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Obermayer B, Keilholz L, Conrad T, Frentsch M, Blau IW, Vuong L, Lesch S, Movasshagi K, Tietze-Stolley C, Loyal L, Henze L, Penack O, Stervbo U, Babel N, Haas S, Beule D, Bullinger L, Wittenbecher F, Na IK. Single-cell clonal tracking of persistent T-cells in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1114368. [PMID: 36860867 PMCID: PMC9969884 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1114368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The critical balance between intended and adverse effects in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) depends on the fate of individual donor T-cells. To this end, we tracked αβT-cell clonotypes during stem cell mobilization treatment with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in healthy donors and for six months during immune reconstitution after transfer to transplant recipients. More than 250 αβT-cell clonotypes were tracked from donor to recipient. These clonotypes consisted almost exclusively of CD8+ effector memory T cells (CD8TEM), which exhibited a different transcriptional signature with enhanced effector and cytotoxic functions compared to other CD8TEM. Importantly, these distinct and persisting clonotypes could already be delineated in the donor. We confirmed these phenotypes on the protein level and their potential for selection from the graft. Thus, we identified a transcriptional signature associated with persistence and expansion of donor T-cell clonotypes after alloHSCT that may be exploited for personalized graft manipulation strategies in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Obermayer
- Core Unit Bioinformatics (CUBI), Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luisa Keilholz
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Conrad
- Core Unit Genomics, Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Frentsch
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Igor-Wolfgang Blau
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lam Vuong
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Stem Cell Facility, Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stella Lesch
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kamran Movasshagi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Stem Cell Facility, Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carola Tietze-Stolley
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Stem Cell Facility, Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucie Loyal
- BIH Center for Exploratory Diagnostic Sciences (EDS), Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Si-M/”Der Simulierte Mensch” a science framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Immunomics - Regenerative Immunology and Aging, Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Larissa Henze
- BIH Center for Exploratory Diagnostic Sciences (EDS), Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Si-M/”Der Simulierte Mensch” a science framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Immunomics - Regenerative Immunology and Aging, Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Penack
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrik Stervbo
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Nina Babel
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Simon Haas
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,BIH Center for Exploratory Diagnostic Sciences (EDS), Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Beule
- Core Unit Bioinformatics (CUBI), Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Bullinger
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,ECRC Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedrich Wittenbecher
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Il-Kang Na
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Si-M/”Der Simulierte Mensch” a science framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,ECRC Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,*Correspondence: Il-Kang Na,
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2
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Gao Y, Shan W, Gu T, Zhang J, Wu Y, Li X, Zeng X, Zhou H, Chen Z, Xiao H. Daratumumab Prevents Experimental Xenogeneic Graft-Versus-Host Disease by Skewing Proportions of T Cell Functional Subsets and Inhibiting T Cell Activation and Migration. Front Immunol 2021; 12:785774. [PMID: 34987512 PMCID: PMC8720868 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.785774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains the major cause of mortality and morbidity in non-relapse patients after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). As the number of patients undergoing allo-HCT increases, it will become imperative to determine safe and effective treatment options for patients with GVHD, especially those who become refractory to systemic steroid therapy. Daratumumab (Dara), a humanized IgG1 (ĸ subclass) monoclonal antibody targeting the CD38 epitope, is used for the treatment of multiple myeloma. CD38 is a multifunctional ectoenzyme that behaves either as an enzyme, a cell adhesion molecule or a cell surface receptor involved in cell signaling. CD38 is also expressed on various immune effector and suppressor cells. However, the role of CD38 in the immune response remains elusive. We questioned whether CD38 is a potential therapeutic target against alloreactive T cells in the GVHD pathological process. Here, we investigated the impact of Dara on xenogeneic GVHD (xeno-GVHD) and graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effects in a humanized murine model of transplantation, where human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were adoptively transplanted into immunocompromised NOD.SCID.gc-null (NSG) mice. Mice receiving Dara treatment experienced less weight loss, longer survival and lower GVHD scores compared with those in the control group. Histological evaluations, flow cytometry, RNA-sequencing and RT-qPCR analysis revealed that Dara efficaciously mitigated GVHD through multiple mechanisms including inhibition of the proliferation, activation and differentiation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, reduced expression of cytotoxic effector molecules, pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and chemoattractant receptors by T cells and promotion of immunosuppressive T cells. More importantly, Dara preserved the GVL effect in a humanized mouse model of leukemia by metabolic reprograming of T cells to promote the induction of Th17, Th1/17and Tc1/17 cells. Our findings indicate that Dara may be an attractive therapeutic option to separate GVHD from GVL effects in patients with hematopoietic malignancies receiving allo-HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Shan
