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Wang Y, Gao J, Yu Y, Zhou L, Wang M, Xue W, Liu B, Wu X, Wu X, Gao H, Shen Y, Xu Q. A plant-derived glucocorticoid receptor modulator with potency to attenuate the side effects of glucocorticoid therapy. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:194-213. [PMID: 36165414 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Continuous efforts have been made to move towards maintaining the beneficial anti-inflammatory functions of glucocorticoids (GCs) while minimizing side effects. Here, we investigated the selective glucocorticoid receptor (GR) modulator-like properties of a plant-derived compound caesaldekarin e (CA-e). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The therapeutic efficacy of CA-e was evaluated in several mouse models, including dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, ovalbumin-induced lung allergic inflammation, imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation and skin atrophy. The action of CA-e targeting the GR was analysed using molecular docking, cellular thermal shift assays and microscale thermophoresis. Other methods included DNA-protein pull-down assays and mass spectrometry. KEY RESULTS CA-e selectively inhibited positive GC response element ((+) GRE)-mediated direct transactivation while maintaining and even enhancing the anti-inflammatory effects of treatment with dexamethasone. CA-e, alone and in combination with dexamethasone, efficiently alleviated inflammation in several mouse models with milder side effects compared with dexamethasone alone. Mechanistically, CA-e inhibited the formation of dimers by binding to the dimerization interface located in the ligand-binding domain of GR and facilitated embryonic ectoderm development that is involved in the regulation of transcriptional repression to compete for binding to (+) GRE, eventually leading to the repression of (+) GRE-regulated genes. In addition, CA-e repressed NF-κB-dependent genes by enhancing the interaction between GR and p65. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results reveal that CA-e is a novel GR modulator with strong potency to attenuate the side effects of GC therapy and can be used as a potential molecular tool for deciphering GR signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenwen Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Xudong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiyuan Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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2
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Kennedy BJ, Lato AM, Fisch AR, Burke SJ, Kirkland JK, Prevatte CW, Dunlap LE, Smith RT, Vogiatzis KD, Collier JJ, Campagna SR. Potent Anti-Inflammatory, Arylpyrazole-Based Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonists That Do Not Impair Insulin Secretion. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1568-1577. [PMID: 34676039 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used in medicine for their role in the treatment of autoimmune-mediated conditions, certain cancers, and organ transplantation. The transcriptional activities GCs elicit include transrepression, postulated to be responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity, and transactivation, proposed to underlie the undesirable side effects associated with long-term use. A GC analogue that could elicit only transrepression and beneficial transactivation properties would be of great medicinal value and is highly sought after. In this study, a series of 1-(4-substituted phenyl)pyrazole-based GC analogues were synthesized, biologically screened, and evaluated for SARs leading to the desired activity. Activity observed in compounds bearing an electron deficient arylpyrazole moiety showed promise toward a dissociated steroid, displaying transrepression while having limited transactivation activity. In addition, compounds 11aa and 11ab were found to have anti-inflammatory efficacy comparable to that of dexamethasone at 10 nM, with minimal transactivation activity and no reduction of insulin secretion in cultured rat 832/13 beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Ashley M. Lato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Alexander R. Fisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Susan J. Burke
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, United States
| | - Justin K. Kirkland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Carson W. Prevatte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Lee E. Dunlap
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Russell T. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | | | - J. Jason Collier
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, United States
| | - Shawn R. Campagna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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3
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Spies LML, Verhoog NJD, Louw A. Acquired Glucocorticoid Resistance Due to Homologous Glucocorticoid Receptor Downregulation: A Modern Look at an Age-Old Problem. Cells 2021; 10:2529. [PMID: 34685511 PMCID: PMC8533966 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For over 70 years, the unique anti-inflammatory properties of glucocorticoids (GCs), which mediate their effects via the ligand-activated transcription factor, the glucocorticoid receptor alpha (GRα), have allowed for the use of these steroid hormones in the treatment of various autoimmune and inflammatory-linked diseases. However, aside from the onset of severe side-effects, chronic GC therapy often leads to the ligand-mediated downregulation of the GRα which, in turn, leads to a decrease in GC sensitivity, and effectively, the development of acquired GC resistance. Although the ligand-mediated downregulation of GRα is well documented, the precise factors which influence this process are not well understood and, thus, the development of an acquired GC resistance presents an ever-increasing challenge to the pharmaceutical industry. Recently, however, studies have correlated the dimerization status of the GRα with its ligand-mediated downregulation. Therefore, the current review will be discussing the major role-players in the homologous downregulation of the GRα pool, with a specific focus on previously reported GC-mediated reductions in GRα mRNA and protein levels, the molecular mechanisms through which the GRα functional pool is maintained and the possible impact of receptor conformation on GC-mediated GRα downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ann Louw
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Van de Byl Street, Stellenbosch 7200, South Africa; (L.-M.L.S.); (N.J.D.V.)
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4
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Chen H, Zhou R, Pang J, Guo Y, Chen J, Kang Y, Duan M, Hou T. Molecular View on the Dissociation Pathways and Transactivation Regulation Mechanism of Nonsteroidal GR Ligands. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 62:5233-5245. [PMID: 34506144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
As a major drug target for anti-inflammatory therapy, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) regulates a wide range of physiological processes through transactivation (TA) or transrepression. GR TA is involved in many adverse effects of GR-targeting drugs, and therefore, the discovery of novel GR ligands with lower TA activity and longer residence time is quite urgent. Undoubtedly, understanding the ligand dissociation mechanisms and the structural basis of the TA regulation is crucial for the development of novel GR-targeting drugs. Here, we used random accelerated molecular dynamics (RAMD) and funnel metadynamics (FM) simulations to explore the dissociation mechanisms of 5 classic glucocorticoids and 6 nonsteroidal GR ligands. Multiple ligand dissociation pathways were discovered. The classic glucocorticoids exhibit a strong preference for Path I, and most nonsteroidal ligands tend to dissociate along mixed pathways. We also find that the distinct unbinding preferences for AZD2906 and AZD9567, two representative nonsteroidal ligands with similar scaffolds but different TA activities, are primarily determined by their different polar interactions with the surrounding residues. Notably, the binding of AZD9567 poses a substantial impact on the conformation of the GR homodimer interface, which provides a valuable clue to understand the mechanisms of the TA-related side effects induced by the adjustments of the homodimerization process. These findings are critical for the structure-based rational design of novel GR ligands with more potent anti-inflammatory potency and reduced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyi Chen
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang, China.,National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei, China
| | - Jinping Pang
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue Guo
- National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei, China
| | - Jiawen Chen
- National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei, China
| | - Yu Kang
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang, China
| | - Mojie Duan
- National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei, China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang, China.,State Key Lab of CAD&CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang, China
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5
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Yang M, Chen J, Wei W. Dimerization of glucocorticoid receptors and its role in inflammation and immune responses. Pharmacol Res 2020; 166:105334. [PMID: 33276107 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) plays an irreplaceable role in inflammation and immune responses, fat metabolism and sugar metabolism, it is often used for the treatment of asthma, rheumatoid arthritis and allergic rhinitis clinically, but long-term or high-dose use will produce adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Its biological action is mediated by glucocorticoid receptors (GRs), of which the oligomerization state is closely related to the target gene of which the GRs act. A leading hypothesis is that the beneficial anti-inflammatory effects of GCs occur through the transrepression mechanism mediated by GR monomers, while ADRs may be dependent on the transactivation mechanism mediated by GR dimers. However, in recent years, multiple studies have shown that the transactivation and transrepression functions of the GR dimer also confer anti-inflammatory effects. Furthermore, some studies have shown that some selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists and modulators (SEGRAMs) have good separation characteristics (i.e., preferentially mediate the transrepression of proinflammatory genes or preferentially activate anti-inflammatory target genes). This article reviewed the formation of GR dimers, the role of GR dimers in the inflammation and immune responses, and the progress of SEGRAMs to provide novel ideas for further understanding the anti-inflammatory mechanism of GR and the development of SEGRAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Meishan Road 81, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Meishan Road 81, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Meishan Road 81, Hefei, 230032, China.
