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Liu H, Jiao P, Guan L, Wang C, Zhang XX, Ma L. Functional traits and health implications of the global household drinking-water microbiome retrieved using an integrative genome-centric approach. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 250:121094. [PMID: 38183799 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.121094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The biological safety of drinking water plays a crucial role in public health protection. However, research on the drinking water microbiome remains in its infancy, especially little is known about the potentially pathogenic bacteria in and functional characteristics of the microbiome in household tap water that people are directly exposed to. In this study, we used a genomic-centric approach to construct a genetic catalogue of the drinking water microbiome by analysing 116 metagenomic datasets of household tap water worldwide, spanning nine countries/regions on five continents. We reconstructed 859 high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) spanning 27 bacterial and 2 archaeal phyla, and found that the core MAGs belonging to the phylum Proteobacteria encoded the highest metabolic functional diversity of the 33 key complete metabolic modules. In particular, we found that two core MAGs of Brevibacillus and Methylomona encoded genes for methane metabolism, which may support the growth of heterotrophic organisms observed in the oligotrophic ecosystem. Four MAGs of complete ammonia oxidation (comammox) Nitrospira were identified and functional metabolic analysis suggested these may enable mixotrophic growth and encode genes for reactive oxygen stress defence and arsenite reduction that could aid survival in the environment of oligotrophic drinking water systems. Four MAGs were annotated as potentially pathogenic bacteria (PPB) and thus represented a possible public health concern. They belonged to the genera Acinetobacter (n = 3) and Mycobacterium (n = 1), with a total relative abundance of 1.06 % in all samples. The genomes of PPB A. junii and A. ursingii were discovered to contain antibiotic resistance genes and mobile genetic elements that could contribute to antimicrobial dissemination in drinking water. Further network analysis suggested that symbiotic microbes which support the growth of pathogenic bacteria can be targets for future surveillance and removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafeng Liu
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Pengbo Jiao
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Lei Guan
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Xu-Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Liping Ma
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, Technology Innovation Center for Land Spatial Eco-restoration in Metropolitan Area, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200062, PR China.
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2
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Lai CY, Wu M, Wang Y, Zhang J, Li J, Liu T, Xia J, Yuan Z, Guo J. Cross-feeding interactions in short chain gaseous alkane-driven perchlorate and selenate reduction. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 200:117215. [PMID: 34020333 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Short chain gaseous alkanes (SCGAs) mainly consist of methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10). The first three SCGAs have been shown to remove perchlorate (ClO4-) and selenate (SeO42-), yet it is unknown whether C4H10 is available to reduce these contaminants. This study demonstrated that C4H10 fed biofilms were capable of reducing ClO4- and SeO42- to chloride (Cl-) and elemental selenium (Se0), respectively, by employing two independent membrane biofilms reactors (MBfRs). Batch tests showed that C4H10 and oxygen fed biofilms had much higher ClO4- and SeO42- reduction rates and enhanced expression levels of bmoX and pcrA than that without C4H10 or O2. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) accumulated in the biofilms when C4H10 was supplied, and they decomposed for driving ClO4- and SeO42- reduction when C4H10 was absent. Moreover, we revisited the literature and found that a cross-feeding pathway seems to be universal in microaerobic SCGA-driven perchlorate and selenate reduction processes. In the ClO4--reducing MBfRs, Mycobacterium primarily conducts C2H6 and C3H8 oxidation in synergy with Dechloromonas who performs perchlorate reduction, while both Mycobacterium and Rhodococcus carried out C4H10 oxidation with perchlorate-respiring Azospira as the partner. In the SeO42--reducing MBfRs, Mycobacterium oxidized C2H6 solely or oxidized C3H8 jointly with Rhodococcus, while Burkholderiaceae likely acted as the selenate-reducing bacterium. When C4H10 was supplied as the electron donor, both Mycobacterium and Rhodococcus conducted C4H10 oxidation in synergy with unknow selenate-reducing bacterium. Collectively, we confirm that from CH4 to C4H10, all SCGAs could be utilized as electron donors for bio-reduction process. These findings offer insights into SCGA-driven bio-reduction processes, and are helpful in establishing SCGA-based technologies for groundwater remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Lai
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mengxiong Wu
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yulu Wang
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jiongbin Zhang
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jiahui Li
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tao Liu
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jun Xia
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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3
