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Huang J, Qiao X, Song K, Liu R, Huang S, He J, Zhu S, Reinhardt JD, He C. Effectiveness of Rehabilitation Interventions in Individuals With Emerging Virtual Respiratory Tract Infectious Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Rehabil 2024; 38:857-883. [PMID: 38629433 DOI: 10.1177/02692155241239881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assessing rehabilitation effectiveness for persistent symptoms post-infection with emerging viral respiratory diseases. DATA SOURCES Systematic review of seven databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, PEDro, MedRxiv, CNKI, Wanfang) until 30 December 2023. REVIEW METHODS Evaluated 101 studies (9593 participants) on respiratory function, exercise capacity, and quality of life. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias tool for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for observational studies and non-RCTs, and the NIH Quality Assessment Tools for before-after studies. RESULTS The most common rehabilitation program combined breathing exercises with aerobic exercise or strength training. Rehabilitation interventions significantly enhanced respiratory function, as evidenced by improvements on the Borg Scale (MD, -1.85; 95% CI, -3.00 to -0.70, low certainty), the mMRC Dyspnea Scale (MD, -0.45; 95% CI, -0.72 to -0.18, low certainty), and the Multidimensional Dyspnoea-12 Scale (MD, -4.64; 95% CI, -6.54 to -2.74, moderate certainty). Exercise capacity also improved, demonstrated by results from the Six-Minute Walk Test (MD, 38.18; 95% CI, 25.33-51.03, moderate certainty) and the Sit-to-Stand Test (MD, 3.04; 95% CI, 1.07-5.01, low certainty). CONCLUSION Rehabilitation interventions are promising for survivors of viral respiratory diseases, yet gaps in research remain. Future investigations should focus on personalizing rehabilitation efforts, utilizing remote technology-assisted programs, improving research quality, and identifying specific subgroups for customized rehabilitation strategies to achieve the best outcomes for survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Huang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Rehabilitation Medical Center, West China Hospital, and Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Qiao
- Rehabilitation Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Rehabilitation Medical Center, West China Hospital, and Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kangping Song
- Rehabilitation Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Rehabilitation Medical Center, West China Hospital, and Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Rehabilitation Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Rehabilitation Medical Center, West China Hospital, and Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuangshuang Huang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, The Fifth People's Hospital of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing He
- Rehabilitation Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Rehabilitation Medical Center, West China Hospital, and Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyi Zhu
- Rehabilitation Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Rehabilitation Medical Center, West China Hospital, and Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jan D Reinhardt
- Rehabilitation Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Rehabilitation Medical Center, West China Hospital, and Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Center for Rehabilitation Research, Jiangsu Province Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Chengqi He
- Rehabilitation Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Rehabilitation Medical Center, West China Hospital, and Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Li J, Chen CT, Li P, Zhang X, Liu X, Wu W, Gu W. Lung transcriptomics reveals the underlying mechanism by which aerobic training enhances pulmonary function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BMC Pulm Med 2024; 24:154. [PMID: 38532405 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-024-02967-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aerobic training is the primary method of rehabilitation for improving respiratory function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in remission. However, the mechanism underlying this improvement is not yet fully understood. The use of transcriptomics in rehabilitation medicine offers a promising strategy for uncovering the ways in which exercise training improves respiratory dysfunction in COPD patients. In this study, lung tissue was analyzed using transcriptomics to investigate the relationship between exercise and lung changes. METHODS Mice were exposed to cigarette smoke for 24 weeks, followed by nine weeks of moderate-intensity treadmill exercise, with a control group for comparison. Pulmonary function and structure were assessed at the end of the intervention and RNA sequencing was performed on the lung tissue. RESULTS Exercise training was found to improve airway resistance and lung ventilation indices in individuals exposed to cigarette smoke. However, the effect of this treatment on damaged alveoli was weak. The pair-to-pair comparison revealed numerous differentially expressed genes, that were closely linked to inflammation and metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Further research is necessary to confirm the cause-and-effect relationship between the identified biomarkers and the improvement in pulmonary function, as this was not examined in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), 200433, Shanghai, PR China
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, No. 399 Changhai Road, Yangpu District, 200438, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Cai-Tao Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200434, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Peijun Li
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Laboratory Department of the 908th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force, 330001, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Weibing Wu
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, No. 399 Changhai Road, Yangpu District, 200438, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Wei Gu
- Faculty of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), No. 800 Xiangyin Road, Yangpu District, 200433, Shanghai, PR China.
