1
|
Duverger W, Tsaka G, Khodaparast L, Khodaparast L, Louros N, Rousseau F, Schymkowitz J. An end-to-end approach for single-cell infrared absorption spectroscopy of bacterial inclusion bodies: from AFM-IR measurement to data interpretation of large sample sets. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:406. [PMID: 38987828 PMCID: PMC11234752 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02674-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inclusion bodies (IBs) are well-known subcellular structures in bacteria where protein aggregates are collected. Various methods have probed their structure, but single-cell spectroscopy remains challenging. Atomic Force Microscopy-based Infrared Spectroscopy (AFM-IR) is a novel technology with high potential for the characterisation of biomaterials such as IBs. RESULTS We present a detailed investigation using AFM-IR, revealing the substructure of IBs and their variation at the single-cell level, including a rigorous optimisation of data collection parameters and addressing issues such as laser power, pulse frequency, and sample drift. An analysis pipeline was developed tailored to AFM-IR image data, allowing high-throughput, label-free imaging of more than 3500 IBs in 12,000 bacterial cells. We examined IBs generated in Escherichia coli under different stress conditions. Dimensionality reduction analysis of the resulting spectra suggested distinct clustering of stress conditions, aligning with the nature and severity of the applied stresses. Correlation analyses revealed intricate relationships between the physical and morphological properties of IBs. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the power and limitations of AFM-IR, revealing structural heterogeneity within and between IBs. We show that it is possible to perform quantitative analyses of AFM-IR maps over a large collection of different samples and determine how to control for various technical artefacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Duverger
- Switch Laboratory, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Grigoria Tsaka
- Switch Laboratory, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Laboratory for Neuropathology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Ladan Khodaparast
- Switch Laboratory, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Laleh Khodaparast
- Switch Laboratory, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Nikolaos Louros
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Frederic Rousseau
- Switch Laboratory, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
| | - Joost Schymkowitz
- Switch Laboratory, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Klausser R, Kopp J, Prada Brichtova E, Gisperg F, Elshazly M, Spadiut O. State-of-the-art and novel approaches to mild solubilization of inclusion bodies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1249196. [PMID: 37545893 PMCID: PMC10399460 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1249196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout the twenty-first century, the view on inclusion bodies (IBs) has shifted from undesired by-products towards a targeted production strategy for recombinant proteins. Inclusion bodies can easily be separated from the crude extract after cell lysis and contain the product in high purity. However, additional solubilization and refolding steps are required in the processing of IBs to recover the native protein. These unit operations remain a highly empirical field of research in which processes are developed on a case-by-case basis using elaborate screening strategies. It has been shown that a reduction in denaturant concentration during protein solubilization can increase the subsequent refolding yield due to the preservation of correctly folded protein structures. Therefore, many novel solubilization techniques have been developed in the pursuit of mild solubilization conditions that avoid total protein denaturation. In this respect, ionic liquids have been investigated as promising agents, being able to solubilize amyloid-like aggregates and stabilize correctly folded protein structures at the same time. This review briefly summarizes the state-of-the-art of mild solubilization of IBs and highlights some challenges that prevent these novel techniques from being yet adopted in industry. We suggest mechanistic models based on the thermodynamics of protein unfolding with the aid of molecular dynamics simulations as a possible approach to solve these challenges in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Klausser
- Research Division Integrated Bioprocess Development, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory IB Processing 4.0, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julian Kopp
- Research Division Integrated Bioprocess Development, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory IB Processing 4.0, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Prada Brichtova
- Research Division Integrated Bioprocess Development, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory IB Processing 4.0, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Gisperg
- Research Division Integrated Bioprocess Development, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory IB Processing 4.0, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohamed Elshazly
- Research Division Integrated Bioprocess Development, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory IB Processing 4.0, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Research Division Integrated Bioprocess Development, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory IB Processing 4.0, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schwaighofer A, Lendl B. Infrared Spectroscopy for Structure Analysis of Protein Inclusion Bodies. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2617:209-223. [PMID: 36656527 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2930-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a widely used technique for evaluation of protein secondary structure. In this chapter, we focus on the application of this analytical technique for analysis of inclusion bodies. After a general introduction to protein analysis by IR spectroscopy, different approaches for spectra acquisition, data processing, and secondary structure evaluation are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schwaighofer
- Research Group Process Analytics, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- Research Group Process Analytics, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Morganti L, Chura-Chambi RM. Using High Pressure and Alkaline pH for Refolding. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2617:177-187. [PMID: 36656524 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2930-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The expression of recombinant proteins as insoluble inclusion bodies (IB) has the advantage to separate insoluble aggregates from soluble bacterial molecules, thus obtaining proteins with a high degree of purity. Even aggregated, the proteins in IB often present native-like secondary and tertiary structures, which can be maintained as long as solubilization is carried out in non-denaturing condition. High pressure solubilizes IB by weakening hydrophobic interactions, while alkaline pH solubilizes aggregates by electrostatic repulsion. The combination of high pressure and alkaline pH is effective for IB solubilization at a mild, non-denaturing condition, which is useful for subsequent refolding. Here, we describe the expression of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli using a rich medium to obtain high expression levels, bacterial lysis, and washing of the IB to obtain products of high purity, and, finally, the solubilization and high yield of refolded proteins using high pressure and alkaline pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ligia Morganti
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rosa Maria Chura-Chambi
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chura-Chambi RM, Farah CS, Morganti L. Human growth hormone inclusion bodies present native-like secondary and tertiary structures which can be preserved by mild solubilization for refolding. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:164. [PMID: 35978337 PMCID: PMC9382763 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01887-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Native-like secondary structures and biological activity have been described for proteins in inclusion bodies (IBs). Tertiary structure analysis, however, is hampered due to the necessity of mild solubilization conditions. Denaturing reagents used for IBs solubilization generally lead to the loss of these structures and to consequent reaggregation due to intermolecular interactions among exposed hydrophobic domains after removal of the solubilization reagent. The use of mild, non-denaturing solubilization processes that maintain existing structures could allow tertiary structure analysis and increase the efficiency of refolding. RESULTS In this study we use a variety of biophysical methods to analyze protein structure in human growth hormone IBs (hGH-IBs). hGH-IBs present native-like secondary and tertiary structures, as shown by far and near-UV CD analysis. hGH-IBs present similar λmax intrinsic Trp fluorescence to the native protein (334 nm), indicative of a native-like tertiary structure. Similar fluorescence behavior was also obtained for hGH solubilized from IBs and native hGH at pH 10.0 and 2.5 kbar and after decompression. hGH-IBs expressed in E. coli were extracted to high yield and purity (95%) and solubilized using non-denaturing conditions [2.4 kbar, 0.25 M arginine (pH 10), 10 mM DTT]. After decompression, the protein was incubated at pH 7.4 in the presence of the glutathione-oxidized glutathione (GSH-GSSG) pair which led to intramolecular disulfide bond formation and refolded hGH (81% yield). CONCLUSIONS We have shown that hGH-IBs present native-like secondary and tertiary structures and that non-denaturing methods that aim to preserve them can lead to high yields of refolded protein. It is likely that the refolding process described can be extended to different proteins and may be particularly useful to reduce the pH required for alkaline solubilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Maria Chura-Chambi
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Chuck Shaker Farah
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ligia Morganti
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Restrepo-Pineda S, Sánchez-Puig N, Pérez NO, García-Hernández E, Valdez-Cruz NA, Trujillo-Roldán MA. The pre-induction temperature affects recombinant HuGM-CSF aggregation in thermoinducible Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2883-2902. [PMID: 35412129 PMCID: PMC9002048 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11908-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The overproduction of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli leads to insoluble aggregates of proteins called inclusion bodies (IBs). IBs are considered dynamic entities that harbor high percentages of the recombinant protein, which can be found in different conformational states. The production conditions influence the properties of IBs and recombinant protein recovery and solubilization. The E. coli growth in thermoinduced systems is generally carried out at 30 °C and then recombinant protein production at 42 °C. Since the heat shock response in E. coli is triggered above 34 °C, the synthesis of heat shock proteins can modify the yields of the recombinant protein and the structural quality of IBs. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different pre-induction temperatures (30 and 34 °C) on the growth of E. coli W3110 producing the human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rHuGM-CSF) and on the IBs structure in a λpL/pR-cI857 thermoinducible system. The recombinant E. coli cultures growing at 34 °C showed a ~ 69% increase in the specific growth rate compared to cultures grown at 30 °C. The amount of rHuGM-CSF in IBs was significantly higher in cultures grown at 34 °C. Main folding chaperones (DnaK and GroEL) were associated with IBs and their co-chaperones (DnaJ and GroES) with the soluble protein fraction. Finally, IBs from cultures that grew at 34 °C had a lower content of amyloid-like structure and were more sensitive to proteolytic degradation than IBs obtained from cultures at 30 °C. Our study presents evidence that increasing the pre-induction temperature in a thermoinduced system allows obtaining higher recombinant protein and reducing amyloid contents of the IBs. KEY POINTS: • Pre-induction temperature determines inclusion bodies architecture • In pre-induction (above 34 °C), the heat shock response increases recombinant protein production • Inclusion bodies at higher pre-induction temperature show a lower amyloid content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Restrepo-Pineda
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, CP, 04510, México
| | - Nuria Sánchez-Puig
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Néstor O Pérez
- Probiomed S.A. de C.V. Planta Tenancingo, Cruce de Carreteras Acatzingo-Zumpahuacan SN, Tenancingo, CP 52400, Estado de México, México
| | - Enrique García-Hernández
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Norma A Valdez-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, CP, 04510, México
| | - Mauricio A Trujillo-Roldán
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, CP, 04510, México.
