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Ferreira P, Carro J, Balcells B, Martínez AT, Serrano A. Expanding the Physiological Role of Aryl-Alcohol Flavooxidases as Quinone Reductases. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0184422. [PMID: 37154753 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01844-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aryl-alcohol oxidases (AAOs) are members of the glucose-methanol-choline oxidase/dehydrogenase (GMC) superfamily. These extracellular flavoproteins have been described as auxiliary enzymes in the degradation of lignin by several white-rot basidiomycetes. In this context, they oxidize fungal secondary metabolites and lignin-derived compounds using O2 as an electron acceptor, and supply H2O2 to ligninolytic peroxidases. Their substrate specificity, including mechanistic aspects of the oxidation reaction, has been characterized in Pleurotus eryngii AAO, taken as a model enzyme of this GMC superfamily. AAOs show broad reducing-substrate specificity in agreement with their role in lignin degradation, being able to oxidize both nonphenolic and phenolic aryl alcohols (and hydrated aldehydes). In the present work, the AAOs from Pleurotus ostreatus and Bjerkandera adusta were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and their physicochemical properties and oxidizing abilities were compared with those of the well-known recombinant AAO from P. eryngii. In addition, electron acceptors different from O2, such as p-benzoquinone and the artificial redox dye 2,6-Dichlorophenolindophenol, were also studied. Differences in reducing-substrate specificity were found between the AAO enzymes from B. adusta and the two Pleurotus species. Moreover, the three AAOs oxidized aryl alcohols concomitantly with the reduction of p-benzoquinone, with similar or even higher efficiencies than when using their preferred oxidizing-substrate, O2. IMPORTANCE In this work, quinone reductase activity is analyzed in three AAO flavooxidases, whose preferred oxidizing-substrate is O2. The results presented, including reactions in the presence of both oxidizing substrates-benzoquinone and molecular oxygen-suggest that such aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase activity, although less important than its oxidase activity in terms of maximal turnover, may have a physiological role during fungal decay of lignocellulose by the reduction of quinones (and phenoxy radicals) from lignin degradation, preventing repolymerization. Moreover, the resulting hydroquinones would participate in redox-cycling reactions for the production of hydroxyl free radical involved in the oxidative attack of the plant cell-wall. Hydroquinones can also act as mediators for laccases and peroxidases in lignin degradation in the form of semiquinone radicals, as well as activators of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases in the attack of crystalline cellulose. Moreover, reduction of these, and other phenoxy radicals produced by laccases and peroxidases, promotes lignin degradation by limiting repolymerization reactions. These findings expand the role of AAO in lignin biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos, BIFI (GBsC-CSIC Joint Unit), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Carro
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas "Margarita Salas", CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Balcells
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas "Margarita Salas", CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel T Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas "Margarita Salas", CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Serrano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas "Margarita Salas", CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Lappe A, Jankowski N, Albrecht A, Koschorreck K. Characterization of a thermotolerant aryl-alcohol oxidase from Moesziomyces antarcticus oxidizing 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:8313-8327. [PMID: 34643786 PMCID: PMC8557139 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The development of enzymatic processes for the environmentally friendly production of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), a renewable precursor for bioplastics, from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) has gained increasing attention over the last years. Aryl-alcohol oxidases (AAOs) catalyze the oxidation of HMF to 5-formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (FFCA) through 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) and have thus been applied in enzymatic reaction cascades for the production of FDCA. AAOs are flavoproteins that oxidize a broad range of benzylic and aliphatic allylic primary alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes, and in some cases further to acids, while reducing molecular oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. These promising biocatalysts can also be used for the synthesis of flavors, fragrances, and chemical building blocks, but their industrial applicability suffers from low production yield in natural and heterologous hosts. Here we report on heterologous expression of a new aryl-alcohol oxidase, MaAAO, from Moesziomyces antarcticus at high yields in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris (recently reclassified as Komagataella phaffii). Fed-batch fermentation of recombinant P. pastoris yielded around 750 mg of active enzyme per liter of culture. Purified MaAAO was highly stable at pH 2-9 and exhibited high thermal stability with almost 95% residual activity after 48 h at 57.5 °C. MaAAO accepts a broad range of benzylic primary alcohols, aliphatic allylic alcohols, and furan derivatives like HMF as substrates and some oxidation products thereof like piperonal or perillaldehyde serve as building blocks for pharmaceuticals or show health-promoting effects. Besides this, MaAAO oxidized 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA) to FFCA, which has not been shown for any other AAO so far. Combining MaAAO with an unspecific peroxygenase oxidizing HMFCA to FFCA in one pot resulted in complete conversion of HMF to FDCA within 144 h. MaAAO is thus a promising biocatalyst for the production of precursors for bioplastics and bioactive compounds. KEY POINTS: • MaAAO from M. antarcticus was expressed in P. pastoris at 750 mg/l. • MaAAO oxidized 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA). • Complete conversion of HMF to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid by combining MaAAO and UPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessa Lappe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nina Jankowski
