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Cao XY, Liu Y, Kan JS, Huang XX, Kambey PA, Zhang CT, Gao J. Microglial SIX2 suppresses lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation by up-regulating FXYD2 expression. Brain Res Bull 2024; 212:110970. [PMID: 38688414 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a severe neurodegenerative disease associated with the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Although its pathogenesis remains unclear, microglia-mediated neuroinflammation significantly contributes to the development of PD. Here we showed that the sine oculis homeobox (SIX) homologue family transcription factors SIX2 exerted significant effects on neuroinflammation. The SIX2 protein, which is silenced during development, was reactivated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated microglia. The reactivated SIX2 in microglia mitigated the LPS induced inflammatory effects, and then reduced the toxic effect of conditioned media (CM) of microglia on co-cultured MES23.5 DA cells. Using the LPS-stimulated Cx3cr1-CreERT2 mouse model, we also demonstrated that the highly-expressed SIX2 in microglia obviously attenuated neuroinflammation and protected the DA neurons in SN. Further RNA-Seq analysis on the inflammatory activated microglia revealed that the SIX2 exerted these effects via up-regulating the FXYD domain containing ion transport regulator 2 (FXYD2). Taken together, our study demonstrated that SIX2 was an endogenous anti-inflammatory factor in microglia, and it exerted anti-neuroinflammatory effects by regulating the expression of FXYD2, which provides new ideas for anti-neuroinflammation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Yin Cao
- Department of Neurobiology and Cellular biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Cellular biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Jia-Shuo Kan
- Department of Neurobiology and Cellular biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Xin-Xing Huang
- Department of Neurobiology and Cellular biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Piniel Alphayo Kambey
- Department of Neurobiology and Cellular biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Can-Tang Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Jin Gao
- Department of Neurobiology and Cellular biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China.
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Laurencin C, Lancelot S, Brosse S, Mérida I, Redouté J, Greusard E, Lamberet L, Liotier V, Le Bars D, Costes N, Thobois S, Boulinguez P, Ballanger B. Noradrenergic alterations in Parkinson's disease: a combined 11C-yohimbine PET/neuromelanin MRI study. Brain 2024; 147:1377-1388. [PMID: 37787503 PMCID: PMC10994534 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of the noradrenergic system is now considered a pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease, but little is known about its consequences in terms of parkinsonian manifestations. Here, we evaluated two aspects of the noradrenergic system using multimodal in vivo imaging in patients with Parkinson's disease and healthy controls: the pigmented cell bodies of the locus coeruleus with neuromelanin sensitive MRI; and the density of α2-adrenergic receptors (ARs) with PET using 11C-yohimbine. Thirty patients with Parkinson's disease and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects were included. The characteristics of the patients' symptoms were assessed using the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS). Patients showed reduced neuromelanin signal intensity in the locus coeruleus compared with controls and diminished 11C-yohimbine binding in widespread cortical regions, including the motor cortex, as well as in the insula, thalamus and putamen. Clinically, locus coeruleus neuronal loss was correlated with motor (bradykinesia, motor fluctuations, tremor) and non-motor (fatigue, apathy, constipation) symptoms. A reduction of α2-AR availability in the thalamus was associated with tremor, while a reduction in the putamen, the insula and the superior temporal gyrus was associated with anxiety. These results highlight a multifaceted alteration of the noradrenergic system in Parkinson's disease since locus coeruleus and α2-AR degeneration were found to be partly uncoupled. These findings raise important issues about noradrenergic dysfunction that may encourage the search for new drugs targeting this system, including α2-ARs, for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Laurencin
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University Lyon 1, F-69000 Lyon, France
- Department of Neurology C, Expert Parkinson Centre, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Sophie Lancelot
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University Lyon 1, F-69000 Lyon, France
- CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, PET-MRI Department, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Sarah Brosse
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University Lyon 1, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Inés Mérida
- CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, PET-MRI Department, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Jérôme Redouté
- CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, PET-MRI Department, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Elise Greusard
- CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, PET-MRI Department, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Ludovic Lamberet
- CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, PET-MRI Department, 69500 Bron, France
| | | | - Didier Le Bars
- CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, PET-MRI Department, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Nicolas Costes
- CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, PET-MRI Department, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Stéphane Thobois
