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Kumari V, Tailor U, Saifullah A, Pandey R, Antonova E. Non-dual awareness and sensory processing in meditators: Insights from startle reflex modulation. Conscious Cogn 2024; 123:103722. [PMID: 38981366 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Startle modulation paradigms, namely habituation and prepulse inhibition (PPI), can offer insight into the brain's early information processing mechanisms that might be impacted by regular meditation practice. Habituation refers to decreasing response to a repeatedly-presented startle stimulus, reflecting its redundancy. PPI refers to response reduction when a startling stimulus "pulse" is preceded by a weaker sensory stimulus "prepulse" and provides an operational measure of sensorimotor gating. Here, we examined habituation and PPI of the acoustic startle response in regular meditators (n = 32), relative to meditation-naïve individuals (n = 36). Overall, there was no significant difference between meditators and non-meditators in habituation or PPI, but there was significantly greater PPI in meditators who self-reported being able to enter and sustain non-dual awareness during their meditation practice (n = 18) relative to those who could not (n = 14). Together, these findings suggest that subjective differences in meditation experience may be associated with differential sensory processing characteristics in meditators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Kumari
- Division of Psychology, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, UK; Centre for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, UK.
| | - Umisha Tailor
- Division of Psychology, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, UK; Centre for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anam Saifullah
- Division of Psychology, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, UK; Centre for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, UK
| | - Rakesh Pandey
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India
| | - Elena Antonova
- Division of Psychology, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, UK; Centre for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, UK
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2
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Sen ZD, Chand T, Danyeli LV, Kumar VJ, Colic L, Li M, Yemisken M, Javaheripour N, Refisch A, Opel N, Macharadze T, Kretzschmar M, Ozkan E, Deliano M, Walter M. The effect of ketamine on affective modulation of the startle reflex and its resting-state brain correlates. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13323. [PMID: 37587171 PMCID: PMC10432502 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is a rapid-acting antidepressant that also influences neural reactivity to affective stimuli. However, the effect of ketamine on behavioral affective reactivity is yet to be elucidated. The affect-modulated startle reflex paradigm (AMSR) allows examining the valence-specific aspects of behavioral affective reactivity. We hypothesized that ketamine alters the modulation of the startle reflex during processing of unpleasant and pleasant stimuli and weakens the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) within the modulatory pathway, namely between the centromedial nucleus of the amygdala and nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, thirty-two healthy male participants underwent ultra-high field resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging at 7 T before and 24 h after placebo and S-ketamine infusions. Participants completed the AMSR task at baseline and one day after each infusion. In contrast to our hypothesis, ketamine infusion did not impact startle potentiation during processing of unpleasant stimuli but resulted in diminished startle attenuation during processing of pleasant stimuli. This diminishment significantly correlated with end-of-infusion plasma levels of ketamine and norketamine. Furthermore, ketamine induced a decrease in rsFC within the modulatory startle reflex pathway. The results of this first study on the effect of ketamine on the AMSR suggest that ketamine might attenuate the motivational significance of pleasant stimuli in healthy participants one day after infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zümrüt Duygu Sen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory (CANLAB), Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Halle-Jena-Magdeburg Site, Jena, Germany
| | - Tara Chand
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory (CANLAB), Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Steiger 3-1, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jindal Institute of Behavioural Sciences, O. P. Jindal Global University (Sonipat), Haryana, India
| | - Lena Vera Danyeli
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory (CANLAB), Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Lejla Colic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory (CANLAB), Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Halle-Jena-Magdeburg Site, Jena, Germany
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory (CANLAB), Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Halle-Jena-Magdeburg Site, Jena, Germany
| | - Merve Yemisken
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory (CANLAB), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nooshin Javaheripour
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory (CANLAB), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Refisch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Nils Opel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Halle-Jena-Magdeburg Site, Jena, Germany
| | - Tamar Macharadze
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical Faculty, Otto-Von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Kretzschmar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical Faculty, Otto-Von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Esra Ozkan
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Matthias Deliano
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Combinatorial NeuroImaging Core Facility, Brenneckestraße 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Martin Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany.
