1
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Sakai T, Mashima T, Kobayashi N, Ogata H, Duan L, Fujiki R, Hengphasatporn K, Uda T, Shigeta Y, Hifumi E, Hirota S. Structural and thermodynamic insights into antibody light chain tetramer formation through 3D domain swapping. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7807. [PMID: 38065949 PMCID: PMC10709643 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43443-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of antibody light chains in small plasma cell clones can lead to misfolding and aggregation. On the other hand, the formation of amyloid fibrils from antibody light chains is related to amyloidosis. Although aggregation of antibody light chain is an important issue, atomic-level structural examinations of antibody light chain aggregates are sparse. In this study, we present an antibody light chain that maintains an equilibrium between its monomeric and tetrameric states. According to data from X-ray crystallography, thermodynamic and kinetic measurements, as well as theoretical studies, this antibody light chain engages in 3D domain swapping within its variable region. Here, a pair of domain-swapped dimers creates a tetramer through hydrophobic interactions, facilitating the revelation of the domain-swapped structure. The negative cotton effect linked to the β-sheet structure, observed around 215 nm in the circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of the tetrameric variable region, is more pronounced than that of the monomer. This suggests that the monomer contains less β-sheet structures and exhibits greater flexibility than the tetramer in solution. These findings not only clarify the domain-swapped structure of the antibody light chain but also contribute to controlling antibody quality and advancing the development of future molecular recognition agents and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sakai
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Mashima
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Naoya Kobayashi
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hideaki Ogata
- Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Koto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
| | - Lian Duan
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan
| | - Ryo Fujiki
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Kowit Hengphasatporn
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Taizo Uda
- Nanotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Systems, Information Technologies and Nanotechnologies (ISIT), 4‑1 Kyudai‑Shinmachi, Fukuoka, 879‑5593, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Shigeta
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Emi Hifumi
- Institute for Research Management, Oita University, 700 Dannoharu, Oita-shi, Oita, 870‑1192, Japan
| | - Shun Hirota
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.
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2
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Västberg A, Bolinsson H, Leeman M, Nilsson L, Nylander T, Sejwal K, Sintorn IM, Lidayova K, Sjögren H, Wahlgren M, Elofsson U. Investigating Thermally Induced Aggregation of Somatropin- New Insights Using Orthogonal Techniques. Int J Pharm 2023; 637:122829. [PMID: 36948472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Three orthogonal techniques were used to provide new insights into thermally induced aggregation of the therapeutic protein Somatropin at pH 5.8 and 7.0. The techniques were Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Asymmetric Flow-Field Flow-Fractionation (AF4), and the TEM-based analysis system MiniTEM™. In addition, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the thermal unfolding and stability. DSC and DLS were used to explain the initial aggregation process and aggregation rate at the two pH values. The results suggest that electrostatic stabilization seems to be the main reason for the faster initial aggregation at pH 5.8, i.e., closer to the isoelectric point of Somatropin. AF4 and MiniTEM were used to investigate the aggregation pathway further. Combining the results allowed us to demonstrate Somatropin's thermal aggregation pathway at pH 7.0. The growth of the aggregates appears to follow two steps. Smaller elongated aggregates are formed in the first step, possibly initiated by partly unfolded species. In the second step, occurring during longer heating, the smaller aggregates assemble into larger aggregates with more complex structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Västberg
- Research Institutes of Sweden, Drottning Kristinas väg 61B, 11428 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Faculty of Engineering LTH, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hans Bolinsson
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Faculty of Engineering LTH, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Lars Nilsson
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Faculty of Engineering LTH, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tommy Nylander
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Marie Wahlgren
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Faculty of Engineering LTH, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulla Elofsson
- Research Institutes of Sweden, Drottning Kristinas väg 61B, 11428 Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Castañeda Ruiz AJ, Shetab Boushehri MA, Phan T, Carle S, Garidel P, Buske J, Lamprecht A. Alternative Excipients for Protein Stabilization in Protein Therapeutics: Overcoming the Limitations of Polysorbates. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122575. [PMID: 36559072 PMCID: PMC9781097 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Given their safety and efficiency in protecting protein integrity, polysorbates (PSs) have been the most widely used excipients for the stabilization of protein therapeutics for years. In recent decades, however, there have been numerous reports about visible or sub-visible particles in PS-containing biotherapeutic products, which is a major quality concern for parenteral drugs. Alternative excipients that are safe for parenteral administration, efficient in protecting different protein drugs against various stress conditions, effective in protein stabilization in high-concentrated liquid formulations, stable under the storage conditions for the duration of the product's shelf-life, and compatible with other formulation components and the primary packaging are highly sought after. The aim of this paper is to review potential alternative excipients from different families, including surfactants, carbohydrate- and amino acid-based excipients, synthetic amphiphilic polymers, and ionic liquids that enable protein stabilization. For each category, important characteristics such as the ability to stabilize proteins against thermal and mechanical stresses, current knowledge related to the safety profile for parenteral administration, potential interactions with other formulation components, and primary packaging are debated. Based on the provided information and the detailed discussion thereof, this paper may pave the way for the identification or development of efficient excipients for biotherapeutic protein stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel J. Castañeda Ruiz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Tamara Phan
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Stefan Carle
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (A.L.); Tel.: +49-7351-54-145-398 (J.B.); +49-228-735-243 (A.L.)
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (A.L.); Tel.: +49-7351-54-145-398 (J.B.); +49-228-735-243 (A.L.)
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4
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Bana AAK, Mehta P, Ramnani KAK. Physical Instabilities of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies: A Critical Review. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2022; 19:e240622206367. [PMID: 35748546 DOI: 10.2174/1570163819666220624092622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The proteinaceous nature of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) makes them highly sensitive to various physical and chemical conditions, thus leading to instabilities that are classified as physical and chemical instabilities. In this review, we are discussing in detail the physical instability of mAbs because a large number of articles previously published solely focus on the chemical aspect of the instability with little coverage on the physical side. The physical instabilities of mAbs are classified into denaturation and aggregation (precipitation, visible and subvisible particles). The mechanism involved in their formation is discussed in the article, along with the pathways correlating the denaturation of mAb or the formation of aggregates to immunogenicity. Further equations like Gibbs-Helmholtz involved in detecting and quantifying denaturation are discussed, along with various factors causing the denaturation. Moreover, questions related to aggregation like the types of aggregates and the pathway involved in their formation are answered in this article. Factors influencing the physical stability of the mAbs by causing denaturation or formation of aggregates involving the structure of the protein, concentration of mAbs, pH of the protein and the formulations, excipients involved in the formulations, salts added to the formulations, storage temperature, light and UV radiation exposure and processing factors are mentioned in this article. Finally, the analytical approaches used for detecting and quantifying the physical instability of mAbs at all levels of structural conformation like far and near UV, infrared spectroscopy, capillary electrophoresis, LC-MS, microflow imagining, circular dichroism and peptide mapping are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Arun K Bana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, India
| | - Priti Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, India
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5
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Shimomura T, Sekiguchi M, Honda R, Yamazaki M, Yokoyama M, Uchiyama S. Estimation of the Viscosity of an Antibody Solution from the Diffusion Interaction Parameter. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1300-1305. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Reisa Honda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Astellas Pharma Inc
| | - Miki Yamazaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Astellas Pharma Inc
| | - Masami Yokoyama
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
| | - Susumu Uchiyama
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
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6
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Ioele G, Chieffallo M, Occhiuzzi MA, De Luca M, Garofalo A, Ragno G, Grande F. Anticancer Drugs: Recent Strategies to Improve Stability Profile, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175436. [PMID: 36080203 PMCID: PMC9457551 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In past decades, anticancer research has led to remarkable results despite many of the approved drugs still being characterized by high systemic toxicity mainly due to the lack of tumor selectivity and present pharmacokinetic drawbacks, including low water solubility, that negatively affect the drug circulation time and bioavailability. The stability studies, performed in mild conditions during their development or under stressing exposure to high temperature, hydrolytic medium or light source, have demonstrated the sensitivity of anticancer drugs to many parameters. For this reason, the formation of degradation products is assessed both in pharmaceutical formulations and in the environment as hospital waste. To date, numerous formulations have been developed for achieving tissue-specific drug targeting and reducing toxic side effects, as well as for improving drug stability. The development of prodrugs represents a promising strategy in targeted cancer therapy for improving the selectivity, efficacy and stability of active compounds. Recent studies show that the incorporation of anticancer drugs into vesicular systems, such as polymeric micelles or cyclodextrins, or the use of nanocarriers containing chemotherapeutics that conjugate to monoclonal antibodies can improve solubility, pharmacokinetics, cellular absorption and stability. In this study, we summarize the latest advances in knowledge regarding the development of effective highly stable anticancer drugs formulated as stable prodrugs or entrapped in nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fedora Grande
- Correspondence: (G.I.); (F.G.); Tel.: +39-0984-493268 (G.I.)