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianning Gu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yibo Wu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangjun Zeng
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haowen Xiao
- Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Haowen Xiao,
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3
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Monlish DA, Beezhold KJ, Chiaranunt P, Paz K, Moore NJ, Dobbs AK, Brown RA, Ozolek JA, Blazar BR, Byersdorfer CA. Deletion of AMPK minimizes graft-versus-host disease through an early impact on effector donor T cells. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e143811. [PMID: 34291733 PMCID: PMC8410053 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.143811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a viable treatment for multiple hematologic diseases, but its application is often limited by graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), where donor T cells attack host tissues in the skin, liver, and gastrointestinal tract. Here, we examined the role of the cellular energy sensor AMP kinase (AMPK) in alloreactive T cells during GVHD development. Early posttransplant, AMPK activity increased more than 15-fold in allogeneic T cells, and transplantation of T cells deficient in both AMPKα1 and AMPKα2 decreased GVHD severity in multiple disease models. Importantly, a lack of AMPK lessened GVHD without compromising antileukemia responses or impairing lymphopenia-driven immune reconstitution. Mechanistically, absence of AMPK decreased both CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cell numbers as early as day 3 posttransplant, while simultaneously increasing regulatory T cell (Treg) percentages. Improvements in GVHD resulted from cell-intrinsic perturbations in conventional effector T cells as depletion of donor Tregs had minimal impact on AMPK-related improvements. Together, these results highlight a specific role for AMPK in allogeneic effector T cells early posttransplant and suggest that AMPK inhibition may be an innovative approach to mitigate GVHD while preserving graft-versus-leukemia responses and maintaining robust immune reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene A Monlish
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin J Beezhold
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pailin Chiaranunt
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katelyn Paz
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nathan J Moore
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrea K Dobbs
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rebecca A Brown
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John A Ozolek
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Craig A Byersdorfer
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Xiao N, Li K, Zhu X, Xu B, Liu X, Lei M, Sun HC. CD74 + macrophages are associated with favorable prognosis and immune contexture in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 71:57-69. [PMID: 34009409 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02962-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
CD74 was initially thought to participate mainly in antigen presentation as an MHC class II chaperone. Recent studies have shown that CD74 plays an important role within the cell and throughout the immune system in a wide spectrum of neoplasms. However, the role of CD74 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains elusive. In this study, HCC tissues from Zhongshan Hospital and data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were obtained and analyzed. Immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) were performed to detect the characteristics of CD74+ cells and explore their impact on the tumor microenvironment (TME) of HCC. Our data revealed that stromal CD74+ cell enrichment was associated with favorable prognosis in patients with HCC. CD74 was abundant in a large portion of HCC specimens and prominently distributed on stromal macrophages. scRNA-seq data also indicated that the pathways related to immune response were significantly upregulated in CD74+ macrophages. High infiltration of CD74+ macrophages was associated with increased infiltration of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) with enhanced effector functions in HCC. Besides, blocking CD74 weakened the antitumor activity and proliferation ability of CD8+ CTLs in HCC. Our findings highlight the critical role of CD74 in HCC. New drugs and antibodies targeting CD74 may be effective strategies for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xiao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Kangshuai Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ming Lei
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hui-Chuan Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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5
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Illescas O, Pacheco-Fernández T, Laclette JP, Rodriguez T, Rodriguez-Sosa M. Immune modulation by the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) family: D-dopachrome tautomerase (DDT) is not (always) a backup system. Cytokine 2020; 133:155121. [PMID: 32417648 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) is a protein with cytokine and chemokine properties that regulates a diverse range of physiological functions related to innate immunity and inflammation. Most research has focused on the role of MIF in different inflammatory diseases. D-dopachrome tautomerase (DDT), a different molecule with structural similarities to MIF, which shares receptors and biological functions, has recently been reported, but little is known about its roles and mechanisms. In this review, we sought to understand the similarities and differences between these molecules by summarizing what is known about their different structures, receptors and mechanisms regulating their expression and biological activities with an emphasis on immunological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Illescas
- Biomedicine Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, MEX C.P. 54090, Mexico
| | - Thalia Pacheco-Fernández
- Biomedicine Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, MEX C.P. 54090, Mexico
| | - Juan P Laclette
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Tonathiu Rodriguez
- Biomedicine Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, MEX C.P. 54090, Mexico
| | - Miriam Rodriguez-Sosa
- Biomedicine Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, MEX C.P. 54090, Mexico.
