriolin complex. J Med Chem 2008; 51:737-51. [PMID: 18232649 DOI: 10.1021/jm700940h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and biological characterization of 3-(pyrimidin-4-yl)-7-azaindoles (meriolins), a chemical hybrid between the natural products meridianins and variolins, derived from marine organisms. Meriolins display potent inhibitory activities toward cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and, to a lesser extent, other kinases (GSK-3, DYRK1A). The crystal structures of 1e (meriolin 5) and variolin B (Bettayeb, K.; Tirado, O. M.; Marionneau-Lambert, S.; Ferandin, Y.; Lozach, O.; Morris, J.; Mateo-Lozano, S.; Drückes, P.; Schächtele, C.; Kubbutat, M.; Liger, F.; Marquet, B.; Joseph, B.; Echalier, A.; Endicott, J.; Notario, V.; Meijer, L. Cancer Res. 2007, 67, 8325-8334) in complex with CDK2/cyclin A reveal that the two inhibitors are orientated in very different ways inside the ATP-binding pocket of the kinase. A structure-activity relationship provides further insight into the molecular mechanism of action of this family of kinase inhibitors. Meriolins are also potent antiproliferative and proapoptotic agents in cells cultured either as monolayers or in spheroids. Proapoptotic efficacy of meriolins correlates best with their CDK2 and CDK9 inhibitory activity. Meriolins thus constitute a promising class of pharmacological agents to be further evaluated against the numerous human diseases that imply abnormal regulation of CDKs including cancers, neurodegenerative disorders, and polycystic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Echalier
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry, The Rex Richards Building, University of Oxford, UK
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CDK inhibitors in cancer therapy: what is next? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2008; 29:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2007.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Orba Y, Sunden Y, Suzuki T, Nagashima K, Kimura T, Tanaka S, Sawa H. Pharmacological cdk inhibitor R-Roscovitine suppresses JC virus proliferation. Virology 2007; 370:173-83. [PMID: 17919676 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The human Polyomavirus JC virus (JCV) utilizes cellular proteins for viral replication and transcription in the host cell nucleus. These cellular proteins represent potential targets for antiviral drugs against the JCV. In this study, we examined the antiviral effects of the pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor R-Roscovitine, which has been shown to have antiviral activity against other viruses. We found that Roscovitine significantly inhibited the viral production and cytopathic effects of the JCV in a JCV-infected cell line. Roscovitine attenuated the transcriptional activity of JCV late genes, but not early genes, and also prevented viral replication via inhibiting phosphorylation of the viral early protein, large T antigen. These data suggest that the JCV requires cdks to transcribe late genes and to replicate its own DNA. That Roscovitine exhibited antiviral activity in JCV-infected cells suggests that Roscovitine might have therapeutic utility in the treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Orba
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, N18, W9, Kita-ku, 060-0818, Sapporo, Japan
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Hu S, Chen SM, Li XK, Qin R, Mei ZN. Antitumor effects of chi-shen extract from Salvia miltiorrhiza and Paeoniae radix on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28:1215-23. [PMID: 17640485 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the antihepatocellular carcinoma effects of chi-shen extract (CSE) from the water-soluble compounds of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Paeoniae radix. METHODS The effect of CSE on the growth of HepG2 cells (hepatocellular carcinoma cell line) was studied by 3-(4,5)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Apoptosis were detected through acridine orange (AO) and ethylene dibromide (EB) staining and DNA fragmentation assay. The effect of CSE on the cell cycle of HepG2 cells was studied by the propidium iodide staining method. The activation of caspases-3, -8 and -9 was examined by immunoassay kits. The transcription of the Bcl-2 family and p53 was detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS Our data revealed that CSE strongly induced HepG2 cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner. CSE-induced cell death was considered to be apoptotic by observing the typical apoptotic morphological change by AO/EB staining and DNA fragmentation assay. The induction of HepG2 cell death was caused by an induction of apoptosis for the sub-G1 proportion increase, the downregulation of Bcl-2, the upregulation of Bax and p53, and the activation of the caspases-3 and -9 pathways. CONCLUSION These results clearly demonstrated that CSE was able to inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 cells and cause apoptosis. Moreover, the anticancer effects of CSE were related to the Bcl-2 family pathway and the activation of caspases-3 and -9 in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Hu