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6
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Li Z, Kanitz E, Tuchscherer M, Tuchscherer A, Metges CC, Trakooljul N, Wimmers K, Murani E. A natural Ala610Val substitution causing glucocorticoid receptor hypersensitivity aggravates consequences of endotoxemia. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 90:174-183. [PMID: 32795657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the crucial role of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in proper immune responses, the effect of GR hypersensitivity on inflammation is rarely reported. To fill this knowledge gap, we exploited the natural gain-of-function substitution in the porcine glucocorticoid receptor (GRAla610Val) and challenged pigs carrying normal or hypersensitive GR using 50 µg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) following pretreatment with either saline or single bolus of 60 µg/kg dexamethasone (DEX). The GRAla610Val substitution reduced baseline cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and triglyceride concentration and granulocyte proportion whereas baseline platelet counts were elevated. Val-carriers, i.e. AlaVal as well as ValVal pigs, showed less LPS-induced cortisol rise but the cortisol fold change was similar in all genotypes. Differently, ACTH response to LPS was most significant in GRAla610Val heterozygotes (AlaVal). LPS-induced disorders, including sickness behaviors, anorexia, thrombocytopenia, cytokine production, and metabolic alterations were more intense in Val-carriers. On the other hand, Val-carriers were more sensitive to DEX effect than wild types (AlaAla) during endotoxemia, but not under unchallenged conditions. This is the first report revealing aggravated responses to endotoxemia by GR gain-of-function. Together, these results imply that GR hypersensitivity is difficult to diagnose but may represent a risk factor for endotoxemia and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Li
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Ellen Kanitz
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Margret Tuchscherer
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Armin Tuchscherer
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Cornelia C Metges
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Nares Trakooljul
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Eduard Murani
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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7
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Lesovaya EA, Savinkova AV, Morozova OV, Lylova ES, Zhidkova EM, Kulikov EP, Kirsanov KI, Klopot A, Baida G, Yakubovskaya MG, Gordon LI, Readhead B, Dudley JT, Budunova I. A Novel Approach to Safer Glucocorticoid Receptor-Targeted Anti-lymphoma Therapy via REDD1 (Regulated in Development and DNA Damage 1) Inhibition. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1898-1908. [PMID: 32546661 PMCID: PMC7875139 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are widely used for therapy of hematologic malignancies. Unfortunately, chronic treatment with glucocorticoids commonly leads to adverse effects including skin and muscle atrophy and osteoporosis. We found recently that REDD1 (regulated in development and DNA damage 1) plays central role in steroid atrophy. Here, we tested whether REDD1 suppression makes glucocorticoid-based therapy of blood cancer safer. Unexpectedly, approximately 50% of top putative REDD1 inhibitors selected by bioinformatics screening of Library of Integrated Network-Based Cellular Signatures database (LINCS) were PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors. We selected Wortmannin, LY294002, and AZD8055 for our studies and showed that they blocked basal and glucocorticoid-induced REDD1 expression. Moreover, all PI3K/mTOR/Akt inhibitors modified glucocorticoid receptor function shifting it toward therapeutically important transrepression. PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors enhanced anti-lymphoma effects of Dexamethasone in vitro and in vivo, in lymphoma xenograft model. The therapeutic effects of PI3K inhibitor+Dexamethasone combinations ranged from cooperative to synergistic, especially in case of LY294002 and Rapamycin, used as a previously characterized reference REDD1 inhibitor. We found that coadministration of LY294002 or Rapamycin with Dexamethasone protected skin against Dexamethasone-induced atrophy, and normalized RANKL/OPG ratio indicating a reduction of Dexamethasone-induced osteoporosis. Together, our results provide foundation for further development of safer and more effective glucocorticoid-based combination therapy of hematologic malignancies using PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Lesovaya
- N.N. Blokhin NMRCO, Moscow, Russia
- I.P. Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University, Ryazan, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anna Klopot
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gleb Baida
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Leo I Gordon
- Division of Hematology Oncology; Northwestern University; Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ben Readhead
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Joel T Dudley
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Irina Budunova
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
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8
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Rokytová I, Mravec B, Lauková M, Vargovič P. Effect of rapamycin on repeated immobilization stress-induced immune alterations in the rat spleen. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 346:577309. [PMID: 32645638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress modulates immune system functions via neuroendocrine pathways. Rapamycin inhibits activity of immune cells through the mTOR signaling pathway. We investigated the effect of rapamycin (15 mg/kg, 3-times/week) on neuroimmune-endocrine system in the spleen of rats exposed to 42 cycles of 2-h immobilization. Rapamycin enhanced the activity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis induced by stress exposure, prevented stress-induced expression of natural killer cell markers while reversed stress-evoked decline of Th2 immune response markers. Overall, our findings suggest that rapamycin may act on immune functions not only directly by inhibiting of mTOR in immune cells but also indirectly via modulation of neuroendocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Rokytová
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Mravec
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marcela Lauková
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Science, School of Health Sciences and Practice, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Peter Vargovič
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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9
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Zhang T, Liang Y, Zhang J. Natural and synthetic compounds as dissociated agonists of glucocorticoid receptor. Pharmacol Res 2020; 156:104802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Escoter-Torres L, Caratti G, Mechtidou A, Tuckermann J, Uhlenhaut NH, Vettorazzi S. Fighting the Fire: Mechanisms of Inflammatory Gene Regulation by the Glucocorticoid Receptor. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1859. [PMID: 31440248 PMCID: PMC6693390 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For many decades, glucocorticoids have been widely used as the gold standard treatment for inflammatory conditions. Unfortunately, their clinical use is limited by severe adverse effects such as insulin resistance, cardiometabolic diseases, muscle and skin atrophies, osteoporosis, and depression. Glucocorticoids exert their effects by binding to the Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR), a ligand-activated transcription factor which both positively, and negatively regulates gene expression. Extensive research during the past several years has uncovered novel mechanisms by which the GR activates and represses its target genes. Genome-wide studies and mouse models have provided valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms of inflammatory gene regulation by GR. This review focusses on newly identified target genes and GR co-regulators that are important for its anti-inflammatory effects in innate immune cells, as well as mutations within the GR itself that shed light on its transcriptional activity. This research progress will hopefully serve as the basis for the development of safer immune suppressants with reduced side effect profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Escoter-Torres
- Molecular Endocrinology, Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Cancer IDC, Munich, Germany
| | - Giorgio Caratti
- Department of Biology, Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Aikaterini Mechtidou
- Molecular Endocrinology, Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Cancer IDC, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Department of Biology, Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nina Henriette Uhlenhaut
- Molecular Endocrinology, Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Cancer IDC, Munich, Germany.,Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Vettorazzi
- Department of Biology, Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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11
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Panettieri RA, Schaafsma D, Amrani Y, Koziol-White C, Ostrom R, Tliba O. Non-genomic Effects of Glucocorticoids: An Updated View. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 40:38-49. [PMID: 30497693 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) anti-inflammatory effects generally require a prolonged onset of action and involve genomic processes. Because of the rapidity of some of the GC effects, however, the concept that non-genomic actions may contribute to GC mechanisms of action has arisen. While the mechanisms have not been completely elucidated, the non-genomic effects may play a role in the management of inflammatory diseases. For instance, we recently reported that GCs 'rapidly' enhanced the effects of bronchodilators, agents used in the treatment of allergic asthma. In this review article, we discuss (i) the non-genomic effects of GCs on pathways relevant to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and (ii) the putative role of the membrane GC receptor. Since GC side effects are often considered to be generated through its genomic actions, understanding GC non-genomic effects will help design GCs with a better therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reynold A Panettieri
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Yassine Amrani
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, Leicester Biomedical Research Center Respiratory, Leicester, UK
| | - Cynthia Koziol-White
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Rennolds Ostrom
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Omar Tliba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY, USA.
