1
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Borgo C, Cesaro L, Hirota T, Kuwata K, D'Amore C, Ruppert T, Blatnik R, Salvi M, Pinna LA. Analysis of the phosphoproteome of CK2 α(-/-)/Δ α' C2C12 myoblasts compared to the wild-type cells. Open Biol 2023; 13:220220. [PMID: 36809799 PMCID: PMC9943641 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
CK2 is a Ser/Thr protein kinase composed of two catalytic (α/α') subunits and a non-catalytic β-subunit dimer, whose activity is often abnormally high in cancer cells. The concept that CK2 may be dispensable for cell survival has been challenged by the finding that viable CK2α/α' knock-out myoblast clones still express small amounts of an N-terminally deleted α' subunit generated during the CRISPR/Cas9 procedure. Here we show that, although the overall CK2 activity of these CK2α(-/-)/Δα' (KO) cells is less than 10% compared to wild-type (WT) cells, the number of phosphosites with the CK2 consensus is comparable to that of WT cells. A more in-depth analysis, however, reveals that the two phosphoproteomes are not superimposable according to a number of criteria, notably a functional analysis of the phosphoproteome found in the two types of cells, and variable sensitivity of the phosphosites to two structurally unrelated CK2 inhibitors. These data support the idea that a minimal CK2 activity, as in KO cells, is sufficient to perform basic housekeeping functions essential for cell survival, but not to accomplish several specialized tasks required upon cell differentiation and transformation. From this standpoint, a controlled downregulation of CK2 would represent a safe and valuable anti-cancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Borgo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35122, Italy
| | - Luca Cesaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35122, Italy
| | - Tsuyoshi Hirota
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Keiko Kuwata
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Claudio D'Amore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35122, Italy
| | - Thomas Ruppert
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Renata Blatnik
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mauro Salvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35122, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A. Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35122, Italy,CNR Institute of Neurosciences, 35131 Padova, Italy
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2
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Venerando A, Bustos VH, Pinna LA, Cozza G. Editorial: Casein kinases in human diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1094922. [DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1094922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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3
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Di Lorenzo G, Iavarone F, Maddaluno M, Plata-Gómez AB, Aureli S, Quezada Meza CP, Cinque L, Palma A, Reggio A, Cirillo C, Sacco F, Stolz A, Napolitano G, Marin O, Pinna LA, Ruzzene M, Limongelli V, Efeyan A, Grumati P, Settembre C. Phosphorylation of FAM134C by CK2 controls starvation-induced ER-phagy. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabo1215. [PMID: 36044577 PMCID: PMC9432840 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Selective degradation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via autophagy (ER-phagy) is initiated by ER-phagy receptors, which facilitate the incorporation of ER fragments into autophagosomes. FAM134 reticulon family proteins (FAM134A, FAM134B, and FAM134C) are ER-phagy receptors with structural similarities and nonredundant functions. Whether they respond differentially to the stimulation of ER-phagy is unknown. Here, we describe an activation mechanism unique to FAM134C during starvation. In fed conditions, FAM134C is phosphorylated by casein kinase 2 (CK2) at critical residues flanking the LIR domain. Phosphorylation of these residues negatively affects binding affinity to the autophagy proteins LC3. During starvation, mTORC1 inhibition limits FAM134C phosphorylation by CK2, hence promoting receptor activation and ER-phagy. Using a novel tool to study ER-phagy in vivo and FAM134C knockout mice, we demonstrated the physiological relevance of FAM134C phosphorylation during starvation-induced ER-phagy in liver lipid metabolism. These data provide a mechanistic insight into ER-phagy regulation and an example of autophagy selectivity during starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ana Belén Plata-Gómez
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Simone Aureli
- Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Euler Institute, Lugano, Switzerland
| | | | - Laura Cinque
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Palma
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Alessio Reggio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Carmine Cirillo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Sacco
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Alexandra Stolz
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gennaro Napolitano
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Oriano Marin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A. Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Ruzzene
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Padova, Italy
| | - Vittorio Limongelli
- Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Euler Institute, Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Pharmacy, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Alejo Efeyan
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paolo Grumati
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine Settembre
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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Borgo C, D'Amore C, Cesaro L, Sarno S, Pinna LA, Ruzzene M, Salvi M. How can a traffic light properly work if it is always green? The paradox of CK2 signaling. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 56:321-359. [PMID: 33843388 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2021.1908951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CK2 is a constitutively active protein kinase that assuring a constant level of phosphorylation to its numerous substrates supports many of the most important biological functions. Nevertheless, its activity has to be controlled and adjusted in order to cope with the varying needs of a cell, and several examples of a fine-tune regulation of its activity have been described. More importantly, aberrant regulation of this enzyme may have pathological consequences, e.g. in cancer, chronic inflammation, neurodegeneration, and viral infection. Our review aims at summarizing our current knowledge about CK2 regulation. In the first part, we have considered the most important stimuli shown to affect protein kinase CK2 activity/expression. In the second part, we focus on the molecular mechanisms by which CK2 can be regulated, discussing controversial aspects and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Borgo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Claudio D'Amore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Cesaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefania Sarno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Ruzzene
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Padova, Italy
| | - Mauro Salvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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5
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Borgo C, D’Amore C, Cesaro L, Itami K, Hirota T, Salvi M, Pinna LA. A N-terminally deleted form of the CK2α’ catalytic subunit is sufficient to support cell viability. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 531:409-415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.07.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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6
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D'Amore C, Moro E, Borgo C, Itami K, Hirota T, Pinna LA, Salvi M. "Janus" efficacy of CX-5011: CK2 inhibition and methuosis induction by independent mechanisms. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2020; 1867:118807. [PMID: 32745724 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Methuosis has been described as a distinctive form of cell death characterized by the displacement of large fluid-filled vacuoles derived from uncontrolled macropinocytosis. Its induction has been proposed as a new strategy against cancer cells. Small molecules, such as indole-based calchones, have been identified as methuosis inducers and, recently, the CK2 inhibitor CX-4945 has been shown to have a similar effect on different cell types. However, the contribution of protein kinase CK2 to methuosis signalling is still controversial. Here we show that methuosis is not related to CK2 activity since it is not affected by structurally unrelated CK2 inhibitors and genetic reduction/ablation of CK2 subunits. Interestingly, CX-5011, a CK2 inhibitor related to CX-4945, behaves as a CK2-independent methuosis inducer, four times more powerful than its parental compound and capable to promote the formation on enlarged cytosolic vacuoles at low micromolar concentrations. We show that pharmacological inhibition of the small GTPase Rac-1, its downregulation by siRNA treatment, or the over-expression of the dominant-negative mutated form of Rac-1 (Rac-1 T17N), impairs CX-5011 ability to induce methuosis. Furthermore, cell treatment with CX-5011 induces a durable activation of Rac-1 that persists for at least 24 h. Worthy of note, CX-5011 is able to promote macropinocytosis not only in mammalian cells, but also in an in-vivo zebrafish model. Based on these evidences, CX-5011 is, therefore, proposed as a potential promising compound for cancer therapies for its dual efficacy as an inhibitor of the pro-survival kinase CK2 and inducer of methuosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D'Amore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy.
| | - Enrico Moro
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Christian Borgo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hirota
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy; CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Mauro Salvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy.