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3
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Gregório JF, Magalhães GS, Rodrigues-Machado MG, Gonzaga KER, Motta-Santos D, Cassini-Vieira P, Barcelos LS, Vieira MAR, Santos RAS, Campagnole-Santos MJ. Angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas receptor modulates anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training in a model of chronic allergic lung inflammation. Life Sci 2021; 282:119792. [PMID: 34229006 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Exercise training increases circulating and tissue levels of angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)], which was shown to attenuate inflammation and fibrosis in different diseases. Here, we evaluated whether Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor is involved in the beneficial effects of aerobic training in a chronic model of asthma. MATERIAL AND METHODS BALB/c mice were subjected to a protocol of asthma induced by ovalbumin sensitization (OVA; 4 i.p. injections) and OVA challenge (3 times/week for 4 weeks). Simultaneously to the challenge period, part of the animals was continuously treated with Mas receptor antagonist (A779, 1 μg/h; for 28 days) and trained in a treadmill (TRE; 60% of the maximal capacity, 1 h/day, 5 days/week during 4 weeks). PGC1-α mRNA expression (qRT-PCR), plasma IgE and lung cytokines (ELISA), inflammatory cells infiltration (enzymatic activity assay) and airway remodeling (by histology) were evaluated. KEY FINDINGS Blocking the Mas receptor with A779 increased IgE and IL-13 levels and prevented the reduction in extracellular matrix deposition in airways in OVA-TRE mice. Mas receptor blockade prevented the reduction of myeloperoxidase activity, as well as, prevented exercise-induced IL-10 increase. These data show that activation of Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor pathway is involved in the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of aerobic training in an experimental model of chronic asthma. SIGNIFICANCE Our results support exercise training as a non-pharmacological tool to defeat lung remodeling induced by chronic pulmonary inflammation. Further, our result also supports development of new therapy based on Ang-(1-7) or Mas agonists as important tool for asthma treatment in those patients that cannot perform aerobic training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Fabiana Gregório
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics (INCT-Nanobiofar), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Giselle Santos Magalhães
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics (INCT-Nanobiofar), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Healthy Sciences of Faculty of Medical Sciences of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Kézia Emanoeli Ramos Gonzaga
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics (INCT-Nanobiofar), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Healthy Sciences of Faculty of Medical Sciences of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Daisy Motta-Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics (INCT-Nanobiofar), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Sports Department, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Puebla Cassini-Vieira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics (INCT-Nanobiofar), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucíola Silva Barcelos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics (INCT-Nanobiofar), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Ribeiro Vieira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics (INCT-Nanobiofar), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Robson Augusto Souza Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics (INCT-Nanobiofar), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Jose Campagnole-Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics (INCT-Nanobiofar), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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4
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Freeman AT, Staples KJ, Wilkinson TMA. Defining a role for exercise training in the management of asthma. Eur Respir Rev 2020; 29:29/156/190106. [PMID: 32620584 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0106-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of asthma remains high worldwide, with increasing awareness of the morbidity and mortality from asthma in low-income countries. In the UK, despite the development of biological treatments, many patients remain suboptimally controlled, and mortality rates have been static for decades. Therefore, new approaches are needed to treat asthma that are scalable at minimal cost. Exercise immunology is an expanding field, and there is growing evidence that exercise can modulate inflammatory and immune processes in asthma. Whilst exercise is encouraged in current treatment guidelines, there are no specific recommendations as to the intensity, frequency or duration of exercise exposure. Despite national and international guidance to increase exercise, patients with asthma are less likely to engage in physical activity. This review explores the disease modifying benefit of exercise in asthma. We also review the domains in which exercise exerts positive clinical effects in asthma, including the effects of exercise on symptom scores, quality of life, psychosocial health, and in the obese asthma phenotype. Finally, we review the barriers to exercise in asthma, given the benefits it confers. A better understanding of the mechanisms through which exercise exerts its positive effects in asthma may provide more accurate prescription of exercise training programmes as part of broader asthma management, with the potential of identification of new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna T Freeman
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK .,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Karl J Staples
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.,Wessex Investigational Sciences Hub, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Tom M A Wilkinson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.,Wessex Investigational Sciences Hub, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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5
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Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for asthma. This association appears related to altered dietary composition and metabolic factors that can directly affect airway reactivity and airway inflammation. This article discusses how specific changes in the western diet and metabolic changes associated with the obese state affect inflammation and airway reactivity and reviews evidence that interventions targeting weight, dietary components, lifestyle, and metabolism might improve outcomes in asthma.
