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Rahman M, Nguyen TM, Lee GJ, Kim B, Park MK, Lee CH. Unraveling the Role of Ras Homolog Enriched in Brain (Rheb1 and Rheb2): Bridging Neuronal Dynamics and Cancer Pathogenesis through Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1489. [PMID: 38338768 PMCID: PMC10855792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb1 and Rheb2), small GTPases, play a crucial role in regulating neuronal activity and have gained attention for their implications in cancer development, particularly in breast cancer. This study delves into the intricate connection between the multifaceted functions of Rheb1 in neurons and cancer, with a specific focus on the mTOR pathway. It aims to elucidate Rheb1's involvement in pivotal cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis resistance, migration, invasion, metastasis, and inflammatory responses while acknowledging that Rheb2 has not been extensively studied. Despite the recognized associations, a comprehensive understanding of the intricate interplay between Rheb1 and Rheb2 and their roles in both nerve and cancer remains elusive. This review consolidates current knowledge regarding the impact of Rheb1 on cancer hallmarks and explores the potential of Rheb1 as a therapeutic target in cancer treatment. It emphasizes the necessity for a deeper comprehension of the molecular mechanisms underlying Rheb1-mediated oncogenic processes, underscoring the existing gaps in our understanding. Additionally, the review highlights the exploration of Rheb1 inhibitors as a promising avenue for cancer therapy. By shedding light on the complicated roles between Rheb1/Rheb2 and cancer, this study provides valuable insights to the scientific community. These insights are instrumental in guiding the identification of novel targets and advancing the development of effective therapeutic strategies for treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafizur Rahman
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea; (M.R.); (G.J.L.)
| | - Tuan Minh Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea; (M.R.); (G.J.L.)
| | - Gi Jeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea; (M.R.); (G.J.L.)
| | - Boram Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea; (M.R.); (G.J.L.)
| | - Mi Kyung Park
- Department of BioHealthcare, Hwasung Medi-Science University, Hwaseong-si 18274, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea; (M.R.); (G.J.L.)
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Ouwerkerk W, Belo Pereira JP, Maasland T, Emmens JE, Figarska SM, Tromp J, Koekemoer AL, Nelson CP, Nath M, Romaine SPR, Cleland JGF, Zannad F, van Veldhuisen DJ, Lang CC, Ponikowski P, Filippatos G, Anker S, Metra M, Dickstein K, Ng LL, de Boer RA, van Riel N, Nieuwdorp M, Groen AK, Stroes E, Zwinderman AH, Samani NJ, Lam CSP, Levin E, Voors AA. Multiomics Analysis Provides Novel Pathways Related to Progression of Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2023; 82:1921-1931. [PMID: 37940229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite major advances in pharmacological treatment for patients with heart failure, residual mortality remains high. This suggests that important pathways are not yet targeted by current heart failure therapies. OBJECTIVES We sought integration of genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data in a large cohort of patients with heart failure to detect major pathways related to progression of heart failure leading to death. METHODS We used machine learning methodology based on stacked generalization framework and gradient boosting algorithms, using 54 clinical phenotypes, 403 circulating plasma proteins, 36,046 transcript expression levels in whole blood, and 6 million genomic markers to model all-cause mortality in 2,516 patients with heart failure from the BIOSTAT-CHF (Systems BIOlogy Study to TAilored Treatment in Chronic Heart Failure) study. Results were validated in an independent cohort of 1,738 patients. RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 70 years (Q1-Q3: 61-78 years), 27% were female, median N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide was 4,275 ng/L (Q1-Q3: 2,360-8,486 ng/L), and 7% had heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. During a median follow-up of 21 months, 657 (26%) of patients died. The 4 major pathways with a significant association to all-cause mortality were: 1) the PI3K/Akt pathway; 2) the MAPK pathway; 3) the Ras signaling pathway; and 4) epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance. Results were validated in an independent cohort of 1,738 patients. CONCLUSIONS A systems biology approach integrating genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data identified 4 major pathways related to mortality. These pathways are related to decreased activation of the cardioprotective ERBB2 receptor, which can be modified by neuregulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Ouwerkerk
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Joao P Belo Pereira
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; HORAIZON BV, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Troy Maasland
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; HORAIZON BV, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna E Emmens
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sylwia M Figarska
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jasper Tromp
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; National Heart Centre Singapore and Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrea L Koekemoer
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher P Nelson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Mintu Nath
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P R Romaine
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - John G F Cleland
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Faiez Zannad
- Clinical Investigation Center 1433, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; Clinical investigation Center 1433, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, Nancy, France; French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network-Investigation Network Initiative-Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists, French Institute of Health and Medical Research, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Dirk J van Veldhuisen
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Chim C Lang
- Cardiology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Piotr Ponikowski
- Institute for Heart Diseases, Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Gerasimos Filippatos
- Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stefan Anker
- Department of Cardiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Metra
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Institute of Cardiology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Kenneth Dickstein
- Stavanger University Hospital, University of Bergen, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Leong L Ng
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Natal van Riel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Stroes
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aeilko H Zwinderman
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Evgeni Levin
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; HORAIZON BV, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A Voors
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Androutsopoulos G, Styliara I, Zarogianni E, Lazurko N, Valasoulis G, Michail G, Adonakis G. The ErbB Signaling Network and Its Potential Role in Endometrial Cancer. EPIGENOMES 2023; 7:24. [PMID: 37873809 PMCID: PMC10594534 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes7040024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the second most common malignancy of the female reproductive system worldwide. The updated EC classification emphasizes the significant role of various signaling pathways such as PIK3CA-PIK3R1-PTEN and RTK/RAS/β-catenin in EC pathogenesis. Some of these pathways are part of the EGF system signaling network, which becomes hyperactivated by various mechanisms and participates in cancer pathogenesis. In EC, the expression of ErbB receptors is significantly different, compared with the premenopausal and postmenopausal endometrium, mainly because of the increased transcriptional activity of ErbB encoding genes in EC cells. Moreover, there are some differences in ErbB-2 receptor profile among EC subgroups that could be explained by the alterations in pathophysiology and clinical behavior of various EC histologic subtypes. The fact that ErbB-2 receptor expression is more common in aggressive EC histologic subtypes (papillary serous and clear cell) could indicate a future role of ErbB-targeted therapies in well-defined EC subgroups with overexpression of ErbB receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Androutsopoulos
- Gynaecological Oncology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rion, Greece
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rion, Greece; (I.S.); (E.Z.); (N.L.); (G.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Ioanna Styliara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rion, Greece; (I.S.); (E.Z.); (N.L.); (G.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Evgenia Zarogianni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rion, Greece; (I.S.); (E.Z.); (N.L.); (G.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Nadia Lazurko
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rion, Greece; (I.S.); (E.Z.); (N.L.); (G.M.); (G.A.)
| | - George Valasoulis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, University of Thessaly, 41334 Larisa, Greece;
- Hellenic National Public Health Organization—ECDC, 15123 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Michail
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rion, Greece; (I.S.); (E.Z.); (N.L.); (G.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Georgios Adonakis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rion, Greece; (I.S.); (E.Z.); (N.L.); (G.M.); (G.A.)
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Lyu T, Zhou S, Fang J, Wang L, Shi L, Dong Y, Zhang H. Convergent Genomic Signatures of High-Altitude Adaptation among Six Independently Evolved Mammals. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243572. [PMID: 36552492 PMCID: PMC9774524 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The species living in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau provide an excellent model system for studying the relationship between molecular convergent evolution and adaptation. Distant species experiencing the same selection pressure (i.e., hypoxia, low temperature and strong ultraviolet radiation) are likely to evolve similar genetic adaptations independently. Here, we performed comparative genomics studies on six independently evolved high-altitude species. The results also showed that the convergent evolution of the six species was mainly reflected at the level of rapidly evolving genes, and the functions of these rapidly evolving genes were mainly related to hypoxia response and DNA damage repair. In addition, we found that high-altitude species had more gene family changes than their low-altitude relatives, except for the order Lagomorpha. The results also show that the convergence of the gene family contraction of high-altitude species is much greater than that of expansion, revealing a possible pattern of species in adapting to high-altitude. Furthermore, we detected a positive selection signature in four genes related to hypoxia response and ultraviolet radiation damage in these six species (FYCO1, ERBIN, SCAMP1 and CXCL10). Our study reveals that hypoxia response might play an important role in the adaptation of independently evolved species to a high-altitude environment, providing a basic perspective for further exploring the high-altitude adaptation mechanism of different related species in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Lyu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150000, China
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Shengyang Zhou
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Jiaohui Fang
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Lidong Wang
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Lupeng Shi
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Yuehuan Dong
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Honghai Zhang
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
- Correspondence:
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Thymoquinone Suppresses Angiogenesis in DEN-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Targeting miR-1-3p. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415904. [PMID: 36555545 PMCID: PMC9781440 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by its high vascularity and metastasis. Thymoquinone (TQ), the main bio-active constituent of Nigella sativa, has shown anticancer and hepatoprotective effects. TQ's anticancer effect is mediated through miRNA regulation. miR-1-3p plays a significant role in various cancers but its role in HCC invasiveness remains poorly understood. Bio-informatics analysis predicted that the 3'-UTR of TIMP3 is a target for miR-1-3p; Rats were equally divided into four groups: Group 1, the negative control; Group 2 received TQ; Group 3 received DEN; and Group 4 received DEN after pretreatment with TQ. The expression of TIMP3, MMP2, MMP9, and VEGF in rats' liver was determined immunohistochemically. RT-qPCR was used to measure the miR-1-3p level in rats' liver, and TIMP3, MMP2, MMP9, and VEGF in the HepG2 cells after being transfected with miR-1-3p mimic or inhibitor; In rats pretreated with TQ, a decreased expression of MMP2, MMP9 and VEGF, and increased expression levels of TIMP3 and miR-1-3p were detected. Treating the HepG2 cells with miR-1-3p mimic led to the upregulation of TIMP3 and downregulation of MMP2, MMP9, and VEGF, and showed a significant delay in wound healing; These results suggested that the anti-angiogenic effect of TQ in HCC may be mediated through the regulation of miR-1-3p.