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7
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How neutron scattering techniques benefit investigating structures and dynamics of monoclonal antibody. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130206. [PMID: 35872327 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, great progresses have been made for the pharmaceutical industry of monoclonal antibody (mAb). More and more mAb products were approved for human therapeutics. This review describes the state of art of utilizing neutron scattering to investigate mAbs, in the aspects of structures, dynamics, physicochemical stability, functionality, etc. Firstly, brief histories of mAbs and neutron scattering, as well as some basic knowledges and principles of neutron scattering were introduced. Then specific examples were demonstrated. For the structure and structural evolution investigation of in dilute and concentrated mAbs solution, in situ small angle neutron scattering (SANS) was frequently utilized. Neutron reflectometry (NR) is powerful to probe the absorption behaviors of mAbs on various surfaces and interfaces. While for dynamic investigation, quasi-elastic scattering techniques such as neutron spin echo (NSE) demonstrate the capabilities. With this review, how to utilize and take advantages of neutron scattering on investigating structures and dynamics of mAbs were demonstrated and discussed.
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8
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Poloxamer 188 as surfactant in biological formulations - An alternative for polysorbate 20/80? Int J Pharm 2022; 620:121706. [PMID: 35367584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are used to stabilize biologics. Particularly, polysorbates (Tween® 20 and Tween® 80) dominate the group of surfactants in protein and especially antibody drug products. Since decades drug developers rely on the ethoxylated sorbitan fatty acid ester mixtures to stabilize sensitive molecules such as proteins. Reasons are (i) excellent stabilizing properties, and (ii) well recognized safety and tolerability profile of these polysorbates in humans, especially for parenteral applications. However, over the past decade concerns regarding the stability of these two polysorbates were raised. The search of alternatives with preferably less reservations concerning degradation and product quality reducing issues leads, among others, to poloxamer 188 (e.g. Kolliphor® P188), a nonionic triblock-copolymer surfactant. This review sums up our current knowledge related to the characterization and physico-chemical properties of poloxamer 188, its analytics and stability properties for biological formulations. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages as a suitable polysorbate-alternative for the stabilization of biologics are discussed.
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9
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Mahapatra S, Polimeni M, Gentiluomo L, Roessner D, Frieß W, Peters GHJ, Streicher WW, Lund M, Harris P. Self-Interactions of Two Monoclonal Antibodies: Small-Angle X-ray Scattering, Light Scattering, and Coarse-Grained Modeling. Mol Pharm 2021; 19:508-519. [PMID: 34939811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Using light scattering (LS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and coarse-grained Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, we studied the self-interactions of two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), PPI03 and PPI13. With LS measurements, we obtained the osmotic second virial coefficient, B22, and the molecular weight, Mw, of the two mAbs, while with SAXS measurements, we studied the mAbs' self-interaction behavior in the high protein concentration regime up to 125 g/L. Through SAXS-derived coarse-grained representations of the mAbs, we performed MC simulations with either a one-protein or a two-protein model to predict B22. By comparing simulation and experimental results, we validated our models and obtained insights into the mAbs' self-interaction properties, highlighting the role of both ion binding and charged patches on the mAb surfaces. Our models provide useful information about mAbs' self-interaction properties and can assist the screening of conditions driving to colloidal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Mahapatra
- Novozymes A/S, Biologiens Vej 2, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marco Polimeni
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Naturvetarvägen 14, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Gentiluomo
- Wyatt Technology Europe GmbH, Hochstrasse 12a, 56307 Dernbach, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dierk Roessner
- Wyatt Technology Europe GmbH, Hochstrasse 12a, 56307 Dernbach, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frieß
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Günther H J Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Mikael Lund
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Naturvetarvägen 14, 223 62 Lund, Sweden.,Advanced X-ray and Neutron Science (LINXS), Lund University, Scheelevägen 19, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | - Pernille Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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10
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Härdter N, Menzen T, Winter G. Minimizing Oxidation of Freeze-Dried Monoclonal Antibodies in Polymeric Vials Using a Smart Packaging Approach. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101695. [PMID: 34683987 PMCID: PMC8541347 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary containers made of cyclic olefin polymer (COP) have recently gained attention since they may overcome several risks and shortcomings of glass containers as they exhibit a high break resistance, biocompatibility, and homogeneous heat transfer during lyophilization. On the downside, COP is more permeable for gases, which can lead to an ingress of oxygen into the container over time. Since oxidation is an important degradation pathway for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), the continuous migration of oxygen into drug product containers should be avoided overall. To date, no long-term stability studies regarding lyophilizates in polymer vials have been published, potentially because of the unbearable gas permeability. In this study, we demonstrate that after lyophilization in COP vials and storage of these vials in aluminum pouches together with combined oxygen and moisture absorbers (“smart packaging”), oxidation of two lyophilized therapeutic antibodies was as low as in glass vials due to the deoxygenated environment in the pouch. Nevertheless, active removal of oxygen from the primary container below the initial level over time during storage in such “smart” secondary packaging was not achieved. Furthermore, residual moisture was controlled. Overall, the smart packaging reveals a promising approach for long-term stability of biopharmaceuticals; in addition to COP’s known benefits, stable, low oxygen and moisture levels as well as the protection from light and cushioning against mechanical shock by the secondary packaging preserve the sensitive products very well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Härdter
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Menzen
- Coriolis Pharma, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152 Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Winter
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
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11
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Effects of Impurities from Sugar Excipient on Filtrate Flux during Ultrafiltration and Diafiltration Process. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11100775. [PMID: 34677543 PMCID: PMC8541299 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sugar excipients such as sucrose and maltose are widely used for biopharmaceutical formulation to improve protein stability and to ensure isotonicity for administration. However, according to recent literature, pharmaceutical-grade sucrose contained nanoparticulate impurities (NPIs) that result in protein aggregation and degradation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the filtrate flux behavior of sugar solution during ultrafiltration (UF) and diafiltration (DF). Filtrate flux data were obtained using either a tangential flow filtration (TFF) system for DF experiments or a normal flow filtration system for UF experiments. In diafiltration experiments, which were performed using 7 g/L of human immunoglobulin G in a 20 mM histidine buffer with the 100 mM sucrose or maltose, the filtrate flux with sucrose solution decreased significantly. In contrast, the one with maltose solution was in good correspondence with the calculated filtrate flux accounting for the effects of solution viscosity. This large decline in the flux was also observed during UF experiments, in which the presence of NPIs was identified by dynamic light scattering analysis and by capturing an SEM image of the membrane surface after filtration. In addition, highly purified sucrose resulted in a much lower flux decline in TFF in the absence of NPIs. These results provide important insights into the factors governing the optimization of the UF/DF process using appropriate excipients for biopharmaceutical formulation.
