1
|
Bielecka-Papierz G, Serefko A, Szopa A, Talarek S, Wróbel A, Szewczyk B, Radziwoń-Zaleska M, Kołtun-Jasion M, Poleszak E. The role of the L-arginine-NO-cGMP-dependent pathway in the development of sensitization to mephedrone effects on the locomotor activity in mice. Behav Brain Res 2023; 437:114103. [PMID: 36089098 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Mephedrone, a popular psychostimulating substance widely used illegally in recreational purposes, exerts in rodents that regularly and intermittently were exposed to it a sensitized response to the drug. Behavioral sensitization is one of experimental models of drug dependency/abuse liability. In the present study we evaluated a potential involvement of the L-arginine-NO-cGMP pathway in the development of sensitization to the mephedrone-induced hyperlocomotion. Locomotor activity was measured automatically and experiments were performed on male Albino Swiss mice. We demonstrated that a 5-day administration of 7-nitroindazole (10 or 20 mg/kg/day) and L-NAME (50 mg/kg/day) suppressed the development of sensitization to the mephedrone-induced hyperlocomotion. As for L-arginine (125 or 250 mg/kg/day) and methylene blue (5 or 10 mg/kg/day) the obtained outcomes are inconclusive. Furthermore, the lower dose of L-NAME (25 mg/kg/day) surprisingly potentiated the development of sensitization to the mephedrone-induced effects on the spontaneous locomotor activity in mice. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that modulators of the L-arginine-NO-cGMP pathway may differently affect the development of sensitization to the locomotor stimulant effects of mephedrone. Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) seems to prevent this process quite profoundly, non-selective inhibition of NOS may have a dual effect, whereas inhibition of soluble guanylate cyclase may only partially suppress the development of sensitization to the mephedrone-induced effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Bielecka-Papierz
- Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Anna Serefko
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Szopa
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Talarek
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wróbel
- Second Department of Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, 8 Jaczewskiego Street, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bernadeta Szewczyk
- Department of Neurobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Radziwoń-Zaleska
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, 27 Nowowiejska Street, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kołtun-Jasion
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Poleszak
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Singh D, Gupta S, Verma I, Morsy MA, Nair AB, Ahmed ASF. Hidden pharmacological activities of valproic acid: A new insight. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112021. [PMID: 34463268 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is an approved drug for managing epileptic seizures, bipolar disorders, and migraine. VPA has been shown to elevate the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain through competitive inhibition of GABA transaminase, thus promoting the availability of synaptic GABA and facilitating GABA-mediated responses. VPA, which is a small chain of fatty acids, prevents histone deacetylases (HDACs). HDACs play a crucial role in chromatin remodeling and gene expression through posttranslational changes of chromatin-associated histones. Recent studies reported a possible effect of VPA against particular types of cancers. This effect was partially attributed to its role in regulating epigenetic modifications through the inhibition of HDACs, which affect the expression of genes associated with cell cycle control, cellular differentiation, and apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the current information on the actions of VPA in diseases such as diabetes mellitus, kidney disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, muscular dystrophy, and cardiovascular disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhirendra Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, M.M. College of Pharmacy, M.M. (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Sumeet Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, M.M. College of Pharmacy, M.M. (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India.