- Department of Neurology C, Expert Parkinson Centre, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, NS-Park/F-CRIN, 69500 Bron, France
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229, CNRS, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Philippe Boulinguez
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University Lyon 1, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Bénédicte Ballanger
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University Lyon 1, F-69000 Lyon, France
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Witts EC, Mathews MA, Murray AJ. The locus coeruleus directs sensory-motor reflex amplitude across environmental contexts. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4679-4688.e3. [PMID: 37741282 PMCID: PMC10957397 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Purposeful movement across unpredictable environments requires quick, accurate, and contextually appropriate motor corrections in response to disruptions in balance and posture.1,2,3 These responses must respect both the current position and limitations of the body, as well as the surrounding environment,4,5,6 and involve a combination of segmental reflexes in the spinal cord, vestibulospinal and reticulospinal pathways in the brainstem, and forebrain structures such as the motor cortex.7,8,9,10 These motor plans can be heavily influenced by the animal's surrounding environment, even when that environment has no mechanical influence on the perturbation itself. This environmental influence has been considered as cortical in nature, priming motor responses to a perturbation.8,11 Similarly, postural responses can be influenced by environments that alter threat levels in humans.12,13,14,15,16,17,18 Such studies are generally in agreement with work done in the mouse showing that optogenetic stimulation of the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) only results in motor responses when the animal is on a balance beam at height and not when walking on the stable surface of a treadmill.10 In general, this ability to flexibly modify postural responses across terrains and environmental conditions is a critically important component of the balance system.19,20 Here we show that LVN-generated motor corrections can be altered by manipulating the surrounding environment. Furthermore, environmental influence on corrections requires noradrenergic signaling from the locus coeruleus, suggesting a potential link between forebrain structures that convey sensory information about the environment and brainstem circuits that generate motor corrections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Witts
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, W1T 4JG London, UK.
| | - Miranda A Mathews
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, W1T 4JG London, UK
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, W1T 4JG London, UK.
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Zhao H, Yin Y, Lin T, Wang W, Gong L. Administration of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors tends to have less ocular surface damage in a chronic stress-induced rat model of depression than selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Exp Eye Res 2023; 231:109486. [PMID: 37080380 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Depressed patients who medicate with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) often report ocular dryness. Epidemiological studies have found that serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are not risk factors for dry eye in depressed patients. However, the effect of SNRIs on the ocular surface is unknown. A depression rat model was induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), and SNRIs or SSRIs were administered to the rats for 3 or 6 weeks. The levels of norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin in tear fluid were tested by ELISA. The corneal fluorescence and lissamine green staining were used to evaluate ocular surface damage. NE and/or serotonin were administered to human corneal epithelial cells in vitro. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis was performed to investigate the mRNA expression profiles. Tear NE levels were higher in the SNRIs group, and ocular surface inflammation and apoptosis were significantly reduced compared to the SSRIs group. RNA-Seq indicated that NE significantly activate MAPK signaling pathway. NE can inhibit serotonin-induced activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway through α-1 adrenergic receptors and promotes the proliferation of corneal epithelial cells through activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. SNRIs administration have less ocular surface damage than SSRIs. NE protects human corneal epithelial cells from damage, and reduce inflammation on the ocular surface via activating the MAPK signaling pathway. SNRIs might be used as an appropriate treatment for depression-related DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China; Laboratory of Myopia, NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200000, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Yue Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China; Laboratory of Myopia, NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200000, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Tong Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China; Laboratory of Myopia, NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200000, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Wushuang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China; Laboratory of Myopia, NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200000, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Lan Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China; Laboratory of Myopia, NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200000, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China.