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory (CANLAB), Magdeburg, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Halle-Jena-Magdeburg Site, Jena, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany.
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.
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3
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Santos-Carrasco D, De la Casa LG. Prepulse inhibition deficit as a transdiagnostic process in neuropsychiatric disorders: a systematic review. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:226. [PMID: 37550772 PMCID: PMC10408198 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01253-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychopathological research is moving from a specific approach towards transdiagnosis through the analysis of processes that appear transversally to multiple pathologies. A phenomenon disrupted in several disorders is prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response, in which startle to an intense sensory stimulus, or pulse, is reduced if a weak stimulus, or prepulse, is previously presented. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS The present systematic review analyzed the role of PPI deficit as a possible transdiagnostic process for four main groups of neuropsychiatric disorders: (1) trauma-, stress-, and anxiety-related disorders (2) mood-related disorders, (3) neurocognitive disorders, and (4) other disorders such as obsessive-compulsive, tic-related, and substance use disorders. We used Web of Science, PubMed and PsycInfo databases to search for experimental case-control articles that were analyzed both qualitatively and based on their potential risk of bias. A total of 64 studies were included in this systematic review. Protocol was submitted prospectively to PROSPERO 04/30/2022 (CRD42022322031). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The results showed a general PPI deficit in the diagnostic groups mentioned, with associated deficits in the dopaminergic neurotransmission system, several areas implied such as the medial prefrontal cortex or the amygdala, and related variables such as cognitive deficits and anxiety symptoms. It can be concluded that the PPI deficit appears across most of the neuropsychiatric disorders examined, and it could be considered as a relevant measure in translational research for the early detection of such disorders.
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González-Portilla M, Montagud-Romero S, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Rodríguez-Arias M. Oleoylethanolamide restores stress-induced prepulse inhibition deficits and modulates inflammatory signaling in a sex-dependent manner. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023:10.1007/s00213-023-06403-w. [PMID: 37314479 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06403-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Social stress contributes to the development of depressive and anxiety symptomatology and promotes pro-inflammatory signaling in the central nervous system. In this study, we explored the effects of a lipid messenger with anti-inflammatory properties - oleoylethanolamide (OEA) - on the behavioral deficits caused by social stress in both male and female mice. METHODS Adult mice were assigned to an experimental group according to the stress condition (control or stress) and treatment (vehicle or OEA, 10 mg/kg, i.p.). Male mice in the stress condition underwent a protocol consisting of four social defeat (SD) encounters. In the case of female mice, we employed a procedure of vicarious SD. After the stress protocol resumed, anxiety, depressive-like behavior, social interaction, and prepulse inhibition (PPI) were assessed. In addition, we characterized the stress-induced inflammatory profile by measuring IL-6 and CX3CL1 levels in the striatum and hippocampus. RESULTS Our results showed that both SD and VSD induced behavioral alterations. We found that OEA treatment restored PPI deficits in socially defeated mice. Also, OEA affected differently stress-induced anxiety and depressive-like behavior in male and female mice. Biochemical analyses showed that both male and female stressed mice showed increased levels of IL-6 in the striatum compared to control mice. Similarly, VSD female mice exhibited increased striatal CX3CL1 levels. These neuroinflammation-associated signals were not affected by OEA treatment. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our results confirm that SD and VSD induced behavioral deficits together with inflammatory signaling in the striatum and hippocampus. We observed that OEA treatment reverses stress-induced PPI alterations in male and female mice. These data suggest that OEA can exert a buffering effect on stress-related sensorimotor gating behavioral processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena González-Portilla
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandra Montagud-Romero
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Unidad Clínica de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010, Málaga, Spain
- Atención Primaria, Cronicidad Y Promoción de La Salud. Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAD) Rd21/0009/0005, Málaga, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
- Atención Primaria, Cronicidad Y Promoción de La Salud. Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAD) Rd21/0009/0005, Málaga, Spain.