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7
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Pinna LA. IPK2019: David Shugar and the genesis of the IPK conferences. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:1097-1102. [PMID: 32031322 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A short biographical sketch of Professor David Shugar, the "father of the IPK conferences," is presented, focusing on the growing interest of this eminent scientist for protein kinases and his farsighted perception of the extraordinary therapeutic potential of protein kinase inhibitors, after his discovery in 1986 that 5,6-dichloro-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole effects are mediated by inhibition of protein kinase CK2. This led David Shugar to conceive the idea of organizing a periodic international conference on protein kinase inhibitors ("IPK conference"). The first conference was held in 1998 and the 10th one under the auspices of International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in September 2019. David Shugar died at the age of 100 in 2015, shortly after having organized the eight IPK conference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Padua, and CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Padova, Italy
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Alcaraz E, Vilardell J, Borgo C, Sarró E, Plana M, Marin O, Pinna LA, Bayascas JR, Meseguer A, Salvi M, Itarte E, Ruzzene M. Effects of CK2β subunit down-regulation on Akt signalling in HK-2 renal cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227340. [PMID: 31910234 PMCID: PMC6946142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/Akt pathway is interconnected to protein kinase CK2, which directly phosphorylates Akt1 at S129. We have previously found that, in HK-2 renal cells, downregulation of the CK2 regulatory subunit β (shCK2β cells) reduces S129 Akt phosphorylation. Here, we investigated in more details how the different CK2 isoforms impact on Akt and other signaling pathways. We found that all CK2 isoforms phosphorylate S129 in vitro, independently of CK2β. However, in HK-2 cells the dependence on CK2β was confirmed by rescue experiments (CK2β re-expression in shCK2β HK-2 cells), suggesting the presence of additional components that drive Akt recognition by CK2 in cells. We also found that CK2β downregulation altered the phosphorylation ratio between the two canonical Akt activation sites (pT308 strongly reduced, pS473 slightly increased) in HK-2 cells. Similar results were found in other cell lines where CK2β was stably knocked out by CRISPR-Cas9 technology. The phosphorylation of rpS6 S235/S236, a downstream effector of Akt, was strongly reduced in shCK2β HK-2 cells, while the phosphorylation of two Akt direct targets, PRAS40 T246 and GSK3β S9, was increased. Differently to what observed in response to CK2β down-regulation, the chemical inhibition of CK2 activity by cell treatment with the specific inhibitor CX-4945 reduced both the Akt canonical sites, pT308 and pS473. In CX-4945-treated cells, the changes in rpS6 pS235/S236 and GSK3β pS9 mirrored those induced by CK2β knock-down (reduction and slight increase, respectively); on the contrary, the effect on PRAS40 pT246 phosphorylation was sharply different, being strongly reduced by CK2 inhibition; this suggests that this Akt target might be dependent on Akt pS473 status in HK-2 cells. Since PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2/p90rsk pathways are known to be interconnected and both modulated by CK2, with GSK3β pS9 representing a convergent point, we investigated if ERK1/2/p90rsk signaling was affected by CK2β knock-down and CX-4945 treatment in HK-2 cells. We found that p90rsk was insensitive to any kind of CK2 targeting; therefore, the observation that, similarly, GSK3β pS9 was not reduced by CK2 blockade suggests that GSK3β phosphorylation is mainly under the control of p90rsk in these cells. However, we found that the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 reduced GSK3β pS9, and concomitantly decreased Snail1 levels (a GSK3β target and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal transition marker). The effects of LY294002 were observed also in CK2β-downregulated cells, suggesting that reducing GSK3β pS9 could be a strategy to control Snail1 levels in any situation where CK2β is defective, as possibly occurring in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Alcaraz
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain
| | - Jordi Vilardell
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain
| | - Christian Borgo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Eduard Sarró
- Fisiopatología Renal, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, VHIR, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Plana
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriano Marin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A. Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Padova, Italy
| | - José R. Bayascas
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Meseguer
- Fisiopatología Renal, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, VHIR, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III-FEDER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mauro Salvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Emilio Itarte
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (MR); (EI)
| | - Maria Ruzzene
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail: (MR); (EI)
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Lettieri A, Borgo C, Zanieri L, D’Amore C, Oleari R, Paganoni A, Pinna LA, Cariboni A, Salvi M. Protein Kinase CK2 Subunits Differentially Perturb the Adhesion and Migration of GN11 Cells: A Model of Immature Migrating Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235951. [PMID: 31779225 PMCID: PMC6928770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 (CK2) is a highly conserved and ubiquitous kinase is involved in crucial biological processes, including proliferation, migration, and differentiation. CK2 holoenzyme is a tetramer composed by two catalytically active (α/α’) and two regulatory (β) subunits and exerts its function on a broad range of targets. In the brain, it regulates different steps of neurodevelopment, such as neural differentiation, neuritogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. Interestingly, CK2 mutations have been recently linked to neurodevelopmental disorders; however, the functional requirements of the individual CK2 subunits in neurodevelopment have not been yet investigated. Here, we disclose the role of CK2 on the migration and adhesion properties of GN11 cells, an established model of mouse immortalized neurons, by different in vitro experimental approaches. Specifically, the cellular requirement of this kinase has been assessed pharmacologically and genetically by exploiting CK2 inhibitors and by generating subunit-specific CK2 knockout GN11 cells (with a CRISPR/Cas9-based approach). We show that CK2α’ subunit has a primary role in increasing cell adhesion and reducing migration properties of GN11 cells by activating the Akt-GSK3β axis, whereas CK2α subunit is dispensable. Further, the knockout of the CK2β regulatory subunits counteracts cell migration, inducing dramatic alterations in the cytoskeleton not observed in CK2α’ knockout cells. Collectively taken, our data support the view that the individual subunits of CK2 play different roles in cell migration and adhesion properties of GN11 cells, supporting independent roles of the different subunits in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Lettieri
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.L.); (L.Z.); (R.O.); (A.P.)
| | - Christian Borgo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy; (C.B.); (C.D.)
| | - Luca Zanieri
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.L.); (L.Z.); (R.O.); (A.P.)
| | - Claudio D’Amore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy; (C.B.); (C.D.)
| | - Roberto Oleari
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.L.); (L.Z.); (R.O.); (A.P.)
| | - Alyssa Paganoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.L.); (L.Z.); (R.O.); (A.P.)
| | - Lorenzo A. Pinna
- CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Anna Cariboni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.L.); (L.Z.); (R.O.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Mauro Salvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy; (C.B.); (C.D.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (M.S.)
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D'Amore C, Salizzato V, Borgo C, Cesaro L, Pinna LA, Salvi M. A Journey through the Cytoskeleton with Protein Kinase CK2. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:547-562. [PMID: 30659536 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190119124846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Substrate pleiotropicity, a very acidic phosphorylation consensus sequence, and an apparent uncontrolled activity, are the main features of CK2, a Ser/Thr protein kinase that is required for a plethora of cell functions. Not surprisingly, CK2 appears to affect cytoskeletal structures and correlated functions such as cell shape, mechanical integrity, cell movement and division. This review outlines our current knowledge of how CK2 regulates cytoskeletal structures, and discusses involved pathways and molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D'Amore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Salizzato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Christian Borgo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Cesaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Mauro Salvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
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11
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Borgo C, Franchin C, Cesaro L, Zaramella S, Arrigoni G, Salvi M, Pinna LA. A proteomics analysis of CK2β
(−/−)
C2C12 cells provides novel insights into the biological functions of the non‐catalytic β subunit. FEBS J 2019; 286:1561-1575. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Borgo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Italy
| | - Cinzia Franchin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Italy
- Proteomics Center University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova Italy
| | - Luca Cesaro
- Proteomics Center University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova Italy
| | - Silvia Zaramella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Italy
- Proteomics Center University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova Italy
| | - Giorgio Arrigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Italy
- Proteomics Center University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova Italy
| | - Mauro Salvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Italy
| | - Lorenzo A. Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Italy
- CNR Institute of Neurosciences Padova Italy
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12
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Cozza G, Moro E, Black M, Marin O, Salvi M, Venerando A, Tagliabracci VS, Pinna LA. The Golgi 'casein kinase' Fam20C is a genuine 'phosvitin kinase' and phosphorylates polyserine stretches devoid of the canonical consensus. FEBS J 2018; 285:4674-4683. [PMID: 30387551 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Egg yolk phosvitins, generated through the fragmentation of vitellogenins (VTGs), are among the most heavily phosphorylated proteins ever described. Despite the early discovery in 1900 that chicken phosvitin is a phosphoprotein and its subsequent employment as an artificial substrate for a number of protein kinases, the identity of the enzyme(s) responsible for its phosphorylation remained a matter of conjecture until present. Here, we provide evidence that phosvitin phosphorylation is catalyzed by a family with sequence similarity 20, member C (Fam20C), an atypical protein kinase recently identified as the genuine casein kinase and responsible for the phosphorylation of many other secreted proteins at residues specified by the S-x-E/pS consensus. Such a conclusion is grounded on the following observations: (a) the levels of Fam20C and phosphorylated VTG rise in parallel upon treatment of zebrafish with oestrogens; (b) zebrafish phosvitin is readily phosphorylated upon coexpression in U2OS cells with Fam20C, but not with its catalytically inactive mutant; (c) a peptide reproducing a stretch of 12 serines, which are phosphorylated in chicken phosvitin despite lacking the C-terminal priming motif S-x-E, is efficiently phosphorylated by both recombinant and native Fam20C. The last finding expands the repertoire of potential targets of Fam20C to include several proteins known to harbor (p-Ser)n clusters not specified by any known kinase consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Cozza
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Enrico Moro
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Miles Black
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Oriano Marin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Mauro Salvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Venerando
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Vincent S Tagliabracci
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy.,CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy
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13
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Cozza G, Fortuna M, Meggio F, Sarno S, Kubbutat MHG, Totzke F, Schaechtele C, Pinna LA, Olsufyeva EN, Preobrazhenskaya MN. Hydrophobic Derivatives of Glycopeptide Antibiotics as Inhibitors of Protein Kinases. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2018; 83:1222-1230. [PMID: 30472959 PMCID: PMC7088347 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918100073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As key regulators of cell signaling, protein kinases (PKs) are attractive targets for therapeutic intervention in a variety of diseases. Herein, we report for the first time the inhibitory activity of polycyclic peptides, particularly, derivatives of glycopeptide antibiotics teicoplanin and eremomycin, against a panel of 12 recombinant human protein kinases and two protein kinases (CK1 and CK2) isolated from rat liver. Several of the investigated compounds inhibited various PKs with IC50 values below 10 μM and caused >90% suppression of the enzyme activity at 10 µM concentration. Kinetic analysis of the protein kinase CK2α inhibition by the teicoplanin aglycon analogue (7) demonstrated the non-competitive mechanism of inhibition (with regard to ATP). Interestingly, the inhibitory activity of some investigated compounds correlated with the earlier described antiviral activity against HIV, HCV, and other corona- and flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cozza
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - M Fortuna
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - F Meggio
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - S Sarno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | | | - F Totzke
- ProQinase GmbH, Freiburg, 79106, Germany
| | | | - L A Pinna
- Center for Neuroscience Research Neuroscience Institute, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - E N Olsufyeva
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, Moscow, 119021, Russia.
