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Du Q, Xing N, Guo S, Li R, Meng X, Wang S. Cycads: A comprehensive review of its botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 220:114001. [PMID: 38286200 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Cycads, which primarily consist of the families Cycadaceae and Zamiaceae, possess intrinsic therapeutic attributes that are prominently expressed across their morphological spectrum, including roots, leaves, flowers, and seeds. In Chinese traditional medicine, the leaves of cycads are particularly revered for their profound healing capabilities. This meticulous review engages with existing literature on cycads and presents insightful avenues for future research. Over 210 phytoconstituents have been isolated and identified from various cycad tissues, including flavonoids, azoxy metabolites, sterols, lignans, non-proteogenic amino acids, terpenoids, and other organic constituents. The contemporary pharmacological discourse highlights the antineoplastic, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic activities inherent in these ancient plants, which are of particular importance to the field of oncology. Despite the prevalent focus on crude extracts and total flavonoid content, our understanding of the nuanced pharmacodynamics of cycads lags considerably behind. The notoriety of cycads derived toxicity, notably within the context of Guam's neurological disease cluster, has precipitated an established emphasis on toxicological research within this field. As such, this critical review emphasizes nascent domains deserving of academic and clinical pursuit, whilst nested within the broader matrix of current scientific understanding. The systematic taxonomy, traditional applications, phytochemical composition, therapeutic potential, and safety profile of cycads are holistically interrogated, assimilating an indispensable repository for future scholarly inquiries. In conclusion, cycads stand as a veritable treasure trove of pharmacological virtue, displaying remarkable therapeutic prowess and holding vast promise for ongoing scientific discovery and clinical utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyun Du
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Nan Xing
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Sa Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Rui Li
- Meishan Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Meishan, 620010, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Meishan Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Meishan, 620010, China; School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Improving the Transglycosylation Activity of α-Glucosidase from Xanthomonas campestris Through Semi-rational Design for the Synthesis of Ethyl Vanillin-α-Glucoside. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:3082-3096. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03908-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Harmsen RAG, Aam BB, Madhuprakash J, Hamre AG, Goddard-Borger ED, Withers SG, Eijsink VGH, Sørlie M. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Chito-oligosaccharides with Alternating N-d-Acetylglucosamine and d-Glucosamine. Biochemistry 2020; 59:4581-4590. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rianne A. G. Harmsen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Berit Bjugan Aam
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Jogi Madhuprakash
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anne Grethe Hamre
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Ethan D. Goddard-Borger
- Walter & Eliza Hall, Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Colombia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Stephen G. Withers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Colombia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
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Glycoside hydrolase family 18 chitinases: The known and the unknown. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107553. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Madhuprakash J, Rani TS, Podile AR, Eijsink VGH, Sørlie M. Thermodynamic insights into the role of aromatic residues in chitooligosaccharide binding to the transglycosylating chitinase-D from Serratia proteamaculans. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140414. [PMID: 32224199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jogi Madhuprakash
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway; Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India.
| | - T Swaroopa Rani
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Appa Rao Podile
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway.
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Molecular engineering of chitinase from Bacillus sp. DAU101 for enzymatic production of chitooligosaccharides. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 124:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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7
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Rational design of the beta-galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae to improve galactooligosaccharide production. Food Chem 2019; 286:362-367. [PMID: 30827619 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The β-galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae produces galactooligosaccharides with beneficial prebiotic effects through the transglycosylation of lactose. However, its low galactooligosaccharide yield greatly limits its use in industrial applications. Rational design and site-directed mutagenesis were used to produce three mutants of A. oryzae β-galactosidase: N140C, W806F, and N140C/W806F. The galactooligosaccharide yields of N140C (50.7%), W806F (49.3%), and N140C/W806F (59.8%) represent substantial improvements over that of the wild-type (35.7%). The galactooligosaccharide yield of N140C/W806F is the highest reported to date. Our rational design approach suggests novel strategies for further study of the β-galactosidase reaction mechanism and has produced mutants may be more useful in industrial applications than wild-type A. oryzae β-galactosidase.