- Institute of Materia Media, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
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Biglione S, Byers SA, Price JP, Nguyen VT, Bensaude O, Price DH, Maury W. Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by P-TEFb inhibitors DRB, seliciclib and flavopiridol correlates with release of free P-TEFb from the large, inactive form of the complex. Retrovirology 2007; 4:47. [PMID: 17625008 PMCID: PMC1948018 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-4-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The positive transcription elongation factor, P-TEFb, comprised of cyclin dependent kinase 9 (Cdk9) and cyclin T1, T2 or K regulates the productive elongation phase of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) dependent transcription of cellular and integrated viral genes. P-TEFb containing cyclin T1 is recruited to the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) by binding to HIV Tat which in turn binds to the nascent HIV transcript. Within the cell, P-TEFb exists as a kinase-active, free form and a larger, kinase-inactive form that is believed to serve as a reservoir for the smaller form. Results We developed a method to rapidly quantitate the relative amounts of the two forms based on differential nuclear extraction. Using this technique, we found that titration of the P-TEFb inhibitors flavopiridol, DRB and seliciclib onto HeLa cells that support HIV replication led to a dose dependent loss of the large form of P-TEFb. Importantly, the reduction in the large form correlated with a reduction in HIV-1 replication such that when 50% of the large form was gone, HIV-1 replication was reduced by 50%. Some of the compounds were able to effectively block HIV replication without having a significant impact on cell viability. The most effective P-TEFb inhibitor flavopiridol was evaluated against HIV-1 in the physiologically relevant cell types, peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs). Flavopiridol was found to have a smaller therapeutic index (LD50/IC50) in long term HIV-1 infectivity studies in primary cells due to greater cytotoxicity and reduced efficacy at blocking HIV-1 replication. Conclusion Initial short term studies with P-TEFb inhibitors demonstrated a dose dependent loss of the large form of P-TEFb within the cell and a concomitant reduction in HIV-1 infectivity without significant cytotoxicity. These findings suggested that inhibitors of P-TEFb may serve as effective anti-HIV-1 therapies. However, longer term HIV-1 replication studies indicated that these inhibitors were more cytotoxic and less efficacious against HIV-1 in the primary cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Biglione
- Interdisciplinary Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sarah A Byers
- Interdisciplinary Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jason P Price
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Van Trung Nguyen
- Laboratoire de Regulation de l'Expression Genetique, Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Bensaude
- Laboratoire de Regulation de l'Expression Genetique, Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, France
| | - David H Price
- Interdisciplinary Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Wendy Maury
- Interdisciplinary Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Fradet-Turcotte A, Archambault J. Recent Advances in the Search for Antiviral Agents against Human Papillomaviruses. Antivir Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350701200417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infection by human papillomavirus (HPV) is extremely common and associated with the development of benign warts or malignant lesions of the skin and mucosa. Infection by a high-risk (oncogenic) anogenital HPV type, most often through sexual contacts, is the starting point of virtually all cases of cervical cancers and the majority of anal cancers. The same viral types are also increasingly being linked with a subset of head-and-neck and non-melanoma skin cancers. Although prophylactic vaccines are now available to protect against the four types most commonly found in cervical and anal cancers (HPV16 and HPV18) and anogenital warts (HPV6 and HPV11), these neither protect against all genital HPVs nor are of therapeutic utility for already infected patients. Thus, the need for antiviral agents to treat HPV-associated diseases remains great, but none currently exist. This article reviews the recent progress made towards the development of antiviral agents to treat HPV infections, from target identification and validation to the discovery of lead compounds with therapeutic potential. Emphasis has been placed on novel low-molecular-weight compounds that antagonize HPV proteins or, alternatively, inhibit cellular proteins which have been usurped by papillomaviruses and are mediating their pathogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Fradet-Turcotte
