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Ye J, He W, Wei T, Sun C, Zeng S. Mechanical Properties Directionality and Permeability of Fused Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Porous Scaffolds Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:5084-5096. [PMID: 37489944 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Titanium alloy porous scaffolds possess excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility, making them promising for applications in bone tissue engineering. The integration of triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) with porous scaffolds provides a structural resemblance to the trabecular and cortical bone structures of natural bone tissue, effectively reducing stress-shielding effects, enabling the scaffold to withstand complex stress environments, and facilitating nutrient transport. In this study, we designed fused porous scaffolds based on the Gyroid and Diamond units within TPMS and fabricated samples using selective laser melting technology. The effects of the rotation direction and angle of the inner-layer G unit on the elastic modulus of the fused TPMS porous scaffold were investigated through quasi-static compression experiments. Furthermore, the influence of the rotation direction and angle of the inner-layer G unit on the permeability, pressure, and flow velocity of the fused TPMS porous scaffold structure was studied using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based on the Navier-Stokes model. The quasi-static compression experiment results demonstrated that the yield strength of the fused TPMS porous scaffold ranged from 367.741 to 419.354 MPa, and the elastic modulus ranged from 10.617 to 11.252 GPa, exhibiting stable mechanical performance in different loading directions. The CFD simulation results indicated that the permeability of the fused TPMS porous scaffold model ranged from 5.70015 × 10-8 to 6.33725 × 10-8 m2. It can be observed that the fused porous scaffold meets the requirements of the complex stress-bearing demands of skeletal structures and complies with the permeability requirements of human bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Ye
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Machining Technology and Equipment (Fujian University of Technology), Fuzhou 350118, China
| | - Weihui He
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Machining Technology and Equipment (Fujian University of Technology), Fuzhou 350118, China
| | - Tieping Wei
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Machining Technology and Equipment (Fujian University of Technology), Fuzhou 350118, China
| | - Changning Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Shoujin Zeng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Machining Technology and Equipment (Fujian University of Technology), Fuzhou 350118, China
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Arif ZU, Khalid MY, Noroozi R, Hossain M, Shi HH, Tariq A, Ramakrishna S, Umer R. Additive manufacturing of sustainable biomaterials for biomedical applications. Asian J Pharm Sci 2023; 18:100812. [PMID: 37274921 PMCID: PMC10238852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2023.100812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biopolymers are promising environmentally benign materials applicable in multifarious applications. They are especially favorable in implantable biomedical devices thanks to their excellent unique properties, including bioactivity, renewability, bioresorbability, biocompatibility, biodegradability and hydrophilicity. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a flexible and intricate manufacturing technology, which is widely used to fabricate biopolymer-based customized products and structures for advanced healthcare systems. Three-dimensional (3D) printing of these sustainable materials is applied in functional clinical settings including wound dressing, drug delivery systems, medical implants and tissue engineering. The present review highlights recent advancements in different types of biopolymers, such as proteins and polysaccharides, which are employed to develop different biomedical products by using extrusion, vat polymerization, laser and inkjet 3D printing techniques in addition to normal bioprinting and four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting techniques. This review also incorporates the influence of nanoparticles on the biological and mechanical performances of 3D-printed tissue scaffolds. This work also addresses current challenges as well as future developments of environmentally friendly polymeric materials manufactured through the AM techniques. Ideally, there is a need for more focused research on the adequate blending of these biodegradable biopolymers for achieving useful results in targeted biomedical areas. We envision that biopolymer-based 3D-printed composites have the potential to revolutionize the biomedical sector in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zia Ullah Arif
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Management & Technology Lahore, Sialkot Campus 51041, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasir Khalid
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Reza Noroozi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mokarram Hossain
- Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering (ZCCE), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - HaoTian Harvey Shi
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Western University, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Ali Tariq
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Management & Technology Lahore, Sialkot Campus 51041, Pakistan
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Rehan Umer
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