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Fukamizo T, Shinya S. Chitin/Chitosan-Active Enzymes Involved in Plant–Microbe Interactions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1142:253-272. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7318-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Bera S, Das B, De A, Barua A, Das S, De B, Samanta A. Metabolite profiling and in-vitro colon cancer protective activity of Cycas revoluta cone extract. Nat Prod Res 2018; 34:599-603. [PMID: 30417669 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1491039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The methanolic extract of Cycas revoluta cone (MECR) was analyzed by GC-MS and UHPLC for metabolite profiling and was evaluated for anti-colon cancer property by using in vitro assays like Cell Viability Assay, Colony Formation Assay, ROS Determination, Flowcytometry, DAPI staining assay, Tunel assay. GC-MS and HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of different phytochemicals in the extract of Cycas revoluta cone. In-vitro studies showed MECR extract showed significant anti-colon cancer activity by reducing proliferation and inducing apoptosis in colon cancer cell (HCT-8) line, but no such activity was seen in normal colon cell (CCD-18Co) line. The investigation confirms that MECR may be a promising candidate in colon cancer protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samit Bera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Bhaskar Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Arnab De
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Atish Barua
- Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Susmita Das
- Phytochemistry and Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Bratati De
- Phytochemistry and Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Amalesh Samanta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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Madhuprakash J, Dalhus B, Rani TS, Podile AR, Eijsink VGH, Sørlie M. Key Residues Affecting Transglycosylation Activity in Family 18 Chitinases: Insights into Donor and Acceptor Subsites. Biochemistry 2018; 57:4325-4337. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jogi Madhuprakash
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Bjørn Dalhus
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O.
Box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Clinic for Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - T. Swaroopa Rani
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Appa Rao Podile
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
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Zhang LY, Cai J, Li RJ, Liu W, Wagner C, Wong KB, Xie ZP, Staehelin C. A single amino acid substitution in a chitinase of the legume Medicago truncatula is sufficient to gain Nod-factor hydrolase activity. Open Biol 2017; 6:rsob.160061. [PMID: 27383628 PMCID: PMC4967823 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The symbiotic interaction between nitrogen-fixing rhizobia and legumes depends on lipo-chitooligosaccharidic Nod-factors (NFs). The NF hydrolase MtNFH1 of Medicago truncatula is a symbiotic enzyme that hydrolytically inactivates NFs with a C16 : 2 acyl chain produced by the microsymbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021. MtNFH1 is related to class V chitinases (glycoside hydrolase family 18) but lacks chitinase activity. Here, we investigated the substrate specificity of MtNFH1-related proteins. MtCHIT5a and MtCHIT5b of M. truncatula as well as LjCHIT5 of Lotus japonicus showed chitinase activity, suggesting a role in plant defence. The enzymes failed to hydrolyse NFs from S. meliloti. NFs from Rhizobium leguminosarum with a C18 : 4 acyl moiety were neither hydrolysed by these chitinases nor by MtNFH1. Construction of chimeric proteins and further amino acid replacements in MtCHIT5b were performed to identify chitinase variants that gained the ability to hydrolyse NFs. A single serine-to-proline substitution was sufficient to convert MtCHIT5b into an NF-cleaving enzyme. MtNFH1 with the corresponding proline-to-serine substitution failed to hydrolyse NFs. These results are in agreement with a substrate-enzyme model that predicts NF cleavage when the C16 : 2 moiety is placed into a distinct fatty acid-binding cleft. Our findings support the view that MtNFH1 evolved from the ancestral MtCHIT5b by gene duplication and subsequent symbiosis-related neofunctionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, East Campus, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, East Campus, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ru-Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, East Campus, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, East Campus, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Christian Wagner
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, East Campus, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Kam-Bo Wong
- Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ping Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, East Campus, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China Shenzhen Research and Development Center of State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Baoan, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Christian Staehelin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, East Campus, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China Shenzhen Research and Development Center of State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Baoan, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