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12
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Clarisse D, Van Wesemael K, Tavernier J, Offner F, Beck IM, De Bosscher K. Effect of combining glucocorticoids with Compound A on glucocorticoid receptor responsiveness in lymphoid malignancies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197000. [PMID: 29738549 PMCID: PMC5940183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a cornerstone in the treatment of lymphoid malignancies such as multiple myeloma (MM) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Yet, prolonged GC use is hampered by deleterious GC-related side effects and the emergence of GC resistance. To tackle and overcome these GC-related problems, the applicability of selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists and modulators was studied, in search of fewer side-effects and at least equal therapeutic efficacy as classic GCs. Compound A (CpdA) is a prototypical example of such a selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator and does not support GR-mediated transactivation. Here, we examined whether the combination of CpdA with the classic GC dexamethasone (Dex) may improve GC responsiveness of MM and ALL cell lines. We find that the combination of Dex and CpdA does not substantially enhance GC-mediated cell killing. In line, several apoptosis hallmarks, such as caspase 3/7 activity, PARP cleavage and the levels of cleaved-caspase 3 remain unchanged upon combining Dex with CpdA. Moreover, we monitor no additional inhibition of cell proliferation and the homologous downregulation of GR is not counteracted by the combination of Dex and CpdA. In addition, CpdA is unable to modulate Dex-liganded GR transactivation and transrepression, yet, Dex-mediated transrepression is also aberrant in these lymphoid cell lines. Together, transrepression-favoring compounds, alone or combined with GCs, do not seem a valid strategy in the treatment of lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Clarisse
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab (NRL) and Cytokine Receptor Lab (CRL), Department for Biomolecular Medicine, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research (LECR), Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
- Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karlien Van Wesemael
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research (LECR), Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab (NRL) and Cytokine Receptor Lab (CRL), Department for Biomolecular Medicine, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fritz Offner
- Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilse M. Beck
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research (LECR), Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Health Sciences, Odisee University College, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab (NRL) and Cytokine Receptor Lab (CRL), Department for Biomolecular Medicine, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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13
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Anti-inflammatory actions of Caesalpinin M2 in experimental colitis as a selective glucocoricoid receptor modulator. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 150:150-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Lesovaya E, Agarwal S, Readhead B, Vinokour E, Baida G, Bhalla P, Kirsanov K, Yakubovskaya M, Platanias LC, Dudley JT, Budunova I. Rapamycin Modulates Glucocorticoid Receptor Function, Blocks Atrophogene REDD1, and Protects Skin from Steroid Atrophy. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:1935-1944. [PMID: 29596905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids have excellent therapeutic properties; however, they cause significant adverse atrophogenic effects. The mTORC1 inhibitor REDD1 has been recently identified as a key mediator of glucocorticoid-induced atrophy. We performed computational screening of a connectivity map database to identify putative REDD1 inhibitors. The top selected candidates included rapamycin, which was unexpected because it inhibits pro-proliferative mTOR signaling. Indeed, rapamycin inhibited REDD1 induction by glucocorticoids dexamethasone, clobetasol propionate, and fluocinolone acetonide in keratinocytes, lymphoid cells, and mouse skin. We also showed blunting of glucocorticoid-induced REDD1 induction by either catalytic inhibitor of mTORC1/2 (OSI-027) or genetic inhibition of mTORC1, highlighting role of mTOR in glucocorticoid receptor signaling. Moreover, rapamycin inhibited glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, and loading on glucocorticoid-responsive elements in REDD1 promoter. Using microarrays, we quantified a global effect of rapamycin on gene expression regulation by fluocinolone acetonide in human keratinocytes. Rapamycin inhibited activation of glucocorticoid receptor target genes yet enhanced the repression of pro-proliferative and proinflammatory genes. Remarkably, rapamycin protected skin against glucocorticoid-induced atrophy but had no effect on the glucocorticoid anti-inflammatory activity in different in vivo models, suggesting the clinical potential of combining rapamycin with glucocorticoids for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Lesovaya
- N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia; I.P. Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University, Ryazan, Russia
| | - Shivani Agarwal
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ben Readhead
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elena Vinokour
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gleb Baida
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Pankaj Bhalla
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Leonidas C Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joel T Dudley
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Irina Budunova
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Liberman AC, Budziñski ML, Sokn C, Gobbini RP, Steininger A, Arzt E. Regulatory and Mechanistic Actions of Glucocorticoids on T and Inflammatory Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:235. [PMID: 29867767 PMCID: PMC5964134 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) play an important role in regulating the inflammatory and immune response and have been used since decades to treat various inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Fine-tuning the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activity is instrumental in the search for novel therapeutic strategies aimed to reduce pathological signaling and restoring homeostasis. Despite the primary anti-inflammatory actions of GCs, there are studies suggesting that under certain conditions GCs may also exert pro-inflammatory responses. For these reasons the understanding of the GR basic mechanisms of action on different immune cells in the periphery (e.g., macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and T cells) and in the brain (microglia) contexts, that we review in this chapter, is a continuous matter of interest and may reveal novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of immune and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Liberman
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maia L. Budziñski
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Clara Sokn
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Paula Gobbini
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anja Steininger
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Arzt
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Eduardo Arzt,
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16
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Safy M, de Hair MJH, Jacobs JWG, Buttgereit F, Kraan MC, van Laar JM. Efficacy and safety of selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators in comparison to glucocorticoids in arthritis, a systematic review. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188810. [PMID: 29267302 PMCID: PMC5739390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long-term treatment with glucocorticoids (GCs) plays an important role in the management of arthritis patients, although the efficacy/safety balance is unfavorable. Alternatives with less (severe) adverse effects but with good efficacy are needed. Selective GC receptor modulators (SGRMs) are designed to engage the GC receptor with dissociative characteristics: transactivation of genes, which is mainly responsible for unwanted effects, is less strong while trans-repression of genes, reducing inflammation, is maintained. It is expected that SGRMs thus have a better efficacy/safety balance than GCs. A systematic review providing an overview of the evidence in arthritis is lacking. Objective To systematically review the current literature on efficacy and safety of oral SGRMs in comparison to GCs in arthritis. Methods A search was performed in Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library, from inception dates of databases until May 2017. Experimental studies involving animal arthritis models or human material of arthritis patients, as well as clinical studies in arthritis patients were included, provided they reported original data. All types of arthritis were included. Data was extracted on the SGRM studied and on the GC used as reference standard; the design or setting of the study was extracted as well as the efficacy and safety results. Results A total of 207 articles was retrieved of which 17 articles were eligible for our analysis. Two studies concerned randomized controlled trials (RCT), five studies were pre-clinical studies using human material, and 10 studies involved pre-clinical animal models (acute and/or chronic arthritis induced in mice or rats). PF-04171327, the only compound investigated in a clinical trial setting, had a better efficacy/safety balance compared to GCs: better clinical anti-inflammatory efficacy and similar safety. Conclusion Studies assessing both efficacy and safety of SGRMs are scarce. There is limited evidence for dissociation of anti-inflammatory and metabolic effects of the SGRMs studied. Development of many SGRMs is haltered in a preclinical phase. One SGRM showed a better clinical efficacy/safety balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Safy
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M J H de Hair
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J W G Jacobs
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - F Buttgereit
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M C Kraan
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research at Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J M van Laar
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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17
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Impact of aging immune system on neurodegeneration and potential immunotherapies. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 157:2-28. [PMID: 28782588 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between the nervous and immune systems during aging is an area of avid interest, but many aspects remain unclear. This is due, not only to the complexity of the aging process, but also to a mutual dependency and reciprocal causation of alterations and diseases between both the nervous and immune systems. Aging of the brain drives whole body systemic aging, including aging-related changes of the immune system. In turn, the immune system aging, particularly immunosenescence and T cell aging initiated by thymic involution that are sources of chronic inflammation in the elderly (termed inflammaging), potentially induces brain aging and memory loss in a reciprocal manner. Therefore, immunotherapeutics including modulation of inflammation, vaccination, cellular immune therapies and "protective autoimmunity" provide promising approaches to rejuvenate neuroinflammatory disorders and repair brain injury. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries linking the aging immune system with the development of neurodegeneration. Additionally, we discuss potential rejuvenation strategies, focusing aimed at targeting the aging immune system in an effort to prevent acute brain injury and chronic neurodegeneration during aging.