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Molecular Biology and Therapeutic Perspectives for K-Ras Mutant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174103. [PMID: 36077640 PMCID: PMC9454753 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) the most common alterations are identified in the Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) gene, accounting for approximately 30% of cases in Caucasian patients. The majority of mutations are located in exon 2, with the c.34G > T (p.G12C) change being the most prevalent. The clinical relevance of KRAS mutations in NSCLC was not recognized until a few years ago. What is now emerging is a dual key role played by KRAS mutations in the management of NSCLC patients. First, recent data report that KRAS-mutant lung AC patients generally have poorer overall survival (OS). Second, a KRAS inhibitor specifically targeting the c.34G > T (p.G12C) variant, Sotorasib, has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and by the European Medicines Agency. Another KRAS inhibitor targeting c.34G > T (p.G12C), Adagrasib, is currently being reviewed by the FDA for accelerated approval. From the description of the biology of KRAS-mutant NSCLC, the present review will focus on the clinical aspects of KRAS mutations in NSCLC, in particular on the emerging efficacy data of Sotorasib and other KRAS inhibitors, including mechanisms of resistance. Finally, the interaction between KRAS mutations and immune checkpoint inhibitors will be discussed.
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Buonomo M, Miller D, Polcari I. A 5-year-old boy with an acquired vascular lesion on the nose. Pediatr Dermatol 2022; 39:631-633. [PMID: 35584809 DOI: 10.1111/pde.15004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Buonomo
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel Miller
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ingrid Polcari
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Patra AC, Sil A, Ahmed SS, Rahaman S, Mondal N, Roy S, Datta A, Kaliyadan F, Panda S, Setia MS, Dogra S, Khandpur S, Hazra A, Das NK. Effectiveness and safety of 0.5% timolol solution in the treatment of pyogenic granuloma: A randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled study. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2022; 88:500-508. [PMID: 34672473 DOI: 10.25259/ijdvl_565_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Pyogenic granulomas are benign vascular lesions of the skin and mucosa which are often a source of concern because of their recurrent bleeding even with minimal trauma. Current treatment for pyogenic granuloma is ablative; no medical therapy is standardized to date. Timolol, due to its vasoconstrictive effect, vascular growth factor inhibition and apoptosis promotion properties, is a potential therapeutic option. Objectives: To assess the effectiveness and safety of topical timolol in the treatment of pyogenic granulomas. Methods A two-centre, double-blind and placebo-controlled trial (Registration CTRI/2019/04/018581) was conducted. Patients of either sex were recruited with pyogenic granuloma lesions of less than eight weeks duration. Topical treatment with 0.5% timolol or matching glycerin placebo was continued for six weeks. Changes in color, size, bleeding tendency, physicians' and patients' global assessments and adverse events were assessed. Results Forty subjects were randomized between the two groups which were comparable in age, sex, duration of illness and baseline lesion size.Significant improvement was noted with timolol, with color change from first follow-up onwards and lesion size reduction from second follow-up onward. Patients' assessment of bleeding tendency also showed imrovement from the second visit onward. Between-group comparison showed significant difference with respect to percentage reduction in size (timolol 40.9%, placebo 3.4%; P = 0.002). Rescue treatment (electrosurgery) was required in five patients on placebo and in one in the timolol group (P = 0.182). Complete resolution occurred in 2 (10%) patients with timolol and in no patients on placebo (P = 0.231). Limitations: We observed effects of treatment for only six weeks. Conclusion Topical timolol may be a treatment option for early pyogenic granulomas but complete resolution is unlikely in six weeks. Studies of longer duration are required to assess resolution and recurrence rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amrita Sil
- Department of Pharmacology, Rampurhat Government Medical College, Rampurhat, Birbhum, West Bengal, India
| | - Sk Shahriar Ahmed
- Department of Dermatology, Bankura Sammilani Medical College, Bankura, India
| | - Sufiur Rahaman
- Department of Dermatology, Bankura Sammilani Medical College, Bankura, India
| | - Nasiruddin Mondal
- Department of Dermatology, Bankura Sammilani Medical College, Bankura, India
| | - Sudipta Roy
- Department of Dermatology, Bankura Sammilani Medical College, Bankura, India
| | - Adrija Datta
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Feroze Kaliyadan
- Department of Dermatology, Sree Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
| | | | | | - Sunil Dogra
- Department of Dermatology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sujay Khandpur
- Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Avijit Hazra
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Nilay Kanti Das
- Department of Dermatology, Bankura Sammilani Medical College, Bankura, India
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Shen M, Qi R, Ren J, Lv D, Yang H. Characterization With KRAS Mutant Is a Critical Determinant in Immunotherapy and Other Multiple Therapies for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 11:780655. [PMID: 35070984 PMCID: PMC8766810 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.780655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a frequent type of cancer, which is mainly characterized clinically by high aggressiveness and high mortality. KRAS oncoprotein is the most common molecular protein detected in NSCLC, accounting for 25% of all oncogenic mutations. Constitutive activation of the KRAS oncoprotein triggers an intracellular cascade in cancer cells, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation of cancer cells and aberrant cell survival states. The results of multiple clinical trials have shown that different KRAS mutation subtypes exhibit different sensitivities to different chemotherapy regimens. Meanwhile, anti-angiogenic drugs have shown differential efficacy for different subtypes of KRAS mutated lung cancer. It was explored to find if the specificity of the KRAS mutation subtype would affect PD-L1 expression, so immunotherapy would be of potential clinical value for the treatment of some types of KRAS mutations. It was discovered that the specificity of the KRAS mutation affected PD-L1, which opened up immunotherapy as a potential clinical treatment option. After several breakthrough studies, the preliminary test data of many early clinical trials showed that it is possible to directly inhibit KRAS G12C mutation, which has been proved to be a targeted treatment that is suitable for about 10%-12% of patients with advanced NSCLC, having a significant impact on the prolongation of their survival and the improvement of their quality of life. This article reviews the latest progress of treatments for NSCLC with KRAS mutation, in order to gain insight into the biological diversity of lung cancer cells and their potential clinical implications, thereby enabling individualized treatment for patients with KRAS-mutant NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Shen
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology of Taizhou, Radiation Oncology Institute of Enze Medical Health Academy, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rongbin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology of Taizhou, Radiation Oncology Institute of Enze Medical Health Academy, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Enze Hospital, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Justin Ren
- Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Dongqing Lv
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology of Taizhou, Radiation Oncology Institute of Enze Medical Health Academy, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Enze Hospital, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Haihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology of Taizhou, Radiation Oncology Institute of Enze Medical Health Academy, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Enze Hospital, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
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Jiang S, Yan J, Chen X, Xie Q, Lin W, Lin T, Li Q. Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibits thyroid cancer cell migration and proliferation via activation of miR-524-5p. Arch Med Sci 2022; 18:164-170. [PMID: 35154537 PMCID: PMC8826983 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2020.92871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thyroid cancer is an important disease that threatens the health of humans. Ginsenoside Rh2 is known as an anticancer molecule; however, its function in thyroid cancer cells has not been reported. In the present study, we identified that Rh2 treatment of the thyroid cancer cell line K1 inhibited cell migration and proliferation. MATERIAL AND METHODS We determined the Rh2 function in thyroid cancer cell lines. By RT-PCR, expression of miR-524-5p and related genes were determined. The cell phenotype including cell migration and proliferation were detected after serials treatment. The relevant protein level were checked by Western blot. RESULTS Interestingly, we observed that miR-524-5p, a type of miRNA, had lower expression in the thyroid cancer cell lines TPC-1, K1, and NPA than in the normal thyroid cell line Nthyri3-1. Additionally, Rh2 treatment induced miR-524-5p expression. Further examination using overexpression of miR-524-5p identified that the miR-524-5p mimic inhibited cell migration and proliferation of the K1 line. Similar to Rh2-treated cells, the miR-524-5p mimic-expressing cells had increased E-cadherin and reduced vimentin levels compared to the control cells. Next, we examined the relationship between Rh2 and miR-524-5p with respect to thyroid cell migration and proliferation. Treatment with Rh2 and miR-524-5p inhibitor suppressed Rh2 action on K1 thyroid cell migration and proliferation, and the rates were similar to those in control cells, suggesting that Rh2 might induce miR-524-5p expression to inhibit thyroid cancer cell migration and proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses identified Rh2 and miR-524-5p action on thyroid cancer cell migration and proliferation as well as the linkage between Rh2 and miR-524-5p in thyroid cancer cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Department of Vascular Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiqi Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingsheng Chen
- Department of Vascular Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qingji Xie
- Department of Vascular Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Vascular Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ting Lin
- Department of Vascular Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qinyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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11
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Anti-cancer impact of Hypericin in B-CPAP cells: Extrinsic caspase dependent apoptosis induction and metastasis obstruction. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174454. [PMID: 34454929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common type of endocrine-related cancer. According to the literature, its incidence is not very high, but its rate increasing especially in developed countries. With this regard, finding approaches to prevent, and exert anti-tumor activity with the least side effects on the normal cells at the next step after diagnosis is demanded. Herbal medicine is a branch of integrative oncology that seems to be a practically beneficial goddess for cancer treatment in many cases. Here we utilized Hypericin (HYP) to investigate its anti-tumor (apoptotic and anti-metastatic) activity on B-CPAP (a thyroid cancer cell line) and cytotoxicity on TPC-1 (thyroid cancer cell line with wild type TP53) cell lines. To assess whether HYP may exert preventive and anti-tumor effects and does not have a potential side effect, we dubbed the experiments on the fibroblast cells (as a normal cell line). Cytotoxicity and kind of cellular death were examined by MTT and AnnexinV/PI respectively. Extrinsic/intrinsic apoptosis pathway induction was clarified by western blotting on pro/cleaved caspases 9, 8, and 3. According to our data HYP induces an extrinsic apoptosis pathway and no other types (necroptosis, necrosis, etc.) in B-CPAP cells. Moreover, CDH1 mRNA expression calculated to be up-regulated, and that of LGALS3 down-regulated in the B-CPAP cell line after treatment. Besides tumor cytotoxic activity, we suggest that HYP impedes with invasion and/or metastasis process.