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Hosomoto K, Sasaki T, Yasuhara T, Kameda M, Sasada S, Kin I, Kuwahara K, Kawauchi S, Okazaki Y, Yabuno S, Sugahara C, Kawai K, Nagase T, Tanimoto S, Borlongan CV, Date I. Continuous vagus nerve stimulation exerts beneficial effects on rats with experimentally induced Parkinson's disease: Evidence suggesting involvement of a vagal afferent pathway. Brain Stimul 2023; 16:594-603. [PMID: 36914065 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) exerts neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in preclinical models of central nervous system disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). VNS setting applied for experimental models is limited into single-time or intermittent short-duration stimulation. We developed a VNS device which could deliver continuous stimulation for rats. To date, the effects of vagal afferent- or efferent-selective stimulation on PD using continuous electrical stimulation remains to be determined. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of continuous and selective stimulation of vagal afferent or efferent fiber on Parkinsonian rats. METHODS Rats were divided into 5 group: intact VNS, afferent VNS (left VNS in the presence of left caudal vagotomy), efferent VNS (left VNS in the presence of left rostral vagotomy), sham, vagotomy. Rats underwent the implantation of cuff-electrode on left vagus nerve and 6-hydroxydopamine administration into the left striatum simultaneously. Electrical stimulation was delivered just after 6-OHDA administration and continued for 14 days. In afferent VNS and efferent VNS group, the vagus nerve was dissected at distal or proximal portion of cuff-electrode to imitate the selective stimulation of afferent or efferent vagal fiber respectively. RESULTS Intact VNS and afferent VNS reduced the behavioral impairments in cylinder test and methamphetamine-induced rotation test, which were accompanied by reduced inflammatory glial cells in substantia nigra with the increased density of the rate limiting enzyme in locus coeruleus. In contrast, efferent VNS did not exert any therapeutic effects. CONCLUSION Continuous VNS promoted neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effect in experimental PD, highlighting the crucial role of the afferent vagal pathway in mediating these therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kakeru Hosomoto
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sasaki
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Takao Yasuhara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kameda
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Susumu Sasada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ittetsu Kin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ken Kuwahara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawauchi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yosuke Okazaki
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoru Yabuno
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Chiaki Sugahara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koji Kawai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nagase
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shun Tanimoto
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Cesario V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL, 33611, USA
| | - Isao Date
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
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6
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Patel S, Keating BA, Dale RC. Anti-inflammatory properties of commonly used psychiatric drugs. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1039379. [PMID: 36704001 PMCID: PMC9871790 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1039379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental health and neurodevelopmental disorders are extremely common across the lifespan and are characterized by a complicated range of symptoms that affect wellbeing. There are relatively few drugs available that target disease mechanisms for any of these disorders. Instead, therapeutics are focused on symptoms and syndromes, largely driven by neurotransmitter hypotheses, such as serotonin or dopamine hypotheses of depression. Emerging evidence suggests that maternal inflammation during pregnancy plays a key role in neurodevelopmental disorders, and inflammation can influence mental health expression across the lifespan. It is now recognized that commonly used psychiatric drugs (anti-depressants, anti-psychotics, and mood stabilizers) have anti-inflammatory properties. In this review, we bring together the human evidence regarding the anti-inflammatory mechanisms for these main classes of psychiatric drugs across a broad range of mental health disorders. All three classes of drugs showed evidence of decreasing levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-6 and TNF-α, while increasing the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. Some studies also showed evidence of reduced inflammatory signaling via nuclear factor- (NF-)κB and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways. As researchers, clinicians, and patients become increasingly aware of the role of inflammation in brain health, it is reassuring that these psychiatric drugs may also abrogate this inflammation, in addition to their effects on neurotransmission. Further studies are required to determine whether inflammation is a driver of disease pathogenesis, and therefore should be a therapeutic target in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrujna Patel
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia,Faculty of Medicine and Health, Clinical School, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia,Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Brooke A. Keating
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia,Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Russell C. Dale
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia,Faculty of Medicine and Health, Clinical School, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia,Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia,*Correspondence: Russell C. Dale ✉
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Latif K, Ullah A, Shkodina AD, Boiko DI, Rafique Z, Alghamdi BS, Alfaleh MA, Ashraf GM. Drug reprofiling history and potential therapies against Parkinson's disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1028356. [PMID: 36386233 PMCID: PMC9643740 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1028356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the high whittling down rates, high costs, and moderate pace of new medication, revelation, and improvement, repurposing "old" drugs to treat typical and uncommon illnesses is progressively becoming an appealing proposition. Drug repurposing is the way toward utilizing existing medications in treating diseases other than the purposes they were initially designed for. Faced with scientific and economic challenges, the prospect of discovering new medication indications is enticing to the pharmaceutical sector. Medication repurposing can be used at various stages of drug development, although it has shown to be most promising when the drug has previously been tested for safety. We describe strategies of drug repurposing for Parkinson's disease, which is a neurodegenerative condition that primarily affects dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. We also discuss the obstacles faced by the repurposing community and suggest new approaches to solve these challenges so that medicine repurposing can reach its full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Latif