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12
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Narayanan H, Dingfelder F, Condado Morales I, Patel B, Heding KE, Bjelke JR, Egebjerg T, Butté A, Sokolov M, Lorenzen N, Arosio P. Design of Biopharmaceutical Formulations Accelerated by Machine Learning. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3843-3853. [PMID: 34519511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In addition to activity, successful biological drugs must exhibit a series of suitable developability properties, which depend on both protein sequence and buffer composition. In the context of this high-dimensional optimization problem, advanced algorithms from the domain of machine learning are highly beneficial in complementing analytical screening and rational design. Here, we propose a Bayesian optimization algorithm to accelerate the design of biopharmaceutical formulations. We demonstrate the power of this approach by identifying the formulation that optimizes the thermal stability of three tandem single-chain Fv variants within 25 experiments, a number which is less than one-third of the experiments that would be required by a classical DoE method and several orders of magnitude smaller compared to detailed experimental analysis of full combinatorial space. We further show the advantage of this method over conventional approaches to efficiently transfer historical information as prior knowledge for the development of new biologics or when new buffer agents are available. Moreover, we highlight the benefit of our technique in engineering multiple biophysical properties by simultaneously optimizing both thermal and interface stabilities. This optimization minimizes the amount of surfactant in the formulation, which is important to decrease the risks associated with corresponding degradation processes. Overall, this method can provide high speed of converging to optimal conditions, the ability to transfer prior knowledge, and the identification of new nonlinear combinations of excipients. We envision that these features can lead to a considerable acceleration in formulation design and to parallelization of operations during drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Narayanan
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Dingfelder
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Biophysics and Injectable Formulation, Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv 2760, Denmark
| | - Itzel Condado Morales
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Biophysics and Injectable Formulation, Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv 2760, Denmark
| | - Bhargav Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kristine Enemærke Heding
- Department of Biophysics and Injectable Formulation, Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv 2760, Denmark
| | - Jais Rose Bjelke
- Department of Purification Technologies, Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv 2760, Denmark
| | - Thomas Egebjerg
- Department of Mammalian Expression, Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv 2760, Denmark
| | | | | | - Nikolai Lorenzen
- Department of Biophysics and Injectable Formulation, Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv 2760, Denmark
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Schöneich C. Photo-induced fragmentation of tyrosine side chains in IgG4-Fc: Effect of protein sequence, conformation and glycan structure. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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14
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Plate Reader-Based Analytical Method for the Size Distribution of Submicron-Sized Protein Aggregates Using Three-Dimensional Homodyne Light Detection. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3803-3810. [PMID: 34425131 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of aggregates is essential in biopharmaceutical development. Although submicron-sized aggregates are considered to have a potential immunogenicity risk, analytical techniques are limited. In this study, we present a new analytical technique using three-dimensional homodyne light detection (3D-HLD). In this system, submicron-sized particles are quantified by combining the reflected light detection of each particle by high-speed 3D scan and then enhancing the amplitude of the reflected light using HLD. The particle concentrations and size distributions of human tetanus immune globulin (TIG) aggregates generated by stirring were measured using 3D-HLD. Both concentrations and distributions were comparable to those obtained via resonant mass measurement (RMM), a technique commonly used for submicron-sized particle measurement. Aiming at feasibility assessment of 3D-HLD for the high-through-put formulation development, 30 formulations of TIG and rituximab under agitation stress were analyzed by 3D-HLD. The results showed that 3D-HLD can automatically and simultaneously assess the aggregate concentrations and size distributions of at least 90 samples. This study demonstrates that 3D-HLD can be used for submicron-sized aggregate analysis as an orthogonal method to RMM and also as a screening tool during formulation development.
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15
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Influence of Protein Adsorption on Aggregation in Prefilled Syringes. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3568-3579. [PMID: 34310973 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregate formation in prefilled syringes (PFSs) can be influenced by protein adsorption and desorption at the solid-liquid interface. Although inhibition of protein adsorption on the PFS surface can lead to a decrease in the amount of aggregation, the mechanism underlying protein adsorption-mediated aggregation in PFSs is unclear. This study investigated protein aggregation caused by protein adsorption on silicone oil-free PFS surfaces [borosilicate glass (GLS) and cycloolefin polymer (COP)] and the factors affecting the protein adsorption on the PFS surfaces. The adsorbed proteins formed multilayered structures that consisted of two distinct types of layers: proteins adsorbed on the surface of the material and proteins adsorbed on top of the proteins on the surface. A pH-dependent electrostatic interaction was the dominant force for protein adsorption on the GLS surface, while hydrophobic effects were dominant for protein adsorption on the COP surface. When the repulsion force between proteins was weak, protein adsorption on the adsorbed protein layer was increased for both materials and as a result, protein aggregation increased. Therefore, a formulation with high colloidal stability can minimize protein adsorption on the COP surface, leading to reduced protein aggregation.
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16
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Shibuya R, Miyafusa T, Imamura H, Ooishi A, Honda S. Effect of backbone circularization on colloidal stability: Compaction of unfolded structures improves aggregation resistance of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Int J Pharm 2021; 605:120774. [PMID: 34116181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of protein therapeutics can lead to immunogenicity and loss of function in vivo. Its effective prevention requires an understanding of the conformational and colloidal stability of protein and the improvement of both. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), which is one of the most widely used protein therapeutics, was previously shown to be conformationally stabilized by connecting its N- and C-termini with amide bonds (backbone circularization). In this study, we investigated whether circularization affects the colloidal stability of proteins. Colloidal stability was indirectly assessed by analyzing the aggregation behavior of G-CSF variants using analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Consequently, we found that the unfolded structure of circularized G-CSF was more compact than non-circularized G-CSF, and that backbone circularization improved its aggregation resistance against chemical denaturation by guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl). The improved aggregation resistance suggests that the expansion tolerance of circularized G-CSF in the unfolded state increased its colloidal stability. Thus, backbone circularization is an excellent method for enhancing the colloidal and the conformational stability of protein with minimal sequence changes. It is therefore expected to be effective in extending the storage stability of protein therapeutics, enhancing their biological stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Shibuya
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Miyafusa
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan; Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imamura
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan; Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Ayako Ooishi
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Shinya Honda
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan.