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14
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Purzner T, Purzner J, Buckstaff T, Cozza G, Gholamin S, Rusert JM, Hartl TA, Sanders J, Conley N, Ge X, Langan M, Ramaswamy V, Ellis L, Litzenburger U, Bolin S, Theruvath J, Nitta R, Qi L, Li XN, Li G, Taylor MD, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Pinna LA, Cho YJ, Fuller MT, Elias JE, Scott MP. Developmental phosphoproteomics identifies the kinase CK2 as a driver of Hedgehog signaling and a therapeutic target in medulloblastoma. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/547/eaau5147. [PMID: 30206138 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aau5147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A major limitation of targeted cancer therapy is the rapid emergence of drug resistance, which often arises through mutations at or downstream of the drug target or through intrinsic resistance of subpopulations of tumor cells. Medulloblastoma (MB), the most common pediatric brain tumor, is no exception, and MBs that are driven by sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling are particularly aggressive and drug-resistant. To find new drug targets and therapeutics for MB that may be less susceptible to common resistance mechanisms, we used a developmental phosphoproteomics approach in murine granule neuron precursors (GNPs), the developmental cell of origin of MB. The protein kinase CK2 emerged as a driver of hundreds of phosphorylation events during the proliferative, MB-like stage of GNP growth, including the phosphorylation of three of the eight proteins commonly amplified in MB. CK2 was critical to the stabilization and activity of the transcription factor GLI2, a late downstream effector in SHH signaling. CK2 inhibitors decreased the viability of primary SHH-type MB patient cells in culture and blocked the growth of murine MB tumors that were resistant to currently available Hh inhibitors, thereby extending the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Because of structural interactions, one CK2 inhibitor (CX-4945) inhibited both wild-type and mutant CK2, indicating that this drug may avoid at least one common mode of acquired resistance. These findings suggest that CK2 inhibitors may be effective for treating patients with MB and show how phosphoproteomics may be used to gain insight into developmental biology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Purzner
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. .,Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A1, Canada
| | - James Purzner
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A1, Canada
| | - Taylor Buckstaff
- Department of Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Giorgio Cozza
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padova, PD 35122, Italy
| | - Sharareh Gholamin
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jessica M Rusert
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, National Cancer Institute-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tom A Hartl
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John Sanders
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicholas Conley
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xuecai Ge
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95340, USA
| | | | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Lauren Ellis
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ulrike Litzenburger
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sara Bolin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Johanna Theruvath
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ryan Nitta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lin Qi
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiao-Nan Li
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gordon Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Robert J Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, National Cancer Institute-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, PD 35122, Italy.,National Research Council Neuroscience Institute, Padova, PD 35122, Italy
| | - Yoon-Jae Cho
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Margaret T Fuller
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joshua E Elias
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew P Scott
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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15
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Vilardell J, Girardi C, Marin O, Cozza G, Pinna LA, Ruzzene M. The importance of negative determinants as modulators of CK2 targeting. The lesson of Akt2 S131. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193479. [PMID: 29494643 PMCID: PMC5832243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
CK2 is a pleiotropic S/T protein kinase (formerly known as casein kinase 2) which is attracting increasing interest as therapeutic target, and the identification of its substrates is a crucial step in determining its involvement in different pathological conditions. We recently found that S131 of Akt2 (homologous to the well established CK2 target S129 of Akt1) is not phosphorylated by CK2 either in vitro or in vivo, although the consensus sequence recognized by CK2 (S/T-x-x-E/D/pS/pT) is conserved in it. Here, by exploiting synthetic peptides, in cell transfection experiments, and computational analysis, we show that a single sequence element, a T at position n+1, hampers phosphorylation, causing an α-helix structure organization which prevents the recognition of its own consensus by CK2. Our results highlight the role of negative determinants as crucial modulators of CK2 targeting and corroborate the concept that Akt1 and Akt2 display isoform specific features. Experiments with synthetic peptides suggest that Akt2 S131 could be phosphorylated by kinases of the Plk (Polo-like kinase) family, which are insensitive to the presence of the n+1 T. The low phylogenetic conservation of the Akt2 sequence around S131, as opposed to the extremely well-conserved Akt1 homologous sequence, would indicate a dominant positive role in the selective pressure only for the Akt1 phosphoacceptor site committed to undergo phosphorylation by CK2. By contrast, Akt2 S131 may mediate the response to specific physio/pathological conditions, being consequently shielded against basal CK2 targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Vilardell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Girardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Oriano Marin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Cozza
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A. Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Ruzzene
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail:
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16
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Vilardell J, Alcaraz E, Sarró E, Trilla E, Cuadros T, de Torres I, Plana M, Ramón Y Cajal S, Pinna LA, Ruzzene M, Morote J, Meseguer A, Itarte E. Under-expression of CK2β subunit in ccRCC represents a complementary biomarker of p-STAT3 Ser727 that correlates with patient survival. Oncotarget 2017; 9:5736-5751. [PMID: 29464030 PMCID: PMC5814170 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common and aggressive subtype of renal cancer. STAT3 pathway is altered in these tumors and p-STAT3 Ser727 is an independent prognostic factor for ccRCC. Protein kinase CK2 is altered in different types of tumors and overexpression of CK2α is considered predictive of bad prognosis and metastatic risk. CK2 subunits analyses in ccRCC samples showed increased CK2α/α’ nuclear content in all cases, but decreased cytosolic CK2β (CK2βcyt) levels in the more advanced tumors. Stable downregulation of CK2β in renal proximal tubular (HK-2) and clear cell adenocarcinoma (786-O) cells triggered changes in E-cadherin, vimentin and Snail1 protein levels indicative of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and increased HIF-α. Moreover, CK2β was required in order to observe STAT3 Ser727 phosphorylation in HK-2 but not in 786-O cells. We also observed that CK2β improved the prognostic value of p-STAT3 Ser727, as CK2βcyt>41 (median value) discriminates patients free of disease for a period of 10 years upon surgery, from those with CK2βcyt<41, when p-STAT3 Ser727levels are low. We conclude that CK2β down-regulation might represent a mechanism to support EMT and angiogenesis and that CK2βcyt levels are instrumental to refine prognosis of ccRCC patients with low p-STAT3 Ser727 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Vilardell
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estefania Alcaraz
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Sarró
- Fisiopatología Renal, CIBBIM, VHIR, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Trilla
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thaïs Cuadros
- Fisiopatología Renal, CIBBIM, VHIR, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inés de Torres
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Plana
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Ramón Y Cajal
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Ruzzene
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Juan Morote
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Meseguer
- Fisiopatología Renal, CIBBIM, VHIR, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Fundación Renal Íñigo Álvarez de Toledo, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Itarte
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
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17
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Ottaviani D, Marin O, Arrigoni G, Franchin C, Vilardell J, Sandre M, Li W, Parfitt DA, Pinna LA, Cheetham ME, Ruzzene M. Protein kinase CK2 modulates HSJ1 function through phosphorylation of the UIM2 domain. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:611-623. [PMID: 28031292 PMCID: PMC5409130 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HSJ1 (DNAJB2), a member of the DNAJ family of molecular chaperones, is a key player in neuronal proteostasis maintenance. It binds ubiquitylated proteins through its Ubiquitin Interacting Motifs (UIMs) and facilitates their delivery to the proteasome for degradation. Mutations in the DNAJB2 gene lead to inherited neuropathies such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth type-2, distal hereditary motor neuropathies, spinal muscular atrophy with parkinsonism and the later stages can resemble amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. HSJ1 overexpression can reduce aggregation of neurodegeneration-associated proteins in vitro and in vivo; however, the regulation of HSJ1 function is little understood. Here we show that CK2, a ubiquitous and constitutively active protein kinase, phosphorylates HSJ1 within its second UIM, at the dominant site Ser250 and the hierarchical site Ser247. A phospho-HSJ1 specific antibody confirmed phosphorylation of endogenous HSJ1a and HSJ1b. A tandem approach of phospho-site mutation and treatment with CK2 specific inhibitors demonstrated that phosphorylation at these sites is accompanied by a reduced ability of HSJ1 to bind ubiquitylated clients and to exert its chaperone activity. Our results disclose a novel interplay between ubiquitin- and phosphorylation-dependent signalling, and represent the first report of a regulatory mechanism for UIM-dependent function. They also suggest that CK2 inhibitors could release the full neuroprotective potential of HSJ1, and deserve future interest as therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Ottaviani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Oriano Marin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b 35131 Padova, Italy.,Proteomics Center, University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Via G. Orus 2/B, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Arrigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b 35131 Padova, Italy.,Proteomics Center, University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Via G. Orus 2/B, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Cinzia Franchin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b 35131 Padova, Italy.,Proteomics Center, University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Via G. Orus 2/B, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Jordi Vilardell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Michele Sandre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Wenwen Li