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aman Ullah
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millet University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Anastasiia D. Shkodina
- Department of Neurological Diseases, Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine
- Municipal Enterprise “1 City Clinical Hospital of Poltava City Council”, Poltava, Ukraine
| | - Dmytro I. Boiko
- Department of Psychiatry, Narcology and Medical Psychology, Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine
| | - Zakia Rafique
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Badrah S. Alghamdi
- Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Alfaleh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Vaccines and Immunotherapy, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Md. Ashraf
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Criaud M, Laurencin C, Poisson A, Metereau E, Redouté J, Thobois S, Boulinguez P, Ballanger B. Noradrenaline and Movement Initiation Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease: A Pharmacological Functional MRI Study with Clonidine. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172640. [PMID: 36078048 PMCID: PMC9454805 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Slowness of movement initiation is a cardinal motor feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and is not fully reverted by current dopaminergic treatments. This trouble could be due to the dysfunction of executive processes and, in particular, of inhibitory control of response initiation, a function possibly associated with the noradrenergic (NA) system. The implication of NA in the network supporting proactive inhibition remains to be elucidated using pharmacological protocols. For that purpose, we administered 150 μg of clonidine to 15 healthy subjects and 12 parkinsonian patients in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design. Proactive inhibition was assessed by means of a Go/noGo task, while pre-stimulus brain activity was measured by event-related functional MRI. Acute reduction in noradrenergic transmission induced by clonidine enhanced difficulties initiating movements reflected by an increase in omission errors and modulated the activity of the anterior node of the proactive inhibitory network (dorsomedial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices) in PD patients. We conclude that NA contributes to movement initiation by acting on proactive inhibitory control via the α2-adrenoceptor. We suggest that targeting noradrenergic dysfunction may represent a new treatment approach in some of the movement initiation disorders seen in Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Criaud
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, Department Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Kings College London, London SE24 9QR, UK
| | - Chloé Laurencin
- Université de Lyon, 69622 Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- INSERM U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), 69000 Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), 69000 Lyon, France
- Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie C, Centre Expert Parkinson, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69677 Bron, France
| | - Alice Poisson
- Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie C, Centre Expert Parkinson, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69677 Bron, France
| | - Elise Metereau
- Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie C, Centre Expert Parkinson, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69677 Bron, France
| | | | - Stéphane Thobois
- Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie C, Centre Expert Parkinson, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69677 Bron, France
- CNRS UMR5229, Institute of Cognitive Science Marc Jeannerod, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Philippe Boulinguez
- Université de Lyon, 69622 Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- INSERM U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), 69000 Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Bénédicte Ballanger
- Université de Lyon, 69622 Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- INSERM U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), 69000 Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), 69000 Lyon, France
- Correspondence:
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9
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Barut J, Rafa-Zabłocka K, Jurga AM, Bagińska M, Nalepa I, Parlato R, Kreiner G. Genetic lesions of the noradrenergic system trigger induction of oxidative stress and inflammation in the ventral midbrain. Neurochem Int 2022; 155:105302. [PMID: 35150790 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor deficits caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). However, clinical data revealed that not only the dopaminergic system is affected in PD. Postmortem studies showed degeneration of noradrenergic cells in the locus coeruleus (LC) to an even greater extent than that observed in the SN/VTA. Pharmacological models support the concept that modification of noradrenergic transmission can influence the PD-like phenotype induced by neurotoxins. Nevertheless, there are no existing data on animal models regarding the distant impact of noradrenergic degeneration on intact SN/VTA neurons. The aim of this study was to create a transgenic mouse model with endogenously evoked progressive degeneration restricted to noradrenergic neurons and investigate its long-term impact on the dopaminergic system. To this end, we selectively ablated the transcription initiation factor-IA (TIF-IA) in neurons expressing dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) by the Cre-loxP system. This mutation mimics a condition of nucleolar stress affecting neuronal survival. TIF-IADbhCre mice were characterized by selective, progressive degeneration of noradrenergic neurons, followed by phenotypic alterations associated with sympathetic system impairment. Our studies did not show any loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells in the SN/VTA of mutant mice; however, we observed increased indices of oxidative stress, enhanced markers of glial cell activation, inflammatory processes and isolated degenerating cells positive for FluoroJade C. These results were supported by gene expression profiling of VTA and SN from TIF-IADbhCre mice, revealing that 34 out of 246 significantly regulated genes in the SN/VTA were related to PD. Overall, our results shed new light on the possible negative influence of noradrenergic degeneration on dopaminergic neurons, reinforcing the neuroprotective role of noradrenaline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Barut
- Dept. Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, Smętna 12, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Rafa-Zabłocka
- Dept. Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, Smętna 12, Poland
| | - Agnieszka M Jurga
- Dept. Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, Smętna 12, Poland
| | - Monika Bagińska
- Dept. Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, Smętna 12, Poland
| | - Irena Nalepa
- Dept. Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, Smętna 12, Poland
| | - Rosanna Parlato
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Grzegorz Kreiner
- Dept. Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, Smętna 12, Poland.