| | - Inderjeet Verma
- Department of Pharmacology, M.M. College of Pharmacy, M.M. (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Mohamed A Morsy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Anroop B Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Al-Shaimaa F Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ouk K, Aungier J, Cuesta M, Morton AJ. Chronic paroxetine treatment prevents disruption of methamphetamine-sensitive circadian oscillator in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease. Neuropharmacology 2017; 131:337-350. [PMID: 29274752 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Circadian abnormalities seen in Huntington's disease (HD) patients are recapitulated in several HD transgenic mouse models. In mice, alongside the master clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), two other oscillators may influence circadian behaviour. These are the food-entrainable oscillator (FEO) and the methamphetamine-sensitive circadian oscillator (MASCO). SCN- and MASCO- (but not FEO-) driven rhythms are progressively disrupted in the R6/2 mouse model of HD. MASCO-driven rhythms are induced by chronic treatment with low dose of methamphetamine and characterised by an increase in period length to greater than 24 h. Interestingly, the rhythms mediated by MASCO deteriorate earlier than those mediated by the SCN in R6/2 mice. Here, we used a pharmacological strategy to investigate the mechanisms underlying MASCO-driven rhythms in WT mice. In contrast to methamphetamine, chronic cocaine was ineffective in generating a MASCO-like component of activity although it markedly increased locomotion. Furthermore, neither blocking dopamine (DA) receptors (with the DA antagonist haloperidol) nor blocking neurotransmission by inhibiting the activity of vesicular monoamine transporter (with reserpine) prevented the expression of the MASCO-driven rhythms, although both treatments downregulated locomotor activity. Interestingly, chronic treatment with paroxetine, a serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitor commonly used as antidepressant in HD, was able to restore the expression of MASCO-driven rhythms in R6/2 mice. Thus, MASCO-driven rhythms appear to be mediated by both serotoninergic and dopaminergic systems. This supports the idea that abnormalities in MASCO output may contribute to both the HD circadian and psychiatric phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koliane Ouk
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
| | - Juliet Aungier
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Cuesta
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
| | - A Jennifer Morton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Histone deacetylase 5 modulates the effects of social adversity in early life on cocaine-induced behavior. Physiol Behav 2017; 171:7-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
5
|
Qiu G, Chen S, Guo J, Wu J, Yi YH. Alpha-asarone improves striatal cholinergic function and locomotor hyperactivity in Fmr1 knockout mice. Behav Brain Res 2016; 312:212-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
6
|
Kheirabadi GR, Ghavami M, Maracy MR, Salehi M, Sharbafchi MR. Effect of add-on valproate on craving in methamphetamine depended patients: A randomized trial. Adv Biomed Res 2016; 5:149. [PMID: 27656618 PMCID: PMC5025910 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.187404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Methamphetamine dependence lead to the compulsive use, loss of control, and social and occupational dysfunctions. This study aimed to compare the effect of valproate in reducing the craving in methamphetamine dependents. Materials and Methods: This is a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial on 40 men of 18–40 years old referred to Noor Hospital during December 2012–September 2013 in Isfahan, Iran. The subjects participated in matrix program and randomly were divided into two groups of valproate and placebo. A 4-months program of intervention with valproate or placebo was arranged for each group. The rate of craving to methamphetamine and positive methamphetamine urine tests were evaluated in both groups every 2 weeks using cocaine craving questionnaire-brief (CCQ-Brief) and urine test. After the 4 months (active treatment with valproate and placebo), the drug was tapered and discontinued within 10 days, and patients were introduced to self-help groups and monitored regularly on a weekly basis over another 3 months. Collected data were analyzed with SPSS 20 using analysis of covariance repeated measure, Chi-square, and t-test. Results: CCQ score of the intervention group was significantly less than the placebo group (P < 0.001), except on weeks 1, 3, and 28. The ratio of a positive urine test for methamphetamine in the intervention group was significantly lower than the control group in all screenings except weeks 3 and 28. Conclusion: Adding valproate to matrix program in the treatment of methamphetamine dependence showed significant effect on the reduction of the craving to methamphetamine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gholam Reza Kheirabadi
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masoud Ghavami
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Maracy
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Salehi
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Sharbafchi
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Amphetamine and methamphetamine addiction is described by specific behavioral alterations, suggesting long-lasting changes in gene and protein expression within specific brain subregions involved in the reward circuitry. Given the persistence of the addiction phenotype at both behavioral and transcriptional levels, several studies have been conducted to elucidate the epigenetic landscape associated with persistent effects of drug use on the mammalian brain. This review discusses recent advances in our comprehension of epigenetic mechanisms underlying amphetamine- or methamphetamine-induced behavioral, transcriptional, and synaptic plasticity. Accumulating evidence demonstrated that drug exposure induces major epigenetic modifications-histone acetylation and methylation, DNA methylation-in a very complex manner. In rare instances, however, the regulation of a specific target gene can be correlated to both epigenetic alterations and behavioral abnormalities. Work is now needed to clarify and validate an epigenetic model of addiction to amphetamines. Investigations that include genome-wide approaches will accelerate the speed of discovery in the field of addiction.