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Niu X, Zhou JS, Wang YX, Liu CC, Liu ZH, Yuan S. Heterologous Expression and Characterization of a Novel Chitinase (ChiEn1) from Coprinopsis cinerea and its Synergism in the Degradation of Chitin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:6943-6956. [PMID: 28721730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitinase ChiEn1 did not hydrolyze insoluble chitin but showed hydrolysis and transglycosylation activities toward chitin-oligosaccharides. Interestingly, the addition of ChiEn1 increased the amount of reducing sugars released from chitin powder by endochitinase ChiIII by 105.0%, and among the released reducing sugars the amount of (GlcNAc)2 was increased by 149.5%, whereas the amount of GlcNAc was decreased by 10.3%. The percentage of GlcNAc in the products of chitin powder with the combined ChiIII and ChiEn1 was close to that in the products of chitin-oligosaccharides with ChiEn1, rather than that with ChiIII. These results indicate that chitin polymers are first degraded into chitin oligosaccharides by ChiIII and the latter are further degraded to monomers and dimers by ChiEn1, and the synergistic action of ChiEn1 and ChiIII is involved in the efficient degradation of chitin in cell walls during pileus autolysis. The structure modeling explores the molecular base of ChiEn1 action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, PR China 210023
| | - Jiang-Sheng Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, PR China 210023
| | - Yan-Xin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, PR China 210023
| | - Cui-Cui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, PR China 210023
| | - Zhong-Hua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, PR China 210023
| | - Sheng Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, PR China 210023
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Transglycosylation by a chitinase from Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae generates longer chitin oligosaccharides. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5113. [PMID: 28698589 PMCID: PMC5505975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have exploited natural resources for a variety of applications. Chitin and its derivative chitin oligosaccharides (CHOS) have potential biomedical and agricultural applications. Availability of CHOS with the desired length has been a major limitation in the optimum use of such natural resources. Here, we report a single domain hyper-transglycosylating chitinase, which generates longer CHOS, from Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae 13047 (EcChi1). EcChi1 was optimally active at pH 5.0 and 40 °C with a Km of 15.2 mg ml−1, and kcat/Km of 0.011× 102 mg−1 ml min−1 on colloidal chitin. The profile of the hydrolytic products, major product being chitobiose, released from CHOS indicated that EcChi1 was an endo-acting enzyme. Transglycosylation (TG) by EcChi1 on trimeric to hexameric CHOS resulted in the formation of longer CHOS for a prolonged duration. EcChi1 showed both chitobiase and TG activities, in addition to hydrolytic activity. The TG by EcChi1 was dependent, to some extent, on the length of the CHOS substrate and concentration of the enzyme. Homology modeling and docking with CHOS suggested that EcChi1 has a deep substrate-binding groove lined with aromatic amino acids, which is a characteristic feature of a processive enzyme.
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Abdul Manas NH, Md Illias R, Mahadi NM. Strategy in manipulating transglycosylation activity of glycosyl hydrolase for oligosaccharide production. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 38:272-293. [PMID: 28683572 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1339664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing market demand for oligosaccharides has intensified the need for efficient biocatalysts. Glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) are still gaining popularity as biocatalyst for oligosaccharides synthesis owing to its simple reaction and high selectivity. PURPOSE Over the years, research has advanced mainly directing to one goal; to reduce hydrolysis activity of GHs for increased transglycosylation activity in achieving high production of oligosaccharides. DESIGN AND METHODS This review concisely presents the strategies to increase transglycosylation activity of GHs for oligosaccharides synthesis, focusing on controlling the reaction equilibrium, and protein engineering. Various modifications of the subsites of GHs have been demonstrated to significantly modulate the hydrolysis and transglycosylation activity of the enzymes. The clear insight of the roles of each amino acid in these sites provides a platform for designing an enzyme that could synthesize a specific oligosaccharide product. CONCLUSIONS The key strategies presented here are important for future improvement of GHs as a biocatalyst for oligosaccharide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Hasmaliana Abdul Manas
- a Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering , Universiti Malaysia Sarawak , Kota Samarahan , Malaysia.,b BioMolecular and Microbial Process Research Group , Health and Wellness Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor , Malaysia
| | - Rosli Md Illias
- b BioMolecular and Microbial Process Research Group , Health and Wellness Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor , Malaysia.,c Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Skudai , Malaysia
| | - Nor Muhammad Mahadi
- d Comparative Genomics and Genetics Research Centre , Malaysia Genome Institute , Kajang , Malaysia
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Takenaka S, Ohnuma T, Fukamizo T. Insertion of a Loop Structure into the "Loopless" GH19 Chitinase from Bryum coronatum. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2017; 64:39-42. [PMID: 34354495 PMCID: PMC8056905 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2016_015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinases belonging to the GH19 family have diverse loop structure arrangements. A GH19 chitinase from rye seeds (RSC-c) has a full set of (six) loop structures that form an extended binding cleft from -4 to +4 (“loopful”), while that from moss (BcChi-A) lacks several loops and forms a shortened binding cleft from -2 to +2 (“loopless”). We herein inserted a loop involved in sugar residue binding at subsites +3 and +4 of RSC-c (Loop-II) into BcChi-A (BcChi-A+L-II), and the thermal stability and enzymatic activity of BcChi-A+L-II were then characterized and compared with those of BcChi-A. The transition temperature of thermal unfolding decreased from 77.2 ˚C (BcChi-A) to 63.3 ˚C (BcChi-A+L-II) by insertion of Loop-II. Enzymatic activities toward the chitin tetramer (GlcNAc)4 and the polymeric substrate glycol chitin were also suppressed by the Loop-II insertion to 12 and 9 %, respectively. The Loop-II inserted into BcChi-A was found to be markedly flexible and disadvantageous for protein stability and enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tamo Fukamizo