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacques Archambault
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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González-Díaz H, Saíz-Urra L, Molina R, González-Díaz Y, Sánchez-González A. Computational chemistry approach to protein kinase recognition using 3D stochastic van der Waals spectral moments. J Comput Chem 2007; 28:1042-8. [PMID: 17269125 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.20649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) protein structures now frequently lack functional annotations because of the increase in the rate at which chemical structures are solved with respect to experimental knowledge of biological activity. As a result, predicting structure-function relationships for proteins is an active research field in computational chemistry and has implications in medicinal chemistry, biochemistry and proteomics. In previous studies stochastic spectral moments were used to predict protein stability or function (González-Díaz, H. et al. Bioorg Med Chem 2005, 13, 323; Biopolymers 2005, 77, 296). Nevertheless, these moments take into consideration only electrostatic interactions and ignore other important factors such as van der Waals interactions. The present study introduces a new class of 3D structure molecular descriptors for folded proteins named the stochastic van der Waals spectral moments ((o)beta(k)). Among many possible applications, recognition of kinases was selected due to the fact that previous computational chemistry studies in this area have not been reported, despite the widespread distribution of kinases. The best linear model found was Kact = -9.44 degrees beta(0)(c) +10.94 degrees beta(5)(c) -2.40 degrees beta(0)(i) + 2.45 degrees beta(5)(m) + 0.73, where core (c), inner (i) and middle (m) refer to specific spatial protein regions. The model with a high Matthew's regression coefficient (0.79) correctly classified 206 out of 230 proteins (89.6%) including both training and predicting series. An area under the ROC curve of 0.94 differentiates our model from a random classifier. A subsequent principal components analysis of 152 heterogeneous proteins demonstrated that beta(k) codifies information different to other descriptors used in protein computational chemistry studies. Finally, the model recognizes 110 out of 125 kinases (88.0%) in a virtual screening experiment and this can be considered as an additional validation study (these proteins were not used in training or predicting series).
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto González-Díaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Institute of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Schang LM, St Vincent MR, Lacasse JJ. Five years of progress on cyclin-dependent kinases and other cellular proteins as potential targets for antiviral drugs. Antivir Chem Chemother 2007; 17:293-320. [PMID: 17249245 DOI: 10.1177/095632020601700601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1997-1998, the pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors (PCIs) were independently discovered to inhibit replication of human cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus type 1 and HIV-1. The results from small clinical trials against cancer were then suggesting that PCIs could be safe enough to be used clinically. It was thus hypothesized that PCIs could have the potential to be developed as novel antivirals targeting cellular proteins. Consequently, Antiviral Chemistry & Chemotherapy published in 2001 the first review on the potential of CDKs, and cellular proteins in general, as potential targets for antivirals. The viral functions inhibited by PCIs, or their cellular targets, were then just starting to be characterized. The antiviral spectrum of PCIs and their effects on viral disease were still mostly untested. Even their actual specificity was not yet completely characterized. In addition, cellular proteins were not accepted as valid targets for antivirals. Significant progress has been made in the last 5 years in understanding the antiviral activities of PCIs and the potential roles of cellular proteins in general as targets for antivirals. The first clinical trials of the antiviral activities of PCIs and other inhibitors of cellular protein kinases have now been scheduled. Herein, we review the progress made since the publication of the first review on PCIs as potential antiviral drugs and on CDKs, and cellular proteins in general, as potential targets for antiviral drugs. We also highlight the major issues that still need to be addressed before PCIs or other drugs targeting cellular proteins can be developed as clinical antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Schang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Rytkönen AK, Hillukkala T, Vaara M, Sokka M, Jokela M, Sormunen R, Nasheuer HP, Nethanel T, Kaufmann G, Pospiech H, Syväoja JE. DNA polymerase ε associates with the elongating form of RNA polymerase II and nascent transcripts. FEBS J 2006; 273:5535-49. [PMID: 17212775 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