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Quémard A. New Insights into the Mycolate-Containing Compound Biosynthesis and Transport in Mycobacteria. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:725-738. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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4
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Xie L, Wang G, Yu Z, Zhou M, Li Q, Huang H, Xie J. Proteome-wide Lysine Glutarylation Profiling of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:1379-85. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Longxiang Xie
- Institute
of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of
Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory
of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of
Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guirong Wang
- National
Clinical Laboratory on Tuberculosis, Beijing Key laboratory for Drug-resistant
Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Institute, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Zhaoxiao Yu
- Institute
of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of
Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory
of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of
Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Mingliang Zhou
- Institute
of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of
Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory
of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of
Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qiming Li
- Institute
of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of
Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory
of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of
Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hairong Huang
- National
Clinical Laboratory on Tuberculosis, Beijing Key laboratory for Drug-resistant
Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Institute, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- Institute
of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of
Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory
of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of
Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
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5
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Yang M, Guja KE, Thomas ST, Garcia-Diaz M, Sampson NS. A distinct MaoC-like enoyl-CoA hydratase architecture mediates cholesterol catabolism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:2632-45. [PMID: 25203216 PMCID: PMC4245171 DOI: 10.1021/cb500232h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
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The Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) igr operon plays an essential
role in Mtb cholesterol metabolism, which is critical
for pathogenesis
during the latent stage of Mtb infection. Here we
report the first structure of a heterotetrameric MaoC-like enoyl-CoA
hydratase, ChsH1-ChsH2, which is encoded by two adjacent genes from
the igr operon. We demonstrate that ChsH1-ChsH2 catalyzes
the hydration of a steroid enoyl-CoA, 3-oxo-4,17-pregnadiene-20-carboxyl-CoA,
in the modified β-oxidation pathway for cholesterol side chain
degradation. The ligand-bound and apoenzyme structures of ChsH1-ChsH2N reveal an unusual, modified hot-dog fold with a severely
truncated central α-helix that creates an expanded binding site
to accommodate the bulkier steroid ring system. The structures show
quaternary structure shifts that accommodate the four rings of the
steroid substrate and offer an explanation for why the unusual heterotetrameric
assembly is utilized for hydration of this steroid. The unique αβ
heterodimer architecture utilized by ChsH1-ChsH2 to bind its distinctive
substrate highlights an opportunity for the development of new antimycobacterial
drugs that target a pathway specific to Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Kip E. Guja
- Department
of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651, United States
| | - Suzanne T. Thomas
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Miguel Garcia-Diaz
- Department
of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651, United States
| | - Nicole S. Sampson
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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6
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Zhao JW, Sun ZQ, Zhang XY, Zhang Y, Liu J, Ye J, Chen CC, Samten B, Wang HH, Guo XK, Zhang SL. Mycobacterial 3-hydroxyacyl-l-thioester dehydratase Y derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces COX-2 expression in mouse macrophages through MAPK-NF-κB pathway. Immunol Lett 2014; 161:125-32. [PMID: 24907510 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of global mortality due to infectious diseases. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) acts as an important influencing factor favoring bacillary survival during TB infection. In this study, we investigated the Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins recognized by sera from TB patient collected before and after anti-TB therapy by dynamic immunoproteomics and identified a novel immune-regulating protein 3-hydroxyacyl-l-thioester dehydratase Y (HtdY), which could induce COX-2 expression in mouse macrophages. Signaling perturbation data showed that the activation of p38, ERK 1/2 and JNK 1/2 MAPK as well as NF-κB played critical role in this immune response. Taken together, our findings indicated that mycobacterial HtdY might contribute to the persistence of the TB infection by inducing COX-2 expression through MAPK-NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Wei Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhan-Qiang Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiang-Yan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Shanghai Kexin Biotech Co. Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, Wuxi No. 5 People's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214005, China