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10
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Dhapola R, Hota SS, Sarma P, Bhattacharyya A, Medhi B, Reddy DH. Recent advances in molecular pathways and therapeutic implications targeting neuroinflammation for Alzheimer's disease. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:1669-1681. [PMID: 34813026 PMCID: PMC8608577 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00889-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major contributor of dementia leading to the degeneration of neurons in the brain with major symptoms like loss of memory and learning. Many evidences suggest the involvement of neuroinflammation in the pathology of AD. Cytokines including TNF-α and IL-6 are also found increasing the BACE1 activity and expression of NFκB resulting in generation of Aβ in AD brain. Following the interaction of Aβ with microglia and astrocytes, other inflammatory molecules also get translocated to the site of inflammation by chemotaxis and exaggerate neuroinflammation. Various pathways like NFκB, p38 MAPK, Akt/mTOR, caspase, nitric oxide and COX trigger microglia to release inflammatory cytokines. PPARγ agonists like pioglitazone increases the phagocytosis of Aβ and reduces inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Celecoxib and roficoxib like selective COX-2 inhibitors also ameliorate neuroinflammation. Non-selective COX inhibitor indomethacin is also potent inhibitor of inflammatory mediators released from microglia. Mitophagy process is considered quite helpful in reducing inflammation due to microglia as it promotes the phagocytosis of over activated microglial cells and other inflammatory cells. Mitophagy induction is also beneficial in the removal of damaged mitochondria and reduction of infiltration of inflammatory molecules at the site of accumulation of the damaged mitochondria. Targeting these pathways and eventually ameliorating the activation of microglia can mitigate neuroinflammation and come out as a better therapeutic option for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishika Dhapola
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151 401, India
| | | | - Phulen Sarma
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
| | - Anusuya Bhattacharyya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Government Medical College & Hospital, Chandigarh, 160 032, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
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11
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O'Neill E, Griffin ÉW, O'Sullivan R, Murray C, Ryan L, Yssel J, Harkin A, Cunningham C. Acute neuroinflammation, sickness behavior and working memory responses to acute systemic LPS challenge following noradrenergic lesion in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 94:357-368. [PMID: 33307172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Locus coeruleus (LC)-derived noradrenaline is important in cognition and decreases with age, but the impact of prior noradrenaline deficiency on vulnerability to inflammation-induced acute cognitive dysfunction is unclear. Here we assessed whether noradrenergic depletion, in female mice, impacted upon inflammation, locomotor activity and working memory directly after acute systemic immune challenge with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a paradigm we have previously used to capture delirium-like acute cognitive deficits. Mice received 2 doses of the LC-selective noradrenergic toxin N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4; 50 mg/kg i.p.) and were challenged, 2 weeks later, with LPS (100 μg/kg i.p.). DSP-4 dramatically reduced noradrenaline concentrations and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive afferents in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. This did not significantly alter numbers of Pu.1-positive microglia, Iba1-positive microglial morphology or mRNA expression of microglia-associated gene transcripts (Tyrobp, Sall1, Cd68, Sra2, Clec7a) in the hippocampus or frontal cortex and produced modest reductions in Cx3cr1 and P2ry12. LPS induced blood and brain cytokine levels, cFOS activation and locomotor responses that were highly similar in DSP-4- and vehicle-treated mice, although LPS-induced plasma TNF-α was significantly reduced in those treated with DSP-4. Importantly, prior noradrenergic depletion did not predispose to LPS-induced T-maze working memory deficits. The data demonstrate that significant depletion of noradrenaline in the hippocampus and frontal cortex does not prompt acutely exaggerated neuroinflammation or leave the brain vulnerable to acute, transient working memory deficits upon low dose LPS challenge. These findings have implications for our understanding of the impact of systemic inflammation on the aging and vulnerable brain during septic encephalopathy and delirium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Éadaoin W Griffin
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ruairi O'Sullivan
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Carol Murray
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Lucy Ryan
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Justin Yssel
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrew Harkin
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Colm Cunningham
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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12