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Annemie Albrecht
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katja Koschorreck
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Constitutive Expression in Komagataella phaffii of Mature Rhizopus oryzae Lipase Jointly with Its Truncated Prosequence Improves Production and the Biocatalyst Operational Stability. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11101192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhizopus oryzae lipase (ROL) containing 28 C-terminal amino acids of the prosequence fused to the N-terminal mature sequence in ROL (proROL) was successfully expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris) under the constitutive glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter (PGAP). Although the sequence encoding the mature lipase (rROL) was also transformed, no clones were obtained after three transformation cycles, which highlights the importance of the truncated prosequence to obtain viable transformed clones. Batch cultures of the K. phaffii strain constitutively expressing proROL scarcely influenced growth rate and exhibited a final activity and volumetric productivity more than six times higher than those obtained with proROL from K. phaffii under the methanol-inducible alcohol oxidase 1 promoter (PAOX1). The previous differences were less marked in fed-batch cultures. N-terminal analysis confirmed the presence of the 28 amino acids in proROL. In addition, immobilized proROL exhibited increased tolerance of organic solvents and an operational stability 0.25 and 3 times higher than that of immobilized rROL in biodiesel and ethyl butyrate production, respectively. Therefore, the truncated prosequence enables constitutive proROL production, boosts bioprocess performance and provides a more stable biocatalyst in two reactions in which lipases are mostly used at industrial level, esterification (ethyl butyrate) and transesterification (biodiesel).
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Daou M, Bisotto A, Haon M, Oliveira Correia L, Cottyn B, Drula E, Garajová S, Bertrand E, Record E, Navarro D, Raouche S, Baumberger S, Faulds CB. A Putative Lignin Copper Oxidase from Trichoderma reesei. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080643. [PMID: 34436182 PMCID: PMC8400822 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of Trichoderma reesei, a fungus widely used for the commercial production of hemicellulases and cellulases, to grow and modify technical soda lignin was investigated. By quantifying fungal genomic DNA, T. reesei showed growth and sporulation in solid and liquid cultures containing lignin alone. The analysis of released soluble lignin and residual insoluble lignin was indicative of enzymatic oxidative conversion of phenolic lignin side chains and the modification of lignin structure by cleaving the β-O-4 linkages. The results also showed that polymerization reactions were taking place. A proteomic analysis conducted to investigate secreted proteins at days 3, 7, and 14 of growth revealed the presence of five auxiliary activity (AA) enzymes in the secretome: AA6, AA9, two AA3 enzymes), and the only copper radical oxidase encoded in the genome of T. reesei. This enzyme was heterologously produced and characterized, and its activity on lignin-derived molecules was investigated. Phylogenetic characterization demonstrated that this enzyme belonged to the AA5_1 family, which includes characterized glyoxal oxidases. However, the enzyme displayed overlapping physicochemical and catalytic properties across the AA5 family. The enzyme was remarkably stable at high pH and oxidized both, alcohols and aldehydes with preference to the alcohol group. It was also active on lignin-derived phenolic molecules as well as simple carbohydrates. HPSEC and LC-MS analyses on the reactions of the produced protein on lignin dimers (SS ββ, SS βO4 and GG β5) uncovered the polymerizing activity of this enzyme, which was accordingly named lignin copper oxidase (TrLOx). Polymers of up 10 units were formed by hydroxy group oxidation and radical formation. The activations of lignin molecules by TrLOx along with the co-secretion of this enzyme with reductases and FAD flavoproteins oxidoreductases during growth on lignin suggest a synergistic mechanism for lignin breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Daou
- BBF, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France; (M.D.); (A.B.); (M.H.); (E.D.); (S.G.); (E.B.); (E.R.); (D.N.); (S.R.)
| | - Alexandra Bisotto
- BBF, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France; (M.D.); (A.B.); (M.H.); (E.D.); (S.G.); (E.B.); (E.R.); (D.N.); (S.R.)
| | - Mireille Haon
- BBF, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France; (M.D.); (A.B.); (M.H.); (E.D.); (S.G.); (E.B.); (E.R.); (D.N.); (S.R.)
| | - Lydie Oliveira Correia
- PAPPSO Platform, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France;
| | - Betty Cottyn
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France; (B.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Elodie Drula
- BBF, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France; (M.D.); (A.B.); (M.H.); (E.D.); (S.G.); (E.B.); (E.R.); (D.N.); (S.R.)
| | - Soňa Garajová
- BBF, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France; (M.D.); (A.B.); (M.H.); (E.D.); (S.G.); (E.B.); (E.R.); (D.N.); (S.R.)
| | - Emmanuel Bertrand
- BBF, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France; (M.D.); (A.B.); (M.H.); (E.D.); (S.G.); (E.B.); (E.R.); (D.N.); (S.R.)
| | - Eric Record
- BBF, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France; (M.D.); (A.B.); (M.H.); (E.D.); (S.G.); (E.B.); (E.R.); (D.N.); (S.R.)
| | - David Navarro
- BBF, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France; (M.D.); (A.B.); (M.H.); (E.D.); (S.G.); (E.B.); (E.R.); (D.N.); (S.R.)