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18
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Lesovaya E, Yemelyanov A, Swart AC, Swart P, Haegeman G, Budunova I. Discovery of Compound A--a selective activator of the glucocorticoid receptor with anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity. Oncotarget 2016; 6:30730-44. [PMID: 26436695 PMCID: PMC4741564 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are among the most effective anti-inflammatory drugs, and are widely used for cancer therapy. Unfortunately, chronic treatment with glucocorticoids results in multiple side effects. Thus, there was an intensive search for selective glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activators (SEGRA), which retain therapeutic potential of glucocorticoids, but with fewer adverse effects. GR regulates gene expression by transactivation (TA), by binding as homodimer to gene promoters, or transrepression (TR), via diverse mechanisms including negative interaction between monomeric GR and other transcription factors. It is well accepted that metabolic and atrophogenic effects of glucocorticoids are mediated by GR TA. Here we summarized the results of extensive international collaboration that led to discovery and characterization of Compound A (CpdA), a unique SEGRA with a proven “dissociating” GR ligand profile, preventing GR dimerization and shifting GR activity towards TR both in vitro and in vivo. We outlined here the unusual story of compound's discovery, and presented a comprehensive overview of CpdA ligand properties, its anti-inflammatory effects in numerous animal models of inflammation and autoimmune diseases, as well as its anti-cancer effects. Finally, we presented mechanistic analysis of CpdA and glucocorticoid effects in skin, muscle, bone, and regulation of glucose and fat metabolism to explain decreased CpdA side effects compared to glucocorticoids. Overall, the results obtained by our and other laboratories underline translational potential of CpdA and its derivatives for treatment of inflammation, autoimmune diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Lesovaya
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Yemelyanov
- Pulmonary Division, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amanda C Swart
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Pieter Swart
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Irina Budunova
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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19
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Ebert B, Kisiela M, Maser E. Transcriptional regulation of human and murine short-chain dehydrogenase/reductases (SDRs) – an in silico approach. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:183-217. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2016.1167902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Ebert
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Kisiela
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Edmund Maser
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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20
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Klopot A, Baida G, Bhalla P, Haegeman G, Budunova I. Selective Activator of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Compound A Dissociates Therapeutic and Atrophogenic Effects of Glucocorticoid Receptor Signaling in Skin. J Cancer Prev 2015; 20:250-9. [PMID: 26734587 PMCID: PMC4699752 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2015.20.4.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Glucocorticoids are effective anti-inflammatory drugs widely used in dermatology and for the treatment of blood cancer patients. Unfortunately, chronic treatment with glucocorticoids results in serious metabolic and atrophogenic adverse effects including skin atrophy. Glucocorticoids act via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a transcription factor that causes either gene transactivation (TA) or transrepression (TR). Compound A (CpdA), a novel non-steroidal GR ligand, does not promote GR dimerization and TA, retains anti-inflammatory potential but induces fewer metabolic side effects compared to classical glucocorticoids when used systemically. As topical effects of CpdA have not been well studied, this work goal was to compare the anti-inflammatory and side effects of topical CpdA and glucocorticoids and to assess their effect on GR TA and TR in keratinocytes. Methods: We used murine immortalized keratinocytes and F1 C57BlxDBA mice. Effect of glucocorticoid fluocinolone acetonide (FA) and CpdA on gene expression in keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo was evaluated by reverse transcription-PCR. The anti-inflammatory effects were assessed in the model of tumor promoter 12-O-tertradecanoyl-acetate (TPA)-induced dermatitis and in croton oil-induced ear edema test. Skin atrophy was assessed by analysis of epidermal thickness, keratinocyte proliferation, subcutaneous adipose hypoplasia, and dermal changes after chronic treatment with FA and CpdA. Results: In mouse keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo, CpdA did not activate GR-dependent genes but mimicked closely the inhibitory effect of glucocorticoid FA on the expression of inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. When applied topically, CpdA inhibited TPA-induced skin inflammation and hyperplasia. Unlike glucocorticoids, CpdA itself did not induce skin atrophy which correlated with lack of induction of atrophogene regulated in development and DNA damage response 1 (REDD1) causatively involved in skin and muscle steroid-induced atrophy. Conclusions: Overall, our results suggest that CpdA and its derivatives represent novel promising class of anti-inflammatory compounds with reduced topical side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Klopot
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Bacteriophage Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Gleb Baida
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pankaj Bhalla
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Guy Haegeman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Chulalonkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Irina Budunova
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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21
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Falzarano MS, Scotton C, Passarelli C, Ferlini A. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: From Diagnosis to Therapy. Molecules 2015; 20:18168-84. [PMID: 26457695 PMCID: PMC6332113 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201018168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked inherited neuromuscular disorder due to mutations in the dystrophin gene. It is characterized by progressive muscle weakness and wasting due to the absence of dystrophin protein that causes degeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscle. The molecular diagnostic of DMD involves a deletions/duplications analysis performed by quantitative technique such as microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH), Multiple Ligation Probe Assay MLPA. Since traditional methods for detection of point mutations and other sequence variants require high cost and are time consuming, especially for a large gene like dystrophin, the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) has become a useful tool available for clinical diagnosis. The dystrophin gene is large and finely regulated in terms of tissue expression, and RNA processing and editing includes a variety of fine tuned processes. At present, there are no effective treatments and the steroids are the only fully approved drugs used in DMD therapy able to slow disease progression. In the last years, an increasing variety of strategies have been studied as a possible therapeutic approach aimed to restore dystrophin production and to preserve muscle mass, ameliorating the DMD phenotype. RNA is the most studied target for the development of clinical strategies and Antisense Oligonucleotides (AONs) are the most used molecules for RNA modulation. The identification of delivery system to enhance the efficacy and to reduce the toxicity of AON is the main purpose in this area and nanomaterials are a very promising model as DNA/RNA molecules vectors. Dystrophinopathies therefore represent a pivotal field of investigation, which has opened novel avenues in molecular biology, medical genetics and novel therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sofia Falzarano
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, 44121 Italy.
| | - Chiara Scotton
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, 44121 Italy.
| | | | - Alessandra Ferlini
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, 44121 Italy.