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Idazoxan and Efaroxan Potentiate the Endurance Performances and the Antioxidant Activity of Ephedrine in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57030194. [PMID: 33668888 PMCID: PMC7996498 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57030194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: The connections between the imidazoline system and multiple other neurotransmitter systems in the brain (adrenergic, dopaminergic, serotoninergic, glutamatergic, opioid) indicate the complexity of the mechanisms underlying motor activity and behavior. The aim of the present research was to investigate the effects of the combination of ephedrine (EPD) and imidazoline antagonists idazoxan (IDZ) and efaroxan (EFR) on the endurance performance in the treadmill test in rats. Materials and Methods: We used Wistar rats distributed as follows: Group 1 (Control) receiving distilled water 0.3 mL/100 g body weight; Group 2 (EPD) receiving 20 mg/kg ephedrine; Group 3 (EPD + IDZ) receiving 20 mg/kg ephedrine + 3 mg/kg idazoxan; Group 4 (EPD + EFR) receiving 20 mg/kg ephedrine + 1 mg/kg efaroxan. An additional group (C) of animals receiving 0.3 mL/100 g body weight distilled water (but not subjected to effort) was used. Endurance capacity was evaluated using a treadmill running PanLAB assay. The evaluation of the substances’ influence on oxidative stress was performed by spectrophotometric determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity. Results: Treatment with EPD-IDZ and EPD-EFR were correlated with a longer distance traveled on the belt and with a decrease in the necessary electric shocks to motivate the animal to continue running in the forced locomotion test. Additionally, an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes was found. Conclusions: Idazoxan and efaroxan potentiated the physical effort-related effects of ephedrine with regard to endurance capacity and antioxidant activity in rats.
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13
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Urrutia PJ, Bórquez DA, Núñez MT. Inflaming the Brain with Iron. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010061. [PMID: 33419006 PMCID: PMC7825317 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron accumulation and neuroinflammation are pathological conditions found in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Iron and inflammation are intertwined in a bidirectional relationship, where iron modifies the inflammatory phenotype of microglia and infiltrating macrophages, and in turn, these cells secrete diffusible mediators that reshape neuronal iron homeostasis and regulate iron entry into the brain. Secreted inflammatory mediators include cytokines and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), notably hepcidin and nitric oxide (·NO). Hepcidin is a small cationic peptide with a central role in regulating systemic iron homeostasis. Also present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), hepcidin can reduce iron export from neurons and decreases iron entry through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by binding to the iron exporter ferroportin 1 (Fpn1). Likewise, ·NO selectively converts cytosolic aconitase (c-aconitase) into the iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1), which regulates cellular iron homeostasis through its binding to iron response elements (IRE) located in the mRNAs of iron-related proteins. Nitric oxide-activated IRP1 can impair cellular iron homeostasis during neuroinflammation, triggering iron accumulation, especially in the mitochondria, leading to neuronal death. In this review, we will summarize findings that connect neuroinflammation and iron accumulation, which support their causal association in the neurodegenerative processes observed in AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J. Urrutia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Daniel A. Bórquez
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, 8370007 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Marco Tulio Núñez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2-29787360
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Li W, Zhao Q, Wang J, Wang Y, Wen T. Dcf1 deletion presents alterations in gut microbiota of mice similar to Parkinson's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:1137-1144. [PMID: 32819577 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The gut-brain communication is increasingly being recognized as a profound effector on Parkinson's disease (PD). Gut microbiota changes have become the focus of attention. However, the mechanism leading to changes in the gut microbiota is not clear. In the present study, we found that knockout of Dcf1 (Dcf1-/-) caused changes in the gut microbiota in mice. Results indicated that the increased Proteobacteria (phylum-level) and decreased Prevotellaceae (family-level) in the microbiota composition of Dcf1-/- (KO) mice, which is consistent with the situation of PD patients. On species-level, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 and Helicobacter_ganmani were significantly different between KO and WT mice, suggesting glycolipid metabolism disorders and inflammatory lesions in KO mice. In the behavior of Y-maze and Open field test, KO mice showed typical PD symptoms such as memory deficits, slowness of movement and anxiety. Further Nissl staining of brain tissue sections confirmed that the deletion of Dcf1 caused damage to amygdala neurons. These results provide a new mechanism for understanding gut microbiota changes, and provide a new basis for PD treatment from a new perspective of Gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Qinpin Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yajiang Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Tieqiao Wen
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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15
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Ryan KM, Harkin A. Regulation of β 2-adrenoceptors in brain glia: implications for neuroinflammatory and degenerative disorders. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:2035-2036. [PMID: 32394954 PMCID: PMC7716048 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.282255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Ryan
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Psychiatry, St. Patrick's University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew Harkin
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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16