| | - Juan Ye
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Cui-Cui Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Buka Samten
- Center for Pulmonary and Infectious Disease Control, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 75708 Tyler, USA
| | - Hong-Hai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200043, China
| | - Xiao-Kui Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Shu-Lin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
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7
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Labonte JW, Townsend CA. Active site comparisons and catalytic mechanisms of the hot dog superfamily. Chem Rev 2012. [PMID: 23205964 DOI: 10.1021/cr300169a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Labonte
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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8
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Cantaloube S, Veyron-Churlet R, Haddache N, Daffé M, Zerbib D. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis FAS-II dehydratases and methyltransferases define the specificity of the mycolic acid elongation complexes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29564. [PMID: 22216317 PMCID: PMC3245277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has the originality of possessing a multifunctional mega-enzyme FAS-I (Fatty Acid Synthase-I), together with a multi-protein FAS-II system, to carry out the biosynthesis of common and of specific long chain fatty acids: the mycolic acids (MA). MA are the main constituents of the external mycomembrane that represents a tight permeability barrier involved in the pathogenicity of Mtb. The MA biosynthesis pathway is essential and contains targets for efficient antibiotics. We have demonstrated previously that proteins of FAS-II interact specifically to form specialized and interconnected complexes. This finding suggested that the organization of FAS-II resemble to the architecture of multifunctional mega-enzyme like the mammalian mFAS-I, which is devoted to the fatty acid biosynthesis. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Based on conventional and reliable studies using yeast-two hybrid, yeast-three-hybrid and in vitro Co-immunoprecipitation, we completed here the analysis of the composition and architecture of the interactome between the known components of the Mtb FAS-II complexes. We showed that the recently identified dehydratases HadAB and HadBC are part of the FAS-II elongation complexes and may represent a specific link between the core of FAS-II and the condensing enzymes of the system. By testing four additional methyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of mycolic acids, we demonstrated that they display specific interactions with each type of complexes suggesting their coordinated action during MA elongation. SIGNIFICANCE These results provide a global update of the architecture and organization of a FAS-II system. The FAS-II system of Mtb is organized in specialized interconnected complexes and the specificity of each elongation complex is given by preferential interactions between condensing enzymes and dehydratase heterodimers. This study will probably allow defining essential and specific interactions that correspond to promising targets for Mtb FAS-II inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Cantaloube
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse; Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Veyron-Churlet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse; Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Nabila Haddache
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse; Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Mamadou Daffé
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse; Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Zerbib
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse; Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
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9
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Enoyl-coenzyme A hydratase and antigen 85B of Mycobacterium habana are specifically recognized by antibodies in sera from leprosy patients. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:1097-103. [PMID: 21613461 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00519-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, which is a noncultivable bacterium. One of the principal goals of leprosy research is to develop serological tests that will allow identification and early treatment of leprosy patients. M. habana is a cultivable nonpathogenic mycobacterium and candidate vaccine for leprosy, and several antigens that cross-react between M. leprae and M. habana have been discovered. The aim of the present study was to extend the identification of cross-reactive antigens by identifying M. habana proteins that reacted by immunoblotting with antibodies in serum samples from leprosy patients but not with antibodies in sera from tuberculosis (TB) patients or healthy donors (HDs). A 28-kDa antigen that specifically reacted with sera from leprosy patients was identified. To further characterize this antigen, protein spots were aligned in two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels and Western blots. Spots cut out from the gels were then analyzed by mass spectrometry. Two proteins were identified: enoyl-coenzyme A hydratase (lipid metabolism; ML2498) and antigen 85B (Ag85B; mycolyltransferase; ML2028). These proteins represent promising candidates for the design of a reliable tool for the serodiagnosis of lepromatous leprosy, which is the most frequent form in Mexico.