- 1 Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University
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16
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Lundemo P, Karlsson EN, Adlercreutz P. Eliminating hydrolytic activity without affecting the transglycosylation of a GH1 β-glucosidase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:1121-1131. [PMID: 27678115 PMCID: PMC5247548 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Unveiling the determinants for transferase and hydrolase activity in glycoside hydrolases would allow using their vast diversity for creating novel transglycosylases, thereby unlocking an extensive toolbox for carbohydrate chemists. Three different amino acid substitutions at position 220 of a GH1 β-glucosidase from Thermotoga neapolitana caused an increase of the ratio of transglycosylation to hydrolysis (rs/rh) from 0.33 to 1.45–2.71. Further increase in rs/rh was achieved by modulation of pH of the reaction medium. The wild-type enzyme had a pH optimum for both hydrolysis and transglycosylation around 6 and reduced activity at higher pH. Interestingly, the mutants had constant transglycosylation activity over a broad pH range (5–10), while the hydrolytic activity was largely eliminated at pH 10. The results demonstrate that a combination of protein engineering and medium engineering can be used to eliminate the hydrolytic activity without affecting the transglycosylation activity of a glycoside hydrolase. The underlying factors for this success are pursued, and perturbations of the catalytic acid/base in combination with flexibility are shown to be important factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pontus Lundemo
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Nordberg Karlsson
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrick Adlercreutz
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden.
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17
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Eide KB, Stockinger LW, Lewin AS, Tøndervik A, Eijsink VG, Sørlie M. The role of active site aromatic residues in substrate degradation by the human chitotriosidase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:242-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Stockinger LW, Eide KB, Dybvik AI, Sletta H, Vårum KM, Eijsink VG, Tøndervik A, Sørlie M. The effect of the carbohydrate binding module on substrate degradation by the human chitotriosidase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:1494-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Modulation of the transglycosylation activity of plant family GH18 chitinase by removing or introducing a tryptophan side chain. FEBS Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Fadel F, Zhao Y, Cachau R, Cousido-Siah A, Ruiz FX, Harlos K, Howard E, Mitschler A, Podjarny A. New insights into the enzymatic mechanism of human chitotriosidase (CHIT1) catalytic domain by atomic resolution X-ray diffraction and hybrid QM/MM. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 71:1455-70. [PMID: 26143917 DOI: 10.1107/s139900471500783x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Chitotriosidase (CHIT1) is a human chitinase belonging to the highly conserved glycosyl hydrolase family 18 (GH18). GH18 enzymes hydrolyze chitin, an N-acetylglucosamine polymer synthesized by lower organisms for structural purposes. Recently, CHIT1 has attracted attention owing to its upregulation in immune-system disorders and as a marker of Gaucher disease. The 39 kDa catalytic domain shows a conserved cluster of three acidic residues, Glu140, Asp138 and Asp136, involved in the hydrolysis reaction. Under an excess concentration of substrate, CHIT1 and other homologues perform an additional activity, transglycosylation. To understand the catalytic mechanism of GH18 chitinases and the dual enzymatic activity, the structure and mechanism of CHIT1 were analyzed in detail. The resolution of the crystals of the catalytic domain was improved from 1.65 Å (PDB entry 1waw) to 0.95-1.10 Å for the apo and pseudo-apo forms and the complex with chitobiose, allowing the determination of the protonation states within the active site. This information was extended by hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations. The results suggest a new mechanism involving changes in the conformation and protonation state of the catalytic triad, as well as a new role for Tyr27, providing new insights into the hydrolysis and transglycosylation activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Fadel
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/UdS, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch CEDEX, France
| | - Yuguang Zhao
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, England
| | - Raul Cachau
- Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. Advanced Biomedical Computer Center, Information Systems Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexandra Cousido-Siah
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/UdS, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch CEDEX, France
| | - Francesc X Ruiz
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/UdS, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch CEDEX, France
| | - Karl Harlos
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, England
| | - Eduardo Howard
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/UdS, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch CEDEX, France