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12
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Abolhassani H, Wang Y, Hammarström L, Pan-Hammarström Q. Hallmarks of Cancers: Primary Antibody Deficiency Versus Other Inborn Errors of Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:720025. [PMID: 34484227 PMCID: PMC8416062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.720025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inborn Errors of Immunity (IEI) comprise more than 450 inherited diseases, from which selected patients manifest a frequent and early incidence of malignancies, mainly lymphoma and leukemia. Primary antibody deficiency (PAD) is the most common form of IEI with the highest proportion of malignant cases. In this review, we aimed to compare the oncologic hallmarks and the molecular defects underlying PAD with other IEI entities to dissect the impact of avoiding immune destruction, genome instability, and mutation, enabling replicative immortality, tumor-promoting inflammation, resisting cell death, sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, deregulating cellular energetics, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis in these groups of patients. Moreover, some of the most promising approaches that could be clinically tested in both PAD and IEI patients were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Abolhassani
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yating Wang
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Lennart Hammarström
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qiang Pan-Hammarström
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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13
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Coley AB, Ward A, Keeton AB, Chen X, Maxuitenko Y, Prakash A, Li F, Foote JB, Buchsbaum DJ, Piazza GA. Pan-RAS inhibitors: Hitting multiple RAS isozymes with one stone. Adv Cancer Res 2021; 153:131-168. [PMID: 35101229 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the three RAS oncogenes are present in approximately 30% of all human cancers that drive tumor growth and metastasis by aberrant activation of RAS-mediated signaling. Despite the well-established role of RAS in tumorigenesis, past efforts to develop small molecule inhibitors have failed for various reasons leading many to consider RAS as "undruggable." Advances over the past decade with KRAS(G12C) mutation-specific inhibitors have culminated in the first FDA-approved RAS drug, sotorasib. However, the patient population that stands to benefit from KRAS(G12C) inhibitors is inherently limited to those patients harboring KRAS(G12C) mutations. Additionally, both intrinsic and acquired mechanisms of resistance have been reported that indicate allele-specificity may afford disadvantages. For example, the compensatory activation of uninhibited wild-type (WT) NRAS and HRAS isozymes can rescue cancer cells harboring KRAS(G12C) mutations from allele-specific inhibition or the occurrence of other mutations in KRAS. It is therefore prudent to consider alternative drug discovery strategies that may overcome these potential limitations. One such approach is pan-RAS inhibition, whereby all RAS isozymes co-expressed in the tumor cell population are targeted by a single inhibitor to block constitutively activated RAS regardless of the underlying mutation. This chapter provides a review of past and ongoing strategies to develop pan-RAS inhibitors in detail and seeks to outline the trajectory of this promising strategy of RAS inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Coley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States; Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Antonio Ward
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States; Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Adam B Keeton
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Yulia Maxuitenko
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Aishwarya Prakash
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, AL, United States; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Jeremy B Foote
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Donald J Buchsbaum
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Gary A Piazza
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.
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14
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Cuesta C, Arévalo-Alameda C, Castellano E. The Importance of Being PI3K in the RAS Signaling Network. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071094. [PMID: 34356110 PMCID: PMC8303222 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras proteins are essential mediators of a multitude of cellular processes, and its deregulation is frequently associated with cancer appearance, progression, and metastasis. Ras-driven cancers are usually aggressive and difficult to treat. Although the recent Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of the first Ras G12C inhibitor is an important milestone, only a small percentage of patients will benefit from it. A better understanding of the context in which Ras operates in different tumor types and the outcomes mediated by each effector pathway may help to identify additional strategies and targets to treat Ras-driven tumors. Evidence emerging in recent years suggests that both oncogenic Ras signaling in tumor cells and non-oncogenic Ras signaling in stromal cells play an essential role in cancer. PI3K is one of the main Ras effectors, regulating important cellular processes such as cell viability or resistance to therapy or angiogenesis upon oncogenic Ras activation. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in the understanding of Ras-dependent activation of PI3K both in physiological conditions and cancer, with a focus on how this signaling pathway contributes to the formation of a tumor stroma that promotes tumor cell proliferation, migration, and spread.
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15
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Zheng R, Li F, Li F, Gong A. Targeting tumor vascularization: promising strategies for vascular normalization. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:2489-2505. [PMID: 34148156 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03701-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor recurrence after the clinical cure of tumor often results from the presence of an abnormal microenvironment, including an aberrant vasculature. The tumor microenvironment is rich in pro-angiogenic factors but lacks pro-maturation factors. Pro-angiogenic conditions in the tumor microenvironment, such as hypoxia, are double-edged swords, promoting both the repair of normal tissues and the development of an abnormal blood vessel network. The coexistence of perfusion and hypoxic zones and uneven blood vessel distribution in tumor tissues profoundly influence tumor deterioration, recurrence, and metastasis. Traditional anti-angiogenic therapies have shown limited efficacy, and promote drug resistance, and even metastasis. In contrast, vascular normalization therapy induces a more physiological-like state, leading to better outcomes and fewer side effects. Vascular normalization entails modifying the tumor vascular system to improve tumor oxygenation and substance transport, thereby contributing to improving the efficacy of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. This review mainly focuses on the process of tumor vascularization; potential therapeutic targets, including cells, metabolism, signaling pathways, and angiogenesis-related genes; and possible strategies to normalize blood vessels through regulating tumor vessel generation, the development of tumor vessels, and blood vessel fusion and pruning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feifan Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengcen Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aihua Gong
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China.
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16
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Epistolio S, Cefalì M, Spina P, Molinari F, Movilia A, Cergnul M, Mazzucchelli L, De Dosso S, Frattini M, Saletti P. Occurence of RAS reversion in metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with bevacizumab. Oncotarget 2021; 12:1046-1056. [PMID: 34084279 PMCID: PMC8169066 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A disappearance of RAS mutations in the plasma of about 50% of mCRCs (metastatic colorectal cancers) treated with bevacizumab-based chemotherapy has been reported. Our aim was to evaluate the same issue at tissue level. Materials and Methods: Using next-generation sequencing and real-time PCR approaches, we characterized the primary tumor (PT) and paired liver metastases in 28 RAS mutant mCRCs. Patients were subdivided into 3 treatment groups: 1) bevacizumab plus chemotherapy; 2) chemotherapy alone; 3) any systemic therapy (control group). In groups 1 and 2, liver metastases were resected after removal of PT and subsequent neoadjuvant systemic therapy. Results: RAS mutant alleles are at the same percentage in PT and liver metastases in the control group, while a significant reduction of the level of RAS mutations was detected in 57.1% of cases in group 1 and in 8.3% of cases in group 2. Differences among groups are statistically significant (p = 0.038). Conclusions: Most of mCRC patients treated with bevacizumab-containing regimens experience a strong reduction of RAS mutant cells, suggesting bevacizumab as particularly active against RAS mutant cells. This finding might have potential therapeutic implications, as anti-EGFR could be reconsidered in primarily RAS mutant patients reverted to a wild-type status after bevacizumab exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Epistolio
- Institute of Pathology, EOC, Locarno, Switzerland.,These authors are Joined First Authors
| | - Marco Cefalì
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, EOC, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,These authors are Joined First Authors
| | - Paolo Spina
- Institute of Pathology, EOC, Locarno, Switzerland.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Movilia
- Department of Pathology, ASST Ovest Milanese, Ospedale di Legnano, Legnano, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cergnul
- Department of Medical Oncology, ASST Ovest Milanese, Ospedale di Legnano, Legnano, Italy
| | | | - Sara De Dosso
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, EOC, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Milo Frattini
- Institute of Pathology, EOC, Locarno, Switzerland.,These authors are Joint Senior Authors
| | - Piercarlo Saletti
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, EOC, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Current address: Department of Medical Oncology, Clinica Luganese Moncucco, Lugano, Switzerland.,These authors are Joint Senior Authors
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17
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The Role of the Guanosine Nucleotide-Binding Protein in the Corpus Luteum. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061524. [PMID: 34073800 PMCID: PMC8225084 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review aims to discuss the role of the guanosine nucleotide-binding protein (RAS) family in the biological events that occur during the formation and regression of the corpus luteum in the ovary. RAS proteins mediate extracellular signals, transduce through their receptors via multiple signaling pathways, and regulate a wide array of cellular processes. RAS exhibits a notable function in the regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, angiopoietins (ANPT), and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). RAS proteins appear to be involved in several factors that are notably associated with the regulation of the corpus luteum. Further research is necessary to enhance our understanding of the role of the RAS family in the ovarian corpus luteum. Abstract The corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine gland in the ovary. In the ovarian cycle, repeated patterns of specific cellular proliferation, differentiation, and transformation occur that accompany the formation and regression of the corpus luteum. Molecular mechanism events in the ovarian microenvironment, such as angiogenesis and apoptosis, are complex. Recently, we focused on the role of RAS protein in the ovarian corpus luteum. RAS protein plays a vital role in the modulation of cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation by molecular pathway signaling. Additionally, reproductive hormones regulate RAS activity in the cellular physiological function of ovarian follicles during pre-ovulatory maturation and ovulation. Thus, we have reviewed the role of RAS protein related to the biological events of the corpus luteum in the ovary.