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Revisiting the assignment of Rv0241c to fatty acid synthase type II of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:4037-44. [PMID: 20511508 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00386-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fatty acid synthase type II enzymatic complex of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (FAS-II(Mt)) catalyzes an essential metabolic pathway involved in the biosynthesis of major envelope lipids, mycolic acids. The partner proteins of this singular FAS-II system represent relevant targets for antituberculous drug design. Two heterodimers of the hydratase 2 protein family, HadAB and HadBC, were shown to be involved in the (3R)-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydration (HAD) step of FAS-II(Mt) cycles. Recently, an additional member of this family, Rv0241c, was proposed to have the same function, based on the heterologous complementation of a HAD mutant of the yeast mitochondrial FAS-II system. In the present work, Rv0241c was able to complement a HAD mutant in the Escherichia coli model but not a dehydratase-isomerase deficient mutant. However, an enzymatic study of the purified protein demonstrated that Rv0241c possesses a broad chain length specificity for the substrate, unlike FAS-II(Mt) enzymes. Most importantly, Rv0241c exhibited a strict dependence on the coenzyme A (CoA) as opposed to AcpM, the natural acyl carrier protein bearing the chains elongated by FAS-II(Mt). The deletion of Rv0241c showed that this gene is not essential to M. tuberculosis survival in vitro. The resulting mutant did not display any change in the mycolic acid profile. This demonstrates that Rv0241c is a trans-2-enoyl-CoA hydratase/3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase that does not belong to FAS-II(Mt). The relevance of a heterologous complementation strategy to identifying proteins of such a system is questioned.
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Heterologous expression of mycobacterial proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals two physiologically functional 3-hydroxyacyl-thioester dehydratases, HtdX and HtdY, in addition to HadABC and HtdZ. J Bacteriol 2009; 191:2683-90. [PMID: 19136596 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01046-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv0241c and Rv3389c, representing two physiologically functional 3-hydroxyacyl-thioester dehydratases (Htd). These enzymes are potentially entrained in type 2 fatty acid synthase (FASII). Mycobacterial FASII is involved in the synthesis of mycolic acids, which are the major constituents of the protective layer around the pathogen, shielding it from noxious chemicals and the host's immune system. Mycolic acids are additionally associated with the virulence and resilience of M. tuberculosis. Here, Rv0241c and Rv3389c, which are distinct from the previously identified heterodimers Rv0635-Rv0636 (HadAB) and Rv0636-Rv0637 (HadBC) but also the homodimer Rv0130 (HtdZ), were identified by expressing the corresponding candidate open reading frames in Saccharomyces cerevisiae htd2Delta cells lacking mitochondrial 3-hydroxyacyl-acyl carrier protein dehydratase activity, followed by scoring for phenotype rescue. The htd2Delta mutant fails to produce sufficient levels of lipoic acid and does not respire or grow on nonfermentable carbon sources. Soluble protein extracts made from mutant htd2Delta cells expressing mitochondrially targeted Rv0241c or Rv3389c contained 3-hydroxyacyl-thioester hydratase activity. Moreover, mutant yeast cells expressing Rv0241c or Rv3389c were able to recover their respiratory growth on glycerol medium and efficiently reduce 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Additionally, expression of mitochondrial Rv0241c or Rv3389c in htd2Delta cells also restored de novo lipoic acid synthesis to 92 and 40% of the level in the wild-type strain, respectively. We propose naming Rv0241c and Rv3389c as HtdX and HtdY, respectively, and discuss the implications of our finding with reference to Rv0098, a candidate mycobacterial FabZ homologue with intrinsic thioesterase and hydratase activities that lacks the eukaryotic-like hydratase-2 motif.