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Unidad de Bioprocesos, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, CP, 04510, México.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chura-Chambi RM, Prieto-da-Silva ARDB, Di Lela MM, Oliveira JE, Abreu PEA, Meireles LR, de Andrade Junior HF, Morganti L. High level SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid refolding using mild condition for inclusion bodies solubilization: Application of high pressure at pH 9.0. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262591. [PMID: 35113919 PMCID: PMC8812862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid (N) is the most abundant viral protein expressed in host samples and is an important antigen for diagnosis. N is a 45 kDa protein that does not present disulfide bonds. Intending to avoid non-specific binding of SARS-CoV-2 N to antibodies from patients who previously had different coronaviruses, a 35 kDa fragment of N was expressed without a conserved motif in E. coli as inclusion bodies (N122-419-IB). Culture media and IB washing conditions were chosen to obtain N122-419-IB with high yield (370 mg/L bacterial culture) and protein purity (90%). High pressure solubilizes protein aggregates by weakening hydrophobic and ionic interactions and alkaline pH promotes solubilization by electrostatic repulsion. The association of pH 9.0 and 2.4 kbar promoted efficient solubilization of N122-419-IB without loss of native-like tertiary structure that N presents in IB. N122-419 was refolded with a yield of 85% (326 mg/L culture) and 95% purity. The refolding process takes only 2 hours and the protein is ready for use after pH adjustment, avoiding the necessity of dialysis or purification. Antibody binding of COVID-19-positive patients sera to N122-419 was confirmed by Western blotting. ELISA using N122-419 is effective in distinguishing between sera presenting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 from those who do not. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed condition for IB solubilization is one of the mildest described. It is possible that the refolding process can be extended to a wide range of proteins with high yields and purity, even those that are sensible to very alkaline pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Maria Chura-Chambi
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Matheus Martins Di Lela
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - João Ezequiel Oliveira
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Regina Meireles
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo,SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ligia Morganti
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ami D, Natalello A. Characterization of the Conformational Properties of Soluble and Insoluble Proteins by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2406:439-454. [PMID: 35089573 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1859-2_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The FTIR (micro-)spectroscopy method applied to the study of the structural properties of different soluble and insoluble proteins will be illustrated. In particular, we will discuss the procedure to analyze proteins in form of hydrated films and in solution by means of attenuated total reflection (ATR) measurements. Moreover, we will describe the procedure to characterize bacterial inclusion bodies (IBs) and amyloid deposits within human tissues by means of FTIR microspectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diletta Ami
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
| | - Antonino Natalello
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang Q, Zhang C, Li Z, Guo F, Zhang J, Liu Y, Su Z. High hydrostatic pressure refolding of highly hydrophobic protein: A case study of recombinant human interferon β-1b from inclusion bodies. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
10
|
Roca-Pinilla R, Fortuna S, Natalello A, Sánchez-Chardi A, Ami D, Arís A, Garcia-Fruitós E. Exploring the use of leucine zippers for the generation of a new class of inclusion bodies for pharma and biotechnological applications. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:175. [PMID: 32887587 PMCID: PMC7650227 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01425-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inclusion bodies (IBs) are biologically active protein aggregates forming natural nanoparticles with a high stability and a slow-release behavior. Because of their nature, IBs have been explored to be used as biocatalysts, in tissue engineering, and also for human and animal therapies. To improve the production and biological efficiency of this nanomaterial, a wide range of aggregation tags have been evaluated. However, so far, the presence in the IBs of bacterial impurities such as lipids and other proteins coexisting with the recombinant product has been poorly studied. These impurities could strongly limit the potential of IB applications, being necessary to control the composition of these bacterial nanoparticles. Thus, we have explored the use of leucine zippers as alternative tags to promote not only aggregation but also the generation of a new type of IB-like protein nanoparticles with improved physicochemical properties. RESULTS Three different protein constructs, named GFP, J-GFP-F and J/F-GFP were engineered. J-GFP-F corresponded to a GFP flanked by two leucine zippers (Jun and Fos); J/F-GFP was formed coexpressing a GFP fused to Jun leucine zipper (J-GFP) and a GFP fused to a Fos leucine zipper (F-GFP); and, finally, GFP was used as a control without any tag. All of them were expressed in Escherichia coli and formed IBs, where the aggregation tendency was especially high for J/F-GFP. Moreover, those IBs formed by J-GFP-F and J/F-GFP constructs were smaller, rougher, and more amorphous than GFP ones, increasing surface/mass ratio and, therefore, surface for protein release. Although the lipid and carbohydrate content were not reduced with the addition of leucine zippers, interesting differences were observed in the protein specific activity and conformation with the addition of Jun and Fos. Moreover, J-GFP-F and J/F-GFP nanoparticles were purer than GFP IBs in terms of protein content. CONCLUSIONS This study proved that the use of leucine zippers strategy allows the formation of IBs with an increased aggregation ratio and protein purity, as we observed with the J/F-GFP approach, and the formation of IBs with a higher specific activity, in the case of J-GFP-F IBs. Thus, overall, the use of leucine zippers seems to be a good system for the production of IBs with more promising characteristics useful for pharma or biotech applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Roca-Pinilla
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institute of Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (IRTA), 08140, Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Sara Fortuna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonino Natalello
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Alejandro Sánchez-Chardi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Microscopy Service, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Diletta Ami
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Arís
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institute of Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (IRTA), 08140, Caldes de Montbui, Spain.
| | - Elena Garcia-Fruitós
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institute of Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (IRTA), 08140, Caldes de Montbui, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pedroso-Santana S, Lamazares Arcia E, Fleitas-Salazar N, Gancino Guevara M, Mansilla R, Gómez-Gaete C, Altamirano C, Fernandez K, Ruiz A, Toledo Alonso JR. Polymeric nanoencapsulation of alpha interferon increases drug bioavailability and induces a sustained antiviral response in vivo. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 116:111260. [PMID: 32806331 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric nanoparticulate systems allow the encapsulation of bio-active substances, giving them protection against external agents and increasing the drug's bioavailability. The use of biocompatible and biodegradable polymers usually guarantees the harmless character of the formulation, and a controlled drug release is also assured. A relatively easy procedure to obtain polymeric formulations of bioactive agents is ionotropic gelation, which allows the synthesis of chitosan (CS) - sodium tri-polyphosphate nanoparticles (NPs) loading encapsulated proteins. In this work, Bovine serum albumin (BSA) model protein and a recombinant porcine alpha interferon variant were used to obtain nanoparticulate formulations. The internalization of the encapsulated material by cells was studied using a BSA-fluorescein system; the fluorescent conjugate was observable inside the cells after 20 h of incubation. The therapeutic CS-alpha interferon formulation showed a maximum of protein released in vitro at around 90 h. This system was found to be safe in a cytotoxicity assay, while biological activity experiments in vitro showed antiviral protection of cells in the presence of encapsulated porcine alpha interferon. In vivo experiments in pigs revealed a significant and sustained antiviral response through overexpression of the antiviral markers OAS2 and PKR. This proves the preservation of porcine alpha interferon biological activity, and also that a lasting response was obtained. This procedure is an effective and safe method to formulate drugs in nanoparticulate systems, representing a significant contribution to the search for more effective drug delivery strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seidy Pedroso-Santana
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción CP. 4030000, Chile
| | - Emilio Lamazares Arcia
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción CP. 4030000, Chile; Centro de Biotecnología y Biomedicina SpA, Granada 168, Vilumanque, Concepción, Chile
| | - Noralvis Fleitas-Salazar
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción CP. 4030000, Chile; Centro de Biotecnología y Biomedicina SpA, Granada 168, Vilumanque, Concepción, Chile
| | - Marlon Gancino Guevara
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción CP. 4030000, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Mansilla
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción CP. 4030000, Chile; Centro de Biotecnología y Biomedicina SpA, Granada 168, Vilumanque, Concepción, Chile
| | - Carolina Gómez-Gaete
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción CP. 4030000, Chile; Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico UDT, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Claudia Altamirano
- Biochemical Engineering School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil 2950, CP. 2390302, Chile
| | - Katherina Fernandez
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería, University of Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción CP. 4030000, Chile
| | - Alvaro Ruiz
- Pathology and Preventive Medicine Department, School of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Av. Vicente Méndez 595, Chillan CP. 3780000, Chile
| | - Jorge R Toledo Alonso