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18
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Kilmister EJ, Hansen L, Davis PF, Hall SRR, Tan ST. Cell Populations Expressing Stemness-Associated Markers in Vascular Anomalies. Front Surg 2021; 7:610758. [PMID: 33634164 PMCID: PMC7900499 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2020.610758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of vascular anomalies (VAs) is mostly empirical and, in many instances unsatisfactory, as the pathogeneses of these heterogeneous conditions remain largely unknown. There is emerging evidence of the presence of cell populations expressing stemness-associated markers within many types of vascular tumors and vascular malformations. The presence of these populations in VAs is supported, in part, by the observed clinical effect of the mTOR inhibitor, sirolimus, that regulates differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The discovery of the central role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in regulating stem cells in infantile hemangioma (IH) provides a plausible explanation for its spontaneous and accelerated involution induced by β-blockers and ACE inhibitors. Recent work on targeting IH stem cells by inhibiting the transcription factor SOX18 using the stereoisomer R(+) propranolol, independent of β-adrenergic blockade, opens up exciting opportunities for novel treatment of IH without the β-adrenergic blockade-related side effects. Gene mutations have been identified in several VAs, involving mainly the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and/or the Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK pathways. Existing cancer therapies that target these pathways engenders the exciting possibility of repurposing these agents for challenging VAs, with early results demonstrating clinical efficacy. However, there are several shortcomings with this approach, including the treatment cost, side effects, emergence of treatment resistance and unknown long-term effects in young patients. The presence of populations expressing stemness-associated markers, including transcription factors involved in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), in different types of VAs, suggests the possible role of stem cell pathways in their pathogenesis. Components of the RAS are expressed by cell populations expressing stemness-associated markers in different types of VAs. The gene mutations affecting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and/or the Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK pathways interact with different components of the RAS, which may influence cell populations expressing stemness-associated markers within VAs. The potential of targeting these populations by manipulating the RAS using repurposed, low-cost and commonly available oral medications, warrants further investigation. This review presents the accumulating evidence demonstrating the presence of stemness-associated markers in VAs, their expression of the RAS, and their interaction with gene mutations affecting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and/or the Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK pathways, in the pathogenesis of VAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren Hansen
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Paul F. Davis
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Swee T. Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
- Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial and Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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19
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Klochkov SG, Neganova ME, Aleksandrova YR. Promising Molecular Targets for Design of Antitumor Drugs Based on Ras Protein Signaling Cascades. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162020050118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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20
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Nkembo AT, Amissah F, Ntantie E, Poku RA, Salako OO, Ikpatt OF, Lamango NS. Polyisoprenylated Cysteinyl Amide Inhibitors Deplete K-Ras and Induce Caspase-dependent Apoptosis in Lung Cancer Cells. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 19:838-851. [PMID: 30914025 DOI: 10.2174/1568009619666190325144636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) harboring mutation-induced dysregulation of Ras signaling present some of the most difficult-to-manage cases, since directly targeting the constitutively active mutant Ras proteins has not resulted in clinically useful drugs. Therefore, modulating Ras activity for targeted treatment of cancer remains an urgent healthcare need. OBJECTIVE In the current study, we investigated a novel class of compounds, the polyisoprenylated cysteinyl amide inhibitors (PCAIs), for their anticancer molecular mechanisms using the NSCLC cell panel with K-Ras and/or other mutant genes. METHODS The effect of the PCAIs on intracellular K-Ras levels, cell viability, apoptosis, spheroid and colony formation were determined. RESULTS Treatment of the lung cancer cells with the PCAIs, NSL-RD-035, NSL-BA-036, NSL-BA- 040 and NSL-BA-055 resulted in concentration-dependent cell death in both K-Ras mutant (A549, NCI-H460, and NCI-H1573), N-Ras mutant (NCI-H1299) and other (NCI-H661, NCI-H1975, NCIH1563) NSCLC cells. The PCAIs at 1.0 -10 μM induced the degeneration of 3D spheroid cultures, inhibited clonogenic cell growth and induced marked apoptosis via the extrinsic pathway. The most potent of the PCAIs, NSL-BA-055, at 5 μM induced a seven-fold increase in the activity of caspase- 3/7 and a 75% selective depletion of K-Ras protein levels relative to GAPDH in A549 cells that correlated with PCAIs-induced apoptosis. NSL-BA-040 and NSL-BA-055 also induced the phosphorylation of MAP kinase (ERK 1/2). CONCLUSION Taken together, PCAIs may be potentially useful as targeted therapies that suppress NSCLC progression through disruption of Ras-mediated growth signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine T Nkembo
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Felix Amissah
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Elizabeth Ntantie
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Rosemary A Poku
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Olufisayo O Salako
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Offiong Francis Ikpatt
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, United States
| | - Nazarius S Lamango
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
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21
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Effect of naive and cancer-educated fibroblasts on colon cancer cell circadian growth rhythm. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:289. [PMID: 32341349 PMCID: PMC7184765 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2468-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Opportunistic modification of the tumour microenvironment by cancer cells enhances tumour expansion and consequently eliminates tumour suppressor components. We studied the effect of fibroblasts on the circadian rhythm of growth and protein expression in colon cancer HCT116 cells and found diminished oscillation in the proliferation of HCT116 cells co-cultured with naive fibroblasts, compared with those co-cultured with tumour-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) or those cultured alone, suggesting that TAFs may have lost or gained factors that regulate circadian phenotypes. Based on the fibroblast paracrine factor analysis, we tested IL6, which diminished HCT116 cell growth oscillation, inhibited early phase cell proliferation, increased early phase expression of the differentiation markers CEA and CDX2, and decreased early phase ERK5 phosphorylation. In conclusion, our data demonstrate how the cancer education of naive fibroblasts influences the circadian parameters of neighbouring cancer cells and highlights a putative role for IL6 as a novel candidate for preoperative treatments.
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22
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Xu J, Liu M, Yu M, Shen J, Zhou J, Hu J, Zhou Y, Zhang W. RasGRP1 is a target for VEGF to induce angiogenesis and involved in the endothelial‐protective effects of metformin under high glucose in HUVECs. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:1391-1400. [PMID: 31120617 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyXiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha People's Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South UniversityHunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics Changsha People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyXiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha People's Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South UniversityHunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics Changsha People's Republic of China
| | - Muqiao Yu
- Center of StomatologyXiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayi Shen
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyXiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha People's Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South UniversityHunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics Changsha People's Republic of China
| | - Jiecan Zhou
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyXiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha People's Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South UniversityHunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics Changsha People's Republic of China
| | - Jinglei Hu
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyXiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha People's Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South UniversityHunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics Changsha People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of OrthopaediesThe Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyXiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha People's Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South UniversityHunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics Changsha People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education Changsha People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders Changsha Hunan People's Republic of China
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Carneiro-Lobo TC, Scalabrini LC, Magalhães LDS, Cardeal LB, Rodrigues FS, Dos Santos EO, Baldwin AS, Levantini E, Giordano RJ, Bassères DS. IKKβ targeting reduces KRAS-induced lung cancer angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo: A potential anti-angiogenic therapeutic target. Lung Cancer 2019; 130:169-178. [PMID: 30885340 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The ability of tumor cells to drive angiogenesis is an important cancer hallmark that positively correlates with metastatic potential and poor prognosis. Therefore, targeting angiogenesis is a rational therapeutic approach and dissecting proangiogenic pathways is important, particularly for malignancies driven by oncogenic KRAS, which are widespread and lack effective targeted therapies. Based on published studies showing that oncogenic RAS promotes angiogenesis by upregulating the proangiogenic NF-κB target genes IL-8 and VEGF, that NF-κB activation by KRAS requires the IKKβ kinase, and that targeting IKKβ reduces KRAS-induced lung tumor growth in vivo, but has limited effects on cell growth in vitro, we hypothesized that IKKβ targeting would reduce lung tumor growth by inhibiting KRAS-induced angiogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS To test this hypothesis, we targeted IKKβ in KRAS-mutant lung cancer cell lines either by siRNA-mediated transfection or by treatment with Compound A (CmpdA), a highly specific IKKβ inhibitor, and used in vitro and in vivo assays to evaluate angiogenesis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Both pharmacological and siRNA-mediated IKKβ targeting in lung cells reduced expression and secretion of NF-κB-regulated proangiogenic factors IL-8 and VEGF. Moreover, conditioned media from IKKβ-targeted lung cells reduced human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) migration, invasion and tube formation in vitro. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated IKKβ inhibition reduced xenograft tumor growth and vascularity in vivo. Finally, IKKβ inhibition also affects endothelial cell function in a cancer-independent manner, as IKKβ inhibition reduced pathological retinal angiogenesis in a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy. Taken together, these results provide a novel mechanistic understanding of how the IKKβ pathway affects human lung tumorigenesis, indicating that IKKβ promotes KRAS-induced angiogenesis both by cancer cell-intrinsic and cancer cell-independent mechanisms, which strongly suggests IKKβ inhibition as a promising antiangiogenic approach to be explored for KRAS-induced lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura B Cardeal
- Chemistry Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Silva Rodrigues
- Chemistry Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Albert S Baldwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elena Levantini
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Ricardo J Giordano
- Chemistry Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mabeta P. Oncosuppressors and Oncogenes: Role in Haemangioma Genesis and Potential for Therapeutic Targeting. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1192. [PMID: 29652858 PMCID: PMC5979526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic lesions in proto-oncogenes result in the perturbation of angiogenesis, the formation of neovessels from a pre-existing microvasculature. Similarly, the subversion of tumor suppressor genes promotes tumor vascularization. Excessive neovessel formation is associated with various neoplasms such as infantile hemangiomas (IH). Hemangiomas are the most common tumors in pediatric patients and at present have no definitive treatment. The pathogenesis of IH is not well understood; however, both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis are associated with hemangioma genesis. A number of factors that modulate angiogenesis and vasculogenesis have been shown to be dysregulated in IH. Several of the oncogenes and tumor suppressors linked to the promotion of angiogenesis are also altered in infantile hemangioma. In this review, the roles of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes during neovascularization and hemangioma genesis are explored. In addition, the potential for targeting these genes in IH therapy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peace Mabeta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, 9 Botshelo Road, Pretoria 0007, South Africa.