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Paredes-Rodriguez E, Vegas-Suarez S, Morera-Herreras T, De Deurwaerdere P, Miguelez C. The Noradrenergic System in Parkinson's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:435. [PMID: 32322208 PMCID: PMC7157437 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays it is well accepted that in Parkinson’s disease (PD), the neurodegenerative process occurs in stages and that damage to other areas precedes the neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which is considered a pathophysiological hallmark of PD. This heterogeneous and progressive neurodegeneration may explain the diverse symptomatology of the disease, including motor and non-motor alterations. In PD, one of the first areas undergoing degeneration is the locus coeruleus (LC). This noradrenergic nucleus provides extensive innervation throughout the brain and plays a fundamental neuromodulator role, participating in stress responses, emotional memory, and control of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions. Early in the disease, LC neurons suffer modifications that can condition the effectiveness of pharmacological treatments, and importantly, can lead to the appearance of common non-motor symptomatology. The noradrenergic system also exerts anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effect on the dopaminergic degeneration and noradrenergic damage can consequently condition the progress of the disease. From the pharmacological point of view, it is also important to understand how the noradrenergic system performs in PD, since noradrenergic medication is often used in these patients, and drug interactions can take place when combining them with the gold standard drug therapy in PD, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). This review provides an overview about the functional status of the noradrenergic system in PD and its contribution to the efficacy of pharmacological-based treatments. Based on preclinical and clinical publications, a special attention will be dedicated to the most prevalent non-motor symptoms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Paredes-Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Autonomic and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Sergio Vegas-Suarez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Autonomic and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Teresa Morera-Herreras
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Autonomic and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdere
- Centre National de la Recherche scientifique, Institut des Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine (INCIA UMR 5287), Bordeaux, France
| | - Cristina Miguelez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Autonomic and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
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17
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O'Neill E, Yssel JD, McNamara C, Harkin A. Pharmacological targeting of β 2 -adrenoceptors is neuroprotective in the LPS inflammatory rat model of Parkinson's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:282-297. [PMID: 31506926 PMCID: PMC6989960 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Chronic inflammation may play a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Noradrenaline is an endogenous neurotransmitter with anti-inflammatory properties. In the present investigation, we assessed the immunomodulatory and neuroprotective efficacy of pharmacologically targeting the CNS noradrenergic system in a rat model of PD. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The impact of treatment with the β2 -adrenoceptor agonists clenbuterol and formoterol was assessed in the intranigral LPS rat model of PD. The immunomodulatory potential of formoterol to influence the CNS response to systemic inflammation was also assessed. KEY RESULTS LPS-induced deficits in motor function (akinesia and forelimb-use asymmetry) and nigrostriatal dopamine loss were rescued by both agents. Treatment with the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine reduced striatal dopamine loss and motor deficits following intranigral LPS injection. Co-treatment with the β2 -adrenoceptor antagonist ICI 118,551 attenuated the protective effects of atomoxetine. Systemic LPS challenge exacerbated reactive microgliosis, IL-1β production, dopamine cell loss in the substantia nigra, nerve terminal degeneration in the striatum, and associated motor impairments in animals that previously received intranigral LPS. This exacerbation was attenuated by formoterol treatment. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The results indicate that pharmacologically targeting β2 -adrenoceptors has the propensity to regulate the neuroinflammatory phenotype in vivo and may be a potential neuroprotective strategy where inflammation contributes to the progression of dopaminergic neurodegeneration. In accordance with this, clinical agents such as β2 -adrenoceptor agonists may prove useful as immunomodulatory agents in the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions associated with brain inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin O'Neill
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity College Institute of NeuroscienceTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Justin D. Yssel
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity College Institute of NeuroscienceTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Caoimhe McNamara
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity College Institute of NeuroscienceTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Andrew Harkin
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity College Institute of NeuroscienceTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
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18
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Ryan KM, Boyle NT, Harkin A, Connor TJ. Dexamethasone attenuates inflammatory-mediated suppression of β 2-adrenoceptor expression in rat primary mixed glia. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 338:577082. [PMID: 31707103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
