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Shekh MR, Ahmed N, Kumar V. A Review of the Occurrence of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Potential Treatments through Medicinal Plants from an Indian Perspective. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2024; 20:241-269. [PMID: 38018201 DOI: 10.2174/0115733971268416231116184056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Arthritis is a medical condition that affects the joints and causes inflammation, pain, and stiffness. There are different types of arthritis, and it can affect people of all ages, even infants and the elderly. Recent studies have found that individuals with diabetes, heart disease, and obesity are more likely to experience arthritis symptoms. According to the World Health Organization, over 21% of people worldwide suffer from musculoskeletal problems. Roughly 42.19 million individuals in India, constituting around 0.31% of the populace, have been documented as having Rheumatic Arthritis (RA). Compared to other common diseases like diabetes, cancer, and AIDS, arthritis is more prevalent in the general population. Unfortunately, there is no specific cure for arthritis, and treatment plans usually involve non-pharmacological methods, surgeries, and medications that target specific symptoms. Plant-based remedies have also been shown to be effective in managing inflammation and related complications. In addition to therapies, maintaining a healthy diet, exercise, and weight management are essential for managing arthritis. This review discusses the causes, prevalence, diagnostic methods, current and prospective future treatments, and potential medicinal plants that may act as anti-inflammatory or anti-rheumatic agents. However, more research is necessary to identify the underlying mechanisms and active molecules that could improve arthritis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Raeesh Shekh
- National Innovation Foundation (NIF), India, Grambharti, Amrapur, Gandhinagar, Mahudi Road, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Nasir Ahmed
- Forensic Anthropology-1, Department of Forensic Medicine, YMC, Yenepoya Deemed to be University, University Road, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Vivek Kumar
- National Innovation Foundation (NIF), India, Grambharti, Amrapur, Gandhinagar, Mahudi Road, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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Zhang C, Li Z, Li L, Li S, Yang L, Chen L, Zhang X, Yang S, Guo Y. Achyranthoside D (AD) improve intervertebral disc degeneration through affect the autophagy and the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2022; 30:10225536221135474. [PMID: 36307202 DOI: 10.1177/10225536221135474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to explore the potential mechanism of Achyranthoside D (AD) in improving intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD). METHODS The IDD model of SD rats and nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) was established by lumbar cone annulus puncture and tert-butyl peroxide, respectively. Cell proliferation was detected by CCK8 assay. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and TUNEL staining. IVD tissue injury was observed by HE staining. Alcian blue staining observed the glycoprotein secretion in IVD. Monodansylcadaverin (MDC) staining was used to detect the formation of autophagosomes. The LC3 expression was tested by immunofluorescence. The type II collagen, aggrecan and MMP3 expression were detected by ELISA. RT-qPCR was used to detect the Casp 3, Bax, Bcl2, Acan, Col2a1 and Mmp3 expression. The LC3, P62, type II collagen, aggrecan, Beclin1, Akt, MMP3, p-mTOR, PI3K, mTOR, p-PI3K and p-Akt expression were analyzed by western blot. RESULTS The IVD tissue damage and apoptosis occurred in the Model group, and the glycoprotein secretion decreased. Compared with Model group, AD-H group alleviated the injury of IVD tissue, inhibited the apoptosis of cells, and increased the secretion of glycoprotein. 40 μg/mL AD restored the proliferation activity of NPCs. Compared to the Normal group, the NPCs apoptosis increased, the Collagen II, aggrecan and Bcl2 expressions were significantly decreased, the MMP3, Bax and Casp 3 expression were significantly increased, and the LC-3 II/I expression in IVD tissues were increased significantly in Model group, all of which was reversed in AD group. AD promoted the p-Akt, p-PI3K, p-mTOR, LC-3 II/I and Beclin1 expression, inhibited the P62 expression to alleviate the damage of nucleus pulporeus cells and the degeneration of IVD. CONCLUSION AD improved IDD by affecting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Spine Orthopedics Department, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Zhaoyong Li
- Spine Orthopedics Department, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Linghui Li
- Wangjing Hospital, Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shuofu Li
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medical, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Long Chen
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medical, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medical, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shaofeng Yang
- Spine Orthopedics Department, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Yantao Guo
- Spine Orthopedics Department, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, China
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Sun K, Pan L, Chen J, Deng Y, Chen J, Tian Z, Tang GY, Wang Y. Protein disulfide isomerase family A member 3 expression is upregulated in tissue-derived extracellular vesicles in oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 137:105390. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Inhibitory Effects of IL-6-Mediated Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 and -13 by Achyranthes japonica Nakai Root in Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis Mice Models. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080776. [PMID: 34451873 PMCID: PMC8402178 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Achyranthes japonica Nakai root (AJNR) is used to treat osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) owing to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. This study investigated the inhibitory effects of AJNR on arthritis. AJNR was extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2), and its main compounds, pimaric and kaurenoic acid, were identified. ANJR’s inhibitory effects against arthritis were evaluated using primary cultures of articular chondrocytes and two in vivo arthritis models: destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) as an OA model, and collagenase-induced arthritis (CIA) as an RA model. AJNR did not affect pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6)-mediated cytotoxicity, but attenuated pro-inflammatory cytokine-mediated increases in catabolic factors, and recovered pro-inflammatory cytokine-mediated decreases in related anabolic factors related to in vitro. The effect of AJNR is particularly specific to IL-6-mediated catabolic or anabolic alteration. In a DMM model, AJNR decreased cartilage erosion, subchondral plate thickness, osteophyte size, and osteophyte maturity. In a CIA model, AJNR effectively inhibited cartilage degeneration and synovium inflammation in either the ankle or knee and reduced pannus formation in both the knee and ankle. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that AJNR mainly acted via the inhibitory effects of IL-6-mediated matrix metalloproteinase-3 and -13 in both arthritis models. Therefore, AJNR is a potential therapeutic agent for relieving arthritis symptoms.