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción CP. 4030000, Chile; Centro de Biotecnología y Biomedicina SpA, Granada 168, Vilumanque, Concepción, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Simpson LW, Good TA, Leach JB. Protein folding and assembly in confined environments: Implications for protein aggregation in hydrogels and tissues. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 42:107573. [PMID: 32512220 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the biological milieu of a cell, soluble crowding molecules and rigid confined environments strongly influence whether the protein is properly folded, intrinsically disordered proteins assemble into distinct phases, or a denatured or aggregated protein species is favored. Such crowding and confinement factors act to exclude solvent volume from the protein molecules, resulting in an increased local protein concentration and decreased protein entropy. A protein's structure is inherently tied to its function. Examples of processes where crowding and confinement may strongly influence protein function include transmembrane protein dimerization, enzymatic activity, assembly of supramolecular structures (e.g., microtubules), nuclear condensates containing transcriptional machinery, protein aggregation in the contexts of disease and protein therapeutics. Historically, most protein structures have been determined from pure, dilute protein solutions or pure crystals. However, these are not the environments in which these proteins function. Thus, there has been an increased emphasis on analyzing protein structure and dynamics in more "in vivo-like" environments. Complex in vitro models using hydrogel scaffolds to study proteins may better mimic features of the in vivo environment. Therefore, analytical techniques need to be optimized for real-time analysis of proteins within hydrogel scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura W Simpson
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Eng 314, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Theresa A Good
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, National Science Foundation, 2415 Eisenhower Ave, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA
| | - Jennie B Leach
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Eng 314, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Milošević J, Janković B, Prodanović R, Polović N. Comparative stability of ficin and papain in acidic conditions and the presence of ethanol. Amino Acids 2019; 51:829-838. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
14
|
Sanagavarapu K, Nüske E, Nasir I, Meisl G, Immink JN, Sormanni P, Vendruscolo M, Knowles TPJ, Malmendal A, Cabaleiro-Lago C, Linse S. A method of predicting the in vitro fibril formation propensity of Aβ40 mutants based on their inclusion body levels in E. coli. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3680. [PMID: 30842594 PMCID: PMC6403284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of recombinant proteins in bacteria may lead to their aggregation and deposition in inclusion bodies. Since the conformational properties of proteins in inclusion bodies exhibit many of the characteristics typical of amyloid fibrils. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that the rate at which proteins form amyloid fibrils may be predicted from their propensity to form inclusion bodies. To establish a method based on this concept, we first measured by SDS-PAGE and confocal microscopy the level of inclusion bodies in E. coli cells overexpressing the 40-residue amyloid-beta peptide, Aβ40, wild-type and 24 charge mutants. We then compared these results with a number of existing computational aggregation propensity predictors as well as the rates of aggregation measured in vitro for selected mutants. Our results show a strong correlation between the level of inclusion body formation and aggregation propensity, thus demonstrating the power of this approach and its value in identifying factors modulating aggregation kinetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Sanagavarapu
- Lund University, Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Chemical Center, Lund, Sweden.
| | | | - Irem Nasir
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N, Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Georg Meisl
- University of Cambridge, Chemistry Department, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jasper N Immink
- Lund University, Physical Chemistry, Chemical Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pietro Sormanni
- University of Cambridge, Chemistry Department, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- University of Cambridge, Chemistry Department, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- University of Cambridge, Chemistry Department, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK.,Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anders Malmendal
- Lund University, Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Chemical Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Celia Cabaleiro-Lago
- Lund University, Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Chemical Center, Lund, Sweden.,Faculty of natural sciences, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - Sara Linse
- Lund University, Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Chemical Center, Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
de Marco A, Ferrer-Miralles N, Garcia-Fruitós E, Mitraki A, Peternel S, Rinas U, Trujillo-Roldán MA, Valdez-Cruz NA, Vázquez E, Villaverde A. Bacterial inclusion bodies are industrially exploitable amyloids. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:53-72. [PMID: 30357330 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the structure, functionalities and biology of functional amyloids is an issue of emerging interest. Inclusion bodies, namely protein clusters formed in recombinant bacteria during protein production processes, have emerged as unanticipated, highly tunable models for the scrutiny of the physiology and architecture of functional amyloids. Based on an amyloidal skeleton combined with varying amounts of native or native-like protein forms, bacterial inclusion bodies exhibit an unusual arrangement that confers mechanical stability, biological activity and conditional protein release, being thus exploitable as versatile biomaterials. The applicability of inclusion bodies in biotechnology as enriched sources of protein and reusable catalysts, and in biomedicine as biocompatible topographies, nanopills or mimetics of endocrine secretory granules has been largely validated. Beyond these uses, the dissection of how recombinant bacteria manage the aggregation of functional protein species into structures of highly variable complexity offers insights about unsuspected connections between protein quality (conformational status compatible with functionality) and cell physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ario de Marco
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska Cesta 13, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Neus Ferrer-Miralles
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), Carrer de la Vall Moronta s/n, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Carrer de la Vall Moronta s/n, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Carrer de la Vall Moronta s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Elena Garcia-Fruitós
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Mitraki
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), N. Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Ursula Rinas
- Leibniz University of Hannover, Technical Chemistry and Life Science, 30167 Hannover, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mauricio A Trujillo-Roldán
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Unidad de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Norma A Valdez-Cruz
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Esther Vázquez
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), Carrer de la Vall Moronta s/n, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Carrer de la Vall Moronta s/n, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Carrer de la Vall Moronta s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), Carrer de la Vall Moronta s/n, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Carrer de la Vall Moronta s/n, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Carrer de la Vall Moronta s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chura-Chambi RM, da Silva CMR, Pereira LR, Bartolini P, Ferreira LCDS, Morganti L. Protein refolding based on high hydrostatic pressure and alkaline pH: Application on a recombinant dengue virus NS1 protein. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211162. [PMID: 30682103 PMCID: PMC6347194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we evaluated the association of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and alkaline pH as a minimally denaturing condition for the solubilization of inclusion bodies (IBs) generated by recombinant proteins expressed by Escherichia coli strains. The method was successfully applied to a recombinant form of the dengue virus (DENV) non-structural protein 1 (NS1). The minimal pH for IBs solubilization at 1 bar was 12 while a pH of 10 was sufficient for solubilization at HHP: 2.4 kbar for 90 min and 0.4 kbar for 14 h 30 min. An optimal refolding condition was achieved by compression of IBs at HHP and pH 10.5 in the presence of arginine, oxidized and reduced glutathiones, providing much higher yields (up to 8-fold) than association of HHP and GdnHCl via an established protocol. The refolded NS1, 109 ± 9.5 mg/L bacterial culture was recovered mainly as monomer and dimer, corresponding up to 90% of the total protein and remaining immunologically active. The proposed conditions represent an alternative for the refolding of immunologically active recombinant proteins expressed as IBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Maria Chura-Chambi
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleide Mara Rosa da Silva
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lennon Ramos Pereira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paolo Bartolini
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Carlos de Souza Ferreira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ligia Morganti