| | - Andre Mitschler
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/UdS, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch CEDEX, France
| | - Alberto Podjarny
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/UdS, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch CEDEX, France
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21
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Glycosynthesis in a waterworld: new insight into the molecular basis of transglycosylation in retaining glycoside hydrolases. Biochem J 2015; 467:17-35. [PMID: 25793417 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are ubiquitous in Nature and play vital roles in many biological systems. Therefore the synthesis of carbohydrate-based compounds is of considerable interest for both research and commercial purposes. However, carbohydrates are challenging, due to the large number of sugar subunits and the multiple ways in which these can be linked together. Therefore, to tackle the challenge of glycosynthesis, chemists are increasingly turning their attention towards enzymes, which are exquisitely adapted to the intricacy of these biomolecules. In Nature, glycosidic linkages are mainly synthesized by Leloir glycosyltransferases, but can result from the action of non-Leloir transglycosylases or phosphorylases. Advantageously for chemists, non-Leloir transglycosylases are glycoside hydrolases, enzymes that are readily available and exhibit a wide range of substrate specificities. Nevertheless, non-Leloir transglycosylases are unusual glycoside hydrolases in as much that they efficiently catalyse the formation of glycosidic bonds, whereas most glycoside hydrolases favour the mechanistically related hydrolysis reaction. Unfortunately, because non-Leloir transglycosylases are almost indistinguishable from their hydrolytic counterparts, it is unclear how these enzymes overcome the ubiquity of water, thus avoiding the hydrolytic reaction. Without this knowledge, it is impossible to rationally design non-Leloir transglycosylases using the vast diversity of glycoside hydrolases as protein templates. In this critical review, a careful analysis of literature data describing non-Leloir transglycosylases and their relationship to glycoside hydrolase counterparts is used to clarify the state of the art knowledge and to establish a new rational basis for the engineering of glycoside hydrolases.
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22
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Umemoto N, Kanda Y, Ohnuma T, Osawa T, Numata T, Sakuda S, Taira T, Fukamizo T. Crystal structures and inhibitor binding properties of plant class V chitinases: the cycad enzyme exhibits unique structural and functional features. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 82:54-66. [PMID: 25652217 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A class V (glycoside hydrolase family 18) chitinase from the cycad Cycas revoluta (CrChiA) is a plant chitinase that has been reported to possess efficient transglycosylation (TG) activity. We solved the crystal structure of CrChiA, and compared it with those of class V chitinases from Nicotiana tabacum (NtChiV) and Arabidopsis thaliana (AtChiC), which do not efficiently catalyze the TG reaction. All three chitinases had a similar (α/β)8 barrel fold with an (α + β) insertion domain. In the acceptor binding site (+1, +2 and +3) of CrChiA, the Trp168 side chain was found to stack face-to-face with the +3 sugar. However, this interaction was not found in the identical regions of NtChiV and AtChiC. In the DxDxE motif, which is essential for catalysis, the carboxyl group of the middle Asp (Asp117) was always oriented toward the catalytic acid Glu119 in CrChiA, whereas the corresponding Asp in NtChiV and AtChiC was oriented toward the first Asp. These structural features of CrChiA appear to be responsible for the efficient TG activity. When binding of the inhibitor allosamidin was evaluated using isothermal titration calorimetry, the changes in binding free energy of the three chitinases were found to be similar to each other, i.e. between -9.5 and -9.8 kcal mol(-1) . However, solvation and conformational entropy changes in CrChiA were markedly different from those in NtChiV and AtChiC, but similar to those of chitinase A from Serratia marcescens (SmChiA), which also exhibits significant TG activity. These results provide insight into the molecular mechanism underlying the TG reaction and the molecular evolution from bacterial chitinases to plant class V chitinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Umemoto
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
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Sirimontree P, Suginta W, Sritho N, Kanda Y, Shinya S, Ohnuma T, Fukamizo T. Mutation strategies for obtaining chitooligosaccharides with longer chains by transglycosylation reaction of family GH18 chitinase. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:2014-21. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.948373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Enhancing the transglycosylation (TG) activity of glycoside hydrolases does not always result in the production of oligosaccharides with longer chains, because the TG products are often decomposed into shorter oligosaccharides. Here, we investigated the mutation strategies for obtaining chitooligosaccharides with longer chains by means of TG reaction catalyzed by family GH18 chitinase A from Vibrio harveyi (VhChiA). HPLC analysis of the TG products from incubation of chitooligosaccharide substrates, GlcNAcn, with several mutant VhChiAs suggested that mutant W570G (mutation of Trp570 to Gly) and mutant D392N (mutation of Asp392 to Asn) significantly enhanced TG activity, but the TG products were immediately hydrolyzed into shorter GlcNAcn. On the other hand, the TG products obtained from mutants D313A and D313N (mutations of Asp313 to Ala and Asn, respectively) were not further hydrolyzed, leading to the accumulation of oligosaccharides with longer chains. The data obtained from the mutant VhChiAs suggested that mutations of Asp313, the middle aspartic acid residue of the DxDxE catalytic motif, to Ala and Asn are most effective for obtaining chitooligosaccharides with longer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paknisa Sirimontree