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Zhao X, Kim YR, Min Y, Zhao Y, Do K, Son YO. Natural Plant Extracts and Compounds for Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57030266. [PMID: 33803959 PMCID: PMC8001474 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57030266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural plant extracts and compounds (NPECs), which originate from herbs or plants, have been used in the clinical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) for many years. Over the years, many scientists have carried out a series of studies on the treatment of RA by NPEC. They found a high quantity of active NPECs with broad application prospects. In view of various complex functions of these NPECs, exploring their potential as medicines for RA treatment will be beneficial for RA patients. Thus, to help advance the development of high-quality NPECs for RA, we herein aimed to review the research progress of NPECs in the treatment of RA in recent years. Our findings showed that, from the pharmacological perspective, natural plant extracts or mixed herbal compounds effectively regulate the immune system to alleviate RA by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines. Further, individualized medication can be applied according to each patient's physical condition. However, the pathogenesis of RA and its immune mechanism has not been fully understood and requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhao
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (X.Z.); (Y.M.)
| | - Young-Rok Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea;
| | - Yunhui Min
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (X.Z.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yaping Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Kyoungtag Do
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea;
- Correspondence: (K.D.); (Y.-O.S.); Tel.: +82-64-754-3334 (K.D.); +82-64-754-3331 (Y.-O.S.)
| | - Young-Ok Son
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (X.Z.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea;
- Bio-Health Materials Core-Facility Center, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Practical Translational Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.D.); (Y.-O.S.); Tel.: +82-64-754-3334 (K.D.); +82-64-754-3331 (Y.-O.S.)
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Chinese Herbal Medicines for Rheumatoid Arthritis: Text-Mining the Classical Literature for Potentially Effective Natural Products. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:7531967. [PMID: 32419824 PMCID: PMC7206865 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7531967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by multijoint swelling, pain, and destruction of the synovial joints. Treatments are available but new therapies are still required. One source of new therapies is natural products, including herbs used in traditional medicines. In China and neighbouring countries, natural products have been used throughout recorded history and are still in use for RA and its symptoms. This study used text-mining of a database of classical Chinese medical books to identify candidates for future clinical and experimental investigations of therapeutics for RA. Methods The database Encyclopaedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Zhong Hua Yi Dian) includes the full texts of over 1,150 classical books. Eight traditional terms were searched. All citations were assessed for relevance to RA. Results and Conclusions. After removal of duplications, 3,174 citations were considered. After applying the exclusion and inclusion criteria, 548 citations of traditional formulas were included. These derived from 138 books written from 206 CE to 1948. These formulas included 5,018 ingredients (mean, 9 ingredients/formula) comprising 243 different natural products. When these text-mining results were compared to the 18 formulas recommended in a modern Chinese Medicine clinical practice guideline, 44% of the herbal formulas were the same. This suggests considerable continuity in the clinical application of these herbs between classical and modern Chinese medicine practice. Of the 15 herbs most frequently used as ingredients of the classical formulas, all have received research attention, and all have been reported to have anti-inflammatory effects. Two of these 15 herbs have already been developed into new anti-RA therapeutics—sinomenine from Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehd. & Wils and total glucosides of peony from Paeonia lactiflora Pall. Nevertheless, there remains considerable scope for further research. This text-mining approach was effective in identifying multiple natural product candidates for future research.