- CIRM-CF BBF, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Sana Raouche
- BBF, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France; (M.D.); (A.B.); (M.H.); (E.D.); (S.G.); (E.B.); (E.R.); (D.N.); (S.R.)
| | - Stéphanie Baumberger
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France; (B.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Craig B. Faulds
- BBF, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France; (M.D.); (A.B.); (M.H.); (E.D.); (S.G.); (E.B.); (E.R.); (D.N.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Extracellular Oxidase from the Neonothopanus nambi Fungus as a Promising Enzyme for Analytical Applications. Protein J 2021; 40:731-740. [PMID: 34143382 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-021-10010-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular enzyme with oxidase function was extracted from the Neonothopanus nambi luminescent fungus by using mild processing of mycelium with β-glucosidase and then isolated by gel-filtration chromatography. The extracted enzyme is found to be a FAD-containing protein, catalyzing phenol co-oxidation with 4-aminoantipyrine without addition of H2O2, which distinguishes it from peroxidases. This fact allowed us to assume that this enzyme may be a mixed-function oxidase. According to gel-filtration chromatography and SDS-PAGE, the oxidase has molecular weight of 60 kDa. The enzyme exhibits maximum activity at 55-70 °C and pH 5.0. Kinetic parameters Km and Vmax of the oxidase for phenol were 0.21 mM and 0.40 µM min-1. We suggest that the extracted enzyme can be useful to develop a simplified biosensor for colorimetric detection of phenol in aqueous media, which does not require using hydrogen peroxide.
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Pecularities and applications of aryl-alcohol oxidases from fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4111-4126. [PMID: 33997930 PMCID: PMC8140971 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Aryl-alcohol oxidases (AAOs) are FAD-containing enzymes that oxidize a broad range of aromatic as well as aliphatic allylic alcohols to aldehydes. Their broad substrate spectrum accompanied by the only need for molecular oxygen as cosubstrate and production of hydrogen peroxide as sole by-product makes these enzymes very promising biocatalysts. AAOs were used in the synthesis of flavors, fragrances, and other high-value-added compounds and building blocks as well as in dye decolorization and pulp biobleaching. Furthermore, AAOs offer a huge potential as efficient suppliers of hydrogen peroxide for peroxidase- and peroxygenase-catalyzed reactions. A prerequisite for application as biocatalysts at larger scale is the production of AAOs in sufficient amounts. Heterologous expression of these predominantly fungal enzymes is, however, quite challenging. This review summarizes different approaches aiming at enhancing heterologous expression of AAOs and gives an update on substrates accepted by these promising enzymes as well as potential fields of their application. Key points • Aryl-alcohol oxidases (AAOs) supply ligninolytic peroxidases with H2O2. • AAOs accept a broad spectrum of aromatic and aliphatic allylic alcohols. • AAOs are potential biocatalysts for the production of high-value-added bio-based chemicals.
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Abstract
Aryl-alcohol oxidases (AAO) constitute a family of FAD-containing enzymes, included in the glucose-methanol-choline oxidase/dehydrogenase superfamily of proteins. They are commonly found in fungi, where their eco-physiological role is to produce hydrogen peroxide that activates ligninolytic peroxidases in white-rot (lignin-degrading) basidiomycetes or to trigger the Fenton reactions in brown-rot (carbohydrate-degrading) basidiomycetes. These enzymes catalyze the oxidation of a plethora of aromatic, and some aliphatic, polyunsaturated alcohols bearing conjugated primary hydroxyl group. Besides, the enzymes show activity on the hydrated forms of the corresponding aldehydes. Some AAO features, such as the broad range of substrates that it can oxidize (with the only need of molecular oxygen as co-substrate) and its stereoselective mechanism, confer good properties to these enzymes as industrial biocatalysts. In fact, AAO can be used for different biotechnological applications, such as flavor synthesis, secondary alcohol deracemization and oxidation of furfurals for the production of furandicarboxylic acid as a chemical building block. Also, AAO can participate in processes of interest in the wood biorefinery and textile industries as an auxiliary enzyme providing hydrogen peroxide to ligninolytic or dye-decolorizing peroxidases. Both rational design and directed molecular evolution have been employed to engineer AAO for some of the above biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Serrano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan Carro
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel T Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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Troiano D, Orsat V, Dumont MJ. Status of Biocatalysis in the Production of 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Troiano
- Bioresource Engineering Department, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Valérie Orsat
- Bioresource Engineering Department, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Dumont
- Bioresource Engineering Department, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
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Kadowaki MAS, Higasi PMR, de Godoy MO, de Araújo EA, Godoy AS, Prade RA, Polikarpov I. Enzymatic versatility and thermostability of a new aryl-alcohol oxidase from Thermothelomyces thermophilus M77. