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Giese TJ, York DM. Estimation of frequency factors for the calculation of kinetic isotope effects from classical and path integral free energy simulations. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:174105. [PMID: 37125722 PMCID: PMC10154067 DOI: 10.1063/5.0147218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We use the modified Bigeleisen-Mayer equation to compute kinetic isotope effect values for non-enzymatic phosphoryl transfer reactions from classical and path integral molecular dynamics umbrella sampling. The modified form of the Bigeleisen-Mayer equation consists of a ratio of imaginary mode vibrational frequencies and a contribution arising from the isotopic substitution's effect on the activation free energy, which can be computed from path integral simulation. In the present study, we describe a practical method for estimating the frequency ratio correction directly from umbrella sampling in a manner that does not require normal mode analysis of many geometry optimized structures. Instead, the method relates the frequency ratio to the change in the mass weighted coordinate representation of the minimum free energy path at the transition state induced by isotopic substitution. The method is applied to the calculation of 16/18O and 32/34S primary kinetic isotope effect values for six non-enzymatic phosphoryl transfer reactions. We demonstrate that the results are consistent with the analysis of geometry optimized transition state ensembles using the traditional Bigeleisen-Mayer equation. The method thus presents a new practical tool to enable facile calculation of kinetic isotope effect values for complex chemical reactions in the condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Giese
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Simulation Research, Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Darrin M. York
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Simulation Research, Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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2
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Chen BW. Equilibrium and kinetic isotope effects in heterogeneous catalysis: A density functional theory perspective. CATAL COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2023.106654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
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3
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Xu Y, Harris ME, York DM, Wong KY. Altered Mechanisms for Acid-Catalyzed RNA Cleavage and Isomerization Reactions Models. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:1322-1332. [PMID: 36753428 PMCID: PMC10069163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
RNA strand cleavage by 2'-O-transphosphorylation is catalyzed not only by numerous nucleolytic RNA enzymes (ribozymes) but also by hydroxide or hydronium ions. In experiments, both cleavage of the 5'-linked nucleoside and isomerization between 3',5'- and 2',5'-phosphodiesters occur under acidic conditions, while only the cleavage reaction is observed under basic conditions. An ab initio path-integral approach for simulating kinetic isotope effects is used to reveal the reaction mechanisms for RNA cleavage and isomerization reactions under acidic conditions. Moreover, the proposed mechanisms can also be combined through the experimental pH-rate profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Xu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Michael E Harris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Darrin M York
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Kin-Yiu Wong
- Department of Physics, High Performance Cluster Computing Centre, Institute of Advanced Materials, Institute of Computational and Theoretical Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University, 224 Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
- Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518057, China
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4
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Park K, Oka N, Sawama Y, Ikawa T, Yamada T, Sajiki H. Platinum on Carbon-Catalysed Site-Selective H-D Exchange Reaction of Allylic Alcohols Using Alkyl Amines as a Hydrogen Source. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00177b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We developed platinum on carbon-catalysed deuteration reaction of tert-allylic alcohols using deuterium oxide as a deuterium source. Amylamine was dehydrogenated by platinum on carbon to generate an appropriate amount of...