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - David A Parfitt
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Maria Ruzzene
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b 35131 Padova, Italy
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18
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Cozza G, Salvi M, Tagliabracci VS, Pinna LA. Fam20C is under the control of sphingolipid signaling in human cell lines. FEBS J 2017; 284:1246-1257. [PMID: 28236661 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fam20C, also termed DMP-4 (dentin matrix protein 4) and G-CK (Golgi casein kinase) is an atypical protein kinase committed with the phosphorylation of casein and a plethora of other secreted proteins. Fam20C has been implicated in a number of human pathologies related to biomineralization, phosphate homeostasis, and neoplasia. The mode of regulation of Fam20C is still a matter of conjecture. In in vitro, Fam20C activity is stimulated several fold by sphingosine. To gain in vivo information about the physiological relevance of this observation, three cell lines expressing endogenous Fam20C, and one in which Fam20C has been knocked out with CRISPR/Cas9 technology have been examined for Fam20C activity under basal conditions and where sphingosine has been depleted by treatment with myriocin. In lysates and conditioned medium of the three wild-type cells, Fam20C activity was similar and comparably responsive to sphingosine and a panel of sphingosine analogs, while in knockout cells, Fam20C activity was undetectable either with or without sphingosine addition. Upon depletion of endogenous sphingosine by myriocin treatment, Fam20C activity drops to negligible values both in the lysate and in the conditioned medium; however, it can be partially restored if during myriocin treatment cells are supplemented with either exogenous sphingosine or ceramide, a sphingosine precursor. Alterations of Fam20C activity, promoted by myriocin and sphingolipids, are not accompanied by any significant change in Fam20C protein. These data provide the proof of concept that Fam20C activity is under the control of sphingolipid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Cozza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Mauro Salvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Vincent S Tagliabracci
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Italy
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19
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Borgo C, Franchin C, Scalco S, Bosello-Travain V, Donella-Deana A, Arrigoni G, Salvi M, Pinna LA. Generation and quantitative proteomics analysis of CK2α/α' (-/-) cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42409. [PMID: 28209983 PMCID: PMC5314375 DOI: 10.1038/srep42409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
CK2 is a ubiquitous, constitutively active, highly pleiotropic, acidophilic Ser/Thr protein kinase whose holoenzyme is composed of two catalytic (α and/or α’) subunits and a dimer of a non-catalytic β subunit. Abnormally high CK2 level/activity is often associated with malignancy and a variety of cancer cells have been shown to rely on it to escape apoptosis. To gain information about the actual “druggability” of CK2 and to dissect CK2 dependent cellular processes that are instrumental to the establishment and progression of neoplasia we have exploited the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology to generate viable clones of C2C12 myoblasts devoid of either both the CK2 catalytic subunits or its regulatory β-subunit. Suppression of both CK2 catalytic subunits promotes the disappearance of the β-subunit as well, through its accelerated proteasomal degradation. A quantitative proteomics analysis of CK2α/α’(−/−) versus wild type cells shows that knocking out both CK2 catalytic subunits causes a rearrangement of the proteomics profile, with substantially altered level ( > 50%) of 240 proteins, 126 of which are up-regulated, while the other are down-regulated. A functional analysis reveals that up- and down-regulated proteins tend to be segregated into distinct sub-cellular compartments and play different biological roles, consistent with a global rewiring underwent by the cell to cope with the lack of CK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Borgo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Cinzia Franchin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy.,Proteomics Center, University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, via G. Orus 2/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Scalco
- Proteomics Center, University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, via G. Orus 2/B, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Arianna Donella-Deana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Arrigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy.,Proteomics Center, University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, via G. Orus 2/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Mauro Salvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
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20
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Venerando A, Cesaro L, Pinna LA. From phosphoproteins to phosphoproteomes: a historical account. FEBS J 2017; 284:1936-1951. [PMID: 28079298 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The first phosphoprotein (casein) was discovered in 1883, yet the enzyme responsible for its phosphorylation was identified only 130 years later, in 2012. In the intervening time, especially in the last decades of the 1900s, it became evident that, far from being an oddity, phosphorylation affects the majority of eukaryotic proteins during their lifespan, and that this reaction is catalysed by the members of a large family of protein kinases, susceptible to a variety of stimuli controlling nearly every aspect of life and death. The aim of this review is to present a historical account of the main steps of this spectacular revolution, which transformed our conception of a biochemical reaction originally held as a sporadic curiosity into the master mechanism governing cell regulation, and, if it is perturbed, causing cell dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Cesaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy.,CNR Neuroscience Institute, Padova, Italy
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Franchin C, Borgo C, Zaramella S, Cesaro L, Arrigoni G, Salvi M, Pinna LA. Exploring the CK2 Paradox: Restless, Dangerous, Dispensable. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10010011. [PMID: 28117670 PMCID: PMC5374415 DOI: 10.3390/ph10010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of protein kinase CK2 is crowded with paradoxes and unanticipated findings. Named after a protein (casein) that is not among its physiological substrates, CK2 remained in search of its targets for more than two decades after its discovery in 1954, but it later came to be one of the most pleiotropic protein kinases. Being active in the absence of phosphorylation and/or specific stimuli, it looks unsuitable to participate in signaling cascades, but its “lateral” implication in a variety of signaling pathways is now soundly documented. At variance with many “onco-kinases”, CK2 is constitutively active, and no oncogenic CK2 mutant is known; still high CK2 activity correlates to neoplasia. Its pleiotropy and essential role may cast doubts on the actual “druggability” of CK2; however, a CK2 inhibitor is now in Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of cancer, and cell clones viable in the absence of CK2 are providing information about the mechanism by which cancer becomes addicted to high CK2 levels. A phosphoproteomics analysis of these CK2 null cells suggests that CK2 pleiotropy may be less pronounced than expected and supports the idea that the phosphoproteome generated by this kinase is flexible and not rigidly pre-determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Franchin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via U. Bassi, 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
- Proteomics Center, University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, via G. Orus, 2/B, 35129 Padova, Italy.
| | - Christian Borgo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via U. Bassi, 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Silvia Zaramella
- Proteomics Center, University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, via G. Orus, 2/B, 35129 Padova, Italy.
| | - Luca Cesaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via U. Bassi, 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Arrigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via U. Bassi, 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
- Proteomics Center, University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, via G. Orus, 2/B, 35129 Padova, Italy.
| | - Mauro Salvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via U. Bassi, 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via U. Bassi, 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
- CNR Neurosciences Institute, via U. Bassi, 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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22