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129681. [PMID: 32653619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background Fungal aryl-alcohol oxidases (AAOx) are extracellular flavoenzymes that belong to glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase family and are responsible for the selective conversion of primary aromatic alcohols into aldehydes and aromatic aldehydes to their corresponding acids, with concomitant production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as by-product. The H2O2 can be provided to lignin degradation pathway, a biotechnological property explored in biofuel production. In the thermophilic fungus Thermothelomyces thermophilus (formerly Myceliophthora thermophila), just one AAOx was identified in the exo-proteome. Methods The glycosylated and non-refolded crystal structure of an AAOx from T. thermophilus at 2.6 Å resolution was elucidated by X-ray crystallography combined with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies. Moreover, biochemical analyses were carried out to shed light on enzyme substrate specificity and thermostability. Results This flavoenzyme harbors a flavin adenine dinucleotide as a cofactor and is able to oxidize aromatic substrates and 5-HMF. Our results also show that the enzyme has similar oxidation rates for bulky or simple aromatic substrates such as cinnamyl and veratryl alcohols. Moreover, the crystal structure of MtAAOx reveals an open active site, which might explain observed specificity of the enzyme. Conclusions MtAAOx shows previously undescribed structural differences such as a fully accessible catalytic tunnel, heavy glycosylation and Ca2+ binding site providing evidences for thermostability and activity of the enzymes from AA3_2 subfamily. General significance Structural and biochemical analyses of MtAAOx could be important for comprehension of aryl-alcohol oxidases structure-function relationships and provide additional molecular tools to be used in future biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antonio Seiki Kadowaki
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil.
| | - Paula Miwa Rabelo Higasi
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Mariana Ortiz de Godoy
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Evandro Ares de Araújo
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Andre Schutzer Godoy
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Rolf Alexander Prade
- Departments of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, OK, USA
| | - Igor Polikarpov
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil.
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Viña-Gonzalez J, Alcalde M. Directed evolution of the aryl-alcohol oxidase: Beyond the lab bench. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:1800-1810. [PMID: 32695272 PMCID: PMC7358221 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aryl-alcohol oxidase (AAO) is a fungal GMC flavoprotein secreted by white-rot fungi that supplies H2O2 to the ligninolytic consortium. This enzyme can oxidize a wide array of aromatic alcohols in a highly enantioselective manner, an important trait in organic synthesis. The best strategy to adapt AAO to industrial needs is to engineer its properties by directed evolution, aided by computational analysis. The aim of this review is to describe the strategies and challenges we faced when undertaking laboratory evolution of AAO. After a comprehensive introduction into the structure of AAO, its function and potential applications, the different directed evolution enterprises designed to express the enzyme in an active and soluble form in yeast are described, as well as those to unlock new activities involving the oxidation of secondary aromatic alcohols and the synthesis of furandicarboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Viña-Gonzalez
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Alcalde
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Wongnate T, Surawatanawong P, Chuaboon L, Lawan N, Chaiyen P. The Mechanism of Sugar C−H Bond Oxidation by a Flavoprotein Oxidase Occurs by a Hydride Transfer Before Proton Abstraction. Chemistry 2019; 25:4460-4471. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thanyaporn Wongnate
- School of Biomolecular Science & EngineeringVidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Panida Surawatanawong
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence, for Innovation in ChemistryMahidol University Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Litavadee Chuaboon
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence, in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of ScienceMahidol University Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Narin Lawan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
| | - Pimchai Chaiyen
- School of Biomolecular Science & EngineeringVidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
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Wang KF, Liu CL, Sui KY, Guo C, Liu CZ. Efficient Catalytic Oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid by Magnetic Laccase Catalyst. Chembiochem 2018; 19:654-659. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Feng Wang
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers; Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering; Institute of Process Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Chun-lei Liu
- Department of Urology; Qingdao Central Hospital; Qingdao 266042 China
| | - Kun-yan Sui
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers; Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Chen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering; Institute of Process Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Chun-Zhao Liu
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers; Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering; Institute of Process Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
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de Eugenio LI, Méndez-Líter JA, de los Ríos V, Prieto A, Martínez MJ. β-1,4-endoglucanases from Talaromyces amestolkiae: Production of glucooligosaccharides from different β-glucans. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2017.1306741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - V. de los Ríos
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Prieto
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. J. Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Activities of Secreted Aryl Alcohol Quinone Oxidoreductases from Pycnoporus cinnabarinus Provide Insights into Fungal Degradation of Plant Biomass. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:2411-2423. [PMID: 26873317 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03761-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxiliary activities family 3 subfamily 2 (AA3_2) from the CAZy database comprises various functions related to ligninolytic enzymes, such as fungal aryl alcohol oxidases (AAO) and glucose oxidases, both of which are flavoenzymes. The recent study of the Pycnoporus cinnabarinus CIRM BRFM 137 genome combined with its secretome revealed that four AA3_2 enzymes are secreted during biomass degradation. One of these AA3_2 enzymes, scf184803.g17, has recently been produced heterologously in Aspergillus niger Based on the enzyme's activity and specificity, it was assigned to the glucose dehydrogenases (PcinnabarinusGDH [PcGDH]). Here, we analyze the distribution of the other three AA3_2 enzymes (scf185002.g8, scf184611.g7, and scf184746.g13) to assess their putative functions. These proteins showed the highest homology with aryl alcohol oxidase from Pleurotus eryngii Biochemical characterization demonstrated that they were also flavoenzymes harboring flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as a cofactor and able to oxidize a wide variety of phenolic and nonphenolic aryl alcohols and one aliphatic polyunsaturated primary alcohol. Though presenting homology with fungal AAOs, these enzymes exhibited greater efficiency in reducing electron acceptors (quinones and one artificial acceptor) than molecular oxygen and so were defined as aryl-alcohol:quinone oxidoreductases (AAQOs) with two enzymes possessing residual oxidase activity (PcAAQO2 and PcAAQO3). Structural comparison of PcAAQO homology models with P. eryngii AAO demonstrated a wider substrate access channel connecting the active-site cavity to the solvent, explaining the absence of activity with molecular oxygen. Finally, the ability of PcAAQOs to reduce radical intermediates generated by laccase from P. cinnabarinus was demonstrated, shedding light on the ligninolytic system of this fungus.