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Tao Y, Huang S, Yan J, Cai B. Determination of major components from Radix Achyranthes bidentate using ultra high performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry and an evaluation of their anti-osteoporosis effect in vitro. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2214-2221. [PMID: 31037819 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ecdysterone and saponins are the most characteristic components of Radix Achyranthes bidentate, which acts on the human body to promote collagen synthesis and stimulates cell growth. However, the relationship between these components and the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells is unknown. We developed a rapid ultra high performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry method for direct determination of one ecdysterone and four saponins in crude and salt-processed Radix Achyranthes bidentate. The method was interrogated in terms of linearity, intra- and inter-day precision, repeatability, stability and recovery. The method was linear within the concentration ranges of 0.003-336 μg/mL for β-ecdysterone, 0.0035-130 μg/mL for 25S-inokosterone, 0.004-423 μg/mL for ginsenoside Ro, 0.0036-66 μg/mL for chikusetsusaponin IV and 0.0044-111 μg/mL for chikusetsusaponin IVa. The intra- and inter-day precisions were all within 2.7%. The standard addition method determined recovery rates for each component (98.7-102.5%). The method was successfully applied to simultaneously quantify five components in ten batches of crude and salt-processed Radix Achyranthes bidentate. Subsequently, the examination of these extracts on the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells were carried out. Finally, the relationships between the contents of five components and their anti-osteoporosis effect were investigated by using canonical correlation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Surun Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jizhong Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Baochang Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
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Tao Y, Yan J, Cai B. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry approach for study the tissue distributions of five components of crude and salt-processed Radix Achyranthes in rats. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4483. [PMID: 30632626 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study developed a robust and reliable approach using liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of five saponins in rat tissues: β-ecdysterone, chikusetsusaponin IV, ginsenoside Ro, 25S-inokosterone and chikusetsusaponin IVa. This is the first report on a comparative tissue distribution study of crude and salt-processed Radix Achyranthes in rats. After one-step protein precipitation by acetonitrile, the tissue samples were sent to LC-MS/MS for multiple reaction monitoring. The retention times of the five saponins and internal standard were 1.77, 3.14, 3.01, 1.83, 3.26 and 4.77 min. The standard curves showed good linear regression (r2 > 0.9991) in the range of 10.3-1562.5 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision were within 15% of the nominal concentration. The recoveries of the five saponins were 92.0-99.9%. Finally, this approach was successfully applied to tissue distribution analysis of the five saponins after oral administration of crude and salt-processed Radix Achyranthes in rats. The largest concentration of the five saponins was observed in kidney after salt-processing, which indicated that processing could enhance the bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jizhong Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baochang Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
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Tao Y, Ni J, Li W, Cai B. Integrated response surface methodology and UHPLC coupled with triple quadrupole time-of-flight MS quantitation to investigate the salt-processing chemistry of traditional Chinese medicines: A case study on Achyranthes bidentata. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201800053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tao
- School of Pharmacy; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Jia Ni
- School of Pharmacy; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Weidong Li
- School of Pharmacy; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Baochang Cai
- School of Pharmacy; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing P. R. China
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Ou N, Sun Y, Zhou S, Gu P, Liu Z, Bo R, Hu Y, Liu J, Wang D. Evaluation of optimum conditions for Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharides encapsulated in cubosomes and immunological activity in vitro. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 109:748-760. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tao Y, Du Y, Li W, Cai B. Development and validation of an UHPLC–MS/MS approach for simultaneous quantification of five bioactive saponins in rat plasma: Application to a comparative pharmacokinetic study of aqueous extracts of raw and salt-processed Achyranthes bidentata. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 151:164-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hashiguchi A, Tian J, Komatsu S. Proteomic Contributions to Medicinal Plant Research: From Plant Metabolism to Pharmacological Action. Proteomes 2017; 5:proteomes5040035. [PMID: 29215602 PMCID: PMC5748570 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes5040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal medicine is a clinical practice of utilizing medicinal plant derivatives for therapeutic purposes. It has an enduring history worldwide and plays a significant role in the fight against various diseases. Herbal drug combinations often exhibit synergistic therapeutic action compared with single-constituent dosage, and can also enhance the cytotoxicity induced by chemotherapeutic drugs. To explore the mechanism underlying the pharmacological action of herbs, proteomic approaches have been applied to the physiology of medicinal plants and its effects on animals. This review article focuses on the existing proteomics-based medicinal plant research and discusses the following topics: (i) plant metabolic pathways that synthesize an array of bioactive compounds; (ii) pharmacological action of plants tested using in vivo and in vitro studies; and (iii) the application of proteomic approaches to indigenous plants with scarce sequence information. The accumulation of proteomic information in a biological or medicinal context may help in formulating the effective use of medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Hashiguchi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan.
| | - Jingkui Tian
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Setsuko Komatsu
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan.