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Salizzato V, Borgo C, Cesaro L, Pinna LA, Donella-Deana A. Inhibition of protein kinase CK2 by CX-5011 counteracts imatinib-resistance preventing rpS6 phosphorylation in chronic myeloid leukaemia cells: new combined therapeutic strategies. Oncotarget 2017; 7:18204-18. [PMID: 26919095 PMCID: PMC4951282 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder promoted by the constitutive tyrosine kinase activity of Bcr-Abl oncoprotein. Although treatment with the Bcr-Abl-inhibitor imatinib represents the first-line therapy against CML, almost 20-30% of patients develop chemotherapeutic resistance and require alternative therapy. Here we show that a strong hyper-phosphorylation/activation of ERK1/2, Akt Ser473, and 40S ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) is detectable in imatinib-resistant KCL22 and K562 CML cells as compared to the -sensitive cell variants. In imatinib-resistant CML cells, high concentration of imatinib is required to strongly inhibit Bcr-Abl, ERK1/2 and Akt Ser473 phosphorylation, but under these conditions the phosphorylation of rpS6, a common downstream effector of MEK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways is only slightly reduced. By contrast, down-regulation of the protein kinase CK2 by the inhibitor CX-5011 or by silencing the CK2 subunits does not affect the activation state of MEK/ERK1/2 or PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling, but causes a drop in rpS6 phosphorylation in parallel with reduced protein synthesis. CK2-inhibition by CX-5011 induces cell death by apoptosis and acts synergistically with imatinib or the MEK-inhibitor U0126 in reducing the viability of imatinib-resistant CML cells. The ternary mixture containing CX-5011, imatinib and U0126 represents the most effective synergistic combination to counteract CML cell viability. These results disclose a novel CK2-mediated mechanism of acquired imatinib-resistance resulting in hyper-phosphorylation of rpS6. We suggest that co-targeting CK2 and MEK protein kinases is a promising strategy to restore responsiveness of resistant CML cells to imatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Salizzato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of NeuroSciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Christian Borgo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of NeuroSciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Cesaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of NeuroSciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of NeuroSciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Arianna Donella-Deana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of NeuroSciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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23
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Abstract
In the infancy of studies on protein phosphorylation the occurrence of clusters of three or more consecutive phosphoseryl residues in secreted and in cellular phosphoproteins was reported. Later however, while the reversible phosphorylation of Ser, Thr and Tyr residues was recognized to be the most frequent and general mechanism of cell regulation and signal transduction, the phenomenon of multi-phosphorylation of adjacent residues was entirely neglected. Nowadays, in the post-genomic era, the availability of large phosphoproteomics database makes possible a comprehensive re-visitation of this intriguing aspect of protein phosphorylation, aimed at shedding light on both its mechanistic occurrence and its functional meaning. Here we describe an analysis of the human phosphoproteome disclosing the existence of more than 800 rows of 3 to >10 consecutive phosphoamino acids, composed almost exclusively of phosphoserine, while clustered phosphothreonines and phosphotyrosines are almost absent. A scrutiny of these phosphorylated rows supports the conclusion that they are generated through the major contribution of a few hierarchical protein kinases, with special reference to CK2. Also well documented is the combined intervention of CK1 and GSK3, the former acting as priming and primed, the latter as primed kinase. The by far largest proportion of proteins containing (pS)n clusters display a nuclear localization where they play a prominent role in the regulation of transcription. Consistently the molecular function of the by far largest majority of these proteins is the ability to bind other macromolecules and/or nucleotides and metal ions. A "String" analysis performed under stringent conditions reveals that >80% of them are connected to each other by physical and/or functional links, and that this network of interactions mostly take place at the nuclear level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cesaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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24
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Krüger M, Kalbacher H, Kastritis PL, Bischof J, Barth H, Henne-Bruns D, Vorgias C, Sarno S, Pinna LA, Knippschild U. New potential peptide therapeutics perturbing CK1δ/α-tubulin interaction. Cancer Lett 2016; 375:375-383. [PMID: 26996302 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Members of the CK1 family are highly conserved serine/threonine specific kinases being expressed in all eukaryotes. They are involved in many cellular processes and therefore tightly regulated. A central mechanism to modulate CK1 activity is via interaction with cellular proteins. CK1δ interacts with α-/β-tubulin and is involved in the regulation of microtubule dynamics. Therefore, it is important to identify the structural elements responsible for the interaction between these proteins. Using a peptide library covering the human CK1δ amino acid sequence in SPR and ELISA analyses, we identified peptide 39 (P39), encompassing aa361-aa375 of CK1δ, as a prominent binding partner of α-tubulin. P39 decreases α-tubulin phosphorylation by CK1δ and reduces the thermodynamic stability of α-tubulin in fluorescence thermal shift assays. Furthermore, P39 induces an inhibition of mitotic progression and a disruption of cells entering mitosis in CV-1 cells. Taken together our data provide valuable information regarding the interaction of CK1δ and α-tubulin and a novel approach for the development of pharmacological tools to inhibit proliferation of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Krüger
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Hubert Kalbacher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, Tübingen University, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Joachim Bischof
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Holger Barth
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Doris Henne-Bruns
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Constantinos Vorgias
- Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15701 Athens, Greece
| | - Stefania Sarno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and CNR Institute of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and CNR Institute of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The conventional term 'casein kinase' (CK) denotes three classes of kinases - CK1, CK2 and Golgi-CK (G-CK)/Fam20C (family with sequence similarity 20, member C) - sharing the ability to phoshorylate casein in vitro, but otherwise unrelated to each other. All CKs have been reported to be implicated in human diseases, and reviews individually dealing with the druggability of CK1 and CK2 are available. Our aim is to provide a comparative analysis of the three classes of CKs as therapeutic targets. AREAS COVERED CK2 is the CK for which implication in neoplasia is best documented, with the survival of cancer cells often relying on its overexpression. An ample variety of cell-permeable CK2 inhibitors have been developed, with a couple of these now in clinical trials. Isoform-specific CK1 inhibitors that are expected to play a beneficial role in oncology and neurodegeneration have been also developed. In contrast, the pathogenic potential of G-CK/Fam20C is caused by its loss of function. Activators of Fam20C, notably sphingolipids and their analogs, may prove beneficial in this respect. EXPERT OPINION Optimization of CK2 and CK1 inhibitors will prove useful to develop new therapeutic strategies for treating cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, while the design of potent activators of G-CK/Fam20C will provide a new tool in the fields of bio-mineralization and hypophosphatemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Cozza
- a 1 University of Padova, Department of Biomedical Sciences , Via Ugo Bassi 58B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- a 1 University of Padova, Department of Biomedical Sciences , Via Ugo Bassi 58B, 35131 Padova, Italy .,b 2 University of Padova, Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of Neurosciences , Padova, Italy ;
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Zanin S, Sandre M, Cozza G, Ottaviani D, Marin O, Pinna LA, Ruzzene M. Chimeric peptides as modulators of CK2-dependent signaling: Mechanism of action and off-target effects. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics 2015; 1854:1694-707. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Cozza G, Salvi M, Banerjee S, Tibaldi E, Tagliabracci VS, Dixon JE, Pinna LA. A new role for sphingosine: Up-regulation of Fam20C, the genuine casein kinase that phosphorylates secreted proteins. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics 2015; 1854:1718-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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De Stefano D, Villella VR, Esposito S, Tosco A, Sepe A, De Gregorio F, Salvadori L, Grassia R, Leone CA, De Rosa G, Maiuri MC, Pettoello-Mantovani M, Guido S, Bossi A, Zolin A, Venerando A, Pinna LA, Mehta A, Bona G, Kroemer G, Maiuri L, Raia V. Restoration of CFTR function in patients with cystic fibrosis carrying the F508del-CFTR mutation. Autophagy 2015; 10:2053-74. [PMID: 25350163 PMCID: PMC4502695 DOI: 10.4161/15548627.2014.973737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Restoration of BECN1/Beclin 1-dependent autophagy and depletion of SQSTM1/p62 by genetic manipulation or autophagy-stimulatory proteostasis regulators, such as cystamine, have positive effects on mouse models of human cystic fibrosis (CF). These measures rescue the functional expression of the most frequent pathogenic CFTR mutant, F508del, at the respiratory epithelial surface and reduce lung inflammation in CftrF508del homozygous mice. Cysteamine, the reduced form of cystamine, is an FDA-approved drug. Here, we report that oral treatment with cysteamine greatly reduces the mortality rate and improves the phenotype of newborn mice bearing the F508del-CFTR mutation. Cysteamine was also able to increase the plasma membrane expression of the F508del-CFTR protein in nasal epithelial cells from F508del homozygous CF patients, and these effects persisted for 24 h after cysteamine withdrawal. Importantly, this cysteamine effect after washout was further sustained by the sequential administration of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a green tea flavonoid, both in vivo, in mice, and in vitro, in primary epithelial cells from CF patients. In a pilot clinical trial involving 10 F508del-CFTR homozygous CF patients, the combination of cysteamine and EGCG restored BECN1, reduced SQSTM1 levels and improved CFTR function from nasal epithelial cells in vivo, correlating with a decrease of chloride concentrations in sweat, as well as with a reduction of the abundance of TNF/TNF-alpha (tumor necrosis factor) and CXCL8 (chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 8) transcripts in nasal brushing and TNF and CXCL8 protein levels in the sputum. Altogether, these results suggest that optimal schedules of cysteamine plus EGCG might be used for the treatment of CF caused by the F508del-CFTR mutation.