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5
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Bi Y, Chen S, Shen Q, Guo Z, Ren D, Yuan F, Niu W, Ji L, Liu L, Han K, Yu T, Yang F, Wu X, Wang L, Li X, Yu S, Xu Y, He L, Shi Y, Zhang J, Li W, He G. Upregulation of DGCR8, a Candidate Predisposing to Schizophrenia in Han Chinese, Contributes to Phenotypic Deficits and Neuronal Migration Delay. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:873873. [PMID: 35492695 PMCID: PMC9051063 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.873873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
DiGeorge Syndrome Critical Region Gene 8 (DGCR8) is a key component of the microprocessor complex governing the maturation of most microRNAs, some of which participate in schizophrenia and neural development. Previous studies have found that the 22q11.2 locus, containing DGCR8, confers a risk of schizophrenia. However, the role of DGCR8 in schizophrenia and the early stage of neural development has remained unknown. In the present study, we try to identify the role of DGCR8 in schizophrenia from human samples and animal models. We found that the G allele and GG genotype of rs3757 in DGCR8 conferred a higher risk of schizophrenia, which likely resulted from higher expression of DGCR8 according to our test of dual-luciferase reporter system. Employed overexpression model in utero and adult mice, we also revealed that the aberrant increase of Dgcr8 delayed neuronal migration during embryological development and consequently triggered abnormal behaviors in adult mice. Together, these results demonstrate that DGCR8 may play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia through regulating neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Bi
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiqing Chen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Shen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenming Guo
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Decheng Ren
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Yuan
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weibo Niu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Ji
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangjie Liu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Han
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengping Yang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Wu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingwang Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunying Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifeng Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Miller LJ, Marco EJ, Chu RC, Camarata S. Editorial: Sensory Processing Across the Lifespan: A 25-Year Initiative to Understand Neurophysiology, Behaviors, and Treatment Effectiveness for Sensory Processing. Front Integr Neurosci 2021; 15:652218. [PMID: 33897385 PMCID: PMC8063042 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2021.652218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Jane Miller
- Department of Pediatrics (Emeritus), University of Colorado, Denver, CO, United States.,Sensory Therapies and Research Institute for Sensory Processing Disorder, Centennial, CO, United States
| | - Elysa J Marco
- Cortica (United States), San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Robyn C Chu
- Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Growing Healthy Children Therapy Services, Rescue, CA, United States
| | - Stephen Camarata
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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7
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Regan SL, Sugimoto C, Fritz AL, Vorhees CV, Williams MT. Effects of Permethrin or Deltamethrin Exposure in Adult Sprague Dawley Rats on Acoustic and Light Prepulse Inhibition of Acoustic or Tactile Startle. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:543-555. [PMID: 33608816 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of permethrin (PRM) and deltamethrin (DLM) on acoustic or light prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response (ASR) and tactile startle response (TSR) were studied in adult male Sprague Dawley rats. Preliminary studies were conducted to optimize the parameters of light and acoustic prepulse inhibition of ASR and TSR. Once these parameters were set, a new group of rats was administered PRM (0 or 90 mg/kg) or DLM (0 or 25 mg/kg) by gavage in 5 mL/kg corn oil. ASR and TSR were assessed using acoustic or light prepulses 6, 8, and 12 h after PRM and 2, 4, and 6 h after DLM exposure. PRM increased ASR 6 h post-treatment with no interaction with acoustic prepulse levels and with no effect on TSR. When light was used as the prepulse, PRM increased ASR and TSR at 6 h with no interaction with prepulse levels. DLM decreased ASR and TSR on trials without prepulses but not on trials with acoustic prepulses. DLM also decreased ASR when light prepulses were present 4 h post-treatment. A final experiment assessed whether the house light in the test cabinet affected ASR and TSR after PRM or DLM exposure. Rats had increased ASR and TSR when house lights were on compared with when they were off, but lighting did not differentially interact with PRM or DLM. Light and acoustic prepulses of ASR and TSR have different effects depending on the test agent and the test parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Regan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Chiho Sugimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Adam L Fritz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Charles V Vorhees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Michael T Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA. .,Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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8