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Lee JO, Yang WS, Park JG, Jeong D, Kim HG, Yoon KD, Aravinthan A, Kim JH, Kim E, Cho JY. Src and Syk contribute to the anti-inflammatory activities of Achyranthes aspera ethanolic extract. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 206:1-7. [PMID: 28502904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) plays pivotal roles in inflammation. Src and Syk are two tyrosine kinases that act upstream of NF-κB signaling. Although Achyranthes aspera L. (A. aspera) has been used as a traditional medicine to treat fevers and inflammatory ailments and heal wounds, the molecular mechanisms of its anti-inflammatory actions are not yet fully understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of A. aspera ethanol extract (Aa-EE). To determine the mechanism by which Aa-EE dampens the inflammatory response, nitric oxide (NO) production and the mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were examined by Griess assay and RT-PCR. Luciferase assays and immunoblotting were also conducted to examine how Aa-EE regulates the NF-κB pathway. RESULTS Aa-EE reduced NO production up to 60% without any cytotoxicity. This extract was found to downregulate the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory genes. Aa-EE blocked NF-κB promoter activity induced by both TNF-α and adaptor molecule MyD88 (about 70% and 40%, respectively). Moreover, nuclear translocation of p65 and IκBα phosphorylation were also inhibited. Furthermore, Aa-EE inactivated two upstream signaling molecules, the Src and Syk kinases. In accordance with these data, the kinase activities of Src and Syk were decreased by 50% and 80%, respectively. The anti-inflammatory action of Aa-EE was also confirmed in a gastritis model. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that Aa-EE targets NF-κB to exert its anti-inflammatory properties by suppressing Src and Syk. Therefore, our study raises the possibility that this extract can be developed as a novel natural anti-inflammatory remedy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Oog Lee
- Department of Aerospace Information Engineering, Bio-Inspired Aerospace Information Laboratory, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Seok Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gwang Park
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Jeong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Gyung Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Dong Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Adithan Aravinthan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eunji Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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He X, Wang X, Fang J, Chang Y, Ning N, Guo H, Huang L, Huang X. The genus Achyranthes: A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 203:260-278. [PMID: 28347832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Achyranthes L. (Amaranthaceae), also known as Chaff Flower and Niuxi/, mainly includes two famous medicinal species namely A. bidentata and A. aspera. A. bidentata has been widely used as blood-activating and stasis-resolving medicine for the treatment of various diseases including amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, lumbago, gonalgia, paraplegia, edema, stranguria, headache, dizziness, odontalgia, oral ulcer, hematemesis, and epistaxis. A. aspera has been widely used to treat various diseases, including gynecological disorder, asthma, ophthalmia, odontalgia, haemorrhoids, and abdominal tumor, and has been applied to difficult labour, wound healing, insect and snake bites. AIM OF THIS REVIEW This review aims to provide systematically reorganized information on distributions, botanical characteristics, ethnopharmacology, chemical constituents, qualitative and quantitative analysis, pharmacological activities, and toxicity of Achyranthes species to support their therapeutic potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS The relevant information on Achyranthes species was gathered from worldwide accepted scientific databases via electronic search (Google Scholar, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, ACS Publications, PubMed, Wiley Online Library, SciFinder, CNKI). Information was also obtained from International Plant Names Index, Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Chinese herbal classic books, PhD and MSc dissertations, etc. RESULTS A comprehensive analysis of literatures obtained through the above- mentioned sources confirms that the ethnomedicinal uses of Achyranthes species are mainly recorded in China, India, Korea, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Philippines, etc. Phytochemical investigations revealed that the major bioactive substances of Achyranthes plants are polysaccharides, polypeptides, triterpenoid saponins, and ketosteroids. Achyranthes plants have been shown to not only act on immune system, nervous system, bone metabolism, and reproduction, but also possess a wide range of biological activities, including blood-activating, anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, anti-arthritis, anti-oxidation, anti-aging, wound healing, etc. Toxicity studies indicated that A. bidentata and A. aspera seem non-toxic at the common therapeutic doses. CONCLUSIONS A. bidentata and A. aspera are very promising to be fully utilized in the development of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products. There are, however, needs for further in-depth studies to confirm some ethnomedicinal uses of Achyranthes plants and to elucidate the scientific connotation of the widely documented property of conducting drug downward of A. bidentata. In addition, other widespread Achyranthes species like A. japonica and A. rubrofusca ought to be studied. Likewise, systematic comparative studies of the chemical constituents of medicinal Achyranthes plants resources with the same local name are also needed. Furthermore, not only should the investigations on the structure-activity relationship of the main bioactive compounds triterpenoid saponins and ketosteroids be carried out, but the pathways of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion ought to be clarified. Last but not least, there is also a need to evaluate the long-term chronic toxicity and acute toxicity in vivo of the main bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirui He
- Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, PR China; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Jiacheng Fang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Yu Chang
- Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, PR China
| | - Ning Ning
- Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, PR China
| | - Hao Guo
- Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, PR China
| | - Linhong Huang
- Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, PR China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Huang
- Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, PR China
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