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Key Words
- BECN1/Beclin 1, autophagy-related
- CF, cystic fibrosis
- CFTR
- CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
- CHX, cycloheximide
- CSNK2, casein kinase 2
- CXCL2, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2
- CXCL8, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8
- EGCG, epigallocatechin gallate
- FEV, forced expiratory volume
- PM, plasma membrane
- RPD, rectal potential difference
- SQSTM1, sequestosome 1
- TGM2, transglutaminase 2
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- autophagy
- cysteamine
- cystic fibrosis
- epigallocatechin gallate
- sweat chloride
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela De Stefano
- a European Institute for Research in Cystic Fibrosis; Division of Genetics and Cell Biology; San Raffaele Scientific Institute ; Milan , Italy
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29
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Tagliabracci VS, Wiley SE, Guo X, Kinch LN, Durrant E, Wen J, Xiao J, Cui J, Nguyen KB, Engel JL, Coon JJ, Grishin N, Pinna LA, Pagliarini DJ, Dixon JE. A Single Kinase Generates the Majority of the Secreted Phosphoproteome. Cell 2015; 161:1619-32. [PMID: 26091039 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The existence of extracellular phosphoproteins has been acknowledged for over a century. However, research in this area has been undeveloped largely because the kinases that phosphorylate secreted proteins have escaped identification. Fam20C is a kinase that phosphorylates S-x-E/pS motifs on proteins in milk and in the extracellular matrix of bones and teeth. Here, we show that Fam20C generates the majority of the extracellular phosphoproteome. Using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, mass spectrometry, and biochemistry, we identify more than 100 secreted phosphoproteins as genuine Fam20C substrates. Further, we show that Fam20C exhibits broader substrate specificity than previously appreciated. Functional annotations of Fam20C substrates suggest roles for the kinase beyond biomineralization, including lipid homeostasis, wound healing, and cell migration and adhesion. Our results establish Fam20C as the major secretory pathway protein kinase and serve as a foundation for new areas of investigation into the role of secreted protein phosphorylation in human biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent S Tagliabracci
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sandra E Wiley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xiao Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Lisa N Kinch
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA
| | - Eric Durrant
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jianzhong Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Junyu Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jixin Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kim B Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - James L Engel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nick Grishin
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - David J Pagliarini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jack E Dixon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Cesaro L, Pinna LA, Salvi M. A Comparative Analysis and Review of lysyl Residues Affected by Posttranslational Modifications. Curr Genomics 2015; 16:128-38. [PMID: 26085811 PMCID: PMC4467303 DOI: 10.2174/1389202916666150216221038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification is the most common mechanism of regulating protein function. If
phosphorylation is considered a key event in many signal transduction pathways, other modifications must be
considered as well. In particular the side chain of lysine residues is a target of different modifications; notably
acetylation, methylation, ubiquitylation, sumoylation, neddylation, etc. Mass spectrometry approaches combining
highly sensitive instruments and specific enrichment strategies have enabled the identification of modified
sites on a large scale. Here we make a comparative analysis of the most representative lysine modifications
(ubiquitylation, acetylation, sumoylation and methylation) identified in the human proteome. This review focuses on
conserved amino acids, secondary structures preference, subcellular localization of modified proteins, and signaling pathways
where these modifications are implicated. We discuss specific differences and similarities between these modifications,
characteristics of the crosstalk among lysine post translational modifications, and single nucleotide polymorphisms
that could influence lysine post-translational modifications in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cesaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy ; Institute of Neurosciences, V.le G. Colombo 3, Padova, Italy
| | - Mauro Salvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
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Kalathur M, Toso A, Chen J, Revandkar A, Danzer-Baltzer C, Guccini I, Alajati A, Sarti M, Pinton S, Brambilla L, Di Mitri D, Carbone G, Garcia-Escudero R, Padova A, Magnoni L, Tarditi A, Maccari L, Malusa F, Kalathur RKR, A. Pinna L, Cozza G, Ruzzene M, Delaleu N, Catapano CV, Frew IJ, Alimonti A. A chemogenomic screening identifies CK2 as a target for pro-senescence therapy in PTEN-deficient tumours. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7227. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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32
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Borgo C, Franchin C, Salizzato V, Cesaro L, Arrigoni G, Matricardi L, Pinna LA, Donella-Deana A. Protein kinase CK2 potentiates translation efficiency by phosphorylating eIF3j at Ser127. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015; 1853:1693-701. [PMID: 25887626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotic protein synthesis the translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3) is a key player in the recruitment and assembly of the translation initiation machinery. Mammalian eIF3 consists of 13 subunits, including the loosely associated eIF3j subunit that plays a stabilizing role in the eIF3 complex formation and interaction with the 40S ribosomal subunit. By means of both co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analyses we demonstrate that the protein kinase CK2 interacts with and phosphorylates eIF3j at Ser127. Inhibition of CK2 activity by CX-4945 or down-regulation of the expression of CK2 catalytic subunit by siRNA cause the dissociation of j-subunit from the eIF3 complex as judged from glycerol gradient sedimentation. This finding proves that CK2-phosphorylation of eIF3j is a prerequisite for its association with the eIF3 complex. Expression of Ser127Ala-eIF3j mutant impairs both the interaction of mutated j-subunit with the other eIF3 subunits and the overall protein synthesis. Taken together our data demonstrate that CK2-phosphorylation of eIF3j at Ser127 promotes the assembly of the eIF3 complex, a crucial step in the activation of the translation initiation machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Borgo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35131 Padova, Italy; CNR Institute of NeuroSciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Cinzia Franchin
- Proteomic Center of Padova University, Via G. Orus B2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Salizzato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35131 Padova, Italy; CNR Institute of NeuroSciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Cesaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35131 Padova, Italy; CNR Institute of NeuroSciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Arrigoni
- Proteomic Center of Padova University, Via G. Orus B2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Matricardi
- Venitian Institute of Oncology (IOV-IRCCS), Via Gattamelata 64, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35131 Padova, Italy; CNR Institute of NeuroSciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Arianna Donella-Deana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35131 Padova, Italy; CNR Institute of NeuroSciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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33
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Herhaus L, Perez-Oliva AB, Cozza G, Gourlay R, Weidlich S, Campbell DG, Pinna LA, Sapkota GP. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) phosphorylates the deubiquitylase OTUB1 at Ser16 to trigger its nuclear localization. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra35. [PMID: 25872870 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The deubiquitylating enzyme OTUB1 is present in all tissues and targets many substrates, in both the cytosol and nucleus. We found that casein kinase 2 (CK2) phosphorylated OTUB1 at Ser(16) to promote its nuclear accumulation in cells. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of CK2 blocked the phosphorylation of OTUB1 at Ser(16), causing its nuclear exclusion in various cell types. Whereas we detected unphosphorylated OTUB1 mainly in the cytosol, we detected Ser(16)-phosphorylated OTUB1 only in the nucleus. In vitro, Ser(16)-phosphorylated OTUB1 and nonphosphorylated OTUB1 exhibited similar catalytic activity, bound K63-linked ubiquitin chains, and interacted with the E2 enzyme UBE2N. CK2-mediated phosphorylation and subsequent nuclear localization of OTUB1 promoted the formation of 53BP1 (p53-binding protein 1) DNA repair foci in the nucleus of osteosarcoma cells exposed to ionizing radiation. Our findings indicate that the activity of CK2 is necessary for the nuclear translocation and subsequent function of OTUB1 in DNA damage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Herhaus
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Ana B Perez-Oliva
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Giorgio Cozza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of Neurosciences, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Robert Gourlay
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Simone Weidlich
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - David G Campbell
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of Neurosciences, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Gopal P Sapkota
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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Richter J, Ullah K, Xu P, Alscher V, Blatz A, Peifer C, Halekotte J, Leban J, Vitt D, Holzmann K, Bakulev V, Pinna LA, Henne-Bruns D, Hillenbrand A, Kornmann M, Leithäuser F, Bischof J, Knippschild U. Effects of altered expression and activity levels of CK1δ and ɛ on tumor growth and survival of colorectal cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:2799-810. [PMID: 25404202 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer related death worldwide due to high apoptotic resistance and metastatic potential. Because mutations as well as deregulation of CK1 isoforms contribute to tumor development and tumor progression, CK1 has become an interesting drug target. In this study we show that CK1 isoforms are differently expressed in colon tumor cell lines and that growth of these cell lines can be inhibited by CK1-specific inhibitors. Furthermore, expression of CK1δ and ɛ is changed in colorectal tumors compared to normal bowel epithelium, and high CK1ɛ expression levels significantly correlate with prolonged patients' survival. In addition to changes in CK1δ and ɛ expression, mutations within exon 3 of CK1δ were detected in colorectal tumors. These mutations influence ATP binding resulting in changes in kinetic parameters of CK1δ. Overexpression of these mutants in HT29 cells alters their ability to grow anchorage independently. Consistent with these results, these CK1δ mutants lead to differences in proliferation rate and tumor size in xenografts due to changes in gene expression, especially in genes involved in regulation of cell proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis. In summary, our results provide evidence that changes in the expression levels of CK1 isoforms in colorectal tumors correlate with patients' survival. Furthermore, CK1 mutants affect growth and proliferation of tumor cells and induce tumor growth in xenografts, leading to the assumption that CK1 isoforms provide interesting targets for the development of novel effective therapeutic concepts to treat colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Richter
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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Franchin C, Cesaro L, Pinna LA, Arrigoni G, Salvi M. Identification of the PLK2-dependent phosphopeptidome by quantitative proteomics [corrected]. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111018. [PMID: 25338102 PMCID: PMC4206460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 2 (PLK2) has been recently recognized as the major enzyme responsible for phosphorylation of α-synuclein at S129 in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that this kinase may play a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies. Moreover PLK2 seems to be implicated in cell division, oncogenesis, and synaptic regulation of the brain. However little is known about the phosphoproteome generated by PLK2 and, consequently the overall impact of PLK2 on cellular signaling. To fill this gap we exploited an approach based on in vitro kinase assay and quantitative phosphoproteomics. A proteome-derived peptide library obtained by digestion of undifferentiated human neuroblastoma cell line was exhaustively dephosphorylated by lambda phosphatase followed by incubation with or without PLK2 recombinant kinase. Stable isotope labeling based quantitative phosphoproteomics was applied to identify the phosphosites generated by PLK2. A total of 98 unique PLK2-dependent phosphosites from 89 proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS. Analysis of the primary structure of the identified phosphosites allowed the detailed definition of the kinase specificity and the compilation of a list of potential PLK2 targets among those retrieved in PhosphositePlus, a curated database of in cell/vivo phosphorylation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Franchin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Proteomics Center of Padova University, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Cesaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A. Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Arrigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Proteomics Center of Padova University, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail: (GA); (MS)