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Kortlever RM, Sodir NM, Wilson CH, Burkhart DL, Pellegrinet L, Brown Swigart L, Littlewood TD, Evan GI. Myc Cooperates with Ras by Programming Inflammation and Immune Suppression. Cell 2017; 171:1301-1315.e14. [PMID: 29195074 PMCID: PMC5720393 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The two oncogenes KRas and Myc cooperate to drive tumorigenesis, but the mechanism underlying this remains unclear. In a mouse lung model of KRasG12D-driven adenomas, we find that co-activation of Myc drives the immediate transition to highly proliferative and invasive adenocarcinomas marked by highly inflammatory, angiogenic, and immune-suppressed stroma. We identify epithelial-derived signaling molecules CCL9 and IL-23 as the principal instructing signals for stromal reprogramming. CCL9 mediates recruitment of macrophages, angiogenesis, and PD-L1-dependent expulsion of T and B cells. IL-23 orchestrates exclusion of adaptive T and B cells and innate immune NK cells. Co-blockade of both CCL9 and IL-23 abrogates Myc-induced tumor progression. Subsequent deactivation of Myc in established adenocarcinomas triggers immediate reversal of all stromal changes and tumor regression, which are independent of CD4+CD8+ T cells but substantially dependent on returning NK cells. We show that Myc extensively programs an immune suppressive stroma that is obligatory for tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderik M Kortlever
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK; Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nicole M Sodir
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK; Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Catherine H Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Deborah L Burkhart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Luca Pellegrinet
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Lamorna Brown Swigart
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Trevor D Littlewood
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Gerard I Evan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK; Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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26
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Wang J, Yao X, Huang J. New tricks for human farnesyltransferase inhibitor: cancer and beyond. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:841-854. [PMID: 30108801 PMCID: PMC6072492 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00030h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) catalyzes the addition of a C15-farnesyl lipid group to the cysteine residue located in the COOH-terminal tetrapeptide motif of a variety of important substrate proteins, including well-known Ras protein superfamily. The farnesylation of Ras protein is required both for its normal physiological function, and for the transforming capacity of its oncogenic mutants. Over the last several decades, FTase inhibitors (FTIs) were developed to disrupt the farnesylation of oncogenic Ras as anti-cancer agents, and some of them have entered cancer clinical investigation. On the other hand, some substrates of FTase were demonstrated to be related with other human diseases, including Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, chronic hepatitis D, and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarize the roles of FTase in malignant transformation, proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis of tumor cells, and the recently anticancer clinical research advances of FTIs. The therapeutic prospect of FTIs on several other human diseases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design , School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China . ; Tel: (+86)21 64253681
| | - Xue Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design , School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China . ; Tel: (+86)21 64253681
| | - Jin Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design , School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China . ; Tel: (+86)21 64253681
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27
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Tang N, Shi L, Yu Z, Dong P, Wang C, Huo X, Zhang B, Huang S, Deng S, Liu K, Ma T, Wang X, Wu L, Ma XC. Gamabufotalin, a major derivative of bufadienolide, inhibits VEGF-induced angiogenesis by suppressing VEGFR-2 signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2016; 7:3533-47. [PMID: 26657289 PMCID: PMC4823125 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamabufotalin (CS-6), a main active compound isolated from Chinese medicine Chansu, has been shown to strongly inhibit cancer cell growth and inflammatory response. However, its effects on angiogenesis have not been known yet. Here, we sought to determine the biological effects of CS-6 on signaling mechanisms during angiogenesis. Our present results fully demonstrate that CS-6 could significantly inhibit VEGF triggered HUVECs proliferation, migration, invasion and tubulogenesis in vitro and blocked vascularization in Matrigel plugs impregnated in C57/BL6 mice as well as reduced vessel density in human lung tumor xenograft implanted in nude mice. Computer simulations revealed that CS-6 interacted with the ATP-binding sites of VEGFR-2 using molecular docking. Furthermore, western blot analysis indicated that CS-6 inhibited VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGFR-2 kinase and suppressed the activity of VEGFR-2-mediated signaling cascades. Therefore, our studies demonstrated that CS-6 inhibited angiogenesis by inhibiting the activation of VEGFR-2 signaling pathways and CS-6 could be a potential candidate in angiogenesis-related disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Tang
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Transport of Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhenlong Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Transport of Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Department of Pharmacy and Traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army 210 Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Peipei Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Transport of Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Transport of Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaokui Huo
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Transport of Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Baojing Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Transport of Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shanshan Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Transport of Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Sa Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Transport of Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Transport of Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Tonghui Ma
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Pharmacy and Traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army 210 Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Lijun Wu
- Department of Pharmacy and Traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army 210 Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao-Chi Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Transport of Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Department of Pharmacy and Traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army 210 Hospital, Dalian, China
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28
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Gore J, Craven KE, Wilson JL, Cote GA, Cheng M, Nguyen HV, Cramer HM, Sherman S, Korc M. TCGA data and patient-derived orthotopic xenografts highlight pancreatic cancer-associated angiogenesis. Oncotarget 2015; 6:7504-21. [PMID: 25762644 PMCID: PMC4480696 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) overexpress pro-angiogenic factors but are not viewed as vascular. Using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas we demonstrate that a subset of PDACs exhibits a strong pro-angiogenic signature that includes 37 genes, such as HDAC9, that are overexpressed in PDAC arising in KRC mice, which express mutated Kras and lack RB. Moreover, patient-derived orthotopic xenografts can exhibit tumor angiogenesis, whereas conditioned media (CM) from KRC-derived pancreatic cancer cells (PCCs) enhance endothelial cell (EC) growth and migration, and activate canonical TGF-β signaling and STAT3. Inhibition of the type I TGF-β receptor with SB505124 does not alter endothelial activation in vitro, but decreases pro-angiogenic gene expression and suppresses angiogenesis in vivo. Conversely, STAT3 silencing or JAK1-2 inhibition with ruxolitinib blocks CM-enhanced EC proliferation. STAT3 disruption also suppresses endothelial HDAC9 and blocks CM-induced HDAC9 expression, whereas HDAC9 re-expression restores CM-enhanced endothelial proliferation. Moreover, ruxolitinib blocks mitogenic EC/PCC cross-talk, and suppresses endothelial p-STAT3 and HDAC9, and PDAC progression and angiogenesis in vivo, while markedly prolonging survival of KRC mice. Thus, targeting JAK1-2 with ruxolitinib blocks a final pathway that is common to multiple pro-angiogenic factors, suppresses EC-mediated PCC proliferation, and may be useful in PDACs with a strong pro-angiogenic signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Gore
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- The Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, and the Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kelly E. Craven
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Julie L. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Gregory A. Cote
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- The Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, and the Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Monica Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Hai V. Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Harvey M. Cramer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Stuart Sherman
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- The Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, and the Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Murray Korc
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- The Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, and the Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Lim YH, Douglas SR, Ko CJ, Antaya RJ, McNiff JM, Zhou J, Choate KA, Narayan D. Somatic Activating RAS Mutations Cause Vascular Tumors Including Pyogenic Granuloma. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1698-1700. [PMID: 25695684 PMCID: PMC4430357 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young H Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Stephanie R Douglas
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christine J Ko
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Richard J Antaya
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jennifer M McNiff
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Keith A Choate
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
| | - Deepak Narayan
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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30
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Liclican EL, Walser TC, Hazra S, Krysan K, Park SJ, Pagano PC, Gardner BK, Larsen JE, Minna JD, Dubinett SM. Loss of miR125a expression in a model of K-ras-dependent pulmonary premalignancy. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:845-55. [PMID: 24913817 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular pathogenesis of lung cancer is necessary to identify biomarkers/targets specific to individual airway molecular profiles and to identify options for targeted chemoprevention. Herein, we identify mechanisms by which loss of microRNA (miRNA)125a-3p (miR125a) contributes to the malignant potential of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) harboring an activating point mutation of the K-ras proto-oncogene (HBEC K-ras). Among other miRNAs, we identified significant miR125a loss in HBEC K-ras lines and determined that miR125a is regulated by the PEA3 transcription factor. PEA3 is upregulated in HBEC K-ras cells, and genetic knockdown of PEA3 restores miR125a expression. From a panel of inflammatory/angiogenic factors, we identified increased CXCL1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production by HBEC K-ras cells and determined that miR125a overexpression significantly reduces K-ras-mediated production of these tumorigenic factors. miR125a overexpression also abrogates increased proliferation of HBEC K-ras cells and suppresses anchorage-independent growth (AIG) of HBEC K-ras/P53 cells, the latter of which is CXCL1-dependent. Finally, pioglitazone increases levels of miR125a in HBEC K-ras cells via PEA3 downregulation. In addition, pioglitazone and miR125a overexpression elicit similar phenotypic responses, including suppression of both proliferation and VEGF production. Our findings implicate miR125a loss in lung carcinogenesis and lay the groundwork for future studies to determine whether miR125a is a possible biomarker for lung carcinogenesis and/or a chemoprevention target. Moreover, our studies illustrate that pharmacologic augmentation of miR125a in K-ras-mutated pulmonary epithelium effectively abrogates several deleterious downstream events associated with the mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira L Liclican
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Tonya C Walser
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Saswati Hazra
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Kostyantyn Krysan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Stacy J Park
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Paul C Pagano
- Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Brian K Gardner
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Jill E Larsen
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - John D Minna
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Steven M Dubinett
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center; VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care Center, Los Angeles, California; and
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31
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Lower Ras expression as an independent predictor of patient outcomes in lung cancer treated with bevacizumab plus chemotherapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2014; 21:110-4. [PMID: 24577128 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2014.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the predictive roles of VEGF/KDR/Ras/MAPK gene expression in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with bevacizumab plus chemotherapy. Twenty-five patients participating in an open-label phase IV trial (SAiL, MO19390) with available tumor tissues were analyzed. The mRNA expression levels of VEGF, kinase insert domain receptor (KDR), Ras, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in tumor tissues were detected using real-time quantitative PCR methods. The relationships between gene expression and disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were assessed. Patients with lower Ras expression had a longer PFS and OS than patients with higher expression (median PFS, 9.9 vs 5.5 months, χ(2)=3.944, P=0.047; OS, 19.3 vs 7.1 months, χ(2)=9.384, P=0.002). The PFS and OS of patients with lower and higher MAPK expression exhibited a marginal and significant difference (median PFS, 9.9 vs 5.5 months, χ(2)=3.464, P=0.063; OS, 19.3 vs 9.7 months, χ(2)=5.298, P=0.021), respectively. Multivariate analyses using Cox's proportional hazards model showed that Ras is an independent predictor of OS (χ(2)=9.384, P=0.002). No differences in DCR were found according to Ras expression level. The results indicate that Ras is an independent predictor of OS. Thus, patients with lower Ras expression are most likely to benefit from bevacizumab plus chemotherapy treatment regimen. Patients with higher levels of Ras should receive other inhibitors that target Ras. The results also suggest that gene therapies that decrease RAS expression combined with bevacizumab may improve lung cancer treatment. Although there is a very important implication to patient selection in the target therapy, the data in this study are very preliminary owing to the too small sample size. Therefore, further research involving large numbers of patients and a prospective assessment of low and high RAS mRNA expressions getting the same treatments need to be done before conclusions can be made.