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17
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are proteinaceous in nature and are subject to instability issues. Stability testing of monoclonal antibodies is a critical regulatory requirement in their development and commercialization as therapeutic biological molecules. This article reviews the numerous drug manufacturing processes such as: upstream processing, downstream purification and aseptic filling along with physical and chemical factors such as protein concentration, structure, pH, temperature, light, agitation, deamidation, oxidation, glycation leading to instabilities in monoclonal antibodies and it spotlights the variety of analytical techniques employed to investigate and generate information on stability studies and henceforth, helps in developing the stability-indicating methods. In addition, this paper aims to discuss the ICH regulatory guideline (s) for the stability assessment of biological products (Drug Substance and Drug Product).
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Kaur
- Analytical Sciences, Aurobindo Biologics, Hyderabad, India
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18
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Abstract
Multiple therapeutic proteins can be combined into a single dose for synergistic targeting to multiple sites of action. Such proteins would be mixed in dose-specific ratios to provide the correct potency for each component, and yet the formulations must also preserve their activity and keep degradation to a minimum. Mixing different therapeutic proteins could adversely affect their stability, and reduce the shelf life of each individual component, making the control of such products very challenging. In this study, a therapeutic monoclonal antibody and a related Fab fragment, were combined to investigate the impact of coformulation on their degradation kinetics. Under mildly destabilizing conditions, these proteins were found to protect each other from degradation. The protective effect appeared to originate from the interaction of Fab and IgG1 in small soluble oligomers, or through the rapid coalescence of pre-existing monomeric IgG1 nuclei into a dead-end aggregate, rather than through macromolecular crowding or diffusion-limitations.
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19
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Domján J, Vass P, Hirsch E, Szabó E, Pantea E, Andersen SK, Vigh T, Verreck G, Marosi G, Nagy ZK. Monoclonal antibody formulation manufactured by high-speed electrospinning. Int J Pharm 2020; 591:120042. [PMID: 33157211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Solid formulations of monoclonal antibodies present several advantages, such as improved stability and increased shelf-life as well as simpler storage and transportation. In this study, we present a gentle drying technology for monoclonal antibodies, applying the water soluble 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) as matrix, to prepare a solid reconstitution dosage form. High-speed electrospinning of an aqueous infliximab-containing HP-β-CD solution was carried out at 25 °C resulting in fibers with an average diameter of 2.5 μm. The mAb-loaded electrospun fibers were successful to preserve the stability of infliximab in solid form. The results of size exclusion chromatography and gel electrophoresis indicated no significant increase in aggregate formation during the electrospinning process compared to the initial matrix solution. The binding activity of infliximab was preserved during electrospinning compared to the reference liquid formulation. Due to the enhanced surface area, excellent reconstitution capability, i.e. clear solution within 2 min without any vigorous mixing, could be achieved in a small-scale reconstitution test. The results of this work demonstrate that high-speed electrospinning is a very promising technique to manufacture the solid formulation of monoclonal antibodies for applications such as fast reconstitutable powders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Domján
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Müegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Panna Vass
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Müegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Edit Hirsch
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Müegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edina Szabó
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Müegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Pantea
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Müegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sune K Andersen
- Janssen R&D, Oral Solids Development, B-2340 Beerse, Turnhoutseweg 30, Belgium
| | - Tamás Vigh
- Janssen R&D, Oral Solids Development, B-2340 Beerse, Turnhoutseweg 30, Belgium
| | - Geert Verreck
- Janssen R&D, Oral Solids Development, B-2340 Beerse, Turnhoutseweg 30, Belgium
| | - György Marosi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Müegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsombor K Nagy
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Müegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
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20
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Liang W, Pan HW, Vllasaliu D, Lam JKW. Pulmonary Delivery of Biological Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1025. [PMID: 33114726 PMCID: PMC7693150 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, biological drugs have rapidly proliferated and have now become an important therapeutic modality. This is because of their high potency, high specificity and desirable safety profile. The majority of biological drugs are peptide- and protein-based therapeutics with poor oral bioavailability. They are normally administered by parenteral injection (with a very few exceptions). Pulmonary delivery is an attractive non-invasive alternative route of administration for local and systemic delivery of biologics with immense potential to treat various diseases, including diabetes, cystic fibrosis, respiratory viral infection and asthma, etc. The massive surface area and extensive vascularisation in the lungs enable rapid absorption and fast onset of action. Despite the benefits of pulmonary delivery, development of inhalable biological drug is a challenging task. There are various anatomical, physiological and immunological barriers that affect the therapeutic efficacy of inhaled formulations. This review assesses the characteristics of biological drugs and the barriers to pulmonary drug delivery. The main challenges in the formulation and inhalation devices are discussed, together with the possible strategies that can be applied to address these challenges. Current clinical developments in inhaled biological drugs for both local and systemic applications are also discussed to provide an insight for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanling Liang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (H.W.P.); (J.K.W.L.)
| | - Harry W. Pan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (H.W.P.); (J.K.W.L.)
| | - Driton Vllasaliu
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK;
| | - Jenny K. W. Lam
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (H.W.P.); (J.K.W.L.)