| | - Mauro Salvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail: (GA); (MS)
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Girardi C, James P, Zanin S, Pinna LA, Ruzzene M. Differential phosphorylation of Akt1 and Akt2 by protein kinase CK2 may account for isoform specific functions. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research 2014; 1843:1865-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Tagliabracci VS, Pinna LA, Dixon JE. Response to Wang et al.: Secreted protein kinases? Trends Biochem Sci 2014; 38:425. [PMID: 23992948 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Cozza G, Zanin S, Determann R, Ruzzene M, Kunick C, Pinna LA. Synthesis and properties of a selective inhibitor of homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2). PLoS One 2014; 9:e89176. [PMID: 24586573 PMCID: PMC3933419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) is a Ser/Thr kinase controlling cell proliferation and survival, whose investigation has been hampered by the lack of specific inhibitors able to dissect its cellular functions. SB203580, a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, has been used as a tool to inhibit HIPK2 in cells, but here we show that its efficacy as HIPK2 inhibitor is negligible (IC50>40 µM). In contrast by altering the scaffold of the promiscuous CK2 inhibitor TBI a new class of HIPK2 inhibitors has been generated. One of these, TBID, displays toward HIPK2 unprecedented efficacy (IC50 = 0.33 µM) and selectivity (Gini coefficient 0.592 out of a panel of 76 kinases). The two other members of the HIPK family, HIPK1 and HIPK3, are also inhibited by TBID albeit less efficiently than HIPK2. The mode of action of TBID is competitive with respect to ATP, consistent with modelling. We also provide evidence that TBID is cell permeable by showing that HIPK2 activity is reduced in cells treated with TBID, although with an IC50 two orders of magnitude higher (about 50 µM) than in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Cozza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, and CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Padova, Italy
| | - Sofia Zanin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, and CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Padova, Italy
| | - Renate Determann
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Medizinische und Pharmazeutische Chemie, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maria Ruzzene
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, and CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Padova, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Conrad Kunick
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Medizinische und Pharmazeutische Chemie, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lorenzo A. Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, and CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Padova, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Costa R, Arrigoni G, Cozza G, Lolli G, Battistutta R, Izpisua Belmonte JC, Pinna LA, Sarno S. The lysine-specific demethylase 1 is a novel substrate of protein kinase CK2. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014; 1844:722-9. [PMID: 24486797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 is a pleiotropic serine/threonine kinase responsible for the generation of a substantial proportion of the human phosphoproteome. CK2 is generally found as a tetramer with two catalytic, α and α' and two non catalytic β subunits. CK2α C-terminal tail phosphorylation is regulated during the mitotic events and the absence of these phosphosites in α' suggests an isoform specialization. We used a proteomic approach to identify proteins specifically phosphorylated by a CK2α phosphomimetic mutant, CK2αT344ET360ES362ES370E (CK2α4E), in human neuroblastoma SKNBE cellular extract. One of these proteins is lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1 or KDM1A), an important player of the epigenetic machinery. LSD1 is a FAD-dependent amine oxidase and promotes demethylation of lysine 4 and lysine 9 of mono- and di-methylated histone H3. We found that LSD1 is a new substrate and an interacting partner of protein kinase CK2. Three CK2 phosphosites, (Ser131, Ser137 and Ser166) in the N-terminal region of LSD1 have been identified. This domain is found in all chordates but not in more ancient organisms and it is not essential for LSD1 catalytic event while it could modulate the interaction with CK2 and with other partners in gene repressing and activating complexes. Our data support the view that the phosphorylation of the N-terminal domain by CK2 may represent a mechanism for regulating histone methylation, disclosing a new role for protein kinase CK2 in epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Costa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Viale G. Colombo, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Arrigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Viale G. Colombo, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; Proteomic Center of Padova University, Via G. Orus 2b, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Cozza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Viale G. Colombo, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Graziano Lolli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto Battistutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- Center for Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Viale G. Colombo, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefania Sarno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Viale G. Colombo, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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Cozza G, Girardi C, Ranchio A, Lolli G, Sarno S, Orzeszko A, Kazimierczuk Z, Battistutta R, Ruzzene M, Pinna LA. Cell-permeable dual inhibitors of protein kinases CK2 and PIM-1: structural features and pharmacological potential. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3173-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1552-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Quotti Tubi L, Gurrieri C, Brancalion A, Bonaldi L, Bertorelle R, Manni S, Pavan L, Lessi F, Zambello R, Trentin L, Adami F, Ruzzene M, Pinna LA, Semenzato G, Piazza F. Inhibition of protein kinase CK2 with the clinical-grade small ATP-competitive compound CX-4945 or by RNA interference unveils its role in acute myeloid leukemia cell survival, p53-dependent apoptosis and daunorubicin-induced cytotoxicity. J Hematol Oncol 2013; 6:78. [PMID: 24283803 PMCID: PMC3852751 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-6-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The involvement of protein kinase CK2 in sustaining cancer cell survival could have implications also in the resistance to conventional and unconventional therapies. Moreover, CK2 role in blood tumors is rapidly emerging and this kinase has been recognized as a potential therapeutic target. Phase I clinical trials with the oral small ATP-competitive CK2 inhibitor CX-4945 are currently ongoing in solid tumors and multiple myeloma. Methods We have analyzed the expression of CK2 in acute myeloid leukemia and its function in cell growth and in the response to the chemotherapeutic agent daunorubicin We employed acute myeloid leukemia cell lines and primary blasts from patients grouped according to the European LeukemiaNet risk classification. Cell survival, apoptosis and sensitivity to daunorubicin were assessed by different means. p53-dependent CK2-inhibition-induced apoptosis was investigated in p53 wild-type and mutant cells. Results CK2α was found highly expressed in the majority of samples across the different acute myeloid leukemia prognostic subgroups as compared to normal CD34+ hematopoietic and bone marrow cells. Inhibition of CK2 with CX-4945, K27 or siRNAs caused a p53-dependent acute myeloid leukemia cell apoptosis. CK2 inhibition was associated with a synergistic increase of the cytotoxic effects of daunorubicin. Baseline and daunorubicin-induced STAT3 activation was hampered upon CK2 blockade. Conclusions These results suggest that CK2 is over expressed across the different acute myeloid leukemia subsets and acts as an important regulator of acute myeloid leukemia cell survival. CK2 negative regulation of the protein levels of tumor suppressor p53 and activation of the STAT3 anti-apoptotic pathway might antagonize apoptosis and could be involved in acute myeloid leukemia cell resistance to daunorubicin.
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Cozza G, Sarno S, Ruzzene M, Girardi C, Orzeszko A, Kazimierczuk Z, Zagotto G, Bonaiuto E, Di Paolo ML, Pinna LA. Exploiting the repertoire of CK2 inhibitors to target DYRK and PIM kinases. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013; 1834:1402-9. [PMID: 23360763 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Advantage has been taken of the relative promiscuity of commonly used inhibitors of protein kinase CK2 to develop compounds that can be exploited for the selective inhibition of druggable kinases other than CK2 itself. Here we summarize data obtained by altering the scaffold of CK2 inhibitors to give rise to novel selective inhibitors of DYRK1A and to a powerful cell permeable dual inhibitor of PIM1 and CK2. In the former case one of the new compounds, C624 (naphto [1,2-b]benzofuran-5,9-diol) displays a potency comparable to that of the first-in-class DYRK1A inhibitor, harmine, lacking however the drawback of drastically inhibiting monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) as harmine does. On the other hand the promiscuous CK2 inhibitor 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazole (TBI,TBBz) has been derivatized with a sugar moiety to generate a 1-(β-D-2'-deoxyribofuranosyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazole (TDB) compound which inhibits PIM1 and CK2 with comparably high efficacy (IC50 values<100nM) and remarkable selectivity. TDB, unlike other dual PIM1/CK2 inhibitors described in the literature is readily cell permeable and displays a cytotoxic effect on cancer cells consistent with concomitant inhibition of both its onco-kinase targets. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Inhibitors of Protein Kinases (2012).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Cozza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Viale G. Colombo 3 35131, Padova, Italy
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION CK2 is a pleiotropic, ubiquitous and constitutively active protein kinase, localized in both cytosolic and nuclear compartments, where it catalyzes the phosphorylation of hundreds of proteins. CK2 is generally described as a tetramer composed of two catalytic (α and/or α') and two regulatory subunits (β), however, the free α/α' subunits are catalytically active by themselves. CK2 plays a key role in several physiological and pathological processes and has been connected to many neoplastic, inflammatory, autoimmune and infectious disorders. In the last 20 years, several inhibitors of CK2 have been discovered though only one of these, CX-4945, has recently entered into Phase II clinical trials as potential anticancer drug. AREAS COVERED The main objective of the present review is to describe the development of CK2 activity modulators over the years according to the timeline of their patent registration. EXPERT OPINION CK2 was discovered in 1954, but the first patent on CK2 modulators was deposited only 50 years later, in 2004. However, in the last 5 years an increasing number of patents on CK2 inhibitors have been registered, reflecting an increased interest in this kind of drug candidates and their possible therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Cozza
- University of Padova, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Padova 35121, Italy
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Abstract
Protein kinases constitute one of the largest gene families and control many aspects of cellular life. In retrospect, the first indication for their existence was reported 130 years ago when the secreted protein, casein, was shown to contain phosphate. Despite its identification as the first phosphoprotein, the responsible kinase has remained obscure. This conundrum was solved with the discovery of a novel family of atypical protein kinases that are secreted and appear to phosphorylate numerous extracellular proteins, including casein. Fam20C, the archetypical member, phosphorylates secreted proteins within Ser-x-Glu/pSer motifs. This discovery has solved a 130-year-old mystery and has shed light on several human disorders of biomineralization.