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Delgado O, Batten KG, Richardson JA, Xie XJ, Gazdar AF, Kaisani AA, Girard L, Behrens C, Suraokar M, Fasciani G, Wright WE, Story MD, Wistuba II, Minna JD, Shay JW. Radiation-enhanced lung cancer progression in a transgenic mouse model of lung cancer is predictive of outcomes in human lung and breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:1610-22. [PMID: 24486591 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Carcinogenesis is an adaptive process between nascent tumor cells and their microenvironment, including the modification of inflammatory responses from antitumorigenic to protumorigenic. Radiation exposure can stimulate inflammatory responses that inhibit or promote carcinogenesis. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of radiation exposure on lung cancer progression in vivo and assess the relevance of this knowledge to human carcinogenesis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN K-ras(LA1) mice were irradiated with various doses and dose regimens and then monitored until death. Microarray analyses were performed using Illumina BeadChips on whole lung tissue 70 days after irradiation with a fractionated or acute dose of radiation and compared with age-matched unirradiated controls. Unique group classifiers were derived by comparative genomic analysis of three experimental cohorts. Survival analyses were performed using principal component analysis and k-means clustering on three lung adenocarcinoma, three breast adenocarcinoma, and two lung squamous carcinoma annotated microarray datasets. RESULTS Radiation exposure accelerates lung cancer progression in the K-ras(LA1) lung cancer mouse model with dose fractionation being more permissive for cancer progression. A nonrandom inflammatory signature associated with this progression was elicited from whole lung tissue containing only benign lesions and predicts human lung and breast cancer patient survival across multiple datasets. Immunohistochemical analyses suggest that tumor cells drive predictive signature. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that radiation exposure can cooperate with benign lesions in a transgenic model of cancer by affecting inflammatory pathways, and that clinically relevant similarities exist between human lung and breast carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Delgado
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Cell Biology; Pathology; Molecular Biology; Plastic Surgery; and Clinical Sciences; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center; Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology; Departments of Internal Medicine; Pharmacology; and Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology; and Translational Molecular Pathology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Ras. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Bottos A, Bardelli A. Oncogenes and angiogenesis: a way to personalize anti-angiogenic therapy? Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4131-40. [PMID: 23685900 PMCID: PMC11113350 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1331-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of oncogenic mutations and promotion of angiogenesis are key hallmarks of cancer. These features are often thought of as separate events in tumor progression and the two fields of research have frequently been considered as independent. However, as we highlight in this review, activated oncogenes and deregulated angiogenesis are tightly associated, as mutations in cancer cells can lead to perturbation of the pro- and anti-angiogenic balance thereby causing aberrant angiogenesis. We propose that normalization of the vascular network by targeting oncogenes in the tumor cells might lead to more efficient and sustained therapeutic effects compared to therapies targeting tumor vessels. We discuss how pharmacological inhibition of oncogenes in tumor cells restores a functional vasculature by bystander anti-angiogenic effect. As genetic alterations are tumor-specific, targeted therapy, which potentially blocks the angiogenic program activated by individual oncogenes may lead to personalized anti-angiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Bottos
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, PO Box 2543, 4058, Basel, Switzerland,
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He XP, Song FJ, Liu XY, Wang Z, Li XX, Liu FY, Chen G, Jiang WP. The relationship between KRAS gene mutations and HLA class I antigen downregulation in the metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer. J Int Med Res 2013; 41:1473-83. [PMID: 23975858 DOI: 10.1177/0300060513489801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue (KRAS) gene mutations and levels of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I antigen in primary lung tumours and metastatic lymph nodes of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS Patients with NSCLC undergoing tumour resection were enrolled. KRAS codon 12 mutations were analysed in normal lung and lymph node tissue, primary lung tumours and metastatic lymph nodes using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. HLA class I antigen immunostaining was examined using flow cytometry. RESULTS A total of 65 patients participated in the study. All normal lung tissues had positive HLA class I antigen immunostaining. The majority of primary lung tumours (56/65) and all of the metastatic lymph nodes (31/31) had downregulated HLA class I antigen immunostaining. There was a positive correlation between downregulated HLA class I antigen in primary tumours and metastatic lymph nodes. There was a negative correlation between KRAS codon 12 mutations and the level of HLA class I antigen in primary and metastatic tumours. CONCLUSIONS KRAS codon 12 mutations appear to be important in the downregulation of HLA class I antigen in NSCLC. Abnormal activation of the oncogenic KRAS pathway might provide a new treatment target for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Peng He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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Ren CG, Wang L, Jia XE, Liu YJ, Dong ZW, Jin Y, Chen Y, Deng M, Zhou Y, Zhou Y, Ren RB, Pan WJ, Liu TX. Activated N-Ras signaling regulates arterial-venous specification in zebrafish. J Hematol Oncol 2013; 6:34. [PMID: 23663822 PMCID: PMC3658992 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-6-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aberrant activation of Ras signaling is associated with human diseases including hematological malignancies and vascular disorders. So far the pathological roles of activated Ras signaling in hematopoiesis and vasculogenesis are largely unknown. METHODS A conditional Cre/loxP transgenic strategy was used to mediate the specific expression of a constitutively active form of human N-Ras in zebrafish endothelial and hematopoietic cells driven by the zebrafish lmo2 promoter. The expression of hematopoietic and endothelial marker genes was analyzed both via whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) assay and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). The embryonic vascular morphogenesis was characterized both by living imaging and immunofluorescence on the sections with a confocal microscopy, and the number of endothelial cells in the embryos was quantified by flow cytometry. The functional analyses of the blood circulation were carried out by fluorescence microangiography assay and morpholino injection. RESULTS In the activated N-Ras transgenic embryos, the primitive hematopoiesis appeared normal, however, the definitive hematopoiesis of these embryos was completely absent. Further analysis of endothelial cell markers confirmed that transcription of arterial marker ephrinB2 was significantly decreased and expression of venous marker flt4 excessively increased, indicating the activated N-Ras signaling promotes the venous development at the expense of arteriogenesis during zebrafish embryogenesis. The activated N-Ras-expressing embryos showed atrophic axial arteries and expansive axial veins, leading to no definitive hematopoietic stem cell formation, the blood circulation failure and subsequently embryonic lethality. CONCLUSIONS Our studies revealed for the first time that activated N-Ras signaling during the endothelial differentiation in vertebrates can disrupt the balance of arterial-venous specification, thus providing new insights into the pathogenesis of the congenital human vascular disease and tumorigenic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Guang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Figueras A, Arbos MA, Quiles MT, Viñals F, Germà JR, Capellà G. The impact of KRAS mutations on VEGF-A production and tumour vascular network. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:125. [PMID: 23506169 PMCID: PMC3610256 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The malignant potential of tumour cells may be influenced by the molecular nature of KRAS mutations being codon 13 mutations less aggressive than codon 12 ones. Their metabolic profile is also different, with an increased anaerobic glycolytic metabolism in cells harbouring codon 12 KRAS mutations compared with cells containing codon 13 mutations. We hypothesized that this distinct metabolic behaviour could be associated with different HIF-1α expression and a distinct angiogenic profile. Methods Codon13 KRAS mutation (ASP13) or codon12 KRAS mutation (CYS12) NIH3T3 transfectants were analyzed in vitro and in vivo. Expression of HIF-1α, and VEGF-A was studied at RNA and protein levels. Regulation of VEGF-A promoter activity was assessed by means of luciferase assays using different plasmid constructs. Vascular network was assessed in tumors growing after subcutaneous inoculation. Non parametric statistics were used for analysis of results. Results Our results show that in normoxic conditions ASP13 transfectants exhibited less HIF-1α protein levels and activity than CYS12. In contrast, codon 13 transfectants exhibited higher VEGF-A mRNA and protein levels and enhanced VEGF-A promoter activity. These differences were due to a differential activation of Sp1/AP2 transcription elements of the VEGF-A promoter associated with increased ERKs signalling in ASP13 transfectants. Subcutaneous CYS12 tumours expressed less VEGF-A and showed a higher microvessel density (MVD) than ASP13 tumours. In contrast, prominent vessels were only observed in the latter. Conclusion Subtle changes in the molecular nature of KRAS oncogene activating mutations occurring in tumour cells have a major impact on the vascular strategy devised providing with new insights on the role of KRAS mutations on angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Figueras
- Translational Research Laboratory, Institut Català d'Oncologia-IDIBELL, Gran Via 199-203, 08908 L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Sun Y, Li H. Functional characterization of SAG/RBX2/ROC2/RNF7, an antioxidant protein and an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Protein Cell 2012; 4:103-16. [PMID: 23136067 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-012-2105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