- Biochemistry-Electrochemistry Research Unit, Schools of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Wipa Suginta
- Biochemistry-Electrochemistry Research Unit, Schools of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Natchanok Sritho
- Biochemistry-Electrochemistry Research Unit, Schools of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Yuka Kanda
- Department of Advanced Biosciences, Kinki University, Nara, Japan
| | - Shoko Shinya
- Department of Advanced Biosciences, Kinki University, Nara, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ohnuma
- Department of Advanced Biosciences, Kinki University, Nara, Japan
| | - Tamo Fukamizo
- Department of Advanced Biosciences, Kinki University, Nara, Japan
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Mutagenesis and molecular dynamics simulations revealed the chitooligosaccharide entry and exit points for chitinase D from Serratia proteamaculans. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2685-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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25
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Bissaro B, Saurel O, Arab-Jaziri F, Saulnier L, Milon A, Tenkanen M, Monsan P, O'Donohue MJ, Fauré R. Mutation of a pH-modulating residue in a GH51 α-l-arabinofuranosidase leads to a severe reduction of the secondary hydrolysis of transfuranosylation products. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:626-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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26
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Zhang S, Jiang S, Xiong Y, Fu H, Sun S, Qiao H, Zhang W, Jiang F, Jin S, Gong Y. Six chitinases from oriental river prawn Macrobrachium nipponense: cDNA characterization, classification and mRNA expression during post-embryonic development and moulting cycle. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 167:30-40. [PMID: 24096116 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Chitinase plays crucial physiological roles in crustaceans, including the digestion of chitin-containing food, moulting and the defense of shrimp against viruses. However, in contrast to insect species, no genome-wide analysis has been carried out in crustacean species and cDNAs encoding chitinase and chitinase-like proteins have been characterized in relatively few species. In this study, we identified six chitinase genes in the oriental river prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense, according to the established expressed sequence tag (EST) information using Rapid Amplification of the cDNA Ends (RACE) technique and homology cloning. We assigned these genes to three different chitinase groupings, which were designated MnCht1A, 1B, 3A, 3B, 3C and 4. The domain organization analysis of the six MnCht proteins revealed that only MnCht3C and MnCht4 possessed full structure, while MnCht1A, 1B, 3A and 3B lacked the serine/threonine (S/T)-rich linker and chitin-binding domains (CBDs). Their expression in different tissues and different developmental stages suggested that all of them have a function in the digestion of chitinous foods, modification of gut peritrophic membrane and degradation of the chitin exoskeleton. Analysis of the stage-specific moulting cycle and different temperature stimulation provided further evidence that MnCht1A, 1B and 3B have pivotal roles in the moulting cycle, while MnCht 4 only assists in the moulting process. This study provides important information for further investigations on the functions of chitinase in M. nipponense and other crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Zhang
- Wuxi Fishery College Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
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27
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Eide KB, Lindbom AR, Eijsink VG, Norberg AL, Sørlie M. Analysis of productive binding modes in the human chitotriosidase. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:3508-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Arab-Jaziri F, Bissaro B, Dion M, Saurel O, Harrison D, Ferreira F, Milon A, Tellier C, Fauré R, O’Donohue MJ. Engineering transglycosidase activity into a GH51 α-l-arabinofuranosidase. N Biotechnol 2013; 30:536-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Umemoto N, Ohnuma T, Mizuhara M, Sato H, Skriver K, Fukamizo T. Introduction of a tryptophan side chain into subsite +1 enhances transglycosylation activity of a GH-18 chitinase from Arabidopsis thaliana, AtChiC. Glycobiology 2013; 23:81-90. [PMID: 22936594 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A tryptophan side chain was introduced into subsite +1 of family GH-18 (class V) chitinases from Nicotiana tabacum and Arabidopsis thaliana (NtChiV and AtChiC, respectively) by the mutation of a glycine residue to tryptophan (G74W-NtChiV and G75W-AtChiC). The specific activity toward glycol chitin of the two mutant enzymes was 70-71% of that of the wild type. Using chitin oligosaccharides, (GlcNAc)(n) (n = 4, 5 and 6), as the substrates, we found the transglycosylation reaction to be significantly enhanced in G74W-NtChiV and G75W-AtChiC when compared with the corresponding wild-type enzymes. The introduced tryptophan side chain might protect the oxazolinium ion intermediate from attack by a nucleophilic water molecule. The enhancement of transglycosylation activity was much more distinct in G75W-AtChiC than in G74W-NtChiV. Nuclear magnetic resonance titration experiments using the inactive double mutants, E115Q/G74W-NtChiV and E116Q/G75W-AtChiC revealed that the association constant of (GlcNAc)(5) was considerably larger for the latter. Amino acid substitutions at the acceptor binding site might have resulted in the larger association constant for G75W-AtChiC, giving rise to the higher transglycosylation activity of G75W-AtChiC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Umemoto