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Ruiz-Salas JC, De la Casa LG. Induced Positive Affect Reduces the Magnitude of the Startle Response and Prepulse Inhibition. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The startle response is a reflex that represents a form of adaptation to environmental changes potentially relevant to survival. Startle magnitude can change depending on a number of factors such as the affective state of the organism during the presentation of the startle-inducing stimulus, or the so-called Prepulse Inhibition (PPI) that occurs when the startling stimulus (or Pulse) is preceded by a low-intensity stimulus (or Prepulse). This paper describes an experiment designed to analyze the impact of an induced positive affect on the magnitude of the startle response and PPI in adult humans. Specifically, each participant received alternating exposures to a picture of a face of a loved person (positive affect condition) or to a picture of a face of an unknown person (control condition) while the startle response and PPI were recorded. The results showed a decrease in both the magnitude of the startle response and percent PPI on the positive affect trials when compared with the control trials. These results are interpreted from psychophysiological and psychological perspectives considering the role of emotions in adaptive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Ruiz-Salas
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Seville University, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis G. De la Casa
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Seville University, Sevilla, Spain
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9
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Prepulse Inhibition of the Auditory Startle Reflex Assessment as a Hallmark of Brainstem Sensorimotor Gating Mechanisms. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10090639. [PMID: 32947873 PMCID: PMC7563436 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When a low-salience stimulus of any type of sensory modality-auditory, visual, tactile-immediately precedes an unexpected startle-like stimulus, such as the acoustic startle reflex, the startle motor reaction becomes less pronounced or is even abolished. This phenomenon is known as prepulse inhibition (PPI), and it provides a quantitative measure of central processing by filtering out irrelevant stimuli. As PPI implies plasticity of a reflex and is related to automatic or attentional processes, depending on the interstimulus intervals, this behavioral paradigm might be considered a potential marker of short- and long-term plasticity. Assessment of PPI is directly related to the examination of neural sensorimotor gating mechanisms, which are plastic-adaptive operations for preventing overstimulation and helping the brain to focus on a specific stimulus among other distracters. Despite their obvious importance in normal brain activity, little is known about the intimate physiology, circuitry, and neurochemistry of sensorimotor gating mechanisms. In this work, we extensively review the current literature focusing on studies that used state-of-the-art techniques to interrogate the neuroanatomy, connectomics, neurotransmitter-receptor functions, and sex-derived differences in the PPI process, and how we can harness it as biological marker in neurological and psychiatric pathology.
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10
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De la Casa LG, Mena A, Ruiz-Salas JC. Effect of stress and attention on startle response and prepulse inhibition. Physiol Behav 2016; 165:179-86. [PMID: 27484698 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The startle reflex magnitude can be modulated when a weak stimulus is presented before the onset of the startle stimulus, a phenomenon termed prepulse inhibition (PPI). Previous research has demonstrated that emotional processes can modulate PPI and startle intensity, but the available evidence is inconclusive. In order to obtain additional evidence in this domain, we conducted two experiments intended to analyze the effect of induced stress and attentional load on PPI and startle magnitude. Specifically, in Experiment 1 we used a between subject strategy to evaluate the effect on startle response and PPI magnitude of performing a difficult task intended to induce stress in the participants, as compared to a group exposed to a control task. In Experiment 2 we evaluated the effect of diverting attention from the acoustic stimulus on startle and PPI intensity. The results seem to indicate that induced stress can reduce PPI, and that startle reflex intensity is reduced when attention is directed away from the auditory stimulus that induces the reflex.