SAG (Sensitive to Apoptosis Gene), also known as RBX2 (RING box protein 2), ROC2 (Regulator of Cullins 2), or RNF7 (RING Finger Protein 7), was originally cloned in our laboratory as a redox inducible antioxidant protein and later characterized as the second member of the RBX/ROC RING component of the SCF (SKP1-CUL-F-box Proteins) E3 ubiquitin ligase. When acting alone, SAG scavenges oxygen radicals by forming inter- and intra-molecular disulfide bonds, whereas by forming a complex with other components of the SCF E3 ligase, SAG promotes ubiquitination and degradation of a number of protein substrates, including c-JUN, DEPTOR, HIF-1α, IκBα, NF1, NOXA, p27, and procaspase-3, thus regulating various signaling pathways and biological processes. Specifically, SAG protects cells from apoptosis, confers radioresistance, and plays an essential and non-redundant role in mouse embryogenesis and vasculogenesis. Furthermore, stress-inducible SAG is overexpressed in a number of human cancers and SAG overexpression correlates with poor patient prognosis. Finally, SAG transgenic expression in epidermis causes an early stage inhibition, but later stage promotion, of skin tumorigenesis triggered by DMBA/TPA. Given its major role in promoting targeted degradation of tumor suppressive proteins, leading to apoptosis suppression and accelerated tumorigenesis, SAG E3 ligase appears to be an attractive anticancer target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, 4424B Medical Science-I, 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Ali S, Banerjee S, Logna F, Bao B, Philip PA, Korc M, Sarkar FH. Inactivation of Ink4a/Arf leads to deregulated expression of miRNAs in K-Ras transgenic mouse model of pancreatic cancer. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:3373-80. [PMID: 22213426 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human pancreatic cancer (PC) is an aggressive disease, which has been recapitulated in transgenic animal model that provides unique opportunity for mechanistic understanding of disease progression and also for testing the efficacy of novel therapeutics. Emerging evidence suggests deregulated expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) in human PC, and thus we investigated the expression of miRNAs in pancreas tissues obtained from transgenic mouse models of K-Ras (K), Pdx1-Cre (C), K-Ras;Pdx1-Cre (KC), and K-Ras;Pdx1-Cre;INK4a/Arf (KCI), initially from pooled RNA samples using miRNA profiling, and further confirmed in individual specimens by quantitative RT-PCR. We found over-expression of miR-21, miR-221, miR-27a, miR-27b, and miR-155, and down-regulation of miR-216a, miR-216b, miR-217, and miR-146a expression in tumors derived from KC and KCI mouse model, which was consistent with data from KCI-derived RInk-1 cells. Mechanistic investigations revealed a significant induction of EGFR, K-Ras, and MT1-MMP protein expression in tissues from both KC and KCI mouse compared to tissues from K or C, and these results were consistent with similar findings in RInk-1 cells compared to human MIAPaCa-2 cells. Furthermore, miR-155 knock-down in RInk-1 cells resulted in the inhibition of cell growth and colony formation consistent with down-regulation of EGFR, MT1-MMP, and K-Ras expression. In addition, miR-216b which target Ras, and forced re-expression of miR-216b in RInk-1 cells showed inhibition of cell proliferation and colony formation, which was correlated with reduced expression of Ras, EGFR, and MT1-MMP. These findings suggest that these models would be useful for preclinical evaluation of novel miRNA-targeted agents for designing personalized therapy for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadan Ali
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Yang Y, Wu J, Demir A, Castillo-Martin M, Melamed RD, Zhang G, Fukunaga-Kanabis M, Perez-Lorenzo R, Zheng B, Silvers DN, Brunner G, Wang S, Rabadan R, Cordon-Cardo C, Celebi JT. GAB2 induces tumor angiogenesis in NRAS-driven melanoma. Oncogene 2012; 32:3627-37. [PMID: 22926523 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
GAB2 is a scaffold protein with diverse upstream and downstream effectors. MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways are known effectors of GAB2. It is amplified and overexpressed in a variety of human tumors including melanoma. Here we show a previously undescribed role for GAB2 in NRAS-driven melanoma. Specifically, we found that GAB2 is co-expressed with mutant NRAS in melanoma cell lines and tumor samples and its expression correlated with metastatic potential. Co-expression of GAB2(WT) and NRAS(G12D) in melanocytes and in melanoma cells increased anchorage-independent growth by providing GAB2-expressing cells a survival advantage through upregulation of BCL-2 family of anti-apoptotic factors. Of note, collaboration of GAB2 with mutant NRAS enhanced tumorigenesis in vivo and led to an increased vessel density with strong CD34 and VEGFR2 activity. We found that GAB2 facilitiated an angiogenic switch by upregulating HIF-1α and VEGF levels. This angiogenic response was significantly suppressed with the MEK inhibitor PD325901. These data suggest that GAB2-mediated signaling cascades collaborate with NRAS-driven downstream activation for conferring an aggressive phenotype in melanoma. Second, we show that GAB2/NRAS signaling axis is non-linear and non-redundant in melanocytes and melanoma, and thus are acting independent of each other. Finally, we establish a link between GAB2 and angiogenesis in melanoma for the first time. In conclusion, our findings provide evidence that GAB2 is a novel regulator of tumor angiogenesis in NRAS-driven melanoma through regulation of HIF-1α and VEGF expressions mediated by RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Pylayeva-Gupta Y, Lee KE, Hajdu CH, Miller G, Bar-Sagi D. Oncogenic Kras-induced GM-CSF production promotes the development of pancreatic neoplasia. Cancer Cell 2012; 21:836-47. [PMID: 22698407 PMCID: PMC3721510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stromal responses elicited by early stage neoplastic lesions can promote tumor growth. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie the early recruitment of stromal cells to sites of neoplasia remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate an oncogenic Kras(G12D)-dependent upregulation of GM-CSF in mouse pancreatic ductal epithelial cells (PDECs). An enhanced GM-CSF production is also observed in human PanIN lesions. Kras(G12D)-dependent production of GM-CSF in vivo is required for the recruitment of Gr1(+)CD11b(+) myeloid cells. The suppression of GM-CSF production inhibits the in vivo growth of Kras(G12D)-PDECs, and, consistent with the role of GM-CSF in Gr1(+)CD11b(+) mobilization, this effect is mediated by CD8(+) T cells. These results identify a pathway that links oncogenic activation to the evasion of antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Pylayeva-Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyoung Eun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cristina H. Hajdu
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - George Miller
- Departments of Surgery and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Dafna Bar-Sagi
- Department of Biochemistry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Lai L, Liu J, Zhai D, Lin Q, He L, Dong Y, Zhang J, Lu B, Chen Y, Yi Z, Liu M. Plumbagin inhibits tumour angiogenesis and tumour growth through the Ras signalling pathway following activation of the VEGF receptor-2. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1084-96. [PMID: 21658027 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Angiogenesis-based therapy is an effective anti-tumour strategy and previous reports have shown some beneficial effects of a naturally occurring bioactive compound plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1, 4-naphthoquinone). Here, we sought to determine the biological effects of plumbagin on signalling mechanisms during tumour angiogenesis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of plumbagin were evaluated in various in vitro assays which utilised human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) proliferation, migration and tube formation. Plumbagin was also evaluated in vivo using chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and mouse corneal micropocket models., Human colon carcinoma and prostate cancer xenograft mouse models were used to evaluate the effects of plumbagin on angiogenesis. Immunofluorescence, GST pull-down and Western blotting were employed to explore the underlying mechanisms of VEGF receptor (VEGFR)2-mediated Ras signalling pathways. KEY RESULTS Plumbagin not only inhibited endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tube formation but also suppressed chicken chorioallantoic membrane neovascularzation and VEGF-induced mouse corneal angiogenesis. Moreover, plumbagin suppressed tumour angiogenesis and tumour growth in human colon carcinoma and prostate cancer xenograft mouse models. At a molecular level, plumbagin blocked the Ras/Rac/cofilin and Ras/MEK signalling pathways mediated by VEGFR2 in HUVECs. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Plumbagin inhibited tumour angiogenesis and tumour growth by interference with the VEGFR2-mediated Ras signalling pathway in endothelial cells. Our findings demonstrate a molecular basis for the effects of plumbagin and suggest that this compound might have therapeutic ant-tumour effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
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SAG/RBX2/ROC2 E3 ubiquitin ligase is essential for vascular and neural development by targeting NF1 for degradation. Dev Cell 2011; 21:1062-76. [PMID: 22118770 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
SAG/RBX2/ROC2 protein is an essential RING component of SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase. The role of SAG during embryogenesis remains unknown. We report a critical role for SAG in controlling vascular and neural development by modulating RAS activity via promoting degradation of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Mice mutant for Sag died at embryonic day 11.5-12.5 with severe abnormalities in vascular and nervous system. Sag inactivation caused Nf1 accumulation and Ras inhibition, which blocks embryonic stem (ES) cells from undergoing endothelial differentiation and inhibits angiogenesis and proliferation in teratomas. Simultaneous Nf1 deletion fully rescues the differentiation defects in Sag(-/-) ES cells and partially rescues vascular and neural defects in Sag(-/-) embryos, suggesting that the effects of Sag deletion may not be solely explained by Nf1 misregulation. Collectively, our study identifies NF1 as a physiological substrate of SAG-CUL1-FBXW7 E3 ligase and establishes a ubiquitin-dependent regulatory mechanism for the NF1-RAS pathway during embryogenesis.