DNA polymerase epsilon co-operates with polymerases alpha and delta in the replicative DNA synthesis of eukaryotic cells. We describe here a specific physical interaction between DNA polymerase epsilon and RNA polymerase II, evidenced by reciprocal immunoprecipitation experiments. The interacting RNA polymerase II was the hyperphosphorylated IIO form implicated in transcriptional elongation, as inferred from (a) its reduced electrophoretic mobility that was lost upon phosphatase treatment, (b) correlation of the interaction with phosphorylation of Ser5 of the C-terminal domain heptapeptide repeat, and (c) the ability of C-terminal domain kinase inhibitors to abolish it. Polymerase epsilon was also shown to UV crosslink specifically alpha-amanitin-sensitive transcripts, unlike DNA polymerase alpha that crosslinked only to RNA-primed nascent DNA. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed partial colocalization of RNA polymerase IIO and DNA polymerase epsilon, and immunoelectron microscopy revealed RNA polymerase IIO and DNA polymerase epsilon in defined nuclear clusters at various cell cycle stages. The RNA polymerase IIO-DNA polymerase epsilon complex did not relocalize to specific sites of DNA damage after focal UV damage. Their interaction was also independent of active DNA synthesis or defined cell cycle stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Rytkönen
- Biocenter Oulu and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oulu, Finland
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Galons H, Bettayeb K, Meijer L. (R)-Roscovitine (CYC202, Seliciclib). ENZYME INHIBITORS SERIES 2006. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420005400.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
The discovery of antiviral therpeutic targets has traditionally focussed on conserved viral gene products. Since viruses are obligate molecular parasites requiring and manipulating host cell functions, the identification of host proteins essential to viruses but not cellular survival represent attractive and underutilized targets for antiviral therapies. Numerous studies have identified host cell functions, pathways and proteins that are essential for viral propagation, from entry to replication, assembly and egress. Importantly, several studies demonstrate virus inhibition through nonlethal impairment of host cell function both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, high-throughput experimental platforms allowing global or near-global surveillance of host gene products in the context of virus replication are now being used to systematically identify host cell targets. Recent breakthrough studies that have employed such methods successfully to identify host proteins and pathways crucial for virus growth are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor DeFilippis
- Oregon Health and Science University, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, 505 NW 185th Ave, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Klaus Früh
- Oregon Health and Science University, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, 505 NW 185th Ave, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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40
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Järviluoma A, Ojala PM. Cell signaling pathways engaged by KSHV. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2006; 1766:140-58. [PMID: 16828973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Revised: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) is the eighth human herpesvirus discovered in 1994 from Kaposi's sarcoma lesion of an AIDS patient. The strong molecular and epidemiological links associating KSHV with Kaposi's sarcoma and certain lymphoproliferative disorders indicate that KSHV is required for the development of these malignancies. Although KSHV is equipped to manipulate and deregulate several cellular signaling pathways, it is not yet understood how this leads to cell transformation. Profound understanding of the interplay of viral and cellular factors in KSHV-infected cells will provide valuable information on the mechanisms of viral tumorigenesis and enable development of efficient targeted therapies for virus-induced cancers. This review focuses on the cellular signaling pathways that KSHV gene products impinge on and discusses their putative contribution to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Järviluoma
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Institute of Biomedicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FIN-00014-University of Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