Collapse
Key Words
- AMPA, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
- AMPH, amphetamine
- AP1, activator protein 1
- ATF2, activating transcription factor 2
- BASP1, brain abundant signal protein 1
- BDNF, brain derived neurotrophic factor
- CCR2, C‒C chemokine receptor 2
- CPP, conditioned place preference
- CREB, cAMP response element binding protein
- ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- CoREST, restrictive element 1 silencing transcription factor corepressor
- Cp60, compound 60
- DNA methylation
- DNMT, DNA methyltransferase
- FOS, Finkel–Biskis–Jinkins murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene
- GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid
- GLUA1, glutamate receptor subunit A1
- GLUA2, glutamate receptor subunit A2
- GLUN1, glutamate receptor subunit N1
- H2Bac, pan-acetylation of histone 2B
- H3, histone 3
- H3K14Ac, acetylation of histone 3 at lysine 14
- H3K18, lysine 18 of histone 3
- H3K4, lysine 4 of histone 3
- H3K4me3, trimethylation of histone 3 at lysine 4
- H3K9, lysine 9 of histone 3
- H3K9Ac, acetylation of histone 3 at lysine 9
- H3K9me3, trimethylation of histone 3 at lysine 9
- H4, histone 4
- H4Ac, pan-acetylation of histone 4
- H4K12Ac, acetylation of histone 4 at lysine 12
- H4K16, lysine 16 of histone 4
- H4K5, lysine 5 of histone 4
- H4K8, lysine 8 of histone 4
- HAT, histone acetyltransferase
- HDAC, histone deacetylase
- HDM, histone demethylase
- HMT, histone methyltransferase
- IP, intra-peritoneal
- JUN, jun proto-oncogene
- KDM, lysine demethylase
- KLF10, Kruppel-like factor 10
- KMT, lysine methyltransferase
- METH, methamphetamine
- MeCP2, methyl-CpG binding protein 2
- NAc, nucleus accumbens
- NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate
- NaB, sodium butyrate
- OfC, orbitofrontal cortex
- PfC, prefrontal cortex
- REST, restrictive element 1 silencing transcription factor
- RNAi, RNA interference
- Ser241, serine 241
- Sin3A, SIN3 transcription regulator family member A
- TSS, transcription start site
- VPA, valproic acid
- WT1, Wilms tumor protein 1.
- amphetamine
- histone acetylation
- histone methylation
- methamphetamine
- siRNA, silencing RNA
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Godino
- a Département de Biologie; École Normale Supérieure de Lyon ; Lyon , France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xing B, Liang XP, Liu P, Zhao Y, Chu Z, Dang YH. Valproate Inhibits Methamphetamine Induced Hyperactivity via Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Signaling in the Nucleus Accumbens Core. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128068. [PMID: 26030405 PMCID: PMC4452337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Valproate (VPA) has recently been shown to influence the behavioral effects of psycho-stimulants. Although glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) signaling in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays a key role in mediating dopamine (DA)-dependent behaviors, there is less direct evidence that how VPA acts on the GSK3β signaling in the functionally distinct sub-regions of the NAc, the NAc core (NAcC) and the NAc shell (NAcSh), during psycho-stimulant-induced hyperactivity. In the present study, we applied locomotion test after acute methamphetamine (MA) (2 mg/kg) injection to identify the locomotor activity of rats received repeated VPA (300 mg/kg) pretreatment. We next measured phosphor-GSK3β at serine 9 and total GSK3β levels in NAcC and NAcSh respectively to determine the relationship between the effect of VPA on MA-induced hyperlocomotor and changes in GSK3β activity. We further investigated whether microinjection of VPA (300 μg/0.5 μl/side, once daily for 7 consecutive days) into NAcC or NAcSh could affect hyperactivity induced by MA. Our data indicated that repeated VPA treatment attenuated MA-induced hyperlocomotor, and the effect was associated with decreased levels of phosphorylated GSK3β at Ser 9 in the NAcC. Moreover, repeated bilateral intra-NAcC, but not intra-NAcSh VPA treatment, significantly attenuated MA-induced hyperactivity. Our results suggested that GSK3β activity in NAcC contributes to the inhibitory effects of VPA on MA-induced hyperactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xing
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