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21
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Krämer I, Thiesen J, Astier A. Formulation and Administration of Biological Medicinal Products". Pharm Res 2020; 37:159. [PMID: 32743712 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02859-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (Mabs) containing medicinal products are widely used in clinical practice. Prior to parenteral administration, licensed Mab containing medicinal products are transferred to the ready-to-administer (RTA) forms. Reconstitution and/or preparation should follow the guidelines for Good Reconstitution/Good Preparation Practice. Preparation in the pharmacy must take place within the framework of a suitable quality management system. The responsible pharmacist must apply a risk assessment on the process to ensure the appropriate quality of the RTA preparation, especially because the extent of quality testing is limited by batch size (often one single unit) and time restraints. In these cases, appropriate quality is to be assured by means of qualification activities, environmental monitoring, process validation with growth medium and in-process controls. Correct labelling of the Mab containing RTA preparations includes a suitable storage advice and a defined shelf life. Physicochemical stability of a given Mab preparation can be assessed based on a specific stability study (supplied by the manufacturer in the SmPC or scientific journals, study published by an expert in a peer-reviewed scientific journal). Physicochemical stability studies require the use of various orthogonal physicochemical methods to detect accurately the degradation changes that may result from the deamidation, oxidation, disulfide formation, aggregation or fragmentation during storage. Complementary, biological activity can be measured. Compatibility studies of Mabs and devices used for preparation and administration are still scarce. Microbiological stability of Mab preparations is related to the complexity of the preparation process, the growth supporting nature of the preparation and the integrity of the container or container/closure combination. In use viability tests revealed that the potential of Mab preparations to support microbial growth was similar to that of the pure vehicle solutions used as control solutions. The enumerated microbial counts varied according to the species utilized and the type of Mab preparation. If sterility testing of the individual preparation is impossible, maximum permitted shelf life can be assessed empirically with regard to the maximum shelf lives defined in the USP <797> monograph. Finally, microbiological and physicochemical stability are to be considered concurrently when determining the shelf life of an individual Mab preparation. In each case, shelf life should be limited according to the shorter period of proven stability, either derived from the microbiological or physicochemical stability data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Krämer
- Pharmacy Department, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Judith Thiesen
- Pharmacy Department, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alain Astier
- Pharmacy Department, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France
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22
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Kibria MG, Akazawa-Ogawa Y, Rahman N, Hagihara Y, Kuroda Y. The immunogenicity of an anti-EGFR single domain antibody (V HH) is enhanced by misfolded amorphous aggregation but not by heat-induced aggregation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 152:164-174. [PMID: 32416134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous aggregates of therapeutic proteins can provoke an unwanted immune response (anti-drug antibodies; ADAs), but counter-examples have led to some controversy. Amorphous aggregates can possess unique biophysical and biochemical attributes depending on both the way they are generated and the protein's biophysical/biochemical properties. Here, we examine the immunogenicity of an anti-EGFR single domain antibody (VHH) in four types of amorphous aggregates: two heat-aggregated VHH incubated at 65 °C (VHH-65) and 95 °C (VHH-95), a misfolded VHH isolated from the insoluble fraction of the E. coli lysate (VHH-Ins), and a low solubility misfolded VHH produced by miss-shuffling the SS bonds of the native VHH (VHH-Mis). Biophysical and biochemical measurements indicated that VHH was indeed natively folded, monomeric, and β-sheeted; that VHH-65 was partially unfolded and formed aggregates with a Z-average (Zave) of 771 nm; whereas VHH-95 was unfolded and formed aggregates of 1722 nm; and that both VHH-Ins and VHH-Mis were misfolded with non-native intermolecular SS bonds and formed aggregates with a Zave of 1846 nm and 1951 nm, respectively. The IgG level generated in Jcl:ICR mice determined by ELISA showed that the native VHH was barely immunogenic, VHH-95 was not immunogenic, while VHH-65 was mildly immunogenic. By contrast, the misfolded aggregates, VHH-Ins and VHH-Mis, having a Zave and an aggregation propensity similar to that of VHH-95, were highly immunogenic. These findings indicate the critical role of the biochemical and biophysical attributes of the amorphous aggregates in generating an immune response against a protein, rather than just their sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Golam Kibria
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yoko Akazawa-Ogawa
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Nafsoon Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hagihara
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kuroda
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
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23
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Rahman N, Islam MM, Unzai S, Miura S, Kuroda Y. Nanometer-Sized Aggregates Generated Using Short Solubility Controlling Peptide Tags Do Increase the In Vivo Immunogenicity of a Nonimmunogenic Protein. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1629-1637. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nafsoon Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Mohammad Monirul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Satoru Unzai
- Department of Frontier Bioscience, Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, 3-7-2 Kajino-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8584, Japan
| | - Shiho Miura
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kuroda
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Haindl
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH August-Spindler-Straße 11 37079 Göttingen Germany
- Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz Universität Hannover Institut für Technische Chemie Callinstraße 5 30167 Hannover Germany
| | - Julia Stark
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH August-Spindler-Straße 11 37079 Göttingen Germany
| | - Jannik Dippel
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH August-Spindler-Straße 11 37079 Göttingen Germany
- Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz Universität Hannover Institut für Technische Chemie Callinstraße 5 30167 Hannover Germany
| | - Sebastian Handt
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH August-Spindler-Straße 11 37079 Göttingen Germany
| | - Annette Reiche
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH August-Spindler-Straße 11 37079 Göttingen Germany
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25
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Le Basle Y, Chennell P, Tokhadze N, Astier A, Sautou V. Physicochemical Stability of Monoclonal Antibodies: A Review. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:169-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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26
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Assessment of the Injection Performance of a Tapered Needle for Use in Prefilled Biopharmaceutical Products. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:515-523. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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27
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Oyama H, Koga H, Tadokoro T, Maenaka K, Shiota A, Yokoyama M, Noda M, Torisu T, Uchiyama S. Relation of Colloidal and Conformational Stabilities to Aggregate Formation in a Monoclonal Antibody. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:308-315. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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28
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Sjuts H, Schreuder H, Engel CK, Bussemer T, Gokarn Y. Matching pH values for antibody stabilization and crystallization suggest rationale for accelerated development of biotherapeutic drugs. Drug Dev Res 2019; 81:329-337. [PMID: 31758731 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are currently leading products in the global biopharmaceutical market. Multiple mAbs are in clinical development and novel biotherapeutic protein scaffolds, based on the canonical immunoglobulin G (IgG) fold, are emerging as treatment options for various medical conditions. However, fast approvals for biotherapeutics are challenging to achieve, because of difficult scientific development procedures and complex regulatory processes. Selecting molecular entities with superior physicochemical properties that proceed into clinical trials and the identification of stable formulations are crucial developability aspects. It is widely accepted that the solution pH has critical influences on both the protein's colloidal stability and its crystallization behavior. Furthermore, proteins usually crystallize best at solution conditions that enable high protein solubility, purity, stability, and monodispersity. Therefore, we hypothesize that the solution pH value is a central parameter that is linking together protein formulation, protein crystallization, and thermal protein stability. In order to experimentally test this hypothesis, we have investigated the effect of the solution pH on the thermal stabilities and crystallizabilities for three different mAbs. Combining biophysical measurements with high throughput protein (HTP) crystallization trials we observed a correlation in the buffer pH values for eminent mAb stability and successful crystallization. Specifically, differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) was used to determine pH values that exert highest thermal mAb stabilities and additionally led to the identification of unfolding temperatures of individual mAb domains. Independently performed crystallization trials with the same mAbs resulted in their successful crystallization at pH values that displayed highest thermal stabilities. In summary, the presented results suggest a strategy how protein crystallization could be used as a screening method for the development of biotherapeutic protein formulations with improved in vitro stabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanno Sjuts
- Biologics Research, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Herman Schreuder
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian K Engel
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Till Bussemer
- Biologics Development, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yatin Gokarn
- Biologics Development, Sanofi US Services Inc., Framingham, Massachusetts, US
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29
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Shocking Data on Parcel Shipments of Protein Solutions. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:690-695. [PMID: 31689428 PMCID: PMC6941214 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An early-phase development shipping study was designed to interrogate the stability of liquid formulations under normal shipping conditions. Parcel shipments were made between Seattle, WA, and Indianapolis, IN, during 2018-2019. Each parcel contained a data recorder that tracked the shipment by GPS and measured shock and temperature. During the transport process, the parcels received up to 40 shock events with strengths ranging from 8 to 36G. After shipment, the formulations without polysorbate showed considerable increases in submicron and visible particles while little to no change occurred when polysorbate was present. Samples dropped repeatedly from a height of 18 inches to produce a shock of ∼25G caused visible particle formation with little increase in the subvisible particles, suggesting that other factors, such as vibration, in addition to the shock, were necessary to produce particle formation. These results provide a basis for further studies in the relationships between physical stability of mAbs and the challenges introduced by the shipment network, specifically shock and vibration. The findings indicate that the shock events as measured are repeatable and attributable to the layout of the sorting facility.