Hijacking of the host cell’s signal transduction machinery has been increasingly regarded as an important strategy for facilitating virus propagation. The positive-transcription elongation factor (P-TEFb) complex, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)9/cyclin T1, is an example of such an attack by HIV. Upon infection of cells, the HIV protein transactivator of transcription (Tat) forms a highly specific complex with the two host cell proteins CDK9 and cyclin T1. This complex ensures phosphorylation of the native CDK9 substrate, RNA polymerase II, leading to productive elongation of viral RNA in the host cell. Although challenging, inhibition of CDK9 activity with small molecules is a therapeutically valid strategy to inhibit HIV replication. Other than direct antiviral agents, that inhibit HIV replication through a direct interaction with viral proteins, CDK9 inhibitors might not suffer from the emergence of resistant virus strains. This review outlines the advantages and prospects of selective CDK9 inhibitors in the management of HIV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert M Klebl
- GPC Biotech AG, Fraunhoferstr. 20, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Axel Choidas
- GPC Biotech AG, Fraunhoferstr. 20, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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Sarek G, Järviluoma A, Ojala PM. KSHV viral cyclin inactivates p27KIP1 through Ser10 and Thr187 phosphorylation in proliferating primary effusion lymphomas. Blood 2006; 107:725-32. [PMID: 16160006 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-06-2534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractKaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) infection is consistently associated with primary effusion lymphomas (PELs) that are non-Hodgkin lymphomas of B-cell origin. All PEL cells are latently infected with KSHV and express latent viral proteins such as the viral cyclin (v-cyclin), which has previously been implicated in down-regulation of cell-cycle inhibitor p27KIP1 levels via phosphorylation on Thr187. PEL cells retain high levels of p27KIP1 but yet proliferate actively, which has left the biologic significance of this p27KIP1 destabilization somewhat elusive. We have recently demonstrated that v-cyclin and p27KIP1 stably associate in PEL cells. Here we demonstrate that v-cyclin together with its kinase partner CDK6 phosphorylates the associated p27KIP1 in PEL cells, which represent a biologically relevant model system for KSHV pathobiology. During latent viral replication p27KIP1 was phosphorylated by v-cyclin-CDK6 predominantly on Ser10, which enhances its cytoplasmic localization. Interestingly, upon reactivation of KSHV lytic cycle, v-cyclin-CDK6 phosphorylated p27KIP1 on Thr187, which resulted in down-regulation of p27KIP1 protein levels. These findings indicate that v-cyclin modulates the cell-cycle inhibitory function of p27KIP1 by phosphorylation in PELs, and also suggest a novel role for v-cyclin in the lytic reactivation of KSHV. (Blood. 2006;107:725-732)
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MESH Headings
- Cell Proliferation
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6/metabolism
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/metabolism
- Cyclins/pharmacology
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Immunoprecipitation
- Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/metabolism
- Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/virology
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Transport
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/pathology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
- Serine/chemistry
- Subcellular Fractions
- Threonine/chemistry
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Viral Proteins/pharmacology
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Sarek
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Institute of Biomedicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Finland
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Wesierska-Gadek J, Schmid G. Dual action of the inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases: targeting of the cell-cycle progression and activation of wild-type p53 protein. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 15:23-38. [PMID: 16370931 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.15.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) represents a novel approach to the therapy of human malignancies. Already in clinical trials, recently developed CDK inhibitors very efficiently target the rapidly proliferating cancer cells and inhibit their cell-cycle progression. Interestingly, some CDK inhibitors additionally affect the stability and activity of the tumour-suppressor protein p53, thereby enhancing their antiproliferative action towards cancer cells. Considering the fact that the p53 protein is mutated or inactivated in approximately 50% of all human cancers, the efficacy of CDK inhibitor therapy could differ between cancer cells depending on their p53 status. Moreover, recent reports demonstrating that some cancer cells can proliferate despite CDK2 inhibition questioned the central role of CDK2 in the cell-cycle control and suitability of CDK2 as a therapeutic target; however, the p53 activation that is mediated by CDK inhibitors could be essential for the efficacy of CDK inhibitors in therapy of CDK2-independent cancers. Furthermore, there is also reason to believe that CDK2 inhibitors could be used for another purpose, to protect normal cells from the effects of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Józefa Wesierska-Gadek