- Xi’an Mental Health Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | | | - Peng Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of basic Medicine Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Zheng Chu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yong-hui Dang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li H, Li F, Wu N, Su RB, Li J. Methamphetamine induces dynamic changes of histone deacetylases in different phases of behavioral sensitization. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 20:874-6. [PMID: 24954603 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of New Drug Evaluation, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gu X, Zhou Y, Wu X, Wang F, Zhang CY, Du C, Shen L, Chen X, Shi J, Liu C, Ke K. Antidepressant-like effects of auraptenol in mice. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4433. [PMID: 24658501 PMCID: PMC3963063 DOI: 10.1038/srep04433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a major psychiatric disorder affecting nearly 21% of the world population and imposes a substantial health burden on society. Current available antidepressants are not adequate to meet the clinical needs. Here we report that auraptenol, an active component of the traditional Chinese medicine, angelicae dahuricae radix, had antidepressant-like effects in mice models of depression. In mouse forced swimming test and tail suspension test, two validated models of depression, auraptenol dose-dependently decreased the immobility duration within the dose range of 0.05–0.4 mg/kg. In addition, the antidepressant-like effects of auraptenol was significantly averted by a selective serotonin 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY100635 (1 mg/kg). These doses that affected the immobile response did not affect locomotor activity. In summary, this study for the first time identified an active component from the herbal medicine angelicae dahuricae radix that possesses robust antidepressant-like efficacy in mice. These data support further exploration for the possibility of developing auraptenol as a novel antidepressant agent in the treatment of major depression disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosu Gu
- 1] The Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215000 China [2] Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University; Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123 China [3] Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001 China
| | - Yong Zhou
- The Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001 China
| | - Xiaomei Wu
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001 China
| | - Fen Wang
- 1] The Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215000 China [2] Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University; Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123 China
| | - Cai-Yi Zhang
- 1] The Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215000 China [2] Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University; Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123 China
| | - Chenchen Du
- 1] The Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215000 China [2] Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University; Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123 China
| | - Lihua Shen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001 China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001 China
| | - Jiansheng Shi
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001 China
| | - Chunfeng Liu
- 1] The Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215000 China [2] Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University; Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123 China
| | - Kaifu Ke
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001 China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
The trace amine associated receptor 1 agonist RO5263397 attenuates the induction of cocaine behavioral sensitization in rats. Neurosci Lett 2014; 566:67-71. [PMID: 24561093 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The trace amine associated receptor (TAAR) 1 is a new G protein coupled receptor that critically modulates central dopaminergic system. Recently, several selective TAAR 1 ligands have been described to possess antipsychotic and antidepressant-like activities. However, it is unknown of the role of these ligands in modulating psychostimulant-induced neurobehavioral plasticity. This study examined the effects of a selective TAAR 1 agonist, RO5263397, on cocaine induced behavioral sensitization in rats, a rodent model of drug-induced behavioral plasticity. Daily treatment with 15mg/kg cocaine (i.p., 7 days) induced robust locomotor sensitization in rats. RO5263397 (1-10mg/kg, i.p.) alone did not significantly alter the locomotor activity. Acute treatment with RO5263397 (3.2 and 10mg/kg) did not significantly modify cocaine-induced hyperactivity; however, the induction of locomotor sensitization was significantly blocked after 7 days of daily RO5263397 treatment. More importantly, the expression of locomotor sensitization remained significantly attenuated when rats were re-tested 7 days after the last drug treatment. The marked attenuation of cocaine sensitization was also evidenced by the suppression of the dose-effect function (3.2-32mg/kg) of cocaine sensitization. Together, these data represent the first to report a critical modulatory role of TAAR 1 agonists in cocaine-induced behavioral plasticity, which may be indicative of its potential role for altering other long-lasting behavioral maladaptations of cocaine including drug addiction.