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30
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Mechanisms of color formation in drug substance and mitigation strategies for the manufacture and storage of therapeutic proteins produced using mammalian cell culture. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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31
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An Assessment of the Ability of Submicron- and Micron-Size Silicone Oil Droplets in Dropped Prefillable Syringes to Invoke Early- and Late-Stage Immune Responses. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2278-2287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Duerr C, Friess W. Antibody-drug conjugates- stability and formulation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 139:168-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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33
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Chaturvedi SK, Schuck P. A Reappraisal of Sedimentation Nonideality Coefficients for the Analysis of Weak Interactions of Therapeutic Proteins. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 21:35. [PMID: 30815745 PMCID: PMC6394620 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The study of weak or colloidal interactions of therapeutic proteins in different formulations allows prediction and optimization of protein stability. Various biophysical techniques have been applied to determine the second osmotic virial coefficient B2 as it reflects on the macromolecular distance distribution that governs solution behavior at high concentration. In the present work, we exploit a direct link predicted by hydrodynamic theory between B2 and the nonideality of sedimentation, commonly measured in sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation through the nonideality coefficient of sedimentation, kS. Using sedimentation equilibrium analytical ultracentrifugation for independent measurement of B2, we have examined the dependence of kS on B2 for model proteins in different buffers. The data exhibit the expected linear relationship and highlight the impact of protein shape on the magnitude of the nonideality coefficient kS. Recently, measurements of kS have been considerably simplified allowing higher throughput and simultaneous polydispersity assessment at higher protein concentrations. Thus, sedimentation velocity may offer a useful approach to compare the impact of formulation conditions on weak interactions and simultaneously on higher-order structure of therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit K Chaturvedi
- Dynamics of Macromolecular Assembly Section, Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, 13 South Drive, Bldg. 13, Rm 3N17, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Peter Schuck
- Dynamics of Macromolecular Assembly Section, Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, 13 South Drive, Bldg. 13, Rm 3N17, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.
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Mimura M, Tsumura K, Matsuda A, Akatsuka N, Shiraki K. Effect of additives on liquid droplet of protein-polyelectrolyte complex for high-concentration formulations. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:064903. [PMID: 30769990 DOI: 10.1063/1.5063378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid droplets of protein-polyelectrolyte complexes (PPCs) have been developed as a new candidate for stabilization and concentration of protein drugs. However, it remains unclear whether additives affect the precipitation and redissolution yields of PPCs. In the present study, we investigated the PPC formation of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) and poly-L-glutamic acid (polyE) in the presence of various additives that have diverse effects, such as protein stabilization. Alcohols, including ethanol, successfully increased the PPC precipitation yield to over 90%, and the PPCs formed were completely redissolved at physiological ionic strength. However, poly(ethylene glycol), sugars, and amino acids did not improve the precipitation and redissolution yields of PPCs over those observed when no additives were included. Circular dichroism spectrometry showed that the secondary structure of polyE as well as electrostatic interactions play important roles in increasing the PPC precipitation yield when ethanol is used as an additive. The maximum concentration of IgG reached 100 mg/ml with the use of ethanol, which was 15% higher efficiency of the protein yield after precipitation and redissolution than that in the absence of additives. Thus, the addition of a small amount of ethanol is effective for the concentration and stabilization of precipitated PPCs containing IgG formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Mimura
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tsumura
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Ayumi Matsuda
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Naoki Akatsuka
- Research and Development Center, Terumo Corporation, Nakai-machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa 259-0151, Japan
| | - Kentaro Shiraki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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35
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Alves NJ. Antibody conjugation and formulation. Antib Ther 2019; 2:33-39. [PMID: 33928219 PMCID: PMC7990145 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In an era where ultra-high antibody concentrations, high viscosities, low volumes, auto-injectors and long storage requirements are already complex problems with the current unconjugated monoclonal antibodies on the market, the formulation demands for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are significant. Antibodies have historically been administered at relatively low concentrations through intravenous (IV) infusion due to their large size and the inability to formulate for oral delivery. Due to the high demands associated with IV infusion and the development of novel antibody targets and unique antibody conjugates, more accessible routes of administration such as intramuscular and subcutaneous are being explored. This review will summarize various site-specific and non-site-specific antibody conjugation techniques in the context of ADCs and the demands of formulation for high concentration clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Alves
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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36
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Onitsuka M, Kadoya Y, Omasa T. Secretory leakage of IgG1 aggregates from recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 127:752-757. [PMID: 30580968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of therapeutic antibodies is one of the most important issues to be resolved in manufacturing processes because of reduced efficacy and immunogenicity. Despite aggregation studies in vitro, little is known about the aggregation mechanism in cell culture processes. In this study, we investigated the process of aggregate formation of IgG1 antibodies during the culture of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to determine how aggregation occurs. A recombinant CHO cell line was cultivated in a bioreactor, and purified IgG1 from daily culture supernatants was analyzed by size exclusion chromatography. We found a linear correlation between the peak plots of IgG1 by-products, dimeric and aggregated IgG1, and integrated viable cell density, indicating that these by-products were secreted from CHO cells at a constant secretion rate. In addition, aggregate formation was not reproduced in pseudo-culture experiments, and the solution structures of intracellular and extracellular IgG1 aggregates were similar. These results support the concept of secretory leakage of IgG1 by-products. Secreted aggregates appeared to be in an alternatively folded state, which can pass through the protein quality control system in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Onitsuka
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
| | - Yukinori Kadoya
- Graduate School of Advanced Technology and Science, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Takeshi Omasa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, U1E-801, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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37
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Uchiyama S. [Toward the Proper Biophysical Characterization of Aggregates in Biopharmaceuticals]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2018; 138:1503-1507. [PMID: 30504664 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.18-00020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals are often formulated as liquid dosage forms. During manufacturing and storage, protein molecules and active pharmaceutical ingredients form aggregates due to various stresses, including shaking and agitation, as well as by contact with silicone oils coated on pre-fillable syringes. The diameter of protein aggregates ranges from 15-20 nm, and that of dimers comprising a large number of antibody molecules can be up to 100 μm. Among these aggregates, those with a diameter of <100 nm are called nanometer aggregates, while those ranging between 100 nm and 1 μm are called sub-micron aggregates, and those ranging between 1 and 100 μm are called micron aggregates. In the last ten years, aggregates have been studied to determine their physical characteristics and their impact on immunogenicity. As a result, novel analytical methods and instruments for such characterizations have been established for a majority of aggregates, including those that are difficult to evaluate. Here, the biophysical features of protein aggregates are explained, followed by an introduction to the different methods for aggregate characterization, including their advantages and actual results. Finally, future perspectives and expectations regarding the characterization of protein aggregates are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University.,Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institute of Natural Sciences
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Patel A, Gupta V, Hickey J, Nightlinger NS, Rogers RS, Siska C, Joshi SB, Seaman MS, Volkin DB, Kerwin BA. Coformulation of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies 3BNC117 and PGT121: Analytical Challenges During Preformulation Characterization and Storage Stability Studies. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:3032-3046. [PMID: 30176252 PMCID: PMC6269598 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated analytical challenges associated with the formulation of 2 anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), 3BNC117 and PGT121, both separately at 100 mg/mL and together at 50 mg/mL each. The bnAb formulations were characterized for relative solubility and conformational stability followed by accelerated and real-time stability studies. Although the bnAbs were stable during 4°C storage, incubation at 40°C differentiated their stability profiles. Specific concentration-dependent aggregation rates at 30°C and 40°C were measured by size exclusion chromatography for the individual bnAbs with the mixture showing intermediate behavior. Interestingly, although the relative ratio of the 2 bnAbs remained constant at 4°C, the ratio of 3BNC117 to PGT121 increased in the dimer that formed during storage at 40°C. A mass spectrometry-based multiattribute method, identified and quantified differences in modifications of the Fab regions for each bnAb within the mixture including clipping, oxidation, deamidation, and isomerization sites. Each bnAb showed slight differences in the levels and sites of lysine residue glycations. Together, these data demonstrate the ability to differentiate degradation products from individual antibodies within the bnAb mixture, and that degradation rates are influenced not only by the individual bnAb concentrations but also by the mixture concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashaben Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Vineet Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - John Hickey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Nancy S Nightlinger
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Richard S Rogers
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Christine Siska
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
| | - Bruce A Kerwin
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109.