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15
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Kameshwar AKS, Qin W. Lignin Degrading Fungal Enzymes. PRODUCTION OF BIOFUELS AND CHEMICALS FROM LIGNIN 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-1965-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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16
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Carro J, Serrano A, Ferreira P, Martínez AT. Fungal Aryl-Alcohol Oxidase in Lignocellulose Degradation and Bioconversion. BIOFUEL AND BIOREFINERY TECHNOLOGIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-43679-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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17
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Couturier M, Mathieu Y, Li A, Navarro D, Drula E, Haon M, Grisel S, Ludwig R, Berrin JG. Characterization of a new aryl-alcohol oxidase secreted by the phytopathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:697-706. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Pickl M, Fuchs M, Glueck SM, Faber K. The substrate tolerance of alcohol oxidases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:6617-42. [PMID: 26153139 PMCID: PMC4513209 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alcohols are a rich source of compounds from renewable sources, but they have to be activated in order to allow the modification of their carbon backbone. The latter can be achieved via oxidation to the corresponding aldehydes or ketones. As an alternative to (thermodynamically disfavoured) nicotinamide-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases, alcohol oxidases make use of molecular oxygen but their application is under-represented in synthetic biotransformations. In this review, the mechanism of copper-containing and flavoprotein alcohol oxidases is discussed in view of their ability to accept electronically activated or non-activated alcohols and their propensity towards over-oxidation of aldehydes yielding carboxylic acids. In order to facilitate the selection of the optimal enzyme for a given biocatalytic application, the substrate tolerance of alcohol oxidases is compiled and discussed: Substrates are classified into groups (non-activated prim- and sec-alcohols; activated allylic, cinnamic and benzylic alcohols; hydroxy acids; sugar alcohols; nucleotide alcohols; sterols) together with suitable alcohol oxidases, their microbial source, relative activities and (stereo)selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Pickl
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
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19
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Zheng ZL, Qiu XH, Han RC. Identification of the Genes Involved in the Fruiting Body Production and Cordycepin Formation of Cordyceps militaris Fungus. MYCOBIOLOGY 2015; 43:37-42. [PMID: 25892913 PMCID: PMC4397378 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2015.43.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A mutant library of Cordyceps militaris was constructed by improved Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and screened for degradation features. Six mutants with altered characters in in vitro and in vivo fruiting body production, and cordycepin formation were found to contain a single copy T-DNA. T-DNA flanking sequences of these mutants were identified by thermal asymmetric interlaced-PCR approach. ATP-dependent helicase, cytochrome oxidase subunit I and ubiquitin-like activating enzyme were involved in in vitro fruiting body production, serine/threonine phosphatase involved in in vivo fruiting body production, while glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase and telomerase reverse transcriptase involved in cordycepin formation. These genes were analyzed by bioinformatics methods, and their molecular function and biology process were speculated by Gene Ontology (GO) analysis. The results provided useful information for the control of culture degeneration in commercial production of C. militaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang-Li Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Entomological Institute, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Xue-Hong Qiu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Entomological Institute, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Ri-Chou Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Entomological Institute, Guangzhou 510260, China
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20
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Mäkelä MR, Marinović M, Nousiainen P, Liwanag AJM, Benoit I, Sipilä J, Hatakka A, de Vries RP, Hildén KS. Aromatic metabolism of filamentous fungi in relation to the presence of aromatic compounds in plant biomass. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2015; 91:63-137. [PMID: 25911233 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The biological conversion of plant lignocellulose plays an essential role not only in carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems but also is an important part of the production of second generation biofuels and biochemicals. The presence of the recalcitrant aromatic polymer lignin is one of the major obstacles in the biofuel/biochemical production process and therefore microbial degradation of lignin is receiving a great deal of attention. Fungi are the main degraders of plant biomass, and in particular the basidiomycete white rot fungi are of major importance in converting plant aromatics due to their ability to degrade lignin. However, the aromatic monomers that are released from lignin and other aromatic compounds of plant biomass are toxic for most fungi already at low levels, and therefore conversion of these compounds to less toxic metabolites is essential for fungi. Although the release of aromatic compounds from plant biomass by fungi has been studied extensively, relatively little attention has been given to the metabolic pathways that convert the resulting aromatic monomers. In this review we provide an overview of the aromatic components of plant biomass, and their release and conversion by fungi. Finally, we will summarize the applications of fungal systems related to plant aromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miia R Mäkelä