β2-adrenoceptors are G-protein coupled receptors expressed on both astrocytes and microglia that play a key role in mediating the anti-inflammatory actions of noradrenaline in the CNS. Here the effect of an inflammatory stimulus (LPS + IFN-γ) was examined on glial β2-adrenoceptor expression and function. Exposure of glia to LPS + IFN-γ decreased β2-adrenoceptor mRNA and agonist-stimulated production of the intracellular second messenger cAMP. Pre-treatment with the synthetic glucocorticoid and potent anti-inflammatory agent dexamethasone prevented the LPS + IFN-γ-induced suppression of β2-adrenoceptor mRNA expression. These results raise the possibility that inflammation-mediated β2-adrenoceptor downregulation in glia may dampen the innate anti-inflammatory properties of noradrenaline in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Ryan
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Noreen T Boyle
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrew Harkin
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Thomas J Connor
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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O'Neill E, Chiara Goisis R, Haverty R, Harkin A. L-alpha-aminoadipic acid restricts dopaminergic neurodegeneration and motor deficits in an inflammatory model of Parkinson's disease in male rats. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:804-816. [PMID: 30924171 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a contributory factor underlying the progressive nature of dopaminergic neuronal loss within the substantia nigra (SN) of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, albeit the role of astrocytes in this process has been relatively unexplored to date. Here, we aimed to investigate the impact of midbrain astrocytic dysfunction in the pathophysiology of intra-nigral lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced experimental Parkinsonism in male Wistar rats via simultaneous co-injection of the astrocytic toxin L-alpha-aminoadipic acid (L-AAA). Simultaneous intra-nigral injection of L-AAA attenuated the LPS-induced loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH+ ) dopamine neurons in the SNpc and suppressed the affiliated degeneration of TH+ dopaminergic nerve terminals in the striatum. L-AAA also repressed LPS-induced nigrostriatal dopamine depletion and provided partial protection against ensuing motor dysfunction. L-AAA abrogated intra-nigral LPS-induced glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive (GFAP+ ) reactive astrogliosis and attenuated the LPS-mediated increases in nigral S100β expression levels in a time-dependent manner, findings which were associated with reduced ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1-positive (Iba1+ ) microgliosis, thus indicating a role for reactive astrocytes in sustaining microglial activation at the interface of dopaminergic neuronal loss in response to an immune stimulus. These results indicate that midbrain astrocytic dysfunction restricts the development of dopaminergic neuropathology and motor impairments in rats, highlighting reactive astrocytes as key contributors in inflammatory associated degeneration of the nigrostriatal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin O'Neill
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Rosa Chiara Goisis
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ruth Haverty
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrew Harkin
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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20
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O'Neill E, Harkin A. Targeting the noradrenergic system for anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects: implications for Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1332-1337. [PMID: 30106035 PMCID: PMC6108217 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.235219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of the locus coeruleus noradrenergic system is thought to play a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), whereas pharmacological approaches to increase noradrenaline bioavailability may provide neuroprotection. Noradrenaline inhibits microglial activation and suppresses pro-inflammatory mediator production (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β & inducible nitric oxide synthase activity), thus limiting the cytotoxicity of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in response to an inflammatory stimulus. Neighbouring astrocyte populations promote a neurotrophic environment in response to β2-adrenoceptor (β2-AR) stimulation via the production of growth factors (e.g., brain derived neurotrophic factor, cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor & glial cell derived neurotrophic factor which have shown promising neuroprotective and neuro-restorative effects in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. More recent findings have demonstrated a role for the β2-AR in down-regulating expression levels of the human α-synuclein gene SNCA and relative α-synuclein protein abundance. Given that α-synuclein is a major protein constituent of Lewy body pathology, a hallmark neuropathological feature in Parkinson's disease, these findings could open up new avenues for pharmacological intervention strategies aimed at alleviating the burden of α-synucleinopathies in the Parkinsonian brain. In essence, the literature reviewed herein supports our hypothesis of a tripartite neuroprotective role for noradrenaline in combating PD-related neuropathology and motor dysfunction via (1) inhibiting nigral microglial activation & pro-inflammatory mediator production, (2) promoting the synthesis of neurotrophic factors from midbrain astrocytes and (3) downregulating α-synuclein gene expression and protein abundance in a β2-AR-dependent manner. Thus, taken together, either pharmacologically enhancing extra-synaptic noradrenaline bioavailability or targeting glial β2-ARs directly makes itself as a promising treatment option aimed at slowing/halting PD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin O'Neill
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew Harkin
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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