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39
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Gervasi V, Dall Agnol R, Cullen S, McCoy T, Vucen S, Crean A. Parenteral protein formulations: An overview of approved products within the European Union. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 131:8-24. [PMID: 30006246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The study presented is a comprehensive overview of commercial parenteral protein formulations, approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA), 1995-2018. The objective of this overview was to analyse current trends in the design of commercial parenteral protein products and thereby support formulation scientists in the design of new formulations. The main data source was the publicly available European Public Assessment Reports (EPARs) published by the EMA for each authorised product. An analysis of the percentage of formulations in a liquid and lyophilised form was conducted. In addition, the number of products containing individual excipients, classified into functional categories is provided. Finally, the overview includes comprehensive details of product compositions obtained from EMA, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and product Marketing Authorisation Holder. Data analysis highlighted trends in the number of products approved, and the higher percentage of liquid parenteral protein formulations (66%) compared to lyophilised formulations (34%). This overview identifies the most commonly incorporated excipients employed as buffering agents, stabilisers/bulking agents, surfactants, preservatives and tonicifiers, including their concentration ranges of use in both liquid and lyophilised formulation approaches. Finally, antibody-based formulations were a particular focus of this overview. The relationship between parenteral routes of administration and antibody concentrations in approved products was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gervasi
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R Dall Agnol
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - S Cullen
- Technical Development Department, Sanofi, Waterford, Ireland
| | - T McCoy
- Global Biologics Drug Product Development (BioDPD), Sanofi R&D, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - S Vucen
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - A Crean
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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40
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Zhang C, Samad M, Yu H, Chakroun N, Hilton D, Dalby PA. Computational Design To Reduce Conformational Flexibility and Aggregation Rates of an Antibody Fab Fragment. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3079-3092. [PMID: 29897777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Computationally guided semirational design has significant potential for improving the aggregation kinetics of protein biopharmaceuticals. While improvement in the global conformational stability can stabilize proteins to aggregation under some conditions, previous studies suggest that such an approach is limited, because thermal transition temperatures ( Tm) and the fraction of protein unfolded ( fT) tend to only correlate with aggregation kinetics where the protein is incubated at temperatures approaching the Tm. This is because under these conditions, aggregation from globally unfolded protein becomes dominant. However, under native conditions, the aggregation kinetics are presumed to be dependent on local structural fluctuations or partial unfolding of the native state, which reveal regions of high propensity to form protein-protein interactions that lead to aggregation. In this work, we have targeted the design of stabilizing mutations to regions of the A33 Fab surface structure, which were predicted to be more flexible. This Fab already has high global stability, and global unfolding is not the main cause of aggregation under most conditions. Therefore, the aim was to reduce the conformational flexibility and entropy of the native protein at various locations and thus identify which of those regions has the greatest influence on the aggregation kinetics. Highly dynamic regions of structure were identified through both molecular dynamics simulation and B-factor analysis of related X-ray crystal structures. The most flexible residues were mutated into more stable variants, as predicted by Rosetta, which evaluates the ΔΔ GND for each potential point mutation. Additional destabilizing variants were prepared as controls to evaluate the prediction accuracy and also to assess the general influence of conformational stability on aggregation kinetics. The thermal conformational stability, and aggregation rates of 18 variants at 65 °C, were each examined at pH 4, 200 mM ionic strength, under which conditions the initial wild-type protein was <5% unfolded. Variants with decreased Tm values led to more rapid aggregation due to an increase in the fraction of protein unfolded under the conditions studied. As expected, no significant improvements were observed in the global conformational stability as measured by Tm. However, 6 of the 12 stable variants led to an increase in the cooperativity of unfolding, consistent with lower conformational flexibility and entropy in the native ensemble. Three of these had 5-11% lower aggregation rates, and their structural clustering indicated that the local dynamics of the C-terminus of the heavy chain had a role in influencing the aggregation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering , University College London , Gordon Street , London WC1E 7JE , U.K
| | - Maariyah Samad
- Department of Biochemical Engineering , University College London , Gordon Street , London WC1E 7JE , U.K
| | - Haoran Yu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering , University College London , Gordon Street , London WC1E 7JE , U.K
| | - Nesrine Chakroun
- Department of Biochemical Engineering , University College London , Gordon Street , London WC1E 7JE , U.K
| | - David Hilton
- Department of Biochemical Engineering , University College London , Gordon Street , London WC1E 7JE , U.K
| | - Paul A Dalby
- Department of Biochemical Engineering , University College London , Gordon Street , London WC1E 7JE , U.K
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41
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Rathore D, Faustino A, Schiel J, Pang E, Boyne M, Rogstad S. The role of mass spectrometry in the characterization of biologic protein products. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:431-449. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1469982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Rathore
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Anneliese Faustino
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - John Schiel
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Eric Pang
- Office of Lifecycle Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Michael Boyne
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- COUR Pharmaceuticals Development Company, Northbrook, IL, USA
| | - Sarah Rogstad
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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42
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O'Brien CJ, Calero-Rubio C, Razinkov VI, Robinson AS, Roberts CJ. Biophysical characterization and molecular simulation of electrostatically driven self-association of a single-chain antibody. Protein Sci 2018; 27:1275-1285. [PMID: 29637646 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Colloidal protein-protein interactions (PPI) are often expected to impact key behaviors of proteins in solution, such as aggregation rates and mechanisms, aggregate structure, protein solubility, and solution viscosity. PPI of an anti-fluorescein single chain antibody variable fragment (scFv) were characterized experimentally at low to intermediate ionic strength using a combination of static light scattering and sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation. Surprisingly, the results indicated that interactions were strongly net-attractive and electrostatics promoted self-association. Only repulsive interactions were expected based on prior work and calculations based a homology model of a related scFv crystal structure. However, the crystal structure lacks the charged, net-neutral linker sequence. PyRosetta was used to generate a set of scFv structures with different linker conformations, and coarse-grained Monte Carlo simulations were used to evaluate the effect of different linker configurations via second osmotic virial coefficient (B22 ) simulations. The results show that the configuration of the linker has a significant effect on the calculated B22 values, and can result in strong electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged residues on the protein surface. This is particularly relevant for development of non-natural antibody products, where charged linkers and other loop regions may be prevalent. The results also provide a preliminary computational framework to evaluate the effect of unstructured linkers on experimental protein-protein interaction parameters such as B22 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J O'Brien
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716
| | - Cesar Calero-Rubio
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716
| | | | - Anne S Robinson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Los Angeles, 70118
| | - Christopher J Roberts
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716
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43