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rosa da Silva CM, Chura-Chambi RM, Ramos Pereira L, Cordeiro Y, de Souza Ferreira LC, Morganti L. Association of high pressure and alkaline condition for solubilization of inclusion bodies and refolding of the NS1 protein from zika virus. BMC Biotechnol 2018; 18:78. [PMID: 30541520 PMCID: PMC6291932 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-018-0486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proteins in inclusion bodies (IBs) present native-like secondary structures. However, chaotropic agents at denaturing concentrations, which are widely used for IB solubilization and subsequent refolding, unfold these secondary structures. Removal of the chaotropes frequently causes reaggregation and poor recovery of bioactive proteins. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and alkaline pH are two conditions that, in the presence of low level of chaotropes, have been described as non-denaturing solubilization agents. In the present study we evaluated the strategy of combination of HHP and alkaline pH on the solubilization of IB using as a model an antigenic form of the zika virus (ZIKV) non-structural 1 (NS1) protein. Results Pressure-treatment (2.4 kbar) of NS1-IBs at a pH of 11.0 induced a low degree of NS1 unfolding and led to solubilization of the IBs, mainly into monomers. After dialysis at pH 8.5, NS1 was refolded and formed soluble oligomers. High (up to 68 mg/liter) NS1 concentrations were obtained by solubilization of NS1-IBs at pH 11 in the presence of arginine (Arg) with a final yield of approximately 80% of total protein content. The process proved to be efficient, quick and did not require further purification steps. Refolded NS1 preserved biological features regarding reactivity with antigen-specific antibodies, including sera of ZIKV-infected patients. The method resulted in an increase of approximately 30-fold over conventional IB solubilization-refolding methods. Conclusions The present results represent an innovative non-denaturing protein refolding process by means of the concomitant use of HHP and alkaline pH. Application of the reported method allowed the recovery of ZIKV NS1 at a condition that maintained the antigenic properties of the protein. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12896-018-0486-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cleide Mara Rosa da Silva
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Centro de Biotecnologia, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Chura-Chambi
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Centro de Biotecnologia, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Lennon Ramos Pereira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes ,1374, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Yraima Cordeiro
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Farmácia, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Luís Carlos de Souza Ferreira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes ,1374, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ligia Morganti
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Centro de Biotecnologia, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Thwaite R, Ji J, Torrealba D, Coll J, Sabés M, Villaverde A, Roher N. Protein Nanoparticles Made of Recombinant Viral Antigens: A Promising Biomaterial for Oral Delivery of Fish Prophylactics. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1652. [PMID: 30072996 PMCID: PMC6060434 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the search for an eminently practical strategy to develop immunostimulants and vaccines for farmed fish, we have devised recombinant viral antigens presented as “nanopellets” (NPs). These are inclusion bodies of fish viral antigenic proteins produced in Escherichia coli. Soluble recombinant proteins are too labile to endure the in vivo environment and maintain full functionality, and therefore require encapsulation strategies. Yet when they are produced as nanostructures, they can withstand the wide range of gastrointestinal pH found in fish, high temperatures, and lyophilization. Moreover, these nanomaterials are biologically active, non-toxic to fish, cost-effective regarding production and suitable for oral administration. Here, we present three versions of NPs formed by antigenic proteins from relevant viruses affecting farmed fish: the viral nervous necrosis virus coat protein, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus viral protein 2, and a viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus G glycoprotein fragment. We demonstrate that the nanoparticles are taken up in vitro by zebrafish ZFL cells and in vivo by intubating zebrafish as a proof of concept for oral delivery. Encouragingly, analysis of gene expression suggests these NPs evoke an antiviral innate immune response in ZFL cells and in rainbow trout head kidney macrophages. They are therefore a promising platform for immunostimulants and may be candidates for vaccines should protection be demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Thwaite
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jie Ji
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Débora Torrealba
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Coll
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional Investigaciones y Tecnologías Agrarias y Alimentarias (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manel Sabés
- Biophysics Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and ALBA Synchrotron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nerea Roher
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Paraskevopoulou V, Falcone FH. Polyionic Tags as Enhancers of Protein Solubility in Recombinant Protein Expression. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6020047. [PMID: 29882886 PMCID: PMC6027335 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of recombinant protein expression in the second half of the 1970s, the growth of the biopharmaceutical field has been rapid and protein therapeutics has come to the foreground. Biophysical and structural characterisation of recombinant proteins is the essential prerequisite for their successful development and commercialisation as therapeutics. Despite the challenges, including low protein solubility and inclusion body formation, prokaryotic host systems and particularly Escherichia coli, remain the system of choice for the initial attempt of production of previously unexpressed proteins. Several different approaches have been adopted, including optimisation of growth conditions, expression in the periplasmic space of the bacterial host or co-expression of molecular chaperones, to assist correct protein folding. A very commonly employed approach is also the use of protein fusion tags that enhance protein solubility. Here, a range of experimentally tested peptide tags, which present specific advantages compared to protein fusion tags and the concluding remarks of these experiments are reviewed. Finally, a concept to design solubility-enhancing peptide tags based on a protein’s pI is suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Paraskevopoulou
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Franco H Falcone
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Calcines-Cruz C, Olvera A, Castro-Acosta RM, Zavala G, Alagón A, Trujillo-Roldán MA, Valdez-Cruz NA. Recombinant-phospholipase A2 production and architecture of inclusion bodies are affected by pH in Escherichia coli. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 108:826-836. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
21
|
Lin H, Luo Y, Sun Q, Zhang J, Tuo Y, Zhang Z, Wang L, Deng K, Chen Y, Huang P, Wang Z. Identification of Pulmonary Edema in Forensic Autopsy Cases of Sudden Cardiac Death Using Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy: A Pilot Study. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2708-2715. [PMID: 29364657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have proven the usefulness of biofluid-based infrared spectroscopy in the clinical domain for diagnosis and monitoring the progression of diseases. Here we present a state-of-the-art study in the forensic field that employed Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy for postmortem diagnosis of sudden cardiac death (SCD) by in situ biochemical investigation of alveolar edema fluid in lung tissue sections. The results of amide-related spectral absorbance analysis demonstrated that the pulmonary edema fluid of the SCD group was richer in protein components than that of the neurologic catastrophe (NC) and lethal multiple injuries (LMI) groups. The complementary results of unsupervised principle component analysis (PCA) and genetic algorithm-guided partial least-squares discriminant analysis (GA-PLS-DA) further indicated different global spectral band patterns of pulmonary edema fluids between these three groups. Ultimately, a random forest (RF) classification model for postmortem diagnosis of SCD was built and achieved good sensitivity and specificity scores of 97.3% and 95.5%, respectively. Classification predictions of unknown pulmonary edema fluid collected from 16 cases were also performed by the model, resulting in 100% correct discrimination. This pilot study demonstrates that FTIR microspectroscopy in combination with chemometrics has the potential to be an effective aid for postmortem diagnosis of SCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hancheng Lin
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, 710061, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science , Shanghai, 200063, China
| | - Yiwen Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science , Shanghai, 200063, China
| | - Qiran Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science , Shanghai, 200063, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science , Shanghai, 200063, China
| | - Ya Tuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences , Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science , Shanghai, 200063, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science , Shanghai, 200063, China
| | - Kaifei Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science , Shanghai, 200063, China
| | - Yijiu Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science , Shanghai, 200063, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science , Shanghai, 200063, China
| | - Zhenyuan Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, 710061, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Morçöl T, Weidner JM, Mehta A, Bell SJ, Block T. Calcium Phosphate Particles as Pulmonary Delivery System for Interferon-α in Mice. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:395-412. [PMID: 28752471 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0847-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemically administered interferons are rapidly cleared from the circulation thus requiring frequent dosing to maintain the therapeutic levels of circulating interferon. This is particularly problematic for their use in the treatment of chronic diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of proprietary calcium phosphate (CaP) particles to deliver biologically active interferon alpha (IFNα) via the lungs into systemic circulation. Recombinant human IFNα-2a was formulated with proprietary CaP particles. In vitro biological activity of IFNα was assessed for its potential to activate IFN-induced cellular pathways in HEK-Blu-IFN α/β cell cultures. Antiviral activity was evaluated against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection of HeLa cells. Male BALB/c mice were used to evaluate the absorption of IFNα from CaP-IFNα across the lungs following intratracheal (IT) instillation. Serum IFNα concentrations up to 9 h post-treatment were determined. Data were analyzed to obtain pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. Data from these studies indicated that IFNα formulated with CaP retains its biological activity, and it is transported into circulation in a dose-dependent manner. PK analysis showed larger than two-fold area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC) for CaP-IFNα compared to non-formulated IFNα administered IT. The IFNα formulated with CaP had two-fold longer half-life (t1/2) and mean residence time (MRT) relative to IFNα alone administered by injection. Clearance of CaP-IFNα was slower than IFNα administered IM or IT. Relative bioavailability of CaP-IFNα was 1.3-fold of IFNα injection and twofold of IFNα administered IT. Furthermore, inhalation of aerosolized CaP did not indicate any lung toxicity in animals.