Collapse
|
12
|
Harkness JH, Hitzemann RJ, Edmunds S, Phillips TJ. Effects of sodium butyrate on methamphetamine-sensitized locomotor activity. Behav Brain Res 2012; 239:139-47. [PMID: 23137698 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuroadaptations associated with behavioral sensitization induced by repeated exposure to methamphetamine (MA) appear to be involved in compulsive drug pursuit and use. Increased histone acetylation, an epigenetic effect resulting in altered gene expression, may promote sensitized responses to psychostimulants. The role of histone acetylation in the expression and acquisition of MA-induced locomotor sensitization was examined by measuring the effect of histone deacetylase inhibition by sodium butyrate (NaB). For the effect on expression, mice were treated repeatedly with MA (10 days of 2mg/kg MA) or saline (10 days), and then vehicle or NaB (630 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was administered 30 min prior to MA challenge and locomotor response was measured. NaB treatment increased the locomotor response to MA in both acutely MA treated and sensitized animals. For acquisition, NaB was administered 30 min prior to each MA exposure (10 days of 1 or 2mg/kg), but not prior to the MA challenge test. Treatment with NaB during the sensitization acquisition period significantly increased locomotor activation by MA in sensitized mice only. NaB alone did not significantly alter locomotor activity. Acute NaB or MA, but not the combination, increased striatal acetylation at histone H4. Repeated treatment with MA, but not NaB or MA plus NaB, increased striatal acetylation at histone H3. Although increased histone acetylation may alter the expression of genes involved in acute locomotor response to MA and in the acquisition of MA-induced sensitization, results for acetylation at H3 and H4 showed little correspondence with behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John H Harkness
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, L470, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Enman NM, Unterwald EM. Inhibition of GSK3 attenuates amphetamine-induced hyperactivity and sensitization in the mouse. Behav Brain Res 2012; 231:217-25. [PMID: 22649795 PMCID: PMC3566781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is implicated in mediating dopamine-dependent behaviors. Previous studies have demonstrated the ability of amphetamine, which increases extracellular dopamine levels and influences behavior, to regulate the activity of GSK3. This study used valproic acid and the selective GSK3 inhibitor, SB 216763, to examine the role of GSK3 in amphetamine-induced hyperactivity and the development of sensitized stereotypic behavior. Pretreatment with valproic acid (50-300 mg/kg, i.p.) or SB 216763 (2.5-5 mg/kg, i.p.) prior to amphetamine (2 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced amphetamineinduced ambulation and stereotypy. To assess the development of sensitization to the stereotypic effects of amphetamine, mice were pretreated daily with valproic acid (300 mg/kg) or SB 216763 (5 mg/kg) prior to amphetamine (2 mg/kg) for 5 days. Upon amphetamine challenge (1 mg/kg) 7 days later, mice pretreated with valproate or SB 216763 showed a significant attenuation of amphetamine-induced sensitization of stereotypy. To determine whether regulation of GSK3 activity was associated with attenuation of acute amphetamine-induced hyperactivity by valproic acid, valproate (300 mg/kg) or vehicle was injected prior to amphetamine (2 mg/kg) or saline and brain tissue obtained. Analysis of the levels of phospho-GSK3α and β by immunoblot indicated that valproate increased phosphorylation of ser²¹-GSK3α in the frontal cortex, as well as ser⁹-GSK3β in the frontal cortex and caudate putamen of amphetamine-injected mice. These data support a role for GSK3 in acute amphetamine-induced hyperactivity and the development of sensitization to amphetamine-induced stereotypy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Enman
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Listos J, Talarek S, Poleszak E, Wróbel A, Fidecka S. Attenuating effect of adenosine receptor agonists on the development of behavioral sensitization induced by sporadic treatment with morphine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 98:356-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
15
|
Miller JS, Tallarida RJ, Unterwald EM. Cocaine-induced hyperactivity and sensitization are dependent on GSK3. Neuropharmacology 2009; 56:1116-23. [PMID: 19328817 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a critical mediator of many intracellular signaling systems. The activity of GSK3 is regulated by several kinases, with inactivation occurring via phosphorylation of the inhibitory serine-21 (alpha-isoform) and serine-9 (beta-isoform) residues. Here, we investigated whether acute cocaine administration regulates GSK3 activity and if inhibition of GSK3 by valproate or the selective GSK3 inhibitor SB 216763 would attenuate cocaine-induced behaviors in mice. Mice injected with cocaine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) showed a reduction in the phosphorylation of GSK3beta in the caudate putamen, reflecting an increase in the activity of the kinase. To assess the role of GSK3 in cocaine-induced hyperactivity, mice were pretreated with valproate (50-300 mg/kg, i.p.), SB 216763 (0.25-7.5 mg/kg, i.p.), or the appropriate vehicle prior to saline or cocaine (20 mg/kg, i.p.). Valproate or SB 216763 produced significant dose-dependent reductions in cocaine-induced ambulatory and stereotypic activity. Repeated administration of cocaine can result in an augmentation of the locomotor-stimulatory effects of the drug, a phenomenon referred to as sensitization. Mice pretreated