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6
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Madani A, Alack K, Richter MJ, Krüger K. Immune-regulating effects of exercise on cigarette smoke-induced inflammation. J Inflamm Res 2018; 11:155-167. [PMID: 29731655 PMCID: PMC5923223 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s141149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term cigarette smoking (LTCS) represents an important risk factor for cardiac infarction and stroke and the central risk factor for the development of a bronchial carcinoma, smoking-associated interstitial lung fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The pathophysiologic development of these diseases is suggested to be promoted by chronic and progressive inflammation. Cigarette smoking induces repetitive inflammatory insults followed by a chronic and progressive activation of the immune system. In the pulmonary system of cigarette smokers, oxidative stress, cellular damage, and a chronic activation of pattern recognition receptors are described which are followed by the translocation of the NF-kB, the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, matrix metalloproteases, and damage-associated molecular patterns. In parallel, smoke pollutants cross directly through the alveolus-capillary interface and spread through the systemic bloodstream targeting different organs. Consequently, LTCS induces a systemic low-grade inflammation and increased oxidative stress in the vascular system. In blood, these processes promote an increased coagulation and endothelial dysfunction. In muscle tissue, inflammatory processes activate catabolic signaling pathways followed by muscle wasting and sarcopenia. In brain, several characteristics of neuroinflammation were described. Regular exercise training has been shown to be an effective nonpharmacological treatment strategy in smoke-induced pulmonary diseases. It is well established that exercise training exerts immune-regulating effects by activating anti-inflammatory signaling pathways. In this regard, the release of myokines from contracting skeletal muscle, the elevations of cortisol and adrenalin, the reduced expression of Toll-like receptors, and the increased mobilization of immune-regulating leukocyte subtypes might be of vital importance. Exercise training also increases the local and systemic antioxidative capacity and several compensatory mechanisms in tissues such as an increased anabolic signaling in muscle or an increased compliance of the vascular system. Accordingly, regular exercise training seems to protect long-term smokers against some important negative local and systemic consequences of smoking. Data suggest that it seems to be important to start exercise training as early as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Madani
- Department of Exercise and Health, Institute of Sports Science, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Alack
- Department of Sports Medicine, University of Giessen, Germany
| | - Manuel Jonas Richter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise and Health, Institute of Sports Science, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
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7
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de Araújo CC, Marques PS, Silva JD, Samary CS, da Silva AL, Henriques I, Antunes MA, de Oliveira MV, Goldenberg RC, Morales MM, Abreu I, Diaz BL, Rocha NN, Capelozzi VL, Rocco PRM. Regular and moderate aerobic training before allergic asthma induction reduces lung inflammation and remodeling. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 26:1360-1372. [PMID: 27152850 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies have reported that aerobic exercise after asthma induction reduces lung inflammation and remodeling. Nevertheless, no experimental study has analyzed whether regular/moderate aerobic training before the induction of allergic asthma may prevent these inflammatory and remodeling processes. For this purpose, BALB/c mice (n = 96) were assigned into non-trained and trained groups. Trained animals ran on a motorized treadmill at moderate intensity, 30 min/day, 3 times/week, for 8 weeks, and were further randomized into subgroups to undergo ovalbumin sensitization and challenge or receive saline using the same protocol. Aerobic training continued until the last challenge. Twenty-four hours after challenge, compared to non-trained animals, trained mice exhibited: (a) increased systolic output and left ventricular mass on echocardiography; (b) improved lung mechanics; (c) decreased smooth muscle actin expression and collagen fiber content in airways and lung parenchyma; (d) decreased transforming growth factor (TGF)-β levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and blood; (e) increased interferon (IFN)-γ in BALF and interleukin (IL)-10 in blood; and (f) decreased IL-4 and IL-13 in BALF. In conclusion, regular/moderate aerobic training prior to allergic asthma induction reduced inflammation and remodeling, perhaps through increased IL-10 and IFN-γ in tandem with decreased Th2 cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C de Araújo
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P S Marques
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J D Silva
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C S Samary
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A L da Silva
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - I Henriques
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M A Antunes
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M V de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R C Goldenberg
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M M Morales
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - I Abreu
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - B L Diaz
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - N N Rocha
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - V L Capelozzi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P R M Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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8
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Apostolopoulos V, Borkoles E, Polman R, Stojanovska L. Physical and immunological aspects of exercise in chronic diseases. Immunotherapy 2014; 6:1145-57. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyles are believed to be independent risk factors for the occurrence of numerous diseases, including, obesity, Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, cancer and mental health, all leading to substantial morbidity and/or premature death. It has been found that regular exercise, is associated with better quality of life and health outcomes, and reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Here, we review the effects regular exercise has on mental health and well-being, on the immune system and in cancer, cardiovascular disease, autoimmunity and metabolic syndrome. Is exercise the new immunotherapy to treat diseases?
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention & Management, College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
- VA Consulting Services, PO Box 6437, Melbourne, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Erika Borkoles
- College of Sport & Exercise Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
| | - Remco Polman
- College of Sport & Exercise Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
| | - Lily Stojanovska
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention & Management, College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
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