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Slowik A, Beyer C. Inflammasomes are neuroprotective targets for sex steroids. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 153:135-43. [PMID: 25747343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation in the central nervous system is triggered by toxic stimuli or degenerative events, orchestrates the interplay of brain-intrinsic immune cells and neighboring neural cells, and sequentially allows leukocyte extravasation from the periphery into the brain parenchyma. During the inflammatory cascade, immune-competent cells become activated and secrete a plethora of cytokines and chemokines which form a local inflammatory signaling network important for warding off harmful stimuli to the host but are likewise necessary to preserve damaged brain tissue. Inflammatory responses are initiated by extra- and intra-cellular pathogen and danger-associated receptors. These signals are processed by multi-protein complexes termed inflammasomes which trigger the production of biologically active interleukins-1 and 18 after the cleavage of caspase-1. Estrogens and progesterone are neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory in diverse disease models of the brain in particular under acute inflammatory conditions such as stroke and traumatic brain injury. Both steroids are able to attenuate pro-inflammatory cytokine activity. Recent literature and our own studies provide convincing evidence that the anti-inflammatory potency of these steroids result from a complex interaction with the inflammasome activation and their up-stream regulatory network of miRNAs in brain-intrinsic innate immune cells. This article examines steroid-inflammasome interactions in the brain during brain injury and illuminates the importance of regulation initial upstream events during neuroinflammation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Steroid Perspectives'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Slowik
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Medical Faculty, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Medical Faculty, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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23
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Gallina D, Zelinka CP, Cebulla CM, Fischer AJ. Activation of glucocorticoid receptors in Müller glia is protective to retinal neurons and suppresses microglial reactivity. Exp Neurol 2015; 273:114-25. [PMID: 26272753 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive microglia and macrophages are prevalent in damaged retinas. Glucocorticoid signaling is known to suppress inflammation and the reactivity of microglia and macrophages. In the vertebrate retina, the glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) is known to be activated and localized to the nuclei of Müller glia (Gallina et al., 2014). Accordingly, we investigated how signaling through GCR influences the survival of neurons using the chick retina in vivo as a model system. We applied intraocular injections of GCR agonist or antagonist, assessed microglial reactivity, and the survival of retinal neurons following different damage paradigms. Microglial reactivity was increased in retinas from eyes that were injected with vehicle, and this reactivity was decreased by GCR-agonist dexamethasone (Dex) and increased by GCR-antagonist RU486. We found that activation of GCR suppresses the reactivity of microglia and inhibited the loss of retinal neurons resulting from excitotoxicity. We provide evidence that the protection-promoting effects of Dex were maintained when the microglia were selectively ablated. Similarly, intraocular injections of Dex protected ganglion cells from colchicine-treatment and protected photoreceptors from damage caused by retinal detachment. We conclude that activation of GCR promotes the survival of ganglion cells in colchicine-damaged retinas, promotes the survival of amacrine and bipolar cells in excitotoxin-damaged retinas, and promotes the survival of photoreceptors in detached retinas. We propose that suppression of microglial reactivity is secondary to activation of GCR in Müller glia, and this mode of signaling is an effective means to lessen the damage and vision loss resulting from different types of retinal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donika Gallina
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA
| | - Christopher Paul Zelinka
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA
| | - Colleen M Cebulla
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 915 Olentangy River Road, Suite 5000, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA.
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24
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Sundahl N, Bridelance J, Libert C, De Bosscher K, Beck IM. Selective glucocorticoid receptor modulation: New directions with non-steroidal scaffolds. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 152:28-41. [PMID: 25958032 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids remain the frontline treatment for inflammatory disorders, yet represent a double-edged sword with beneficial therapeutic actions alongside adverse effects, mainly in metabolic regulation. Considerable efforts were made to improve this balance by attempting to amplify therapeutic beneficial anti-inflammatory actions and to minimize adverse metabolic actions. Most attention has focused on the development of novel compounds favoring the transrepressing actions of the glucocorticoid receptor, assumed to be important for anti-inflammatory actions, over the transactivating actions, assumed to underpin the undesirable actions. These compounds are classified as selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists (SEGRAs) or selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators (SEGRMs). The latter class is able to modulate the activity of a GR agonist and/or may not classically bind the glucocorticoid receptor ligand-binding pocket. SEGRAs and SEGRMs are collectively denominated SEGRAMs (selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists and modulators). Although this transrepression vs transactivation concept proved to be too simplistic, the developed SEGRAMs were helpful in elucidating various molecular actions of the glucocorticoid receptor, but have also raised many novel questions. We discuss lessons learned from recent mechanistic studies of selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators. This is approached by analyzing recent experimental insights in comparison with knowledge obtained using mutant GR research, thus clarifying the current view on the SEGRAM field. These insights also contribute to our understanding of the processes controlling glucocorticoid-mediated side effects as well as glucocorticoid resistance. Our perspective on non-steroidal SEGRAs and SEGRMs considers remaining opportunities to address research gaps in order to harness the potential for more safe and effective glucocorticoid receptor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Sundahl
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research (LECR), Department of Radiation Oncology & Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Bridelance
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research (LECR), Department of Radiation Oncology & Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Gent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab (NRL), VIB Department of Medical Protein Research, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Ilse M Beck
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research (LECR), Department of Radiation Oncology & Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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Drebert Z, Bracke M, Beck IM. Glucocorticoids and the non-steroidal selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator, compound A, differentially affect colon cancer-derived myofibroblasts. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 149:92-105. [PMID: 25666906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor functions as a ligand-dependent transcription factor that positively or negatively regulates the transcription of various specific target genes. Not only steroidal glucocorticoids can bind and activate the glucocorticoid receptor, but also the intensively examined non-steroidal selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators can do so, albeit with a select effector profile skewed to glucocorticoid receptor transrepression. Glucocorticoids are widely used to treat inflammatory afflictions, but also as anti-cancer therapies or adjuvants thereof. As the impact of glucocorticoids and selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators has scarcely been researched in this setting, we focused on colon cancer and its stromal environment, in particular the stromal myofibroblasts, which are known to influence cancer cells via paracrine signaling. In these myofibroblasts, the glucocorticoid dexamethasone is able to drive the glucocorticoid receptor into the nucleus and thus negatively regulates the expression of particular pro-inflammatory genes in TNFα-stimulated cells. The selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator compound A has an impaired ability to translocate GR, presumably underpinning its modest anti-inflammatory properties in these cells. Only dexamethasone, and not compound A, can upregulate the glucocorticoid receptor transactivation-dependent GILZ expression. Neither dexamethasone, nor compound A affects myofibroblast cell viability. However, compound A retards the growth of this myofibroblast cell line. Additionally, dexamethasone can inhibit the expression of Tenascin C, hepatocyte growth factor, and TGFβ, which are all factors known for their impact on colon cancer cell invasion, in a glucocorticoid receptor-dependent manner. In contrast, compound A can only slightly diminish the expression of just hepatocyte growth factor, and not tenascin C or TGFβ. Combined, our results expose new tumor microenvironment-modulating effects of glucocorticoids and the selective GR modulator compound A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Drebert
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology & Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Marc Bracke
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology & Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Ilse M Beck
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology & Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
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Beck IM, Van Crombruggen K, Holtappels G, Daubeuf F, Frossard N, Bachert C, De Bosscher K. Differential cytokine profiles upon comparing selective versus classic glucocorticoid receptor modulation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and inferior turbinate tissue. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123068. [PMID: 25875480 PMCID: PMC4395417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoid Receptor agonists, particularly classic glucocorticoids, are the mainstay among treatment protocols for various chronic inflammatory disorders, including nasal disease. To steer away from steroid-induced side effects, novel GR modulators exhibiting a more favorable therapeutic profile remain actively sought after. Currently, the impact of 2-(4-acetoxyphenyl)-2-chloro-N-methylethylammonium chloride a plant-derived selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator named compound A, on cytokine production in ex vivo human immune cells and tissue has scarcely been evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS The current study aimed to investigate the effect of a classic glucocorticoid versus compound A on cytokine and inflammatory mediator production after stimulation with Staphylococcus aureus-derived enterotoxin B protein in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as well as in inferior nasal turbinate tissue. To this end, tissue fragments were stimulated with RPMI (negative control) or Staphylococcus aureus-derived enterotoxin B protein for 24 hours, in presence of solvent, or the glucocorticoid methylprednisolone or compound A at various concentrations. Supernatants were measured via multiplex for pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNFα) and T-cell- and subset-related cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17). In concordance with the previously described stimulatory role of superantigens in the development of nasal polyposis, a 24h Staphylococcus aureus-derived enterotoxin B protein stimulation induced a significant increase of IL-2, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-17 in PBMCs and in inferior turbinates and of IL-5 and IFN-γ in PBMCs. CONCLUSION Notwithstanding some differences in amplitude, the overall cytokine responses to methylprednisolone and compound A were relatively similar, pointing to a conserved and common mechanism in cytokine transrepression and anti-inflammatory actions of these GR modulators. Furthermore, these results provide evidence that selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator-mediated manipulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human tissues, supports its anti-inflammatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse M. Beck