with SB 216763 (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) prior to daily cocaine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) for 5 days showed a significant attenuation of the development of cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization following a cocaine challenge on day 13. These results indicate that cocaine activated GSK3beta in the caudate putamen and that pharmacological inhibition of GSK3 reduced both the acute behavioral responses to cocaine and the long-term neuroadaptations produced by repeated cocaine, therefore suggesting a role for GSK3 in the behavioral and neurochemical manifestations associated with cocaine exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and, Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Viggiano D. The hyperactive syndrome: metanalysis of genetic alterations, pharmacological treatments and brain lesions which increase locomotor activity. Behav Brain Res 2008; 194:1-14. [PMID: 18656502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The large number of transgenic mice realized thus far with different purposes allows addressing new questions, such as which animals, over the entire set of transgenic animals, show a specific behavioural abnormality. In the present study, we have used a metanalytical approach to organize a database of genetic modifications, brain lesions and pharmacological interventions that increase locomotor activity in animal models. To further understand the resulting data set, we have organized a second database of the alterations (genetic, pharmacological or brain lesions) that reduce locomotor activity. Using this approach, we estimated that 1.56% of the genes in the genome yield to hyperactivity and 0.75% of genes produce hypoactivity when altered. These genes have been classified into genes for neurotransmitter systems, hormonal, metabolic systems, ion channels, structural proteins, transcription factors, second messengers and growth factors. Finally, two additional classes included animals with neurodegeneration and inner ear abnormalities. The analysis of the database revealed several unexpected findings. First, the genes that, when mutated, induce hyperactive behaviour do not pertain to a single neurotransmitter system. In fact, alterations in most neurotransmitter systems can give rise to a hyperactive phenotype. In contrast, fewer changes can decrease locomotor activity. Specifically, genetic and pharmacological alterations that enhance the dopamine, orexin, histamine, cannabinoids systems or that antagonize the cholinergic system induce an increase in locomotor activity. Similarly, imbalances in the two main neurotransmitters of the nervous system, GABA and glutamate usually result in hyperactive behaviour. It is remarkable that no genetic alterations pertaining to the GABA system have been reported to reduce locomotor behaviour. Other neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine and serotonin, have a more complex influence. For instance, a decrease in norepinephrine synthesis usually results in hypoactive behaviour. However, a chronic increase in norepinephrine may result in hypoactivity too. Similarly, changes in both directions of serotonin levels may reduce locomotor activity, whereas alterations in specific serotonin receptors can induce hyperactivity. The lesion of at least 12 different brain regions can increase locomotor activity too. Comparatively, few focal lesions decrease locomotor activity. Finally, a large number of toxic events can increase locomotor activity, particularly if delivered during the prepuberal time window. These data show that there is a net imbalance in the number of altered genes/brain lesions/toxics that induce hyperactivity versus hypoactive behaviour. Although some of these data may be explained in terms of the activating role of subcortical systems (such as catecholamines), the larger number of alterations that induce hyperactivity suggests a different scenario. Specifically, we hypothesize (i) the existence of a control system that continuously inhibit a basally hyperactive locomotor tone and (ii) that this control system is highly vulnerable (intrinsic fragility) to any change in the genetic asset or to any toxic/drug delivered during prepuberal stages. Brain lesion studies suggest that the putative control system is located along an axis that connects the olfactory bulb and the enthorhinal cortex (enthorhinal-hippocampal-septal-prefrontal cortex-olfactory bulb axis). We suggest that the increased locomotor activity in many psychiatric diseases may derive from the interference with the development of this brain axis during a specific postnatal time window.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Viggiano
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Scienze del Benessere, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis III Edificio Polifunzionale, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hussain RJ, Taraschenko OD, Glick SD. Effects of nicotine, methamphetamine and cocaine on extracellular levels of acetylcholine in the interpeduncular nucleus of rats. Neurosci Lett 2008; 440:270-4. [PMID: 18583043 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Revised: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the cholinergic habenulo-interpeduncular pathway and the dopaminergic mesolimbic pathway may jointly mediate the reinforcing properties of addictive drugs. However, the effects of addictive drug on the functioning of the habenulo-interpeduncular pathway have not been well-characterized. Thus, several drugs of abuse (i.e., nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine) have been shown to alter the morphology of the habenulo-interpeduncular pathway, causing selective degeneration of the cholinergic neurons