- Division Institute of Cancer Research, Dept. of Medicine I, Cell Cycle Regulation Group, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8 a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Bach S, Knockaert M, Reinhardt J, Lozach O, Schmitt S, Baratte B, Koken M, Coburn SP, Tang L, Jiang T, Liang DC, Galons H, Dierick JF, Pinna LA, Meggio F, Totzke F, Schächtele C, Lerman AS, Carnero A, Wan Y, Gray N, Meijer L. Roscovitine targets, protein kinases and pyridoxal kinase. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:31208-19. [PMID: 15975926 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m500806200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
(R)-Roscovitine (CYC202) is often referred to as a "selective inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases." Besides its use as a biological tool in cell cycle, neuronal functions, and apoptosis studies, it is currently evaluated as a potential drug to treat cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, viral infections, and glomerulonephritis. We have investigated the selectivity of (R)-roscovitine using three different methods: 1) testing on a wide panel of purified kinases that, along with previously published data, now reaches 151 kinases; 2) identifying roscovitine-binding proteins from various tissue and cell types following their affinity chromatography purification on immobilized roscovitine; 3) investigating the effects of roscovitine on cells deprived of one of its targets, CDK2. Altogether, the results show that (R)-roscovitine is rather selective for CDKs, in fact most kinases are not affected. However, it binds an unexpected, non-protein kinase target, pyridoxal kinase, the enzyme responsible for phosphorylation and activation of vitamin B6. These results could help in interpreting the cellular actions of (R)-roscovitine but also in guiding the synthesis of more selective roscovitine analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Bach
- CNRS, Cell Cycle Group, UPS 2682 & UMR 2775, Station Biologique, BP 74, 29682 Roscoff cedex, Bretagne, France
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Abstract
The long-term treatment of herpesvirus infections with current antivirals leads to the development of drug-resistant viruses. Because currently available antivirals finally target the viral DNA polymerase, mutant resistant to one drug often shows cross-resistance to other drugs. This evidence highlights the need for the development of new antivirals that have the different viral targets. Recently, high-through-put screening of large compound collections for inhibiting specific viral enzymes, or in vitro cell culture assay, has identified several new antivirals. These include the inhibitors of helicase/primase complex, terminase complex, portal protein and UL97 protein kinase. This review will focus on these new compounds that directly inhibit viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Eizuru
- Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Japan.
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46
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Fischer PM, Gianella-Borradori A. Recent progress in the discovery and development of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 14:457-77. [PMID: 15882121 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.14.4.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) have long been known to be the main facilitators of the cell proliferation cycle. However, they also play important roles in the regulation of the RNA polymerase II transcription cycle. Cancer cells display aberrant cell cycle regulation to gain proliferative advantages and they also appear to have an exaggerated dependence on RNA polymerase II transcriptional activity to sustain pro-survival and antiapoptotic signalling. A picture is now starting to emerge that both the cell-cycle and transcriptional functions of CDKs can be exploited pharmacologically with CDK inhibitors that possess appropriate selectivity profiles. In this article, recent advances into these mechanistic insights and how they can guide clinical development in terms of choice of indication are reviewed, as well as combinations with existing chemotherapies. An overview is also given of recent clinical trial results with the lead CDK inhibitor drug candidates seliciclib (CYC202, (R)-roscovitine; Cyclacel) and alvocidib (flavopiridol; Aventis-NCI), as well as the development of other clinical entries and advanced preclinical compounds. The discussion focuses on oncology, but we point out recent results with CDK inhibitors in virology and nephrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Fischer
- Cyclacel Limited, James Lindsay Place, Dundee DD1 5JJ, Scotland, UK.