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6
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Zhou W, Wang Y, Fujino M, Shi L, Jin L, Li XK, Wang J. A standardized fold change method for microarray differential expression analysis used to reveal genes involved in acute rejection in murine allograft models. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:481-490. [PMID: 29511625 PMCID: PMC5832988 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine transplantation models are used extensively to research immunological rejection and tolerance. Here we studied both murine heart and liver allograft models using microarray technology. We had difficulty in identifying genes related to acute rejections expressed in both heart and liver transplantation models using two standard methodologies: Student's t test and linear models for microarray data (Limma). Here we describe a new method, standardized fold change (SFC), for differential analysis of microarray data. We estimated the performance of SFC, the t test and Limma by generating simulated microarray data 100 times. SFC performed better than the t test and showed a higher sensitivity than Limma where there is a larger value for fold change of expression. SFC gave better reproducibility than Limma and the t test with real experimental data from the MicroArray Quality Control platform and expression data from a mouse cardiac allograft. Eventually, a group of significant overlapping genes was detected by SFC in the expression data of mouse cardiac and hepatic allografts and further validated with the quantitative RT‐PCR assay. The group included genes for important reactions of transplantation rejection and revealed functional changes of the immune system in both heart and liver of the mouse model. We suggest that SFC can be utilized to stably and effectively detect differential gene expression and to explore microarray data in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China.,Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Masayuki Fujino
- Division of Transplantation Immunology National Research Institute for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan.,AIDS Research Center National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo Japan
| | - Leming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China.,Division of Transplantation Immunology National Research Institute for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan
| | - Jiucun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
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7
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Burlion A, Brunel S, Petit NY, Olive D, Marodon G. Targeting the Human T-Cell Inducible COStimulator Molecule with a Monoclonal Antibody Prevents Graft-vs-Host Disease and Preserves Graft vs Leukemia in a Xenograft Murine Model. Front Immunol 2017; 8:756. [PMID: 28713380 PMCID: PMC5491549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) is a major complication of allogenic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Targeting costimulatory molecules with antagonist antibodies could dampen the excessive immune response that occurs, while preserving the beneficial graft vs leukemia (GVL) of the allogeneic response. Previous studies using a mouse model of GVHD have shown that targeting the T-cell Inducible COStimulator (ICOS, CD278) molecule is beneficial, but it is unclear whether the same applies to human cells. METHODS Here, we assessed whether a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to human ICOS was able to antagonize the costimulatory signal delivered in vivo to human T cells. To test this hypothesis, we used a xenogeneic model of GVHD where human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were adoptively transferred in immunocompromised NOD.SCID.gc-null mice (NSG). RESULTS In this model, control mice invariably lost weight and died by day 50. In contrast, 65% of the mice receiving a single injection of the anti-hICOS mAb survived beyond 100 days. Moreover, a significant improvement in survival was obtained in a curative xeno-GVHD setting. Mechanistically, administration of the anti-hICOS mAb was associated with a strong reduction in perivascular infiltrates in liver and lungs and reduction in frequencies and numbers of human T cells in the spleen. In addition, the mAb prevented T-cell expansion in the blood during xeno-GVHD. Importantly, GVHD-protected mice retained the ability to control the P815 mastocytoma cell line, mimicking GVL in humans. CONCLUSION A mAb-targeting human ICOS alleviated GVHD without impairing GVL in a xenograft murine model. Thus, ICOS represents a promising target in the management of BMT, preventing GVHD while preserving GVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Burlion
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CIMI-PARIS (Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses), INSERM U 1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Paris, France
| | - Simon Brunel
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CIMI-PARIS (Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses), INSERM U 1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Y Petit
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CIMI-PARIS (Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses), INSERM U 1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Centre de recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, CNRS U7258, Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli - Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Marodon
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CIMI-PARIS (Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses), INSERM U 1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Paris, France
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8