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research (LECR), Department of Radiation Oncology & Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Koen Van Crombruggen
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory (URL), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gabriele Holtappels
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory (URL), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - François Daubeuf
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Nelly Frossard
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Claus Bachert
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory (URL), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Division of ENT Diseases, Clintec, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab (NRL), VIB Department of Medical Protein Research, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Palagani A, Op de Beeck K, Naulaerts S, Diddens J, Sekhar Chirumamilla C, Van Camp G, Laukens K, Heyninck K, Gerlo S, Mestdagh P, Vandesompele J, Berghe WV. Ectopic microRNA-150-5p transcription sensitizes glucocorticoid therapy response in MM1S multiple myeloma cells but fails to overcome hormone therapy resistance in MM1R cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113842. [PMID: 25474406 PMCID: PMC4256227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) selectively trigger cell death in the multiple myeloma cell line MM1S which express NR3C1/Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) protein, but fail to kill MM1R cells which lack GR protein. Given recent demonstrations of altered microRNA profiles in a diverse range of haematological malignancies and drug resistance, we characterized GC inducible mRNA and microRNA transcription profiles in GC sensitive MM1S as compared to GC resistant MM1R cells. Transcriptome analysis revealed that GCs regulate expression of multiple genes involved in cell cycle control, cell organization, cell death and immunological disease in MM1S cells, which remain unaffected in MM1R cells. With respect to microRNAs, mir-150-5p was identified as the most time persistent GC regulated microRNA, out of 5 QPCR validated microRNAs (mir-26b, mir-125a-5p, mir-146-5p, mir-150-5p, and mir-184), which are GC inducible in MM1S but not in MM1R cells. Functional studies further revealed that ectopic transfection of a synthetic mir-150-5p mimics GR dependent gene expression changes involved in cell death and cell proliferation pathways. Remarkably, despite the gene expression changes observed, overexpression of mir-150-5p in absence of GCs did not trigger significant cytotoxicity in MM1S or MM1R cells. This suggests the requirement of additional steps in GC induced cell death, which can not be mimicked by mir-150-5p overexpression alone. Interestingly, a combination of mir-150-5p transfection with low doses GC in MM1S cells was found to sensitize therapy response, whereas opposite effects could be observed with a mir-150-5p specific antagomir. Although mir-150-5p overexpression did not substantially change GR expression levels, it was found that mir-150-5p evokes GR specific effects through indirect mRNA regulation of GR interacting transcription factors and hormone receptors, GR chaperones, as well as various effectors of unfolded protein stress and chemokine signalling. Altogether GC-inducible mir-150-5p adds another level of regulation to GC specific therapeutic responses in multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Palagani
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signalling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Signal Transduction (LEGEST), Department of Physiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ken Op de Beeck
- Center of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, University of Antwerp/Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stefan Naulaerts
- Biomedical Informatics Research Center Antwerp (Biomina), University of Antwerp & University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Advanced Database Research and Modelling (ADReM), Department of Mathematics & Computer sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jolien Diddens
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signalling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chandra Sekhar Chirumamilla
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signalling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guy Van Camp
- Center of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kris Laukens
- Biomedical Informatics Research Center Antwerp (Biomina), University of Antwerp & University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Advanced Database Research and Modelling (ADReM), Department of Mathematics & Computer sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karen Heyninck
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Signal Transduction (LEGEST), Department of Physiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gerlo
- VIB-UGent Department of Medical Protein Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Mestdagh
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joke Vandesompele
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signalling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Signal Transduction (LEGEST), Department of Physiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Ayroldi E, Macchiarulo A, Riccardi C. Targeting glucocorticoid side effects: selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator or glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper? A perspective. FASEB J 2014; 28:5055-70. [PMID: 25205742 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-254755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones that are necessary for life and important in health and disease. They regulate crucial homeostatic functions, including metabolism, cell growth, and development. Although GCs are regulated by circadian rhythm, increased production is associated with stress. Synthetic GCs are a valuable resource for anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive therapy. Natural and synthetic GCs transduce signals mainly through GC receptor (GR) activation. Extensive research has explored the downstream targets of the GR, and optimization of GC therapy has required collaborative efforts. One highly promising approach involves new dissociative GR modulators. Because transrepression and transactivation of GR genes induce beneficial and adverse effects, respectively, this approach favors transrepression. Another approach involves the use of GC-dependent genes to generate proteins to mediate therapeutic GC effects. In a third approach, drug discovery is used to identify agents that selectively target GR isoforms to obtain differential gene transcription and effects. In this review, we focus on mechanisms of GR function compatible with the use of dissociative drugs. We highlight GC-induced leucine zipper (GILZ), a gene cloned in our laboratory, as a mediator of GC anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, to outline our perspective on the future of GC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emira Ayroldi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, and
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Gallina D, Zelinka C, Fischer AJ. Glucocorticoid receptors in the retina, Müller glia and the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitors. Development 2014; 141:3340-51. [PMID: 25085975 DOI: 10.1242/dev.109835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the signaling pathways that influence the reprogramming of Müller glia into neurogenic retinal progenitors is key to harnessing the potential of these cells to regenerate the retina. Glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) signaling is commonly associated with anti-inflammatory responses and GCR agonists are widely used to treat inflammatory diseases of the eye, even though the cellular targets and mechanisms of action in the retina are not well understood. We find that signaling through GCR has a significant impact upon the ability of Müller glia to become proliferating Müller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs). The primary amino acid sequence and pattern of GCR expression in the retina is highly conserved across vertebrate species, including chickens, mice, guinea pigs, dogs and humans. In all of these species we find GCR expressed by the Müller glia. In the chick retina, we find that GCR is expressed by progenitors in the circumferential marginal zone (CMZ) and is upregulated by Müller glia in acutely damaged retinas. Activation of GCR signaling inhibits the formation of MGPCs and antagonizes FGF2/MAPK signaling in the Müller glia. By contrast, we find that inhibition of GCR signaling stimulates the formation of proliferating MGPCs in damaged retinas, and enhances the neuronal differentiation while diminishing glial differentiation. Given the conserved expression pattern of GCR in different vertebrate retinas, we propose that the functions and mechanisms of GCR signaling are highly conserved and are mediated through the Müller glia. We conclude that GCR signaling directly inhibits the formation of MGPCs, at least in part, by interfering with FGF2/MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donika Gallina
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Christopher Zelinka
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Bellavance MA, Rivest S. The HPA - Immune Axis and the Immunomodulatory Actions of Glucocorticoids in the Brain. Front Immunol 2014; 5:136. [PMID: 24744759 PMCID: PMC3978367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to physiological and psychogenic stressors, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis orchestrates the systemic release of glucocorticoids (GCs). By virtue of nearly ubiquitous expression of the GC receptor and the multifaceted metabolic, cardiovascular, cognitive, and immunologic functions of GCs, this system plays an essential role in the response to stress and restoration of an homeostatic state. GCs act on almost all types of immune cells and were long recognized to perform salient immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory functions through various genomic and non-genomic mechanisms. These renowned effects of the steroid hormone have been exploited in the clinic for the past 70 years and synthetic GC derivatives are commonly used for the therapy of various allergic, autoimmune, inflammatory, and hematological disorders. The role of the HPA axis and GCs in restraining immune responses across the organism is however still debated in light of accumulating evidence suggesting that GCs can also have both permissive and stimulatory effects on the immune system under specific conditions. Such paradoxical actions of GCs are particularly evident in the brain, where substantial data support either a beneficial or detrimental role of the steroid hormone. In this review, we examine the roles of GCs on the innate immune system with a particular focus on the CNS compartment. We also dissect the numerous molecular mechanisms through which GCs exert their effects and discuss the various parameters influencing the paradoxical immunomodulatory functions of GCs in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Bellavance