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Lacasse JJ, Provencher VMI, Urbanowski MD, Schang LM. Purine and nonpurine pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors target initiation of viral transcription. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.2217/14750708.2.1.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Agbottah E, de La Fuente C, Nekhai S, Barnett A, Gianella-Borradori A, Pumfery A, Kashanchi F. Antiviral Activity of CYC202 in HIV-1-infected Cells. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:3029-42. [PMID: 15531588 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m406435200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are currently 40 million individuals in the world infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has led to a significant reduction in AIDS-related morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, up to 25% of patients discontinue their initial HAART regimen. Current HIV-1 inhibitors target the fusion of the virus to the cell and two viral proteins, reverse transcriptase and protease. Here, we examined whether other targets, such as an activated transcription factor, could be targeted to block HIV-1 replication. We specifically asked whether we could target a cellular kinase needed for HIV-1 transcription using CYC202 (R-roscovitine), a pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. We targeted the cdk2-cyclin E complex in HIV-1-infected cells because both cdk2 and cyclin E are nonessential during mammalian development and are likely replaced by other kinases. We found that CYC202 effectively inhibits wild type and resistant HIV-1 mutants in T-cells, monocytes, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells at a low IC(50) and sensitizes these cells to enhanced apoptosis resulting in a dramatic drop in viral titers. Interestingly, the effect of CYC202 is independent of cell cycle stage and more specific for the cdk2-cyclin E complex. Finally, we show that cdk2-cyclin E is loaded onto the HIV-1 genome in vivo and that CYC202 is able to inhibit the uploading of this cdk-cyclin complex onto HIV-1 DNA. Therefore, targeting cellular enzymes necessary for HIV-1 transcription, which are not needed for cell survival, is a compelling strategy to inhibit wild type and mutant HIV-1 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Agbottah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The George Washington University, School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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Sanchez V, McElroy AK, Yen J, Tamrakar S, Clark CL, Schwartz RA, Spector DH. Cyclin-dependent kinase activity is required at early times for accurate processing and accumulation of the human cytomegalovirus UL122-123 and UL37 immediate-early transcripts and at later times for virus production. J Virol 2004; 78:11219-32. [PMID: 15452241 PMCID: PMC521808 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.20.11219-11232.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection leads to dysregulation of multiple cell cycle-regulatory proteins. In this study, we examined the effects of inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) activity on viral replication. With the drug Roscovitine, a specific inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases 1, 2, 5, 7, and 9, we have shown that during the first 6 h of infection, cyclin-dependent kinase-dependent events occurred that included the regulated processing and accumulation of the immediate-early (IE) UL122-123 transcripts and UL36-37 transcripts. Altered processing of UL122-123 led to a loss of IE1-72 and an increase in IE2-86. The ratio of spliced to unspliced UL37 transcripts also changed. These effects did not require de novo protein synthesis or degradation of proteins by the proteasome. Addition of Roscovitine at the beginning of the infection was also associated with inhibition of expression of selected viral early gene products, viral DNA replication, and late viral gene expression. When Roscovitine was added after the first 6 h of infection, the effects on IE gene expression were no longer observed and viral replication proceeded through the late phase, but viral titers were reduced. The reduction in viral titer was observed even when Roscovitine was first added at 48 h postinfection, indicating that cyclin-dependent kinase activity is required at both IE and late times. Flavopiridol, another specific inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases, had similar effects on IE and early gene expression. These results underscore the importance of accurate RNA processing and reiterate the significant role of cell cycle-regulatory factors in HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Sanchez
- Molecular Biology Section, Mail Code 0366, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0366, USA
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50
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Diwan P, Lacasse JJ, Schang LM. Roscovitine inhibits activation of promoters in herpes simplex virus type 1 genomes independently of promoter-specific factors. J Virol 2004; 78:9352-65. [PMID: 15308730 PMCID: PMC506918 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.17.9352-9365.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavopiridol, roscovitine, and other inhibitors of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDK) inhibit the replication of a variety of viruses in vitro while proving nontoxic in human clinical trials of their effects against cancer. Consequently, these and other Pharmacological CDK inhibitors (PCIs) have been proposed as potential antivirals. Flavopiridol potently inhibits all tested CDKs and inhibits the transcription of most cellular and viral genes. In contrast, roscovitine and other purine PCIs inhibit with high potency only CDK1, CDK2, CDK5, and CDK7, and they specifically inhibit the expression of viral but not cellular genes. The levels at which purine PCIs inhibit gene expression are unknown, as are the factors which determine their specificity for expression of viral but not cellular genes. We show herein that roscovitine prevents the initiation of transcription of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) genes but has no effect on transcription elongation. We further show that roscovitine does not inhibit the initiation or elongation of cellular transcription and that its inhibitory effects are specific for promoters in HSV-1 genomes. Therefore, we have identified a novel biological activity for PCIs, i.e., their ability to prevent the initiation of transcription. We have also identified genome location as one of the factors that determine whether the transcription of a given gene is inhibited by roscovitine. The activities of roscovitine on viral transcription resemble one of the antiherpesvirus activities of alpha interferon and could be used as a model for the development of novel antivirals. The genome-specific effects of roscovitine may also be important for its development against virus-induced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Diwan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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