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
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Naumann TA, Price NPJ. Truncation of class IV chitinases from Arabidopsis by secreted fungal proteases. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2012; 13:1135-1139. [PMID: 22512872 PMCID: PMC6638631 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2012.00805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant class IV chitinases have a small amino-terminal chitin-binding domain and a larger chitinase domain, and are involved in plant defence against fungal infection. Our previous work on the chitinases ChitA and ChitB from the model monocotyledon Zea mays showed that the chitin-binding domain is removed by secreted fungal proteases called fungalysins. In this article, we extend this work to dicotyledons. The effects of fungalysin-like proteases on four class IV chitinases from the model dicotyledon Arabidopsis thaliana were analysed. Four Arabidopsis chitinases were heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris, purified and shown to have chitinase activity against a chitohexaose (dp6) substrate. The incubation of these four chitinases with Fv-cmp, a fungalysin protease secreted by Fusarium verticillioides, resulted in the truncation of AtchitIV3 and AtchitIV5. Moreover, incubation with secreted proteins from Alternaria brassicae, a pathogen of A. thaliana and brassica crops, also led to a similar truncation of AtchitIV3 and AtchitIV4. Our finding that class IV chitinases from both dicotyledons (A. thaliana) and monocotyledons (Z. mays) are truncated by proteases secreted by specialized pathogens of each plant suggests that this may be a general mechanism of plant-fungal pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Naumann
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Research Unit, National Center for Agriculture Utilization Research, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
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Madhuprakash J, Tanneeru K, Purushotham P, Guruprasad L, Podile AR. Transglycosylation by chitinase D from Serratia proteamaculans improved through altered substrate interactions. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:44619-27. [PMID: 23115231 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.400879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the improvement of transglycosylation (TG) by chitinase D from Serratia proteamaculans (SpChiD). The SpChiD produced a smaller quantity of TG products for up to 90 min with 2 mm chitotetraose as the substrate and subsequently produced only hydrolytic products. Of the five residues targeted at the catalytic center, E159D resulted in substantial loss of both hydrolytic and TG activities. Y160A resulted in a product profile similar to SpChiD and a rapid turnover of substrate with slightly increased TG activity. The rest of the three mutants, M226A, Y228A, and R284A, displayed improved TG and decreased hydrolytic ability. Four of the five amino acid substitutions, F64W, F125A, G119S, and S116G, at the catalytic groove increased TG activity, whereas W120A completely lost the TG activity with a concomitant increase in hydrolysis. Mutation of Trp-247 at the solvent-accessible region significantly reduced the hydrolytic activity with increased TG activity. The mutants M226A, Y228A, F125A, S116G, F64W, G119S, R284A, and W247A accumulated approximately double the concentration of TG products like chitopentaose and chitohexaose, compared with SpChiD. The double mutant E159D/F64W regained the activity with accumulation of 6.0% chitopentaose at 6 h, similar to SpChiD at 30 min. Loss of chitobiase activity was unique to Y228A. Substitution of amino acids at the catalytic center and/or groove substantially improved the TG activity of SpChiD, both in terms of the quantity of TG products produced and the extended duration of TG activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jogi Madhuprakash
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad-500046, A.P., India
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Sørlie M, Zakariassen H, Norberg AL, Eijsink VGH. Processivity and substrate-binding in family 18 chitinases. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2012. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2012.676282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Functional proteomics: application of mass spectrometry to the study of enzymology in complex mixtures. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:625-45. [PMID: 21769551 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5236-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review covers recent developments in mass spectrometry-based applications dealing with functional proteomics with special emphasis on enzymology. The introduction of mass spectrometry into this research field has led to an enormous increase in knowledge in recent years. A major challenge is the identification of "biologically active substances" in complex mixtures. These biologically active substances are, on the one hand, potential regulators of enzymes. Elucidation of function and identity of those regulators may be accomplished by different strategies, which are discussed in this review. The most promising approach thereby seems to be the one-step procedure, because it enables identification of the functionality and identity of biologically active substances in parallel and thus avoids misinterpretation. On the other hand, besides the detection of regulators, the identification of endogenous substrates for known enzymes is an emerging research field, but in this case studies are quite rare. Moreover, the term biologically active substances may also encompass proteins with diverse biological functions. Elucidation of the functionality of those-so far unknown-proteins in complex mixtures is another branch of functional proteomics and those investigations will also be discussed in this review.