in this area. On the other hand, morphine was shown to alter the neurochemistry of the habenulo-interpeduncular pathway, inducing biphasic changes in acetylcholine release in the interpeduncular nucleus. In order to determine the effects of cocaine, amphetamine and nicotine on cholinergic neurotransmission in the habenulo-interpeduncular pathway, levels of acetylcholine were assessed during microdialysis in freely moving rats. Nicotine (0.1 and 0.4 mg/kg s.c.) produced a dose-dependent decrease in extracellular levels of acetylcholine, while methamphetamine (1 and 4 mg/kg i.p.) produced an increase in acetylcholine release in the interpeduncular nucleus. Cocaine (5 and 20 mg/kg i.p.) produced a biphasic effect on extracellular acetylcholine release, i.e., a low dose enhanced the release of acetylcholine and a high dose decreased its release. These results suggest that the habenulo-intepeduncular pathway may be a common target for drugs of abuse and, by modulating the mesolimbic pathway, may mediate unique aspects of the rewarding effects of different drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rifat J Hussain
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, MC-136, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, United States of America
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Coccurello R, Caprioli A, Ghirardi O, Virmani A. Valproate and acetyl-L-carnitine prevent methamphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization in mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1122:260-75. [PMID: 18077579 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1403.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study deals with the possible inhibitory role played by acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) against methamphetamine (METH)-induced behavioral sensitization. Because valproate (VAL) inhibits the behavioral sensitization exerted by different psychostimulants, we investigated ALC's potential to prevent the amplification of METH-mediated psychomotor effects. We therefore evaluated the locomotor effects of VAL or ALC alone or in combination with METH after acute (day 1) as well as repeated (day 7) drug challenge. Finally, to assess the induction of behavioral sensitization, we also recorded the METH-mediated locomotor response after 7 days of drug suspension (day 15). Results showed that both VAL and ALC prevented the METH-induced sensitization. Another interesting observation was the significantly higher METH-induced hyperactivity at day 15 (after a 7-day drug-free period), indicating that behavioral sensitization developed during the washout period. Results also showed that both the acute and repeated coadministration of METH with either VAL or ALC inhibited METH-induced hyperactivity. We present different hypotheses concerning similar but also peculiar mechanisms that might underlie the preventive action of VAL and ALC. These data add to a growing body of literature that illustrates the potential of ALC in protecting against the insult of dysfunctional mitochondrial metabolism and psychostimulant-mediated neurotoxicity. By demonstrating an in vivo action against one of the most abused drugs, these results raise the possibility of beneficial effects of ALC in abuse behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Coccurello
- National Research Council (C.N.R.), Institute of Neuroscience, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64-00143 Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kim WY, Kim S, Kim JH. Chronic microinjection of valproic acid into the nucleus accumbens attenuates amphetamine-induced locomotor activity. Neurosci Lett 2008; 432:54-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Revised: 12/01/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
20
|
Mu P, Yu LC. Valproic acid sodium inhibits the morphine-induced conditioned place preference in the central nervous system of rats. Neurosci Lett 2007; 426:135-8. [PMID: 17904288 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 04/08/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to investigate the effects of valproic acid sodium (VPA), a widely utilized antiepileptic drug, on the establishment of chronic morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). The rat model of morphine-induced CPP was conditioned with alternating intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of morphine (60 microg/6 microl) and saline for 5 days. To investigate the influence of VPA on morphine-induced CPP, rats received chronic pretreatment of i.c.v. VPA (500 microg/rat) 10 min previous to the daily morphine injection. The results demonstrated that the morphine-induced CPP was significantly attenuated by VPA pretreatment, while the VPA itself could not induce any CPP or conditioned place aversion (CPA) effects. The results of the present study not only confirmed the reliability of establishing morphine-induced CPP model by i.c.v. injection, but also suggest that the antiepileptic drug VPA may be utilized as potential therapeutic medications for drug abuse in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Mu