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Zhou Y, Chen H, Liu L, Yu X, Sukhova GK, Yang M, Zhang L, Kyttaris VC, Tsokos GC, Stillman IE, Ichimura T, Bonventre JV, Libby P, Shi GP. CD74 Deficiency Mitigates Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-like Autoimmunity and Pathological Findings in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2568-2577. [PMID: 28219888 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CD74 mediates MHC class-II antigenic peptide loading and presentation and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus. C57BL/6 Faslpr mice that develop spontaneous lupus-like autoimmunity and pathology showed elevated CD74 expression in the inflammatory cell infiltrates and the adjacent tubular epithelial cells (TECs) in kidneys affected by lupus nephritis but negligible levels in kidneys from age-matched wild-type mice. The inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ or IL-6 induced CD74 expression in kidney TECs in vitro. The presence of kidney TECs from Faslpr mice, rather than from wild-type mice, produced significantly stronger histones, dsDNA, and ribonucleoprotein-Smith Ag complex-induced CD4+ T cell activation. Splenocytes from CD74-deficient FaslprCd74-/- mice had muted responses in a MLR and to the autoantigen histones. Compared with FaslprCd74+/+ mice, FaslprCd74-/- mice had reduced kidney and spleen sizes, splenic activated T cells and B cells, serum IgG and autoantibodies, urine albumin/creatinine ratio, kidney Periodic acid-Schiff score, IgG and C3 deposition, and serum IL-6 and IL-17A levels, but serum IL-2 and TGF-β levels were increased. Study of chronic graft-versus-host C57BL/6 mice that received donor splenocytes from B6.C-H2bm12 /KhEg mice and those that received syngeneic donor splenocytes yielded similar observations. CD74 deficiency reduced lupus-like autoimmunity and kidney pathology in chronic graft-versus-host mice. This investigation establishes the direct participation of CD74 in autoimmunity and highlights a potential role for CD74 in kidney TECs, together with professional APCs in systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Huimei Chen
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Research Institute of Nephrology, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Huzhou Teachers College, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Xueqing Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China;
| | - Galina K Sukhova
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Vasileios C Kyttaris
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - George C Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - Isaac E Stillman
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Takaharu Ichimura
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Peter Libby
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
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9
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Byrareddy SN, Sidell N, Arthos J, Cicala C, Zhao C, Little DM, Dunbar P, Yang GX, Pierzchalski K, Kane MA, Mayne AE, Song B, Soares MA, Villinger F, Fauci AS, Ansari AA. Species-specific differences in the expression and regulation of α4β7 integrin in various nonhuman primates. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5968-79. [PMID: 25948815 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Among nonhuman primates, SIV-infected Asian pigtailed macaques (PM) are relatively more susceptible to infection and disease progression than SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RM). In addition, SIV-infected African natural hosts such as the sooty mangabeys (SM) are resistant to disease. The mechanisms associated with such species-related variable clinical outcomes remain ill-defined but hold the potential to provide insights into the underlying mechanisms surrounding HIV pathogenesis. Recent findings indicate that the expression of the heterodimeric gut homing integrin α4β7 can influence both susceptibility and disease progression in RM. It was reasoned that differences in the frequencies/surface densities of α4β7-expressing lymphocytes might contribute to the differences in the clinical outcome of SIV infection among NHPs. In this article, we report that CD4(+) T cells from PM constitutively express significantly higher levels of α4β7 than RM or SM. Retinoic acid, a key regulator of α4β7 expression, was paradoxically found at higher levels in the plasma of SM versus RM or PM. We also observed pairing of β7 with αE (αEβ7) on CD4(+) T cells in the peripheral blood of SM, but not PM or RM. Finally, the differential mean density of expression of α4β7 in RM versus SM versus PM was predominantly dictated by species-specific sequence differences at the level of the β7 promoters, as determined by in vitro reporter/promoter construct transfection studies. We propose that differences in the regulation and expression of α4β7 may explain, in part, the differences in susceptibility and SIV disease progression in these NHP models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Neil Sidell
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Center, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Dawn M Little
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Paul Dunbar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Gui X Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Keely Pierzchalski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Maureen A Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Ann E Mayne
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Byeongwoon Song
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616; and
| | - Marcelo A Soares
- Laboratory of Human Virology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 20231-050 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Francois Villinger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Center, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Anthony S Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Aftab A Ansari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322;
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10