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mila Marinović
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Nousiainen
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - April J M Liwanag
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Benoit
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jussi Sipilä
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annele Hatakka
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kristiina S Hildén
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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21
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Ferreira P, Hernández-Ortega A, Lucas F, Carro J, Herguedas B, Borrelli KW, Guallar V, Martínez AT, Medina M. Aromatic stacking interactions govern catalysis in aryl-alcohol oxidase. FEBS J 2015; 282:3091-106. [PMID: 25639975 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aryl-alcohol oxidase (AAO, EC 1.1.3.7) generates H2 O2 for lignin degradation at the expense of benzylic and other π system-containing primary alcohols, which are oxidized to the corresponding aldehydes. Ligand diffusion studies on Pleurotus eryngii AAO showed a T-shaped stacking interaction between the Tyr92 side chain and the alcohol substrate at the catalytically competent position for concerted hydride and proton transfers. Bi-substrate kinetics analysis revealed that reactions with 3-chloro- or 3-fluorobenzyl alcohols (halogen substituents) proceed via a ping-pong mechanism. However, mono- and dimethoxylated substituents (in 4-methoxybenzyl and 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl alcohols) altered the mechanism and a ternary complex was formed. Electron-withdrawing substituents resulted in lower quantum mechanics stacking energies between aldehyde and the tyrosine side chain, contributing to product release, in agreement with the ping-pong mechanism observed in 3-chloro- and 3-fluorobenzyl alcohol kinetics analysis. In contrast, the higher stacking energies when electron donor substituents are present result in reaction of O2 with the flavin through a ternary complex, in agreement with the kinetics of methoxylated alcohols. The contribution of Tyr92 to the AAO reaction mechanism was investigated by calculation of stacking interaction energies and site-directed mutagenesis. Replacement of Tyr92 by phenylalanine does not alter the AAO kinetic constants (on 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol), most probably because the stacking interaction is still possible. However, introduction of a tryptophan residue at this position strongly reduced the affinity for the substrate (i.e. the pre-steady state Kd and steady-state Km increase by 150-fold and 75-fold, respectively), and therefore the steady-state catalytic efficiency, suggesting that proper stacking is impossible with this bulky residue. The above results confirm the role of Tyr92 in substrate binding, thus governing the kinetic mechanism in AAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, and Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Aitor Hernández-Ortega
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fátima Lucas
- Joint Barcelona Supercomputing Center-Centre for Genomic Regulation-Institute for Research in Biomedicine Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Carro
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Herguedas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, and Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Kenneth W Borrelli
- Joint Barcelona Supercomputing Center-Centre for Genomic Regulation-Institute for Research in Biomedicine Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Joint Barcelona Supercomputing Center-Centre for Genomic Regulation-Institute for Research in Biomedicine Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel T Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Milagros Medina
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, and Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos, Zaragoza, Spain
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22
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Romero E, Gadda G. Alcohol oxidation by flavoenzymes. Biomol Concepts 2014; 5:299-318. [DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2014-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThis review article describes the occurrence, general properties, and substrate specificity of the flavoenzymes belonging to the glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase superfamily and the l-α-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family. Most of these enzymes catalyze the oxidations of hydroxyl groups, yielding carbonyl moieties. Over the years, carbanion, hydride transfer, and radical mechanisms have been discussed for these enzymes, and the main experimental evidences supporting these mechanisms are presented here. Regardless of the chemical nature of the organic substrate (i.e., activated and non-activated alcohols), a hydride transfer mechanism appears to be the most plausible for the flavoenzymes acting on CH-OH groups. The reaction of most of these enzymes likely starts with proton abstraction from the substrate hydroxyl group by a conserved active site histidine. Among the different approaches carried out to determine the chemical mechanisms with physiological substrates, primary substrate and solvent deuterium kinetic isotope effect studies have provided the most unambiguous evidences. It is expected that the numerous studies reported for these enzymes over the years will be instrumental in devising efficient industrial biocatalysts and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Romero
- 1Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-3965, USA
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23
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Dijkman WP, Groothuis DE, Fraaije MW. Enzyme‐Catalyzed Oxidation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural to Furan‐2,5‐dicarboxylic Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:6515-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Willem P. Dijkman