- Faculty of medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University , Québec, QC , Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Faculty of medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University , Québec, QC , Canada
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31
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Carson MW, Luz JG, Suen C, Montrose C, Zink R, Ruan X, Cheng C, Cole H, Adrian MD, Kohlman DT, Mabry T, Snyder N, Condon B, Maletic M, Clawson D, Pustilnik A, Coghlan MJ. Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulators Informed by Crystallography Lead to a New Rationale for Receptor Selectivity, Function, and Implications for Structure-Based Design. J Med Chem 2014; 57:849-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401616g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Carson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - John G. Luz
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology
Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite
200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Chen Suen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Chahrzad Montrose
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Richard Zink
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Xiaoping Ruan
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Christine Cheng
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Harlan Cole
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Mary D. Adrian
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Dan T. Kohlman
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Thomas Mabry
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Nancy Snyder
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Brad Condon
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology
Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite
200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Milan Maletic
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology
Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite
200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - David Clawson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Anna Pustilnik
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology
Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite
200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michael J. Coghlan
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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Aprile-Garcia F, Antunica-Noguerol M, Budziñski ML, Liberman AC, Arzt E. Novel insights into the neuroendocrine control of inflammation: the role of GR and PARP1. Endocr Connect 2014; 3:R1-R12. [PMID: 24243533 PMCID: PMC3869961 DOI: 10.1530/ec-13-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses are elicited after injury, involving release of inflammatory mediators that ultimately lead, at the molecular level, to the activation of specific transcription factors (TFs; mainly activator protein 1 and nuclear factor-κB). These TFs propagate inflammation by inducing the expression of cytokines and chemokines. The neuroendocrine system has a determinant role in the maintenance of homeostasis, to avoid exacerbated inflammatory responses. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the key neuroendocrine regulators of the inflammatory response. In this study, we describe the molecular mechanisms involved in the interplay between inflammatory cytokines, the neuroendocrine axis and GCs necessary for the control of inflammation. Targeting and modulation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and its activity is a common therapeutic strategy to reduce pathological signaling. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of PAR on target proteins, a post-translational modification termed PARylation. PARP1 has a central role in transcriptional regulation of inflammatory mediators, both in neuroendocrine tumors and in CNS cells. It is also involved in modulation of several nuclear receptors. Therefore, PARP1 and GR share common inflammatory pathways with antagonic roles in the control of inflammatory processes, which are crucial for the effective maintenance of homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Aprile-Garcia
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Partner Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBuenos AiresArgentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - María Antunica-Noguerol
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Partner Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBuenos AiresArgentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Maia Ludmila Budziñski
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Partner Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Ana C Liberman
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Partner Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Eduardo Arzt
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Partner Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBuenos AiresArgentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
- Correspondence should be addressed to E Arzt
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Strehl C, Buttgereit F. Optimized glucocorticoid therapy: teaching old drugs new tricks. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 380:32-40. [PMID: 23403055 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are commonly used in the treatment of a wide range of rheumatic and other inflammatory diseases. They exert their potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects primarily via so called genomic mechanisms, mediated by the cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor (cGR). This mechanism of GC action can be divided into the transactivation and the transrepression processes. However, also rapid effects of GCs exist which are mediated by specific and unspecific non-genomic mechanisms. A clinical relevance of this mode of GC action is assumed for effects mediated by membrane-bound glucocorticoid receptors, but detailed knowledge on the underlying mechanisms is still missing. Great efforts have been made in the past to diminish GC-induced adverse effects, thus improving the benefit/risk ratio of the drugs. Besides approaches to improve the treatment with conventional glucocorticoids currently available to clinicians, new innovative GCs or GC receptor ligands are also being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Strehl
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
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Beck IM, Drebert ZJ, Hoya-Arias R, Bahar AA, Devos M, Clarisse D, Desmet S, Bougarne N, Ruttens B, Gossye V, Denecker G, Lievens S, Bracke M, Tavernier J, Declercq W, Gevaert K, Vanden Berghe W, Haegeman G, De Bosscher K. Compound A, a selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator, enhances heat shock protein Hsp70 gene promoter activation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69115. [PMID: 23935933 PMCID: PMC3728325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Compound A possesses glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-dependent anti-inflammatory properties. Just like classical GR ligands, Compound A can repress NF-κB-mediated gene expression. However, the monomeric Compound A-activated GR is unable to trigger glucocorticoid response element-regulated gene expression. The heat shock response potently activates heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), upregulates Hsp70, a known GR chaperone, and also modulates various aspects of inflammation. We found that the selective GR modulator Compound A and heat shock trigger similar cellular effects in A549 lung epithelial cells. With regard to their anti-inflammatory mechanism, heat shock and Compound A are both able to reduce TNF-stimulated IκBα degradation and NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. We established an interaction between Compound A-activated GR and Hsp70, but remarkably, although the presence of the Hsp70 chaperone as such appears pivotal for the Compound A-mediated inflammatory gene repression, subsequent novel Hsp70 protein synthesis is uncoupled from an observed CpdA-induced Hsp70 mRNA upregulation and hence obsolete in mediating CpdA’s anti-inflammatory effect. The lack of a Compound A-induced increase in Hsp70 protein levels in A549 cells is not mediated by a rapid proteasomal degradation of Hsp70 or by a Compound A-induced general block on translation. Similar to heat shock, Compound A can upregulate transcription of Hsp70 genes in various cell lines and BALB/c mice. Interestingly, whereas Compound A-dependent Hsp70 promoter activation is GR-dependent but HSF1-independent, heat shock-induced Hsp70 expression alternatively occurs in a GR-independent and HSF1-dependent manner in A549 lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse M Beck
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research (LECR), Department of Radiation Therapy & Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Animal Health Markets and Opportunities: Companion Animal Landscape. ADVANCES IN DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4439-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Sipos W, Reutterer B, Frank M, Unger H, Grassauer A, Prieschl-Grassauer E, Doerfler P. Escin Inhibits Type I Allergic Dermatitis in a Novel Porcine Model. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2013; 161:44-52. [DOI: 10.1159/000343289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Scully MA, Pandya S, Moxley RT. Review of Phase II and Phase III clinical trials for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2012. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2013.746939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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van Lierop MJC, Alkema W, Laskewitz AJ, Dijkema R, van der Maaden HM, Smit MJ, Plate R, Conti PGM, Jans CGJM, Timmers CM, van Boeckel CAA, Lusher SJ, McGuire R, van Schaik RC, de Vlieg J, Smeets RL, Hofstra CL, Boots AMH, van Duin M, Ingelse BA, Schoonen WGEJ, Grefhorst A, van Dijk TH, Kuipers F, Dokter WHA. Org 214007-0: a novel non-steroidal selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator with full anti-inflammatory properties and improved therapeutic index. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48385. [PMID: 23152771 PMCID: PMC3495945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) such as prednisolone are potent immunosuppressive drugs but suffer from severe adverse effects, including the induction of insulin resistance. Therefore, development of so-called Selective Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulators (SGRM) is highly desirable. Here we describe a non-steroidal Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR)-selective compound (Org 214007-0) with a binding affinity to GR similar to that of prednisolone. Structural modelling of the GR-Org 214007-0 binding site shows disturbance of the loop between helix 11 and helix 12 of GR, confirmed by partial recruitment of the TIF2-3 peptide. Using various cell lines and primary human cells, we show here that Org 214007-0 acts as a partial GC agonist, since it repressed inflammatory genes and was less effective in induction of metabolic genes. More importantly, in vivo studies in mice indicated that Org 214007-0 retained full efficacy in acute inflammation models as well as in a chronic collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model. Gene expression profiling of muscle tissue derived from arthritic mice showed a partial activity of Org 214007-0 at an equi-efficacious dosage of prednisolone, with an increased ratio in repression versus induction of genes. Finally, in mice Org 214007-0 did not induce elevated fasting glucose nor the shift in glucose/glycogen balance in the liver seen with an equi-efficacious dose of prednisolone. All together, our data demonstrate that Org 214007-0 is a novel SGRMs with an improved therapeutic index compared to prednisolone. This class of SGRMs can contribute to effective anti-inflammatory therapy with a lower risk for metabolic side effects.