Collapse
|
23
|
Valdez-Cruz NA, Reynoso-Cereceda GI, Pérez-Rodriguez S, Restrepo-Pineda S, González-Santana J, Olvera A, Zavala G, Alagón A, Trujillo-Roldán MA. Production of a recombinant phospholipase A2 in Escherichia coli using resonant acoustic mixing that improves oxygen transfer in shake flasks. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:129. [PMID: 28743267 PMCID: PMC5526256 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0746-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Shake flasks are widely used during the development of bioprocesses for recombinant proteins. Cultures of recombinant Escherichia coli with orbital mixing (OM) have an oxygen limitation negatively affecting biomass growth and recombinant-protein production. With the aim to improve mixing and aeration in shake flask cultures, we analyzed cultures subjected to OM and the novel resonant acoustic mixing (RAM) by applying acoustic energy to E. coli BL21-Gold (DE3): a producer of recombinant phospholipase A2 (rPLA2) from Micrurus laticollaris snake venom. Results Comparing OM with RAM (200 rpm vs. 7.5g) at the same initial volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa ≈ 80 h−1) ~69% less biomass was obtained with OM compared with RAM. We analyzed two more conditions increasing agitation until maximal speed (12.5 and 20g), and ~1.6- and ~1.4-fold greater biomass was obtained as compared with cultures at 7.5g. Moreover, the specific growth rate was statistically similar in all cultures carried out in RAM, but ~1.5-fold higher than that in cultures carried out under OM. Almost half of the glucose was consumed in OM, whereas between 80 and 100% of the glucose was consumed in RAM cultures, doubling biomass per glucose yields. Differential organic acid production was observed, but acetate production was prevented at the maximal RAM (20g). The amount of rPLA2 in both, OM and RAM cultures, represented 38 ± 5% of the insoluble protein. A smaller proportion of α-helices and β-sheet of purified inclusion bodies (IBs) were appreciated by ATR-FTIR from cultures carried out under OM, than those from RAM. At maximal agitation by RAM, internal E. coli localization patterns of protein aggregation changed, as well as, IBs proteolytic degradation, in conjunction with the formation of small external vesicles, although these changes did not significantly affect the cell survival response. Conclusions In moderate-cell-density recombinant E. coli BL21-Gold (DE3) cultures, the agitation increases in RAM (up to the maximum) was not enough to avoid the classical oxygen limitation that happens in OM shake flasks. However, RAM presents a decrease of oxygen limitation, resulting in a favorable effect on biomass growth and volumetric rPLA2 production. While under OM a higher recombinant protein yield was obtained. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0746-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norma A Valdez-Cruz
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Unidad de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP. 70228, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Greta I Reynoso-Cereceda
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Unidad de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP. 70228, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Saumel Pérez-Rodriguez
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Unidad de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP. 70228, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sara Restrepo-Pineda
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Unidad de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP. 70228, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesus González-Santana
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Unidad de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP. 70228, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Olvera
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Zavala
- Unidad de Microscopía, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Alagón
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Mauricio A Trujillo-Roldán
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Unidad de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP. 70228, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mukherjee J, Gupta MN. Protein aggregates: Forms, functions and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 97:778-789. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
25
|
Wang Q, Liu Y, Zhang C, Guo F, Feng C, Li X, Shi H, Su Z. High hydrostatic pressure enables almost 100% refolding of recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic factor from inclusion bodies at high concentration. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 133:152-159. [PMID: 28323167 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein refolding from inclusion bodies (IBs) often encounters a problem of low recovery at high protein concentration. In this study, we demonstrated that high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) could simultaneously achieve high refolding concentration and high refolding yield for IBs of recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic factor (rhCNTF), a potential therapeutic for neurodegenerative diseases. The use of dilution refolding obtained 18% recovery at 3 mg/mL, even in the presence of 4 M urea. In contrast, HHP refolding could efficiently increase the recovery up to almost 100% even at 4 mg/mL. It was found that in the dilution, hydrophobic aggregates were the off-path products and their amount increased with the protein concentration. However, HHP could effectively minimize the formation of hydrophobic aggregates, leading to almost complete conversion of the rhCNTF IBs to the correct configuration. The stable operation range of concentration is 0.5-4.0 mg/mL, in which the refolding yield was almost 100%. Compared with the literatures where HHP failed to increase the refolding yield beyond 90%, the reason could be attributed to the structural difference that rhCNTF has no disulfide bond and is a monomeric protein. After purification by one-step of anionic chromatography, the purity of rhCNTF reached 95% with total process recovery of 54.1%. The purified rhCNTF showed similar structure and in vitro bioactivity to the native species. The whole process featured integration of solubilization/refolding, a high refolding yield of 100%, a high concentration of 4 mg/mL, and a simple chromatography to ensure a high productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beierjie Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yongdong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beierjie Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, PR China.
| | - Chun Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beierjie Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Fangxia Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beierjie Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Cui Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beierjie Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Xiunan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beierjie Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Hong Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beierjie Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Su
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beierjie Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Raghunathan G, Munussami G, Lee SG. Characterization on the aggregation of self-aggregating green fluorescent protein variant. J IND ENG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
27
|
Cano-Garrido O, Sánchez-Chardi A, Parés S, Giró I, Tatkiewicz WI, Ferrer-Miralles N, Ratera I, Natalello A, Cubarsi R, Veciana J, Bach À, Villaverde A, Arís A, Garcia-Fruitós E. Functional protein-based nanomaterial produced in microorganisms recognized as safe: A new platform for biotechnology. Acta Biomater 2016; 43:230-239. [PMID: 27452157 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Inclusion bodies (IBs) are protein-based nanoparticles formed in Escherichia coli through stereospecific aggregation processes during the overexpression of recombinant proteins. In the last years, it has been shown that IBs can be used as nanostructured biomaterials to stimulate mammalian cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. In addition, these nanoparticles have also been explored as natural delivery systems for protein replacement therapies. Although the production of these protein-based nanomaterials in E. coli is economically viable, important safety concerns related to the presence of endotoxins in the products derived from this microorganism need to be addressed. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a group of food-grade microorganisms that have been classified as safe by biologically regulatory agencies. In this context, we have demonstrated herein, for the first time, the production of fully functional, IB-like protein nanoparticles in LAB. These nanoparticles have been fully characterized using a wide range of techniques, including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, zymography, cytometry, confocal microscopy, and wettability and cell coverage measurements. Our results allow us to conclude that these materials share the main physico-chemical characteristics with IBs from E. coli and moreover are devoid of any harmful endotoxin contaminant. These findings reveal a new platform for the production of protein-based safe products with high pharmaceutical interest. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The development of both natural and synthetic biomaterials for biomedical applications is a field in constant development. In this context, E. coli is a bacteria that has been widely studied for its ability to naturally produce functional biomaterials with broad biomedical uses. Despite being effective, products derived from this species contain membrane residues able to trigger a non-desired immunogenic responses. Accordingly, exploring alternative bacteria able to synthesize such biomaterials in a safe molecular environment is becoming a challenge. Thus, the present study describes a new type of functional protein-based nanomaterial free of toxic contaminants with a wide range of applications in both human and veterinary medicine.
Collapse
|
28
|
Ami D, Lavatelli F, Rognoni P, Palladini G, Raimondi S, Giorgetti S, Monti L, Doglia SM, Natalello A, Merlini G. In situ characterization of protein aggregates in human tissues affected by light chain amyloidosis: a FTIR microspectroscopy study. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29096. [PMID: 27373200 PMCID: PMC4931462 DOI: 10.1038/srep29096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Light chain (AL) amyloidosis, caused by deposition of amyloidogenic immunoglobulin light chains (LCs), is the most common systemic form in industrialized countries. Still open questions, and premises for developing targeted therapies, concern the mechanisms of amyloid formation in vivo and the bases of organ targeting and dysfunction. Investigating amyloid material in its natural environment is crucial to obtain new insights on the molecular features of fibrillar deposits at individual level. To this aim, we used Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy for studying in situ unfixed tissues (heart and subcutaneous abdominal fat) from patients affected by AL amyloidosis. We compared the infrared response of affected tissues with that of ex vivo and in vitro fibrils obtained from the pathogenic LC derived from one patient, as well as with that of non amyloid-affected tissues. We demonstrated that the IR marker band of intermolecular β-sheets, typical of protein aggregates, can be detected in situ in LC amyloid-affected tissues, and that FTIR microspectroscopy allows exploring the inter- and intra-sample heterogeneity. We extended the infrared analysis to the characterization of other biomolecules embedded within the amyloid deposits, finding an IR pattern that discloses a possible role of lipids, collagen and glycosaminoglycans in amyloid deposition in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diletta Ami
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Lavatelli
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, and Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Rognoni
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, and Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palladini
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, and Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Raimondi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 3b, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Sofia Giorgetti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 3b, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Monti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 3b, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Maria Doglia
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Antonino Natalello
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Merlini
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, and Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ude C, Ben-Dov N, Jochums A, Li Z, Segal E, Scheper T, Beutel S. Online analysis of protein inclusion bodies produced in E. coli by monitoring alterations in scattered and reflected light. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:4147-59. [PMID: 26940052 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The online monitoring of recombinant protein aggregate inclusion bodies during microbial cultivation is an immense challenge. Measurement of scattered and reflected light offers a versatile and non-invasive measurement technique. Therefore, we investigated two methods to detect the formation of inclusion bodies and monitor their production: (1) online 180° scattered light measurement (λ = 625 nm) using a sensor platform during cultivation in shake flask and (2) online measurement of the light reflective interference using a porous Si-based optical biosensor (SiPA). It could be shown that 180° scattered light measurement allows monitoring of alterations in the optical properties of Escherichia coli BL21 cells, associated with the formation of inclusion bodies during cultivation. A reproducible linear correlation between the inclusion body concentration of the non-fluorescent protein human leukemia inhibitory factor (hLIF) carrying a thioredoxin tag and the shift ("Δamp") in scattered light signal intensity was observed. This was also observed for the glutathione-S-transferase-tagged green fluorescent protein (GFP-GST). Continuous online monitoring of reflective interference spectra reveals a significant increase in the bacterium refractive index during hLIF production in comparison to a non-induced reference that coincide with the formation of inclusion bodies. These online monitoring techniques could be applied for fast and cost-effective screening of different protein expression systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ude
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadav Ben-Dov
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - André Jochums
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Zhaopeng Li
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ester Segal
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sascha Beutel
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Berterame NM, Porro D, Ami D, Branduardi P. Protein aggregation and membrane lipid modifications under lactic acid stress in wild type and OPI1 deleted Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:39. [PMID: 26887851 PMCID: PMC4756461 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0438-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lactic acid is a versatile chemical platform with many different industrial applications. Yeasts have been demonstrated as attractive alternative to natural lactic acid producers since they can grow at low pH, allowing the direct purification of the product in the desired acidic form. However, when very high concentrations of organic acids are reached, the major limitation for a viable production is the toxic effect of the product. The accumulation in the cytosol of H+ and of the weak organic counter-anions triggers a cellular reprogramming. Here, the effects of lactic acid exposure on Saccharomycescerevisiae have been evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy. In addition to -omic techniques, describing these responses in terms of systems and networks, FTIR microspectroscopy allows a rapid acquisition of the cellular biochemical fingerprint, providing information on the major classes of macromolecules. Results FTIR analyses on Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells under lactic acid stress at low pH revealed some still uncharacterized traits: (1) a direct correlation between lactic acid exposure and a rearrangement in lipid hydrocarbon tails, together with a decrease in the signals of phosphatidylcholine (PC), one of the main components of cell membrane; (2) a rearrangement in the cell wall carbohydrates, including glucans and mannans (3) a significant yet transient protein aggregation, possibly responsible for the observed transient decrease of the growth rate. When repeated on the isogenic strain deleted in OPI1, encoding for a transcriptional repressor of genes involved in PC biosynthesis, FTIR analysis revealed that not only the PC levels were affected but also the cell membrane/wall composition and the accumulation of protein aggregates, resulting in higher growth rate in the presence of the stressing agent. Conclusions This work revealed novel effects evoked by lactic acid on cell membrane/wall composition and protein aggregation in S. cerevisiae cells. We consequently demonstrated that the targeted deletion of OPI1 resulted in improved lactic acid tolerance. Considering that stress response involves many and different cellular networks and regulations, most of which are still not implemented in modelling, these findings constitute valuable issues for interpreting cellular rewiring and for tailoring ameliorated cell factories for lactic acid production. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0438-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Maria Berterame
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milan, 20126, Italy.