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Lolli G, Cozza G, Mazzorana M, Tibaldi E, Cesaro L, Donella-Deana A, Meggio F, Venerando A, Franchin C, Sarno S, Battistutta R, Pinna LA. Inhibition of protein kinase CK2 by flavonoids and tyrphostins. A structural insight. Biochemistry 2012; 51:6097-107. [PMID: 22794353 DOI: 10.1021/bi300531c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen flavonoids and related compounds have been tested for their ability to inhibit three acidophilic Ser/Thr protein kinases: the Golgi apparatus casein kinase (G-CK) recently identified with protein FAM20C, protein kinase CK1, and protein kinase CK2. While G-CK is entirely insensitive to all compounds up to 40 μM concentration, consistent with the view that it is not a member of the kinome, and CK1 is variably inhibited in an isoform-dependent manner by fisetin and luteolin, and to a lesser extent by myricetin and quercetin, CK2 is susceptible to drastic inhibition by many flavonoids, displaying with six of them IC(50) values < 1 μM. A common denominator of these compounds (myricetin, quercetin, fisetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and apigenin) is a flavone scaffold with at least two hydroxyl groups at positions 7 and 4'. Inhibition is competitive with respect to the phospho-donor substrate ATP. The crystal structure of apigenin and luteolin in complex with the catalytic subunit of Zea mays CK2 has been solved, revealing their ability to interact with both the hinge region (Val116) and the positive area near Lys68 and the conserved water W1, the two main polar ligand anchoring points in the CK2 active site. Modeling experiments account for the observation that luteolin but not apigenin inhibits also CK1. The observation that luteolin shares its pyrocatechol moiety with tyrphostin AG99 prompted us to solve also the structure of this compound in complex with CK2. AG99 was found inside the ATP pocket, consistent with its mode of inhibition competitive with respect to ATP. As in the case of luteolin, the pyrocatechol group of AG99 is critical for binding, interacting with the positive area in the deepest part of the CK2 active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Lolli
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy, Via G. Orus 2 35129 Padova, Italy
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Salvi M, Trashi E, Cozza G, Franchin C, Arrigoni G, Pinna LA. Investigation on PLK2 and PLK3 substrate recognition. Biochim Biophys Acta 2012; 1824:1366-73. [PMID: 22828320 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Analyses of human phosphoproteome based on primary structure of the aminoacids surrounding the phosphor Ser/Thr suggest that a significant proportion of phosphosites is generated by a restricted number of acidophilic kinases, among which protein kinase CK2 plays a prominent role. Recently, new acidophilic kinases belonging to the Polo like kinase family have been characterized, with special reference to PLK1, PLK2, and PLK3 kinases. While some progress has been made in deciphering the PLK1-dependent phosphoproteome, very little is known about the targets of PLK2 and PLK3 kinases. In this report by using an in vitro approach, consisting of cell lysate phosphorylation, phosphoprotein separation by 2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, we describe the identification of new potential substrates of PLK2 and PLK3 kinases. We have identified and validated as in vitro PLK2 and PLK3 substrates HSP90, GRP-94, β-tubulin, calumenin, and 14-3-3 epsilon. The phosphosites generated by PLK3 in these proteins have been identified by mass spectrometry analysis to get new insights about PLKs specificity determinants. These latter have been further corroborated by an in silico analysis of the PLKs substrate binding region.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy.
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Abstract
CK2 is a Ser/Thr protein kinase essential for cell viability whose activity is anomalously high in several cancers. CK2 is a validated target for cancer therapy with one small molecule inhibitor in phase I clinical trials. This enzyme is not regulated by mechanisms common to other protein kinases, and how its activity is controlled is still unclear. We present a new crystal structure of the CK2 holoenzyme that supports an autoinhibitory mechanism of regulation whereby the β-subunit plays an essential role in the formation of inactive polymeric assemblies. The derived structural model of (down)regulation by aggregation contributes to the interpretation of biochemical and functional data and paves the way for new strategies in the modulation of CK2 activity and for the design of non-ATP-competitive inhibitors targeting the interaction between the α catalytic and the β regulatory subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Lolli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Venetian Institute for Molecular Medicine (VIMM), via Orus 2, 35129 Padova,
Italy
| | - Lorenzo A. Pinna
- Venetian Institute for Molecular Medicine (VIMM), via Orus 2, 35129 Padova,
Italy
- Department of Biological
Chemistry, University of Padua, viale G.
Colombo 3, 35121 Padova,
Italy
| | - Roberto Battistutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Venetian Institute for Molecular Medicine (VIMM), via Orus 2, 35129 Padova,
Italy
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Salvi M, Trashi E, Cozza G, Negro A, Hanson PI, Pinna LA. Tools to discriminate between targets of CK2 vs PLK2/PLK3 acidophilic kinases. Biotechniques 2012; 53:000113866. [PMID: 26307252 DOI: 10.2144/000113866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While the great majority of Ser/Thr protein kinases are basophilic or proline directed, a tiny minority is acidophilic. The most striking example of such "acidophilic" kinases is CK2, whose sites are specified by numerous acidic residues surrounding the target one. However PLK2 and PLK3 kinases recognize an acidic consensus similar to CK2 when tested on peptide libraries. Here we describe optimal buffer conditions for PLK2 and 3 kinase activity assays and tools such as using GTP as a phosphate donor and the specific inhibitors CX-4945 and BI 2536, useful to discriminate between acidic phosphosites generated either by CK2 or by PLK2/PLK3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, V.le G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - E Trashi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, V.le G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - G Cozza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, V.le G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - A Negro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, V.le G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - P I Hanson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - L A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, V.le G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Manni S, Brancalion A, Tubi LQ, Colpo A, Pavan L, Cabrelle A, Ave E, Zaffino F, Di Maira G, Ruzzene M, Adami F, Zambello R, Pitari MR, Tassone P, Pinna LA, Gurrieri C, Semenzato G, Piazza F. Protein kinase CK2 protects multiple myeloma cells from ER stress-induced apoptosis and from the cytotoxic effect of HSP90 inhibition through regulation of the unfolded protein response. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:1888-900. [PMID: 22351691 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Protein kinase CK2 promotes multiple myeloma cell growth by regulating critical signaling pathways. CK2 also modulates proper HSP90-dependent client protein folding and maturation by phosphorylating its co-chaperone CDC37. Because the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress/unfolded protein response (UPR) is central in myeloma pathogenesis, we tested the hypothesis that the CK2/CDC37/HSP90 axis could be involved in UPR in myeloma cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed CK2 activity upon ER stress, the effects of its inactivation on the UPR pathways and on ER stress-induced apoptosis. The consequences of CK2 plus HSP90 inhibition on myeloma cell growth in vitro and in vivo and CK2 regulation of HSP90-triggered UPR were determined. RESULTS CK2 partly localized to the ER and ER stress triggered its kinase activity. CK2 inhibition reduced the levels of the ER stress sensors IRE1α and BIP/GRP78, increased phosphorylation of PERK and EIF2α, and enhanced ER stress-induced apoptosis. Simultaneous inactivation of CK2 and HSP90 resulted in a synergic anti-myeloma effect (combination index = 0.291) and in much stronger alterations of the UPR pathways as compared with the single inhibition of the two molecules. Cytotoxicity from HSP90 and CK2 targeting was present in a myeloma microenvironment model, on plasma cells from patients with myeloma and in an in vivo mouse xenograft model. Mechanistically, CK2 inhibition led to a reduction of IRE1α/HSP90/CDC37 complexes in multiple myeloma cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results place CK2 as a novel regulator of the ER stress/UPR cascades and HSP90 function in myeloma cells and offer the groundwork to design novel combination treatments for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Manni
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova 35128, Italy
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50
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Sarno S, Mazzorana M, Traynor R, Ruzzene M, Cozza G, Pagano MA, Meggio F, Zagotto G, Battistutta R, Pinna LA. Structural features underlying the selectivity of the kinase inhibitors NBC and dNBC: role of a nitro group that discriminates between CK2 and DYRK1A. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:449-60. [PMID: 21720886 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0758-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
8-hydroxy-4-methyl-9-nitrobenzo(g)chromen-2-one (NBC) has been found to be a fairly potent ATP site-directed inhibitor of protein kinase CK2 (Ki = 0.22 μM). Here, we show that NBC also inhibits PIM kinases, especially PIM1 and PIM3, the latter as potently as CK2. Upon removal of the nitro group, to give 8-hydroxy-4-methyl-benzo(g)chromen-2-one (here referred to as "denitro NBC", dNBC), the inhibitory power toward CK2 is almost entirely lost (IC(50) > 30 μM) whereas that toward PIM1 and PIM3 is maintained; in addition, dNBC is a potent inhibitor of a number of other kinases that are weakly inhibited or unaffected by NBC, with special reference to DYRK1A whose IC(50) values with NBC and dNBC are 15 and 0.60 μM, respectively. Therefore, the observation that NBC, unlike dNBC, is a potent inducer of apoptosis is consistent with the notion that this effect is mediated by inhibition of endogenous CK2. The structural features underlying NBC selectivity have been revealed by inspecting its 3D structure in complex with the catalytic subunit of Z. mays CK2. The crucial role of the nitro group is exerted both through a direct electrostatic interaction with the side chain of Lys68 and, indirectly, by enhancing the acidic dissociation constant of the adjacent hydroxyl group which interacts with a conserved water molecule in the deepest part of the cavity. By contrast, the very same nitro group is deleterious for the binding to the active site of DYRK1A, as disclosed by molecular docking. This provides the rationale for preferential inhibition of DYRK1A by dNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Sarno
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padua, V.le G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padua, Italy
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