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Bellavance MA, Rivest S. The neuroendocrine control of the innate immune system in health and brain diseases. Immunol Rev 2012; 248:36-55. [PMID: 22725953 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune reaction takes place in the brain during immunogenic challenges, injury, and disease. Such a response is highly regulated by numerous anti-inflammatory mechanisms that may directly affect the ultimate consequences of such a reaction within the cerebral environment. The neuroendocrine control of this innate immune system by glucocorticoids is critical for the delicate balance between cell survival and damage in the presence of inflammatory mediators. Glucocorticoids play key roles in regulating the expression of inflammatory genes, and they also have the ability to modulate numerous functions that may ultimately lead to brain damage or repair after injury. Here we review these mechanisms and discuss data supporting both neuroprotective and detrimental roles of the neuroendocrine control of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Bellavance
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Genomics, CHUQ Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada
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Lee SR, Kim HK, Youm JB, Dizon LA, Song IS, Jeong SH, Seo DY, Ko KS, Rhee BD, Kim N, Han J. Non-genomic effect of glucocorticoids on cardiovascular system. Pflugers Arch 2012; 464:549-59. [PMID: 23001133 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-012-1155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are essential steroid hormones for homeostasis, development, metabolism, and cognition and possess anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions. Since glucocorticoid receptor II (GR) is nearly ubiquitous, chronic activation or depletion of GCs leads to dysfunction of diverse organs, including the heart and blood vessels, resulting predominantly from changes in gene expression. Most studies, therefore, have focused on the genomic effects of GC to understand its related pathophysiological manifestations. The nongenomic effects of GCs clearly differ from well-known genomic effects, with the former responding within several minutes without the need for protein synthesis. There is increasing evidence that the nongenomic actions of GCs influence various physiological functions. To develop a GC-mediated therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, understanding the genomic and nongenomic effects of GC on the cardiovascular system is needed. This article reviews our current understanding of the underlying mechanisms of GCs on cardiovascular diseases and stress, as well as how nongenomic GC signaling contributes to these conditions. We suggest that manipulation of GC action based on both GC and GR metabolism, mitochondrial impact, and the action of serum- and glucocorticoid-dependent kinase 1 may provide new information with which to treat cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ryul Lee
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, 633-165 Gaegeum-Dong, Busanjin-Gu, Busan, Korea
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van Zuiden M, Geuze E, Willemen HLDM, Vermetten E, Maas M, Amarouchi K, Kavelaars A, Heijnen CJ. Glucocorticoid receptor pathway components predict posttraumatic stress disorder symptom development: a prospective study. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 71:309-16. [PMID: 22137507 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have mostly been studied using cross-sectional or posttrauma prospective designs. Therefore, it remains largely unknown whether previously observed biological correlates of PTSD precede trauma exposure. We investigated whether glucocorticoid receptor (GR) pathway components assessed in leukocytes before military deployment represent preexisting vulnerability factors for development of PTSD symptoms. METHODS Four hundred forty-eight male soldiers were assessed before and 6 months after deployment to a combat zone. Participants were assigned to the PTSD or comparison group based on Self-Rating Inventory for PTSD scores after deployment. Logistic regression analysis was applied to predict development of a high level of PTSD symptoms based on predeployment GR number, messenger (m)RNA expression of GR target genes FKBP5, GILZ, and SGK1, plasma cortisol, and childhood trauma. We also investigated whether predeployment GR number and FKBP5 mRNA expression were associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms in the GR and FKBP5 genes, either alone or in interaction with childhood trauma. RESULTS Several GR pathway components predicted subsequent development of a high level of PTSD symptoms: predeployment high GR number, low FKBP5 mRNA expression, and high GILZ mRNA expression were independently associated with increased risk for a high level of PTSD symptoms. Childhood trauma also independently predicted development of a high level of PTSD symptoms. Additionally, we observed a significant interaction effect of GR haplotype BclI and childhood trauma on GR number. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results indicate that predeployment GR pathway components are vulnerability factors for subsequent development of a high level of PTSD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam van Zuiden
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Schweingruber N, Reichardt SD, Lühder F, Reichardt HM. Mechanisms of glucocorticoids in the control of neuroinflammation. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:174-82. [PMID: 21615563 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used to treat inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). They predominantly act through the GC receptor, a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that controls transcription by several different mechanisms. Owing to its ubiquitous expression, there are a variety of cell types that could serve as GC targets in the pathogenesis and treatment of MS. This brings about a great diversity of mechanisms potentially involved in the modulation of neuroinflammation by GCs, including the induction of apoptosis, repression of pro-inflammatory mediators and the expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Nevertheless, it is not well understood which of these mechanisms are essential for therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we summarise findings made concerning the actions of GCs in MS and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and also elucidate current concepts and developments that pertain to this clinically highly relevant treatment regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Schweingruber
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Germany
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The anticancer plant triterpenoid, avicin D, regulates glucocorticoid receptor signaling: implications for cellular metabolism. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28037. [PMID: 22132201 PMCID: PMC3221683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Avicins, a family of apoptotic triterpene electrophiles, are known to regulate cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis, by targeting the mitochondria. Having evolved from “ancient hopanoids,” avicins bear a structural resemblance with glucocorticoids (GCs), which are the endogenous regulators of metabolism and energy balance. These structural and functional similarities prompted us to compare the mode of action of avicin D with dexamethasone (Dex), a prototypical GC. Using cold competition assay, we show that Avicin D competes with Dex for binding to the GC receptor (GR), leading to its nuclear translocation. In contrast to Dex, avicin-induced nuclear translocation of GR does not result in transcriptional activation of GC-dependent genes. Instead we observe a decrease in the expression of GC-dependent metabolic proteins such as PEPCK and FASN. However, like Dex, avicin D treatment does induce a transrepressive effect on the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB. While avicin's ability to inhibit NF-κB and its downstream targets appear to be GR-dependent, its pro-apoptotic effects were independent of GR expression. Using various deletion mutants of GR, we demonstrate the requirement of both the DNA and ligand binding domains of GR in mediating avicin D's transrepressive effects. Modeling of avicin-GR interaction revealed that avicin molecule binds only to the antagonist confirmation of GR. These findings suggest that avicin D has properties of being a selective GR modulator that separates transactivation from transrepression. Since the gene-activating properties of GR are mainly linked to its metabolic effects, and the negative interference with the activity of transcription factors to its anti-inflammatory and immune suppressive effects, the identification of such a dissociated GR ligand could have great potential for therapeutic use.
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Betageri R, Gilmore T, Kuzmich D, Kirrane TM, Bentzien J, Wiedenmayer D, Bekkali Y, Regan J, Berry A, Latli B, Kukulka AJ, Fadra TN, Nelson RM, Goldrick S, Zuvela-Jelaska L, Souza D, Pelletier J, Dinallo R, Panzenbeck M, Torcellini C, Lee H, Pack E, Harcken C, Nabozny G, Thomson DS. Non-steroidal dissociated glucocorticoid agonists: indoles as A-ring mimetics and function-regulating pharmacophores. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6842-51. [PMID: 21963986 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a SAR of non-steroidal glucocorticoid mimetics that utilize indoles as A-ring mimetics. Detailed SAR is discussed with a focus on improving PR and MR selectivity, GR agonism, and in vitro dissociation profile. SAR analysis led to compound (R)-33 which showed high PR and MR selectivity, potent agonist activity, and reduced transactivation activity in the MMTV and aromatase assays. The compound is equipotent to prednisolone in the LPS-TNF model of inflammation. In mouse CIA, at 30 mg/kg compound (R)-33 inhibited disease progression with an efficacy similar to the 3 mg/kg dose of prednisolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Betageri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA.
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Beck IM, De Bosscher K, Haegeman G. Glucocorticoid receptor mutants: man-made tools for functional research. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2011; 22:295-310. [PMID: 21549614 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 03/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that can bind to glucocorticoids (GCs). Upon ligand binding, GR sheds its cytoplasmic chaperoning complex and translocates to the nucleus, where it can act as a ligand-dependent transcription factor, transactivating or transrepressing specific gene promoters. Often, GR interacts with specific cofactors to implement a variety of gene promoter effects. GR activity and function is further modulated by post-translational modifications. To assess the diverse aspects of GR mechanisms of activation and gene regulation, researchers continue to use a range of artificial GR mutants. In this review we analyze the characteristics of GR mutants with the aim of assisting the design and interpretation of GR mutant-based experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse M Beck
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Signal Transduction (LEGEST), Department of Physiology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
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