| | - Danilo Porro
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milan, 20126, Italy. .,SYSBIO - Centre of Systems Biology, Milano and Roma, Italy.
| | - Diletta Ami
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milan, 20126, Italy. .,Department of Physics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, Milan, 20126, Italy. .,Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM) UdR Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy.
| | - Paola Branduardi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milan, 20126, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mammalian prion protein (PrP) forms conformationally different amyloid intracellular aggregates in bacteria. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:174. [PMID: 26536866 PMCID: PMC4634817 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0361-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An increasing number of proteins are being shown to assemble into amyloid structures that lead to pathological states. Among them, mammalian prions outstand due to their ability to transmit the pathogenic conformation, becoming thus infectious. The structural conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPC), into its misfolded pathogenic form (PrPSc) is the central event of prion-driven pathologies. The study of the structural properties of intracellular amyloid aggregates in general and of prion-like ones in particular is a challenging task. In this context, the evidence that the inclusion bodies formed by amyloid proteins in bacteria display amyloid-like structural and functional properties make them a privileged system to model intracellular amyloid aggregation. Results Here we provide the first demonstration that recombinant murine PrP and its C-terminal domain (90–231) attain amyloid conformations inside bacteria. Moreover, the inclusions formed by these two PrP proteins display conformational diversity, since they differ in fibril morphology, binding affinity to amyloid dyes, stability, resistance to proteinase K digestion and neurotoxicity. Conclusions Overall, our results suggest that modelling PrP amyloid formation in microbial cell factories might open an avenue for a better understanding of the structural features modulating the pathogenic impact of this intriguing protein. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-015-0361-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
32
|
Villaverde A, Corchero JL, Seras-Franzoso J, Garcia-Fruitós E. Functional protein aggregates: just the tip of the iceberg. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:2881-91. [PMID: 26370294 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell types are being adapted as platforms for recombinant protein production. The overproduction of proteins in such expression systems leads to the formation of insoluble protein-based aggregates. Although these protein clusters have been poorly studied in most of the eukaryotic systems, aggregates formed in E. coli, named inclusion bodies (IBs), have been deeply characterized in the last decades. Contrary to the general belief, an important fraction of the protein embedded in IB is functional, showing promise in biocatalysis, regenerative medicine and cell therapy. Thus, the exploration of all these functional protein clusters would largely expand their potential in both pharma and biotech industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Villaverde
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - José Luis Corchero
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Joaquin Seras-Franzoso
- CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron & Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Garcia-Fruitós
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Torre Marimon, Caldes de Montbui, 08140, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bai Y, van der Kaaij RM, Woortman AJJ, Jin Z, Dijkhuizen L. Characterization of the 4,6-α-glucanotransferase GTFB enzyme of Lactobacillus reuteri 121 isolated from inclusion bodies. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:49. [PMID: 26050651 PMCID: PMC4459449 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The GTFB enzyme of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri 121 is a 4,6-α-glucanotransferase of glycoside hydrolase family 70 (GH70; http://www.cazy.org). Contrary to the glucansucrases in GH70, GTFB is unable to use sucrose as substrate, but instead converts malto-oligosaccharides and starch into isomalto-/malto- polymers that may find application as prebiotics and dietary fibers. The GTFB enzyme expresses well in Escherichia coli BL21 Star (DE3), but mostly accumulates in inclusion bodies (IBs) which generally contain wrongly folded protein and inactive enzyme. Methods Denaturation followed by refolding, as well as ncIB preparation were used for isolation of active GTFB protein from inclusion bodies. Soluble, refolded and ncIB GTFB were compared using activity assays, secondary structure analysis by FT-IR, and product analyses by NMR, HPAEC and SEC. Results Expression of GTFB in E. coli yielded > 100 mg/l relatively pure and active but mostly insoluble GTFB protein in IBs, regardless of the expression conditions used. Following denaturing, refolding of GTFB protein was most efficient in double distilled H2O. Also, GTFB ncIBs were active, with approx. 10 % of hydrolysis activity compared to the soluble protein. When expressed as units of activity obtained per liter E. coli culture, the total amount of ncIB GTFB expressed possessed around 180 % hydrolysis activity and 100 % transferase activity compared to the amount of soluble GTFB enzyme obtained from one liter culture. The product profiles obtained for the three GTFB enzyme preparations were similar when analyzed by HPAEC and NMR. SEC investigation also showed that these 3 enzyme preparations yielded products with similar size distributions. FT-IR analysis revealed extended β-sheet formation in ncIB GTFB providing an explanation at the molecular level for reduced GTFB activity in ncIBs. The thermostability of ncIB GTFB was relatively high compared to the soluble and refolded GTFB. Conclusion In view of their relatively high yield, activity and high thermostability, both refolded and ncIB GTFB derived from IBs in E. coli may find industrial application in the synthesis of modified starches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Bai
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Rachel Maria van der Kaaij
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Albert Jan Jacob Woortman
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Zhengyu Jin
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hackett MJ, DeSouza M, Caine S, Bewer B, Nichol H, Paterson PG, Colbourne F. A new method to image heme-Fe, total Fe, and aggregated protein levels after intracerebral hemorrhage. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:761-70. [PMID: 25695130 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating stroke that results in high mortality and significant disability in survivors. Unfortunately, the underlying mechanisms of this injury are not yet fully understood. After the primary (mechanical) trauma, secondary degenerative events contribute to ongoing cell death in the peri-hematoma region. Oxidative stress is thought to be a key reason for this delayed injury, which is likely due to free-Fe-catalyzed free radical reactions. Unfortunately, this is difficult to prove with conventional biochemical assays that fail to differentiate between alterations that occur within the hematoma and peri-hematoma zone. This is a critical limitation, as the hematoma contains tissue severely damaged by the initial hemorrhage and is unsalvageable, whereas the peri-hematoma region is less damaged but at risk from secondary degenerative events. Such events include oxidative stress mediated by free Fe presumed to originate from hemoglobin breakdown. Therefore, minimizing the damage caused by oxidative stress following hemoglobin breakdown and Fe release is a major therapeutic target. However, the extent to which free Fe contributes to the pathogenesis of ICH remains unknown. This investigation used a novel imaging approach that employed resonance Raman spectroscopic mapping of hemoglobin, X-ray fluorescence microscopic mapping of total Fe, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging of aggregated protein following ICH in rats. This multimodal spectroscopic approach was used to accurately define the hematoma/peri-hematoma boundary and quantify the Fe concentration and the relative aggregated protein content, as a marker of oxidative stress, within each region. The results revealed total Fe is substantially increased in the hematoma (0.90 μg cm(-2)), and a subtle but significant increase in Fe that is not in the chemical form of hemoglobin is present within the peri-hematoma zone (0.32 μg cm(-2)) within 1 day of ICH, relative to sham animals (0.22 μg cm(-2)). Levels of aggregated protein were significantly increased within both the hematoma (integrated band area 0.10 AU) and peri-hematoma zone (integrated band area 0.10 AU) relative to sham animals (integrated band area 0.056 AU), but no significant difference in aggregated protein content was observed between the hematoma and peri-hematoma zone. This result suggests that the chemical form of Fe and its ability to generate free radicals is likely to be a more critical predictor of tissue damage than the total Fe content of the tissue. Furthermore, this article describes a novel approach to colocalize nonheme Fe and aggregated protein in the peri-hematoma zone following ICH, a significant methodological advancement for the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Hackett
- Molecular
and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Mauren DeSouza
- Department
of Psychology and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
- Stress,
Memory and Behaviour Lab, Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul 97500-970, Brazil
| | - Sally Caine
- Department
of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 107
Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Brian Bewer
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Helen Nichol
- Department
of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 107
Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Phyllis G. Paterson
- College of
Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, D Wing Health Sciences, 107 Wiggins
Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Frederick Colbourne
- Department