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen (The Netherlands) http://www.rug.nl/staff/m.w.fraaije/research
| | - Daphne E. Groothuis
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen (The Netherlands) http://www.rug.nl/staff/m.w.fraaije/research
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen (The Netherlands) http://www.rug.nl/staff/m.w.fraaije/research
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24
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Dijkman WP, Groothuis DE, Fraaije MW. Enzyme‐Catalyzed Oxidation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural to Furan‐2,5‐dicarboxylic Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Willem P. Dijkman
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen (The Netherlands) http://www.rug.nl/staff/m.w.fraaije/research
| | - Daphne E. Groothuis
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen (The Netherlands) http://www.rug.nl/staff/m.w.fraaije/research
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen (The Netherlands) http://www.rug.nl/staff/m.w.fraaije/research
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25
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Discovery and characterization of a 5-hydroxymethylfurfural oxidase from Methylovorus sp. strain MP688. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 80:1082-90. [PMID: 24271187 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03740-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search for useful and renewable chemical building blocks, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) has emerged as a very promising candidate, as it can be prepared from sugars. HMF can be oxidized to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), which is used as a substitute for petroleum-based terephthalate in polymer production. On the basis of a recently identified bacterial degradation pathway for HMF, candidate genes responsible for selective HMF oxidation have been identified. Heterologous expression of a protein from Methylovorus sp. strain MP688 in Escherichia coli and subsequent enzyme characterization showed that the respective gene indeed encodes an efficient HMF oxidase (HMFO). HMFO is a flavin adenine dinucleotide-containing oxidase and belongs to the glucose-methanol-choline-type flavoprotein oxidase family. Intriguingly, the activity of HMFO is not restricted to HMF, as it is active with a wide range of aromatic primary alcohols and aldehydes. The enzyme was shown to be relatively thermostable and active over a broad pH range. This makes HMFO a promising oxidative biocatalyst that can be used for the production of FDCA from HMF, a reaction involving both alcohol and aldehyde oxidations.
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26
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Wongnate T, Chaiyen P. The substrate oxidation mechanism of pyranose 2-oxidase and other related enzymes in the glucose-methanol-choline superfamily. FEBS J 2013; 280:3009-27. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thanyaporn Wongnate
- Department of Biochemistry and Center of Excellence in Protein Structure and Function, Faculty of Science; Mahidol University; Bangkok; Thailand
| | - Pimchai Chaiyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Center of Excellence in Protein Structure and Function, Faculty of Science; Mahidol University; Bangkok; Thailand
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27
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An overview on alcohol oxidases and their potential applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:4259-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4842-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Fungal aryl-alcohol oxidase: a peroxide-producing flavoenzyme involved in lignin degradation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 93:1395-410. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3836-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Hernández-Ortega A, Lucas F, Ferreira P, Medina M, Guallar V, Martínez AT. Modulating O2 reactivity in a fungal flavoenzyme: involvement of aryl-alcohol oxidase Phe-501 contiguous to catalytic histidine. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:41105-14. [PMID: 21940622 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.282467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aryl-alcohol oxidase (AAO) is a flavoenzyme responsible for activation of O(2) to H(2)O(2) in fungal degradation of lignin. The AAO crystal structure shows a buried active site connected to the solvent by a hydrophobic funnel-shaped channel, with Phe-501 and two other aromatic residues forming a narrow bottleneck that prevents the direct access of alcohol substrates. However, ligand diffusion simulations show O(2) access to the active site following this channel. Site-directed mutagenesis of Phe-501 yielded a F501A variant with strongly reduced O(2) reactivity. However, a variant with increased reactivity, as shown by kinetic constants and steady-state oxidation degree, was obtained by substitution of Phe-501 with tryptophan. The high oxygen catalytic efficiency of F501W, ∼2-fold that of native AAO and ∼120-fold that of F501A, seems related to a higher O(2) availability because the turnover number was slightly decreased with respect to the native enzyme. Free diffusion simulations of O(2) inside the active-site cavity of AAO (and several in silico Phe-501 variants) yielded >60% O(2) population at 3-4 Å from flavin C4a in F501W compared with 44% in AAO and only 14% in F501A. Paradoxically, the O(2) reactivity of AAO decreased when the access channel was enlarged and increased when it was constricted by introducing a tryptophan residue. This is because the side chain of Phe-501, contiguous to the catalytic histidine (His-502 in AAO), helps to position O(2) at an adequate distance from flavin C4a (and His-502 Nε). Phe-501 substitution with a bulkier tryptophan residue resulted in an increase in the O(2) reactivity of this flavoenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Hernández-Ortega
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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Isolation and characterization of a new dimeric esterase from Lactobacillus sakei 23K. J Biosci Bioeng 2011; 112:558-60. [PMID: 21903469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The M(w) of a Lactobacillus sakei intracellular esterase, determined by gel filtration, was compared to those obtained from SDS-PAGE or MALDI-TOF, pointing to a dimeric structure. Its N-terminal sequence and peptide mass fingerprint suggest that it is the putative LSA044 protein from L. sakei 23K genome.