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12
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Sachdeva S, Musayev FN, Alhamadsheh MM, Scarsdale JN, Wright HT, Reynolds KA. Separate entrance and exit portals for ligand traffic in Mycobacterium tuberculosis FabH. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 15:402-12. [PMID: 18420147 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis FabH initiates type II fatty acid synthase-catalyzed formation of the long chain (C(16)-C(22)) acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) precursors of mycolic acids, which are major constituents of the bacterial cell envelope. Crystal structures of M. tuberculosis FabH (mtFabH) show the substrate binding site to be a buried, extended L-shaped channel with only a single solvent access portal. Entrance of an acyl-CoA substrate through the solvent portal would require energetically unfavorable reptational threading of the substrate to its reactive position. Using a class of FabH inhibitors, we have tested an alternative hypothesis that FabH exists in an "open" form during substrate binding and product release, and a "closed" form in which catalysis and intermediate steps occur. This hypothesis is supported by mass spectrometric analysis of the product profile and crystal structures of complexes of mtFabH with these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbjot Sachdeva
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
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13
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Sacco E, Covarrubias AS, O'Hare HM, Carroll P, Eynard N, Jones TA, Parish T, Daffé M, Bäckbro K, Quémard A. The missing piece of the type II fatty acid synthase system from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:14628-33. [PMID: 17804795 PMCID: PMC1976197 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0704132104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis fatty acid synthase type II (FAS-II) system has the unique property of producing unusually long-chain fatty acids involved in the biosynthesis of mycolic acids, key molecules of the tubercle bacillus. The enzyme(s) responsible for dehydration of (3R)-hydroxyacyl-ACP during the elongation cycles of the mycobacterial FAS-II remained unknown. This step is classically catalyzed by FabZ- and FabA-type enzymes in bacteria, but no such proteins are present in mycobacteria. Bioinformatic analyses and an essentiality study allowed the identification of a candidate protein cluster, Rv0635-Rv0636-Rv0637. Its expression in recombinant Escherichia coli strains leads to the formation of two heterodimers, Rv0635-Rv0636 (HadAB) and Rv0636-Rv0637 (HadBC), which also occurs in Mycobacterium smegmatis, as shown by split-Trp assays. Both heterodimers exhibit the enzymatic properties expected for mycobacterial FAS-II dehydratases: a marked specificity for both long-chain (>or=C(12)) and ACP-linked substrates. Furthermore, they function as 3-hydroxyacyl dehydratases when coupled with MabA and InhA enzymes from the M. tuberculosis FAS-II system. HadAB and HadBC are the long-sought (3R)-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratases. The correlation between the substrate specificities of these enzymes, the organization of the orthologous gene cluster in different Corynebacterineae, and the structure of their mycolic acids suggests distinct roles for both heterodimers during the elongation process. This work describes bacterial monofunctional (3R)-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratases belonging to the hydratase 2 family. Their original structure and the fact that they are essential for M. tuberculosis survival make these enzymes very good candidates for the development of antimycobacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Sacco
- *Département des Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Adrian Suarez Covarrubias
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helen M. O'Hare
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; and
| | - Paul Carroll
- Centre for Infectious Disease, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science at Barts and The London, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Eynard
- *Département des Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - T. Alwyn Jones
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tanya Parish
- Centre for Infectious Disease, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science at Barts and The London, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Mamadou Daffé
- *Département des Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Kristina Bäckbro
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annaïk Quémard
- *Département des Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 31077 Toulouse, France
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France. E-mail:
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14
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Barry CE, Crick DC, McNeil MR. Targeting the formation of the cell wall core of M. tuberculosis. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2007; 7:182-202. [PMID: 17970228 PMCID: PMC4747060 DOI: 10.2174/187152607781001808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacteria have a unique cell wall, which is rich in drug targets. The cell wall core consists of a peptidoglycan layer, a mycolic acid layer, and an arabinogalactan polysaccharide connecting them. The detailed structure of the cell wall core is largely, although not completely, understood and will be presented. The biosynthetic pathways of all three components reveal significant drug targets that are the basis of present drugs and/or have potential for new drugs. These pathways will be reviewed and include enzymes involved in polyisoprene biosynthesis, soluble arabinogalactan precursor production, arabinogalactan polymerization, fatty acid synthesis, mycolate maturation, and soluble peptidoglycan precursor formation. Information relevant to targeting all these enzymes will be presented in tabular form. Selected enzymes will then be discussed in more detail. It is thus hoped this chapter will aid in the selection of targets for new drugs to combat tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifton E. Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Host Defense, NIAID, NIH, Twinbrook 2, Room 239, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Dean C. Crick
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratories, Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, 1682 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682
| | - Michael R. McNeil
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratories, Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, 1682 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682
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