of Psychology and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Qi X, Sun Y, Xiong S. A single freeze-thawing cycle for highly efficient solubilization of inclusion body proteins and its refolding into bioactive form. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:24. [PMID: 25879903 PMCID: PMC4343044 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild solubilization of inclusion bodies has attracted attention in recent days, with an objective to preserve the existing native-like secondary structure of proteins, reduce protein aggregation during refolding and recovering high amount of bioactive proteins from inclusion bodies. RESULTS Here we presented an efficient method for mild solubilization of inclusion bodies by using a freeze-thawing process in the presence of low concentration of urea. We used two different proteins to demonstrate the advantage of this method over the traditional urea-denatured method: enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and the catalytic domain of human macrophage metalloelastase (MMP-12_CAT). Firstly, PBS buffer at pH 8 containing different molar concentration of urea (0-8 M) were used to solubilize EGFP and MMP-12-CAT inclusion bodies and the solubility achieved in 2 M urea in PBS buffer by freeze-thawing method was comparable to that of PBS buffer containing 8 M urea by traditional urea-denatured method. Secondly, different solvents were used to solubilize EGFP and MMP-12_CAT from inclusion bodies and the results indicated that a wide range of buffers containing 2 M urea could efficiently solubilize EGFP and MMP-12_CAT inclusion bodies by freeze-thawing method. Thirdly, the effect of pH and freezing temperature on the solubility of EGFP and MMP-12_CAT inclusion bodies were studied, revealing that solubilization of inclusion bodies by freeze-thawing method is pH dependent and the optimal freezing temperature indicated here is -20°C. Forth, the solubilized EGFP and MMP-12_CAT from inclusion bodies were refolded by rapid dilution and dialysis, respectively. The results showed that the refolded efficiency is much higher (more than twice) from freeze-thawing method than the traditional urea-denatured method. The freeze-thawing method containing 2 M urea also effectively solubilized a number of proteins as inclusion bodies in E.coli. CONCLUSIONS Mild solubilization of inclusion body proteins using the freeze-thawing method is simple, highly efficient and generally applicable. The method can be utilized to prepare large quantities of bioactive soluble proteins from inclusion bodies for basic research and industrial purpose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingmei Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
| | - Yifan Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
| | - Sidong Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Natalello A, Doglia SM. Insoluble protein assemblies characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1258:347-69. [PMID: 25447875 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2205-5_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a useful tool for the structural characterization of insoluble protein assemblies, as it allows to obtain information on the protein secondary structures and on their intermolecular interactions. The protocols for FTIR spectroscopy and microspectroscopy measurements in transmission and attenuated total reflection modes will be presented and illustrated in the following examples: bacterial inclusion bodies, self-assembling peptides, thermal aggregates, and amyloid fibrils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Natalello
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milan, 20126, Italy,
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lemke LS, Chura-Chambi RM, Rodrigues D, Cussiol JRR, Malavasi NV, Alegria TGP, Netto LES, Morganti L. Investigation on solubilization protocols in the refolding of the thioredoxin TsnC from Xylella fastidiosa by high hydrostatic pressure approach. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 106:72-7. [PMID: 25448595 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The lack of efficient refolding methodologies must be overcome to take full advantage of the fact that bacteria express high levels of aggregated recombinant proteins. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) impairs intermolecular hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, dissociating aggregates, which makes HHP a useful tool to solubilize proteins for subsequent refolding. A process of refolding was set up by using as a model TsnC, a thioredoxin that catalyzes the disulfide reduction to a dithiol, a useful indication of biological activity. The inclusion bodies (IB) were dissociated at 2.4 kbar. The effect of incubation of IB suspensions at 1-800 bar, the guanidine hydrochloride concentration, the oxidized/reduced glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratios, and the additives in the refolding buffer were analyzed. To assess the yields of fully biologically active protein obtained for each tested condition, it was crucial to analyze both the TsnC solubilization yield and its enzymatic activity. Application of 2.4 kbar to the IB suspension in the presence of 9 mM GSH, 1mM GSSG, 0.75 M guanidine hydrochloride, and 0.5M arginine with subsequent incubation at 1 bar furnished high refolding yield (81%). The experience gained in this study shall help to establish efficient HHP-based protein refolding processes for other proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Simoni Lemke
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Centro de Biotecnologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Chura-Chambi
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Centro de Biotecnologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniella Rodrigues
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Centro de Biotecnologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Renato Rosa Cussiol
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natalia Vallejo Malavasi
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Centro de Biotecnologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Geronimo Pires Alegria
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo Soares Netto
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ligia Morganti
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Centro de Biotecnologia, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lopes APY, Lopes LM, Fraga TR, Chura-Chambi RM, Sanson AL, Cheng E, Nakajima E, Morganti L, Martins EAL. VapC from the leptospiral VapBC toxin-antitoxin module displays ribonuclease activity on the initiator tRNA. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101678. [PMID: 25047537 PMCID: PMC4105405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The prokaryotic ubiquitous Toxin-Antitoxin (TA) operons encode a stable toxin and an unstable antitoxin. The most accepted hypothesis of the physiological function of the TA system is the reversible cessation of cellular growth under stress conditions. The major TA family, VapBC is present in the spirochaete Leptospira interrogans. VapBC modules are classified based on the presence of a predicted ribonucleasic PIN domain in the VapC toxin. The expression of the leptospiral VapC in E. coli promotes a strong bacterial growth arrestment, making it difficult to express the recombinant protein. Nevertheless, we showed that long term induction of expression in E. coli enabled the recovery of VapC in inclusion bodies. The recombinant protein was successfully refolded by high hydrostatic pressure, providing a new method to obtain the toxin in a soluble and active form. The structural integrity of the recombinant VapB and VapC proteins was assessed by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Physical interaction between the VapC toxin and the VapB antitoxin was demonstrated in vivo and in vitro by pull down and ligand affinity blotting assays, respectively, thereby indicating the ultimate mechanism by which the activity of the toxin is regulated in bacteria. The predicted model of the leptospiral VapC structure closely matches the Shigella's VapC X-ray structure. In agreement, the ribonuclease activity of the leptospiral VapC was similar to the activity described for Shigella's VapC, as demonstrated by the cleavage of tRNAfMet and by the absence of unspecific activity towards E. coli rRNA. This finding suggests that the cleavage of the initiator transfer RNA may represent a common mechanism to a larger group of bacteria and potentially configures a mechanism of post-transcriptional regulation leading to the inhibition of global translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luana M. Lopes
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana R. Fraga
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa M. Chura-Chambi
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André L. Sanson
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth Cheng
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erika Nakajima
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ligia Morganti
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bonanomi M, Natalello A, Visentin C, Pastori V, Penco A, Cornelli G, Colombo G, Malabarba MG, Doglia SM, Relini A, Regonesi ME, Tortora P. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate and tetracycline differently affect ataxin-3 fibrillogenesis and reduce toxicity in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 model. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6542-52. [PMID: 25030034 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyglutamine (polyQ)-containing protein ataxin-3 (AT3) triggers the neurodegenerative disease spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) when its polyQ tract is expanded beyond a critical length. This results in protein aggregation and generation of toxic oligomers and fibrils. Currently, no effective treatment is available for such and other polyQ diseases. Therefore, plenty of investigations are being carried on to assess the mechanism of action and the therapeutic potential of anti-amyloid agents. The polyphenol compound epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and tetracycline have been shown to exert some effect in preventing fibrillogenesis of amyloidogenic proteins. Here, we have incubated an expanded AT3 variant with either compound to assess their effects on the aggregation pattern. The process was monitored by atomic force microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Whereas in the absence of any treatment, AT3 gives rise to amyloid β-rich fibrils, whose hallmark is the typical glutamine side-chain hydrogen bonding, when incubated in the presence of EGCG it generated soluble, SDS-resistant aggregates, much poorer in β-sheets and devoid of any ordered side-chain hydrogen bonding. These are off-pathway species that persist until the latest incubation time and are virtually absent in the control sample. In contrast, tetracycline did not produce major alterations in the structural features of the aggregated species compared with the control, but substantially increased their solubility. Both compounds significantly reduced toxicity, as shown by the MTT assay in COS-7 cell line and in a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans strain expressing in the nervous system an AT3 expanded variant in fusion with GFP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonino Natalello
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, Department of Physics G. Occhialini
| | | | | | - Amanda Penco