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Danielli F, Ciriello L, La Barbera L, Rodriguez Matas JF, Pennati G. On the need of a scale-dependent material characterization to describe the mechanical behavior of 3D printed Ti6Al4V custom prostheses using finite element models. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 140:105707. [PMID: 36801786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing is widely used in the orthopaedic industry for the high freedom and flexibility in the design and production of personalized custom implants made of Ti6Al4V. Within this context, finite element modeling of 3D printed prostheses is a robust tool both to guide the design phase and to support clinical evaluations, possibly virtually describing the in-vivo behavior of the implant. Given realistic scenarios, a suitable description of the overall implant's mechanical behavior is unavoidable. Considering typical custom prostheses' designs (i.e. acetabular and hemipelvis implants), complex designs involving solid and/or trabeculated parts, and material distribution at different scales hinder a high-fidelity modeling of the prostheses. Moreover, uncertainties in the production and in the material characterization of small parts approaching the accuracy limit of the additive manufacturing technology still exist. While recent works suggest that the mechanical properties of thin 3D-printed parts may be peculiarly affected by specific processing parameters (i.e. powder grain size, printing orientation, samples' thickness) as compared to conventional Ti6Al4V alloy, the current numerical models make gross simplifications in describing the complex material behavior of each part at different scales. The present study focuses on two patient-specific acetabular and hemipelvis prostheses, with the aim of experimentally characterizing and numerically describing the dependency of the mechanical behavior of 3D printed parts on their peculiar scale, therefore, overcoming one major limitation of current numerical models. Coupling experimental activities with finite element analyses, the authors initially characterized 3D printed Ti6Al4V dog-bone samples at different scales, representative of the main material components of the investigated prostheses. Afterwards, the authors implemented the characterized material behaviors into finite element models to compare the implications of adopting scale-dependent vs. conventional scaleindependent approaches in predicting the experimental mechanical behavior of the prostheses in terms of their overall stiffness and the local strain distribution. The material characterization results highlighted the need for a scale-dependent reduction of the elastic modulus for thin samples compared to the conventional Ti6Al4V, which is fundamental to properly describe the overall stiffness and local strain distribution on the prostheses. The presented works demonstrate how an appropriate material characterization and a scale-dependent material description is needed to develop reliable FE models of 3D printed implants characterized by a complex material distribution at different scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Danielli
- LaBS - Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Ciriello
- LaBS - Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Luigi La Barbera
- LaBS - Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Italy.
| | - Jose Felix Rodriguez Matas
- LaBS - Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Pennati
- LaBS - Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Italy
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Rico-Baeza G, Cuan-Urquizo E, Pérez-Soto GI, Alcaraz-Caracheo LA, Camarillo-Gómez KA. Additively Manufactured Lattice Materials with a Double Level of Gradation: A Comparison of Their Compressive Properties when Fabricated with Material Extrusion and Vat Photopolymerization Processes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:649. [PMID: 36676385 PMCID: PMC9865958 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Natural porous materials adjust their resulting mechanical properties by the optimal use of matter and space. When these are produced synthetically, they are known as mechanical metamaterials. This paper adds degrees of tailoring of mechanical properties by producing double levels of gradation in lattice structures via cross-section variation in struts in uniformly periodic lattice structures (UPLS) and layered lattice structures (LLS). These were then additively manufactured via material extrusion (ME) and vat photopolymerization (VP). Their effective mechanical properties under compressive loads were characterized, and their stiffness contrasted with finite element models (FEM). According to the simulation and experimental results, a better correlation was obtained in the structures manufactured via VP than by ME, denoting that printing defects affect the correlation results. The brittle natural behavior of the resin caused a lack of a plateau region in the stress-strain curves for the UPLS structures, as opposed to those fabricated with ME. The LLS increased energy absorption up to 244% and increased the plateau stress up to 100% compared to the UPLS. The results presented in this paper demonstrate that the mechanical properties of lattice structures with the same base topology could be modified by incorporating variations in the strut diameter and then arranging these differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genaro Rico-Baeza
- Tecnológico Nacional de México en Celaya, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Celaya, Guanajuato 38010, Mexico
| | - Enrique Cuan-Urquizo
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64849, Mexico
| | - Gerardo I. Pérez-Soto
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - Luis A. Alcaraz-Caracheo
- Tecnológico Nacional de México en Celaya, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Celaya, Guanajuato 38010, Mexico
| | - Karla A. Camarillo-Gómez
- Tecnológico Nacional de México en Celaya, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Celaya, Guanajuato 38010, Mexico
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Winarso R, Anggoro P, Ismail R, Jamari J, Bayuseno A. Application of fused deposition modeling (FDM) on bone scaffold manufacturing process: A review. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11701. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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