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5
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Lloyd MD, Yevglevskis M, Nathubhai A, James TD, Threadgill MD, Woodman TJ. Racemases and epimerases operating through a 1,1-proton transfer mechanism: reactivity, mechanism and inhibition. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5952-5984. [PMID: 34027955 PMCID: PMC8142540 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00540a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Racemases and epimerases catalyse changes in the stereochemical configurations of chiral centres and are of interest as model enzymes and as biotechnological tools. They also occupy pivotal positions within metabolic pathways and, hence, many of them are important drug targets. This review summarises the catalytic mechanisms of PLP-dependent, enolase family and cofactor-independent racemases and epimerases operating by a deprotonation/reprotonation (1,1-proton transfer) mechanism and methods for measuring their catalytic activity. Strategies for inhibiting these enzymes are reviewed, as are specific examples of inhibitors. Rational design of inhibitors based on substrates has been extensively explored but there is considerable scope for development of transition-state mimics and covalent inhibitors and for the identification of inhibitors by high-throughput, fragment and virtual screening approaches. The increasing availability of enzyme structures obtained using X-ray crystallography will facilitate development of inhibitors by rational design and fragment screening, whilst protein models will facilitate development of transition-state mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Lloyd
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Maksims Yevglevskis
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. and CatSci Ltd., CBTC2, Capital Business Park, Wentloog, Cardiff CF3 2PX, UK
| | - Amit Nathubhai
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. and University of Sunderland, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sciences Complex, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK
| | - Tony D James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael D Threadgill
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. and Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3BY, UK
| | - Timothy J Woodman
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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6
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Park K, Ito N, Yamada T, Sajiki H. Efficient Continuous-Flow H–D Exchange Reaction of Aromatic Nuclei in D 2O/2-PrOH Mixed Solvent in a Catalyst Cartridge Packed with Platinum on Carbon Beads. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kwihwan Park
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Naoya Ito
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hironao Sajiki
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
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7
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Xu Y, Wong KY, Wang M, Liu D, Zhao W, Zou D, Li X. Theoretical Simulations of Heavy-Atom Kinetic Isotope Effects in Aliphatic Claisen Rearrangement. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:10678-10686. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Xu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kin-Yiu Wong
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meishan Wang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Desheng Liu
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Physics, Jining University, Qufu 273155, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenkai Zhao
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongqing Zou
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoteng Li
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Yamada T, Park K, Ito N, Masuda H, Teranishi W, Cui S, Sajiki H. Robust Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Deuterium-Labeled β-Nitroalcohols Catalyzed by Basic Anion Exchange Resin. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yamada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Kwihwan Park
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Naoya Ito
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hayato Masuda
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Wataru Teranishi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Sunliang Cui
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Hironao Sajiki
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
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9
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Wu F, Deraedt C, Cornaton Y, Contreras-Garcia J, Boucher M, Karmazin L, Bailly C, Djukic JP. Making Base-Assisted C–H Bond Activation by Cp*Co(III) Effective: A Noncovalent Interaction-Inclusive Theoretical Insight and Experimental Validation. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fule Wu
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Systémique Organométalliques, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christophe Deraedt
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Systémique Organométalliques, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Yann Cornaton
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Systémique Organométalliques, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Julia Contreras-Garcia
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique UMR 7616 CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Site Jussieu, 4 place Jussieu, 75052 Paris cedex, France
| | - Mélanie Boucher
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Systémique Organométalliques, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Lydia Karmazin
- Service de Radiocristallographie, Fédération de Chimie Le Bel FR 2010, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Corinne Bailly
- Service de Radiocristallographie, Fédération de Chimie Le Bel FR 2010, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Djukic
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Systémique Organométalliques, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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10
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Dong B, Cong X, Hao N. Silver-catalyzed regioselective deuteration of (hetero)arenes and α-deuteration of 2-alkyl azaarenes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:25475-25479. [PMID: 35518614 PMCID: PMC9055237 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02358b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple silver-catalyzed regioselective deuteration of (hetero)arenes and α-deuteration of 2-alkyl azaarenes has been described. This strategy provides an efficient and practical avenue to access various deuterated electron-rich arenes, azaarenes and α-deuterated 2-alkyl azaarenes with good to excellent deuterium incorporation utilizing D2O as the source of deuterium atoms. A practical silver-catalyzed regioselective deuteration of (hetero)arenes and α-deuteration of 2-alkyl azaarenes utilizing D2O as a deuterium source has been developed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Baobiao Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Pharmacy
- Southwest Medical University
- Luzhou 646000
- China
| | - Xuefeng Cong
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Na Hao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Pharmacy
- Southwest Medical University