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria G Malabarba
- IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, 20139 Milan, Italy, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy and
| | - Silvia M Doglia
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, Department of Physics G. Occhialini
| | - Annalisa Relini
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, 16146 Genoa, Italy, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria E Regonesi
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy,
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Li C, Kumar S, Montigny C, le Maire M, Barth A. Quality assessment of recombinant proteins by infrared spectroscopy. Characterisation of a protein aggregation related band of the Ca2+-ATPase. Analyst 2014; 139:4231-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00483c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
FTIR spectroscopy detects aggregates of recombinantly produced protein and can therefore be used for quality control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenge Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics
- Arrhenius Laboratories
- Stockholm University
- SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Saroj Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics
- Arrhenius Laboratories
- Stockholm University
- SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Andreas Barth
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics
- Arrhenius Laboratories
- Stockholm University
- SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Malavasi N, Cordeiro Y, Rodrigues D, Chura-Chambi R, Lemke L, Morganti L. The effect of temperature on protein refolding at high pressure: Enhanced green fluorescent protein as a model. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
42
|
Capito F, Skudas R, Kolmar H, Hunzinger C. Mid-infrared spectroscopy-based antibody aggregate quantification in cell culture fluids. Biotechnol J 2013; 8:912-7. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
43
|
Capito F, Bauer J, Rapp A, Schröter C, Kolmar H, Stanislawski B. Feasibility study of semi-selective protein precipitation with salt-tolerant copolymers for industrial purification of therapeutic antibodies. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:2915-27. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Capito
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Petersenstrasse 22 64287 Darmstadt Germany
- Merck KGaA; Darmstadt Germany
| | | | | | - Christian Schröter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Petersenstrasse 22 64287 Darmstadt Germany
- Merck KGaA; Darmstadt Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Petersenstrasse 22 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Cano-Garrido O, Rodríguez-Carmona E, Díez-Gil C, Vázquez E, Elizondo E, Cubarsi R, Seras-Franzoso J, Corchero JL, Rinas U, Ratera I, Ventosa N, Veciana J, Villaverde A, García-Fruitós E. Supramolecular organization of protein-releasing functional amyloids solved in bacterial inclusion bodies. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:6134-42. [PMID: 23220450 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Slow protein release from amyloidal materials is a molecular platform used by nature to control protein hormone secretion in the endocrine system. The molecular mechanics of the sustained protein release from amyloids remains essentially unexplored. Inclusion bodies (IBs) are natural amyloids that occur as discrete protein nanoparticles in recombinant bacteria. These protein clusters have been recently explored as protein-based functional biomaterials with diverse biomedical applications, and adapted as nanopills to deliver recombinant protein drugs into mammalian cells. Interestingly, the slow protein release from IBs does not significantly affect the particulate organization and morphology of the material, suggesting the occurrence of a tight scaffold. Here, we have determined, by using a combined set of analytical approaches, a sponge-like supramolecular organization of IBs combining differently folded protein versions (amyloid and native-like), which supports both mechanical stability and sustained protein delivery. Apart from offering structural clues about how amyloid materials release their monomeric protein components, these findings open exciting possibilities for the tailored development of smart biofunctional materials, adapted to mimic the functions of amyloid-based secretory glands of higher organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Cano-Garrido
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ami D, Natalello A, Lotti M, Doglia SM. Why and how protein aggregation has to be studied in vivo. Microb Cell Fact 2013; 12:17. [PMID: 23410248 PMCID: PMC3583745 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of protein aggregation is a central issue in different fields of protein science, from the heterologous protein production in biotechnology to amyloid aggregation in several neurodegenerative and systemic diseases. To this goal, it became more and more evident the crucial relevance of studying protein aggregation in the complex cellular environment, since it allows to take into account the cellular components affecting protein aggregation, such as chaperones, proteases, and molecular crowding. Here, we discuss the use of several biochemical and biophysical approaches that can be employed to monitor protein aggregation within intact cells, focusing in particular on bacteria that are widely employed as microbial cell factories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diletta Ami
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milano, Italy
- Department of Physics “G. Occhialini”, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonino Natalello
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Lotti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Maria Doglia
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milano, Italy
- Department of Physics “G. Occhialini”, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Seras-Franzoso J, Peebo K, Luis Corchero J, Tsimbouri PM, Unzueta U, Rinas U, Dalby MJ, Vazquez E, García-Fruitós E, Villaverde A. A nanostructured bacterial bioscaffold for the sustained bottom-up delivery of protein drugs. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 8:1587-99. [PMID: 23394133 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Bacterial inclusion bodies (IBs) are protein-based, amyloidal nanomaterials that mechanically stimulate mammalian cell proliferation upon surface decoration. However, their biological performance as potentially functional scaffolds in mammalian cell culture still needs to be explored. MATERIALS & METHODS Using fluorescent proteins, we demonstrate significant membrane penetration of surface-attached IBs and a corresponding intracellular bioavailability of the protein material. RESULTS When IBs are formed by protein drugs, such as the intracellular acting human chaperone Hsp70 or the extracellular/intracellular acting human FGF-2, IB components intervene on top-growing cells, namely by rescuing them from chemically induced apoptosis or by stimulating cell division under serum starvation, respectively. Protein release from IBs seems to mechanistically mimic the sustained secretion of protein hormones from amyloid-like secretory granules in higher organisms. CONCLUSION We propose bacterial IBs as biomimetic nanostructured scaffolds (bioscaffolds) suitable for tissue engineering that, while acting as adhesive materials, partially disintegrate for the slow release of their biologically active building blocks. The bottom-up delivery of protein drugs mediated by bioscaffolds offers a highly promising platform for emerging applications in regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Seras-Franzoso
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain and Department de Genètica i de MicroBiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain and CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
An analysis of the factors that affect the dissociation of inclusion bodies and the refolding of endostatin under high pressure. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
48
|
Bai YN, Feng J, Ma HJ, Lin JY, Han SB, Tang LX. Role of the CPC sequence in the antioxidant activity of GcGAST protein in E.coli. Protein J 2013; 32:48-57. [PMID: 23300060 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-012-9460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gibberellic acid stimulated transcriptional protein from Gymnadenia conopsea (GcGAST) is a novel member of GA-induced cysteine-rich protein family, which shared 12 highly conserved cysteine residues with other members in C-terminal domain. In the present paper, the recombinant plasmid, as well as two mutants Serine-Proline-Cysteine (SPC) and Cysteine-Proline-Serine (CPS), were constructed to investigate for the first time the effects of the cysteines in Cysteine-Proline-Cysteine (CPC) sequence on the antioxidant activity of GcGAST protein. It was found that E.coli expressing wt GcGAST exhibited significant resistance against exogenous H(2)O(2). Similar phenomenon was observed for E.coli harboring SPC mutant. In contrast, the host cell overexpressing CPS mutant became more sensitive to H(2)O(2). Some studies on the level of inclusion body revealed that wt GcGAST and SPC mutant embedded in Inclusion bodies (IB) could effectively eliminate H(2)O(2), whereas the mutagenesis to Ser of the second Cys residue in CPC sequence gave rise to the compete loss of H(2)O(2)-eliminating ability. Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that the IB of CPS mutant contained more β-sheet secondary structure than wt and SPC mutant. Non-reducing SDS-PAGE combined western-blotting analysis revealed that the disulfide bonds were important for the formation of IBs of wt GcGAST and SPC mutant, whereas non-reducing SDS-PAGE of resolubilized IBs showed that hydrophobic interaction favored the aggregation of IBs in CPS mutant. Taken together, these results suggested that GcGAST possessed antioxidant activity in the level of IB, which made some contribution to cellular resistance to H(2)O(2). More importantly, the second cysteine residue in CPC sequence was more essential for its antioxidant biological function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Nan Bai
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Monti S, Bramanti E, Porta VD, Onor M, D'Ulivo A, Barone V. Interaction of collagen with chlorosulphonated paraffin tanning agents: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis and molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:14736-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52404c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
50
|
Production, Characterization, and Application of an Organic Solvent-Tolerant Lipase Present in Active Inclusion Bodies. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 169:612-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-0028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|