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Ohnuma T, Numata T, Osawa T, Mizuhara M, Lampela O, Juffer AH, Skriver K, Fukamizo T. A class V chitinase from Arabidopsis thaliana: gene responses, enzymatic properties, and crystallographic analysis. PLANTA 2011; 234:123-37. [PMID: 21390509 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1390-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Expression of a class V chitinase gene (At4g19810, AtChiC) in Arabidopsis thaliana was examined by quantitative real-time PCR and by analyzing microarray data available at Genevestigator. The gene expression was induced by the plant stress-related hormones abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) and by the stress resulting from the elicitor flagellin, NaCl, and osmosis. The recombinant AtChiC protein was produced in E. coli, purified, and characterized with respect to the structure and function. The recombinant AtChiC hydrolyzed N-acetylglucosamine oligomers producing dimers from the non-reducing end of the substrates. The crystal structure of AtChiC was determined by the molecular replacement method at 2.0 Å resolution. AtChiC was found to adopt an (β/α)(8) fold with a small insertion domain composed of an α-helix and a five-stranded β-sheet. From docking simulation of AtChiC with pentameric substrate, the amino acid residues responsible for substrate binding were found to be well conserved when compared with those of the class V chitinase from Nicotiana tabacum (NtChiV). All of the structural and functional properties of AtChiC are quite similar to those obtained for NtChiV, and seem to be common to class V chitinases from higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Ohnuma
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
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35
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Zakariassen H, Hansen MC, Jøranli M, Eijsink VGH, Sørlie M. Mutational Effects on Transglycosylating Activity of Family 18 Chitinases and Construction of a Hypertransglycosylating Mutant. Biochemistry 2011; 50:5693-703. [DOI: 10.1021/bi2002532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Zakariassen
- Department of Chemistry Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Mona Cecilie Hansen
- Department of Chemistry Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Maje Jøranli
- Department of Chemistry Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Department of Chemistry Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Department of Chemistry Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Aas, Norway
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36
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Letzel T, Sahmel-Schneider E, Skriver K, Ohnuma T, Fukamizo T. Chitinase-catalyzed hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl penta-N-acetyl-β-chitopentaoside as determined by real-time ESIMS: The 4-nitrophenyl moiety of the substrate interacts with the enzyme binding site. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:863-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ohnuma T, Numata T, Osawa T, Mizuhara M, Vårum KM, Fukamizo T. Crystal structure and mode of action of a class V chitinase from Nicotiana tabacum. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 75:291-304. [PMID: 21240541 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-010-9727-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A class V chitinase from Nicotiana tabacum (NtChiV) with amino acid sequence similar to that of Serratia marcescens chitinase B (SmChiB) was expressed in E. coli and purified to homogeneity. When N-acetylglucosamine oligosaccharides [(NAG)(n)] were hydrolyzed by the purified NtChiV, the second glycosidic linkage from the non-reducing end was predominantly hydrolyzed in a manner similar to that of SmChiB. NtChiV was shown to hydrolyze partially N-acetylated chitosan non-processively, whereas SmChiB hydrolyzes the same substrate processively. The crystal structure of NtChiV was determined by the single-wavelength anomalous dispersion method at 1.2 Å resolution. The protein adopts a classical (β/α)₈-barrel fold (residues 1-233 and 303-348) with an insertion of a small (α + β) domain (residues 234-302). This is the first crystal structure of a plant class V chitinase. The crystal structure of the inactive mutant NtChiV E115Q complexed with (NAG)₄ was also solved and exhibited a linear conformation of the bound oligosaccharide occupying -2, +1, +2, and +3 subsites. The complex structure corresponds to an initial state of (NAG)₄ binding, which is proposed to be converted into a bent conformation through sliding of the +1, +2, and +3 sugar units to -1, +1, and +2 subsites. Although NtChiV is similar to SmChiB, the chitin-binding domain is present in the C-terminus of the latter, but not in the former. Aromatic amino acid residues found in the substrate binding cleft of SmChiB, including Trp97, are substituted with aliphatic residues in NtChiV. These structural differences appear to be responsible for NtChiV being a non-processive enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Ohnuma
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
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