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Koepf E, Richert M, Braunschweig B, Schroeder R, Brezesinski G, Friess W. Impact of formulation pH on physicochemical protein characteristics at the liquid-air interface. Int J Pharm 2018; 541:234-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Shinozaki N, Hashimoto R, Noda M, Uchiyama S. Physicochemical improvement of rabbit derived single-domain antibodies by substitutions with amino acids conserved in camelid antibodies. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 125:654-661. [PMID: 29398547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we showed that immunized rabbit heavy chain variable regions (rVHs) can have strong antigen binding activity comparable to that of the camelid variable domain of the heavy chain of heavy chain antibody (VHH). These rVHs lack the light chain variable regions (rVLs), which exist in the authentic Fab format; thus, molecular surfaces at the interface region of rVHs are exposed to solvent. This physical feature may change physicochemical properties, such as causing reduced stability. By overcoming potential physicochemical issues through engineering the interface region, rVHs could become more useful as single-domain antibodies. In this study, we substituted amino acid residues conserved at the interface region of rVHs with those of VHHs. These substitutions included V37F, involving substitution of a residue in the hydrophobic core with a bulkier hydrophobic amino acid, and G44E/L45R, involving double substitutions of highly exposed residues with more hydrophilic ones. As expected, biophysical and structural characterizations showed that the V37F substitution markedly enhanced the thermal stability through increased hydrophobic packing, while G44E/L45R substitutions greatly reduced hydrophobicity of the interface. The quadruple substitutions of V37F/G44E/L45R/F91Y resulted in not only enhancements of thermal stability and reduction in hydrophobicity, both in an additive manner, but also synergistic improvement of purification yield. This quadruple mutant exhibited greatly reduced non-specific binding with improved colloidal stability owing to the reduced hydrophobicity. The approach used in this study should further enhance the utility of rVHs and promote research and development of single-domain antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Shinozaki
- Modality Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Shinagawa R&D Center, 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan; Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryuji Hashimoto
- Modality Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Shinagawa R&D Center, 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Masanori Noda
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Susumu Uchiyama
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.
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45
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Maruno T, Watanabe H, Yoneda S, Uchihashi T, Adachi S, Arai K, Sawaguchi T, Uchiyama S. Sweeping of Adsorbed Therapeutic Protein on Prefillable Syringes Promotes Micron Aggregate Generation. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1521-1529. [PMID: 29421215 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated how differences in the surface properties of prefillable syringe barrels and in-solution sampling methods affect micron aggregates and protein adsorption levels. Three syringe types (glass barrel with silicone oil coating [GLS/SO+], glass barrel without silicone oil coating [GLS/SO-], and cyclo-olefin polymer [COP] barrel syringes) were tested with 3 therapeutic proteins (adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab) using 2 sampling methods (aspiration or ejection). After quiescent incubation, solutions sampled by aspiration exhibited no significant change in micron aggregate concentration in any syringes, whereas those sampled by ejection exhibited increased micron aggregates in both GLS syringe types. Micron aggregate concentration in ejected solutions generally increased with increasing density of adsorbed proteins. Notably, COP syringes contained the lowest micron aggregate concentrations, which were independent of the sampling method. Correspondingly, the adsorbed protein density on COP syringes was the lowest at 1-2 mg/m2, which was much less compared with that on GLS syringes and was calculated to be equivalent to only 1-2 protein layers, as visually confirmed by high-speed atomic force microscopy. These data indicate that low-adsorption prefillable syringes should be used for therapeutic proteins because protein aggregate concentration in the ejected solution is elevated by increased protein adsorption to the syringe surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Maruno
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; U-Medico Inc., 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroki Watanabe
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Saki Yoneda
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takayuki Uchihashi
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Satoru Adachi
- Zeon Corporation, Specialty Plastics Lab, R&D Center, 1-2-1 Yako, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9507, Japan
| | - Kunihito Arai
- Zeon Corporation, Specialty Plastics Lab, R&D Center, 1-2-1 Yako, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9507, Japan
| | - Taichi Sawaguchi
- Zeon Corporation, Specialty Plastics Lab, R&D Center, 1-2-1 Yako, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9507, Japan
| | - Susumu Uchiyama
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.
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Manning MC, Liu J, Li T, Holcomb RE. Rational Design of Liquid Formulations of Proteins. THERAPEUTIC PROTEINS AND PEPTIDES 2018; 112:1-59. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Calero-Rubio C, Ghosh R, Saluja A, Roberts CJ. Predicting Protein-Protein Interactions of Concentrated Antibody Solutions Using Dilute Solution Data and Coarse-Grained Molecular Models. J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:1269-1281. [PMID: 29274822 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions for solutions of an IgG1 molecule were quantified using static light scattering (SLS) measurements from low to high protein concentrations (c2). SLS was used to determine second osmotic virial coefficients (B22) at low c2, and excess Rayleigh profiles (Rex/K vs. c2) and zero-q structure factors (Sq=0) as a function of c2 at higher c2 for a series of conditions (pH, sucrose concentration, and total ionic strength [TIS]). Repulsive (attractive) interactions were observed at low TIS (high TIS) for pH 5 and 6.5, with increasing repulsions when 5% w/w sucrose was also present. Previously developed and refined coarse-grained antibody models were used to fit model parameters from B22 versus TIS data. The resulting parameters from low-c2 conditions were used as the sole input to multiprotein Monte Carlo simulations to predict high-c2Rex/K and Sq=0 behavior up to 150 g/L. Experimental results at high-c2 conditions were quantitatively predicted by the simulations for the coarse-grained models that treated antibody molecules as either 6 or 12 (sub) domains, which preserved the basic shape of a monoclonal antibody. Finally, preferential accumulation of sucrose around the protein surface was identified via high-precision density measurements, which self-consistently explained the simulation and experimental SLS results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Calero-Rubio
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Ranendu Ghosh
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Atul Saluja
- Department of Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Christopher J Roberts
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716.
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Uchiyama S, Noda M, Krayukhina E. Sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation for characterization of therapeutic antibodies. Biophys Rev 2017; 10:259-269. [PMID: 29243091 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation (SV-AUC) coupled with direct computational fitting of the observed concentration profiles (sedimentating boundary) have been developed and widely used for the characterization of macromolecules and nanoparticles in solution. In particular, size distribution analysis by SV-AUC has become a reliable and essential approach for the characterization of biopharmaceuticals including therapeutic antibodies. In this review, we describe the importance and advantages of SV-AUC for studying biopharmaceuticals, with an emphasis on strategies for sample preparation, data acquisition, and data analysis. Recent discoveries enabled by AUC with a fluorescence detection system and potential future applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Uchiyama
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Masanori Noda
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,U-Medico Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - Elena Krayukhina
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,U-Medico Inc., Osaka, Japan
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Recent Topics of Research in the Characterization and Quality Control of Biopharmaceuticals in Japan. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:3431-3437. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Fate of a Stressed Therapeutic Antibody Tracked by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy: Folded Monomers Survive Aggregation. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:8085-8093. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b05603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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