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31
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Comparison of the biochemical properties of a recombinant lipase extract from Rhizopus oryzae expressed in Pichia pastoris with a native extract. Biochem Eng J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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32
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Kinetic and chemical characterization of aldehyde oxidation by fungal aryl-alcohol oxidase. Biochem J 2010; 425:585-93. [PMID: 19891608 DOI: 10.1042/bj20091499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fungal AAO (aryl-alcohol oxidase) provides H2O2 for lignin biodegradation. AAO is active on benzyl alcohols that are oxidized to aldehydes. However, during oxidation of some alcohols, AAO forms more than a stoichiometric number of H2O2 molecules with respect to the amount of aldehyde detected due to a double reaction that involves aryl-aldehyde oxidase activity. The latter reaction was investigated using different benzylic aldehydes, whose oxidation to acids was demonstrated by GC-MS. The steady- and presteady state kinetic constants, together with the chromatographic results, revealed that the presence of substrate electron-withdrawing or electron-donating substituents had a strong influence on activity; the highest activity was with p-nitrobenzaldehyde and halogenated aldehydes and the lowest with methoxylated aldehydes. Moreover, activity was correlated to the aldehyde hydration rates estimated by 1H-NMR. These findings, together with the absence in the AAO active site of a residue able to drive oxidation via an aldehyde thiohemiacetal, suggested that oxidation mainly proceeds via the gem-diol species. The reaction mechanism (with a solvent isotope effect, 2H2Okred, of approx. 1.5) would be analogous to that described for alcohols, the reductive half-reaction involving concerted hydride transfer from the alpha-carbon and proton abstraction from one of the gem-diol hydroxy groups by a base. The existence of two steps of opposite polar requirements (hydration and hydride transfer) explains some aspects of aldehyde oxidation by AAO. Site-directed mutagenesis identified two histidine residues strongly involved in gem-diol oxidation and, unexpectedly, suggested that an active-site tyrosine residue could facilitate the oxidation of some aldehydes that show no detectable hydration. Double alcohol and aldehyde oxidase activities of AAO would contribute to H2O2 supply by the enzyme.
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33
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Ferreira P, Hernandez-Ortega A, Herguedas B, Martínez AT, Medina M. Aryl-alcohol oxidase involved in lignin degradation: a mechanistic study based on steady and pre-steady state kinetics and primary and solvent isotope effects with two alcohol substrates. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:24840-7. [PMID: 19574215 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.011593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aryl-alcohol oxidase (AAO) is a FAD-containing enzyme in the GMC (glucose-methanol-choline oxidase) family of oxidoreductases. AAO participates in fungal degradation of lignin, a process of high ecological and biotechnological relevance, by providing the hydrogen peroxide required by ligninolytic peroxidases. In the Pleurotus species, this peroxide is generated in the redox cycling of p-anisaldehyde, an extracellular fungal metabolite. In addition to p-anisyl alcohol, the enzyme also oxidizes other polyunsaturated primary alcohols. Its reaction mechanism was investigated here using p-anisyl alcohol and 2,4-hexadien-1-ol as two AAO model substrates. Steady state kinetic parameters and enzyme-monitored turnover were consistent with a sequential mechanism in which O(2) reacts with reduced AAO before release of the aldehyde product. Pre-steady state analysis revealed that the AAO reductive half-reaction is essentially irreversible and rate limiting during catalysis. Substrate and solvent kinetic isotope effects under steady and pre-steady state conditions (the latter showing approximately 9-fold slower enzyme reduction when alpha-bideuterated substrates were used, and approximately 13-fold slower reduction when both substrate and solvent effects were simultaneously evaluated) revealed a synchronous mechanism in which hydride transfer from substrate alpha-carbon to FAD and proton abstraction from hydroxyl occur simultaneously. This significantly differs from the general mechanism proposed for other members of the GMC oxidoreductase family that implies hydride transfer from a previously stabilized substrate alkoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ferreira
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), E28040 Madrid, Spain
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