- Neurobiology Laboratory and National Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kalda A, Heidmets LT, Shen HY, Zharkovsky A, Chen JF. Histone deacetylase inhibitors modulates the induction and expression of amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization partially through an associated learning of the environment in mice. Behav Brain Res 2007; 181:76-84. [PMID: 17477979 PMCID: PMC2992845 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Revised: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The behavioral sensitization produced by repeated amphetamine treatment may represent the neural adaptations underlying some of the features of psychosis and addiction in humans. Chromatin modification (specifically histone hyperacetylation) was recently recognized as an important regulator of psychostimulant-induced plasticity. We have investigated the effects of treatment with the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors butyric acid (BA, 630mg/kg, i.p.) and valproic acid (VPA, 175mg/kg, i.p.) on the psyhcostimulant locomotor sensitization induced by amphetamine (AMPH, 2.0mg/kg, i.p.). Neither BA nor VPA had locomotor effects alone, but both significantly potentiated the amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization in mice. At the molecular level, VPA and amphetamine produced an increase of histone H4 acetylation in the striatum as detected by Western blot analysis, while co-treatment with VPA and AMPH produced an additive effect on histone H4 acetylation. We then administered the HDAC inhibitors after treatment with amphetamine for 8 days to establish locomotor sensitization. We found that repeated administration of VPA or BA for 6 days inhibited the expression of sensitized response following amphetamine challenge. Finally, in a context-specific model we studied the effect of HDAC inhibitors on amphetamine-induced association of the treatment environment (associative learning). We found that VPA and BA enhance the context-specificity of expression of amphetamine sensitization. Thus, HDAC inhibitors differentially modulate the induction and expression of amphetamine-induced effects. Together, these results suggest that dynamic changes in chromatin modification may be an important mechanism underlying amphetamine-induced neuronal plasticity and associative learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anti Kalda
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Excellence of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Brennan K, Johnstone A, Fitzmaurice P, Lea R, Schenk S. Chronic benzylpiperazine (BZP) exposure produces behavioral sensitization and cross-sensitization to methamphetamine (MA). Drug Alcohol Depend 2007; 88:204-13. [PMID: 17125936 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Revised: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Like other psychostimulant drugs, acute exposure to benzylpiperazine (BZP) increases dopaminergic neurotransmission, producing hyperactivity and stereotypy. The consequences of repeated BZP exposure have not however been investigated. The effects of acute and repeated BZP and methamphetamine (MA) exposure on locomotor activity and stereotypy were measured in order to determine whether there was sensitization and cross-sensitization between these two psychostimulant drugs. METHODS The effects of acute treatment with MA (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (IP)) or BZP (0.0, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0 and 40.0 mg/kg, IP) on locomotor activity and stereotypy were determined. Effects of repeated exposure were determined in other groups that received five daily injections of 2.0 mg/kg MA, 20.0 mg/kg BZP or vehicle. Following a 2-day withdrawal period, rats from each treatment group received either a low dose MA (0.5 mg/kg) or BZP (10.0 mg/kg). RESULTS MA and BZP produced dose-dependent hyperactivity and stereotypy. Repeated MA and BZP resulted in a potentiated locomotor but not stereotypy response. Following the withdrawal period, MA pretreated rats exhibited a sensitized locomotor and stereotypy response to the low dose MA and a conditioned response to saline. BZP pretreated rats also demonstrated a sensitized locomotor response to the low dose of BZP and MA. CONCLUSIONS The present findings indicate that repeated exposure to BZP results in sensitization and cross-sensitization to MA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Brennan
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR), School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
O'Donnell KC, Gould TD. The behavioral actions of lithium in rodent models: leads to develop novel therapeutics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007; 31:932-62. [PMID: 17532044 PMCID: PMC2150568 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Revised: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For nearly as long as lithium has been in clinical use for the treatment of bipolar disorder, depression, and other conditions, investigators have attempted to characterize its effects on behaviors in rodents. Lithium consistently decreases exploratory activity, rearing, aggression, and amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion; and it increases the sensitivity to pilocarpine-induced seizures, decreases immobility time in the forced swim test, and attenuates reserpine-induced hypolocomotion. Lithium also predictably induces conditioned taste aversion and alterations in circadian rhythms. The modulation of stereotypy, sensitization, and reward behavior are less consistent actions of the drug. These behavioral models may be relevant to human symptoms and to clinical endophenotypes. It is likely that the actions of lithium in a subset of these animal models are related to the therapeutic efficacy, as well the side effects, of the drug. We conclude with a brief discussion of various molecular mechanisms by which these lithium-sensitive behaviors may be mediated, and comment on the ways in which rat and mouse models can be used more effectively in the future to address persistent questions about the therapeutically relevant molecular actions of lithium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelley C O'Donnell
- The Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, HHS, Bldg 35, Rm 1C-912, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 3711, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|