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Abstract
RAS proteins are essential components of signalling pathways that emanate from cell surface receptors. Oncogenic activation of these proteins owing to missense mutations is frequently detected in several types of cancer. A wealth of biochemical and genetic studies indicates that RAS proteins control a complex molecular circuitry that consists of a wide array of interconnecting pathways. In this Review, we describe how RAS oncogenes exploit their extensive signalling reach to affect multiple cellular processes that drive tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Pylayeva-Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Catena R, Larzabal L, Larrayoz M, Molina E, Hermida J, Agorreta J, Montes R, Pio R, Montuenga LM, Calvo A. VEGF₁₂₁b and VEGF₁₆₅b are weakly angiogenic isoforms of VEGF-A. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:320. [PMID: 21194429 PMCID: PMC3022671 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different isoforms of VEGF-A (mainly VEGF₁₂₁, VEGF₁₆₅ and VEGF189) have been shown to display particular angiogenic properties in the generation of a functional tumor vasculature. Recently, a novel class of VEGF-A isoforms, designated as VEGF(xxx)b, generated through alternative splicing, have been described. Previous studies have suggested that these isoforms may inhibit angiogenesis. In the present work we have produced recombinant VEGF₁₂₁/₁₆₅b proteins in the yeast Pichia pastoris and constructed vectors to overexpress these isoforms and assess their angiogenic potential. RESULTS Recombinant VEGF₁₂₁/₁₆₅b proteins generated either in yeasts or mammalian cells activated VEGFR2 and its downstream effector ERK1/2, although to a lesser extent than VEGF₁₆₅. Furthermore, treatment of endothelial cells with VEGF₁₂₁/₁₆₅b increased cell proliferation compared to untreated cells, although such stimulation was lower than that induced by VEGF₁₆₅. Moreover, in vivo angiogenesis assays confirmed angiogenesis stimulation by VEGF₁₂₁/₁₆₅b isoforms. A549 and PC-3 cells overexpressing VEGF₁₂₁b or VEGF₁₆₅b (or carrying the PCDNA3.1 empty vector, as control) and xenotransplanted into nude mice showed increased tumor volume and angiogenesis compared to controls. To assess whether the VEGF(xxx)b isoforms are differentially expressed in tumors compared to healthy tissues, immunohistochemical analysis was conducted on a breast cancer tissue microarray. A significant increase (p < 0.05) in both VEGF(xxx)b and total VEGF-A protein expression in infiltrating ductal carcinomas compared to normal breasts was observed. A positive significant correlation (r = 0.404, p = 0.033) between VEGF(xxx)b and total VEGF-A was found. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that VEGF₁₂₁/₁₆₅b are not anti-angiogenic, but weakly angiogenic isoforms of VEGF-A. In addition, VEGF(xxx)b isoforms are up-regulated in breast cancer in comparison with non malignant breast tissues. These results are to be taken into account when considering a possible use of VEGF₁₂₁/₁₆₅b-based therapies in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Catena
- Laboratory of Novel Therapeutic Targets, Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Angiogenesis in Balb/c mice under beta-carotene supplementation in diet. GENES AND NUTRITION 2009; 5:9-16. [PMID: 19946801 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-009-0160-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a process of new blood vessel formation from pre-existing ones. The most important steps in angiogenesis include detachment, proliferation, migration, homing and differentiation of vascular wall cells, which are mainly endothelial cells and their progenitors. The study focused on the effect of beta-carotene (BC) supplementation (12,000 mg/kg) in the diet on angiogenesis in Balb/c mice. Female Balb/c mice were fed for 5 weeks with two different diets: with BC or without BC supplementation. After 4 weeks of feeding, Balb/c mice were injected subcutaneously with two matrigel plugs with or without basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Six days later, the animals were killed, and the matrigel plugs were used for immunohistochemical staining with CD31 antibody and for gene expression analysis. Microarray and Real-Time PCR data showed down-regulation of genes involved in proliferation and up-regulation of genes encoding inhibitors of apoptosis, proteins regulating cell adhesion, matrix-degrading enzymes and proteins involved in the VEGF pathway. The results of this study demonstrated that BC proangiogenic activity (with or without bFGF) in vivo seemed to be more significantly associated with cells' protection from apoptosis and their stimulation of chemotaxis/homing than cell proliferation.
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Vaughan MB, Ramirez RD, Andrews CM, Wright WE, Shay JW. H-ras expression in immortalized keratinocytes produces an invasive epithelium in cultured skin equivalents. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7908. [PMID: 19936293 PMCID: PMC2774948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ras proteins affect both proliferation and expression of collagen-degrading enzymes, two important processes in cancer progression. Normal skin architecture is dependent both on the coordinated proliferation and stratification of keratinocytes, as well as the maintenance of a collagen-rich basement membrane. In the present studies we sought to determine whether expression of H-ras in skin keratinocytes would affect these parameters during the establishment and maintenance of an in vitro skin equivalent. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Previously described cdk4 and hTERT immortalized foreskin keratinocytes were engineered to express ectopically introduced H-ras. Skin equivalents, composed of normal fibroblast-contracted collagen gels overlaid with keratinocytes (immortal or immortal expressing H-ras), were prepared and incubated for 3 weeks. Harvested tissues were processed and sectioned for histology and antibody staining. Antigens specific to differentiation (involucrin, keratin-14, p63), basement-membrane formation (collagen IV, laminin-5), and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT; e-cadherin, vimentin) were studied. Results showed that H-ras keratinocytes produced an invasive, disorganized epithelium most apparent in the lower strata while immortalized keratinocytes fully stratified without invasive properties. The superficial strata retained morphologically normal characteristics. Vimentin and p63 co-localization increased with H-ras overexpression, similar to basal wound-healing keratinocytes. In contrast, the cdk4 and hTERT immortalized keratinocytes differentiated similarly to normal unimmortalized keratinocytes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The use of isogenic derivatives of stable immortalized keratinocytes with specified genetic alterations may be helpful in developing more robust in vitro models of cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melville B. Vaughan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MBV); (JWS)
| | - Ruben D. Ramirez
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Capri M. Andrews
- Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Woodring E. Wright
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jerry W. Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MBV); (JWS)
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Widemann BC. Current status of sporadic and neurofibromatosis type 1-associated malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Curr Oncol Rep 2009; 11:322-8. [PMID: 19508838 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-009-0045-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are highly aggressive soft tissue sarcomas that rarely occur in the general population but have a lifetime incidence of 8% to 13% in those with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Complete surgical resection is the standard treatment for MPNSTs. Unresectable MPNSTs carry a poor prognosis, and survival appears to be worse in NF1-associated tumors than in sporadic tumors. The response rate of MPNSTs to standard chemotherapeutic agents used to treat pediatric and adult soft tissue sarcomas is unknown and is currently undergoing evaluation in a multi-institutional clinical trial. With an increasing understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of MPNSTs, clinical trials with targeted agents have become available and have established that histology-specific trials in this rare malignancy are feasible. This knowledge, coupled with the availability of preclinical MPNST models, likely will accelerate the development of effective treatments for this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte C Widemann
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Zhou J, Feng X, Ban B, Liu J, Wang Z, Xiao W. Elongation factor ELL (Eleven-Nineteen Lysine-rich Leukemia) acts as a transcription factor for direct thrombospondin-1 regulation. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:19142-52. [PMID: 19447890 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.010439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The eleven-nineteen lysine-rich leukemia (ELL) gene undergoes translocation and fuses in-frame to the multiple lineage leukemia gene in a substantial proportion of patients suffering from acute forms of leukemia. Studies show that ELL indirectly modulates transcription by serving as a regulator for transcriptional elongation as well as for p53, U19/Eaf2, and steroid receptor activities. Our in vitro and in vivo data demonstrate that ELL could also serve as a transcriptional factor to directly induce transcription of the thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) gene. Experiments using ELL deletion mutants established that full-length ELL is required for the TSP-1 up-regulation and that the transactivation domain likely resides in the carboxyl terminus. Moreover, the DNA binding domain may localize to the first 45 amino acids of ELL. Not surprisingly, multiple lineage leukemia-ELL, which lacks these amino acids, did not induce expression from the TSP-1 promoter. In addition, the ELL core-response element appears to localize in the -1426 to -1418 region of the TSP-1 promoter. Finally, studies using zebrafish confirmed that ELL regulates TSP-1 mRNA expression in vivo, and ELL could inhibit zebrafish vasculogenesis, at least in part, through up-regulating TSP-1. Given the importance of TSP-1 as an anti-angiogenic protein, our findings may have important ramifications for better understanding cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Conservation of Aquatic Organisms, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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Xu K, Chong DC, Rankin SA, Zorn AM, Cleaver O. Rasip1 is required for endothelial cell motility, angiogenesis and vessel formation. Dev Biol 2009; 329:269-79. [PMID: 19272373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ras proteins are small GTPases that regulate cellular growth and differentiation. Components of the Ras signaling pathway have been shown to be important during embryonic vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Here, we report that Rasip1, which encodes a novel Ras-interacting protein, is strongly expressed in vascular endothelial cells throughout development, in both mouse and frog. Similar to the well-characterized vascular markers VEGFR2 and PECAM, Rasip1 is specifically expressed in angioblasts prior to vessel formation, in the initial embryonic vascular plexus, in the growing blood vessels during angiogenesis and in the endothelium of mature blood vessels into the postnatal period. Rasip1 expression is undetectable in VEGFR2 null embryos, which lack endothelial cells, suggesting that Rasip1 is endothelial specific. siRNA-mediated reduction of Rasip1 severely impairs angiogenesis and motility in endothelial cell cultures, and morpholino knockdown experiments in frog embryos demonstrate that Rasip1 is required for embryonic vessel formation in vivo. Together, these data identify Rasip1 as a novel endothelial factor that plays an essential role in vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Department of Molecular Biology, NA8.300, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA
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