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Christian BA, Poi M, Jones JA, Porcu P, Maddocks K, Flynn JM, Benson DM, Phelps MA, Wei L, Byrd JC, Wegener WA, Goldenberg DM, Baiocchi RA, Blum KA. The combination of milatuzumab, a humanized anti-CD74 antibody, and veltuzumab, a humanized anti-CD20 antibody, demonstrates activity in patients with relapsed and refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2015; 169:701-10. [PMID: 25847298 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As a result of the anti-tumour activity observed in vitro and in vivo with combined anti-CD20 and anti-CD74 antibodies, we initiated a phase I/II trial of veltuzumab and milatuzumab in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Patients received an induction of veltuzumab 200 mg/m(2) weekly combined with escalating doses of milatuzumab at 8, 16 and 20 mg/kg weekly for 4 weeks. Patients without disease progression could receive an extended induction with treatment on weeks 12, 20, 28 and 36. A total of 35 patients enrolled on the study. Median age was 63 years, median number of prior therapies was 3, and 63% of patients were rituximab refractory. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed in the phase I study. Related grade 3-4 toxicities included lymphopenia, leucopenia, neutropenia, anaemia, infusion reactions, hyperglycaemia, fatigue and atrial tachycardia. Median weeks of therapy was 12 and 29% of patients completed all 36 weeks of therapy. The overall response rate was 24%, median duration of response was 12 months, and responses were observed at all dose levels and in 50% of patients refractory to rituximab. Combination therapy with veltuzumab and milatuzumab demonstrated activity in a population of heavily pre-treated patients with relapsed or refractory indolent NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Christian
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ming Poi
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Jones
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Pierluigi Porcu
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kami Maddocks
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joseph M Flynn
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Don M Benson
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mitch A Phelps
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lai Wei
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John C Byrd
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - David M Goldenberg
- Clinical Research, Immunomedics, Inc., Morris Plains, NJ, USA.,Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Garden State Cancer Center, Morris Plains, NJ, USA
| | - Robert A Baiocchi
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kristie A Blum
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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11
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Oelkrug C, Sack U, Boldt A, Nascimento IC, Ulrich H, Fricke S. Antibody- and aptamer-strategies for GvHD prevention. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 19:11-20. [PMID: 25353670 PMCID: PMC4288345 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevention of Graft-versus-Host-Disease (GvHD) by preserved Graft-versus-Leukaemia (GvL) effect is one of the major obstacles following allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Currently used drugs are associated with side effects and were not able to separate GvHD from the GvL-effect because of general T-cell suppression. This review focuses on murine models for GvHD and currently available treatment options involving antibodies and applications for the therapeutic use of aptamers as well as strategies for targeting immune responses by allogenic antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Oelkrug
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
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12
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Hogenes M, Huibers M, Kroone C, de Weger R. Humanized mouse models in transplantation research. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2014; 28:103-10. [PMID: 24636846 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interest in the use of humanized mouse models for research topics like Graft versus Host Disease (GvHD), allograft studies and other studies to the human immune system is growing. The design of these models is still improving and enables even more complicated studies to these topics. For researchers it can be difficult to choose the best option from the current pool of available models. The decision will depend on which hypothesis needs to be tested, in which field of interest, and therefore 'the best model' will differ from one to another. In this review, we provide a guide to the most common available humanized mouse models, with regards to different mouse strains, transplantation material, transplantation techniques, pre- and post-conditioning and references to advantages and disadvantages. Also, an evaluation of experiences with humanized mouse models in studies on GvHD and allograft rejection is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Hogenes
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, PO box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Manon Huibers
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, PO box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Kroone
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, PO box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel de Weger
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, PO box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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13
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Tager AM, Pensiero M, Allen TM. Recent advances in humanized mice: accelerating the development of an HIV vaccine. J Infect Dis 2013; 208 Suppl 2:S121-4. [PMID: 24151317 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the development of humanized mice hold great promise to advance our understanding of protective immunity to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and to aid in the design of an effective HIV vaccine. This supplement of the Journal of Infectious Diseases summarizes work in the humanized mouse model presented at an HIV Humanized Mouse workshop in Boston, Massachusetts, in November 2012, including recent advances in the development of humanized mice, the trafficking of human immune cells following mucosal HIV transmission, the role of immune activation and Toll-like receptor agonists in the control of HIV, the induction and efficacy of HIV-specific cellular and humoral immune responses, and the preclinical modeling of novel anti-HIV therapeutics. Many gaps remain in our understanding of how to design an effective HIV vaccine and novel therapeutics to eliminate the viral reservoir. Promising early results from studies in humanized mice suggest great potential and enthusiasm for this model to accelerate these critical areas of HIV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Tager
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
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