- Luzhou 646000
- China
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11
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Han M, Ding Y, Yan Y, Li H, Luo S, Adijiang A, Ling Y, An J. Transition-Metal-Free, Selective Reductive Deuteration of Terminal Alkynes with Sodium Dispersions and EtOD- d 1. Org Lett 2018; 20:3010-3013. [PMID: 29733218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A transition-metal-free single electron transfer reaction has been developed for the synthesis of [D3]-alkenes from terminal alkynes using sodium dispersions as the electron donor and EtOD- d1 as the deuterium source. Both reagents are cost-effective and bench-stable. This practical method exhibits remarkable terminal alkyne selectivity and exclusive alkene selectivity. Excellent deuterium incorporations and yields were achieved across a broad range of terminal alkynes without olefin isomerization. Of note, this reaction is highly solvent dependent. n-Hexane provides unique enhancement to this reductive deuteration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhui Han
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Yuxuan Ding
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Yuhao Yan
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Hengzhao Li
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Shihui Luo
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Adila Adijiang
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Yun Ling
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Jie An
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
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12
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Li H, Zhang B, Dong Y, Liu T, Zhang Y, Nie H, Yang R, Ma X, Ling Y, An J. A selective and cost-effective method for the reductive deuteration of activated alkenes. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.05.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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13
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Wong KY, Xu Y, Xu L. Pitfall in Free-Energy Simulations on Simplest Systems. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kin-Yiu Wong
- Department of Physics; High Performance Cluster Computing Centre; Institute of Computational and Theoretical Studies; Hong Kong Baptist University; 224 Waterloo Road Kowloon Tong Hong Kong
- Institute of Research and Continuing Education; Hong Kong Baptist University (Shenzhen); Shenzhen China
| | - Yuqing Xu
- Department of Physics; High Performance Cluster Computing Centre; Institute of Computational and Theoretical Studies; Hong Kong Baptist University; 224 Waterloo Road Kowloon Tong Hong Kong
- Institute of Research and Continuing Education; Hong Kong Baptist University (Shenzhen); Shenzhen China
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Physics; High Performance Cluster Computing Centre; Institute of Computational and Theoretical Studies; Hong Kong Baptist University; 224 Waterloo Road Kowloon Tong Hong Kong
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14
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Harris ME, York DM, Piccirilli JA, Anderson VE. Kinetic Isotope Effect Analysis of RNA 2′- O -Transphosphorylation. Methods Enzymol 2017; 596:433-457. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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15
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Tormos JR, Suarez MB, Fitzpatrick PF. 13C kinetic isotope effects on the reaction of a flavin amine oxidase determined from whole molecule isotope effects. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 612:115-119. [PMID: 27815088 PMCID: PMC5257176 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A large number of flavoproteins catalyze the oxidation of amines. Because of the importance of these enzymes in metabolism, their mechanisms have previously been studied using deuterium, nitrogen, and solvent isotope effects. While these results have been valuable for computational studies to distinguish among proposed mechanisms, a measure of the change at the reacting carbon has been lacking. We describe here the measurement of a 13C kinetic isotope effect for a representative amine oxidase, polyamine oxidase. The isotope effect was determined by analysis of the isotopic composition of the unlabeled substrate, N, N'-dibenzyl-1,4-diaminopropane, to obtain a pH-independent value of 1.025. The availability of a 13C isotope effect for flavoprotein-catalyzed amine oxidation provides the first measure of the change in bond order at the carbon involved in this carbon-hydrogen bond cleavage and will be of value to understanding the transition state structure for this class of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R Tormos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St. Mary's University, San Antonio, TX 78228, United States
| | - Marina B Suarez
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas-San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Paul F Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States.
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16
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Blaser M, Conrad R. Stable carbon isotope fractionation as tracer of carbon cycling in anoxic soil ecosystems. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 41:122-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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17
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Abstract
Path-integral free energy perturbation (PI-FEP) theory is presented to directly determine the ratio of quantum mechanical partition functions of different isotopologs in a single simulation. Furthermore, a double averaging strategy is used to carry out the practical simulation, separating the quantum mechanical path integral exactly into two separate calculations, one corresponding to a classical molecular dynamics simulation of the centroid coordinates, and another involving free-particle path-integral sampling over the classical, centroid positions. An integrated centroid path-integral free energy perturbation and umbrella sampling (PI-FEP/UM, or simply, PI-FEP) method along with bisection sampling was summarized, which provides an accurate and fast convergent method for computing kinetic isotope effects for chemical reactions in solution and in enzymes. The PI-FEP method is illustrated by a number of applications, to highlight the computational precision and accuracy, the rule of geometrical mean in kinetic isotope effects, enhanced nuclear quantum effects in enzyme catalysis, and protein dynamics on temperature dependence of kinetic isotope effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gao
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, PR China; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
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18
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González-Lafont À, Lluch JM. Kinetic isotope effects in chemical and biochemical reactions: physical basis and theoretical methods of calculation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Àngels González-Lafont
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Química; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
| | - José M. Lluch
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Química; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
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