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Hurlemann R, Arndt S, Schlaepfer TE, Reul J, Maier W, Scheele D. Diminished appetitive startle modulation following targeted inhibition of prefrontal cortex. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8954. [PMID: 25752944 PMCID: PMC4354029 DOI: 10.1038/srep08954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
From an evolutionary perspective the startle eye-blink response forms an integral part of the human avoidance behavioral repertoire and is typically diminished by pleasant emotional states. In major depressive disorder (MDD) appetitive motivation is impaired, evident in a reduced interference of positive emotion with the startle response. Given the pivotal role of frontostriatal neurocircuitry in orchestrating appetitive motivation, we hypothesized that inhibitory transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) would reduce appetitive neuromodulation in a manner similar to MDD. Based on a pre-TMS functional MRI (fMRI) experiment we selected the left dorsolateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortices as target regions for subsequent sham-controlled inhibitory theta-burst TMS (TBS) in 40 healthy male volunteers. Consistent with our hypothesis, between-group comparisons revealed a TBS-induced inhibition of appetitive neuromodulation, manifest in a diminished startle response suppression by hedonic stimuli. Collectively, our results suggest that functional integrity of left dorsolateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex is critical for mediating a pleasure-induced down-regulation of avoidance responses which may protect the brain from a depressogenic preponderance of defensive stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Hurlemann
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany [2] Division of Medical Psychology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephan Arndt
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany [2] Division of Medical Psychology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas E Schlaepfer
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany [2] Department of Psychiatry &Behavioral Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | | | - Wolfgang Maier
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany [2] German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dirk Scheele
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany [2] Division of Medical Psychology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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Goebrecht GKE, Kowtoniuk RA, Kelly BG, Kittelberger JM. Sexually-dimorphic expression of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the brain of a vocal teleost fish (Porichthys notatus). J Chem Neuroanat 2014; 56:13-34. [PMID: 24418093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vocal communication has emerged as a powerful model for the study of neural mechanisms of social behavior. Modulatory neurochemicals postulated to play a central role in social behavior, related to motivation, arousal, incentive and reward, include the catecholamines, particularly dopamine and noradrenaline. Many questions remain regarding the functional mechanisms by which these modulators interact with sensory and motor systems. Here, we begin to address these questions in a model system for vocal and social behavior, the plainfin midshipman fish (Porichthys notatus). We mapped the distribution of immunoreactivity for the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the midshipman brain. The general pattern of TH(+) cell groups in midshipman appears to be highly conserved with other teleost fish, with a few exceptions, including the apparent absence of pretectal catecholamine cells. Many components of the midshipman vocal and auditory systems were innervated by TH(+) fibers and terminals, including portions of the subpallial area ventralis, the preoptic complex, and the anterior hypothalamus, the midbrain periaqueductal gray and torus semicircularis, several hindbrain auditory nuclei, and parts of the hindbrain vocal pattern generator. These areas thus represent potential sites for catecholamine modulation of vocal and/or auditory behavior. To begin to test functionally whether catecholamines modulate vocal social behaviors, we hypothesized that male and female midshipman, which are sexually dimorphic in both their vocal-motor repertoires and in their responses to hearing conspecific vocalizations, should exhibit sexually dimorphic expression of TH immunoreactivity in their vocal and/or auditory systems. We used quantitative immunohistochemical techniques to test this hypothesis across a number of brain areas. We found significantly higher levels of TH expression in male midshipman relative to females in the TH cell population in the paraventricular organ of the diencephalon and in the TH-innervated torus semicircularis, the main teleost midbrain auditory structure. The torus semicircularis has been implicated in sexually dimorphic behavioral responses to conspecific vocalizations. Our data thus support the general idea that catecholamines modulate vocal and auditory processing in midshipman, and the specific hypothesis that they shape sexually dimorphic auditory responses in the auditory midbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine K E Goebrecht
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, 300 North Washington Street, Gettysburg, PA 17325, USA.
| | - Robert A Kowtoniuk
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, 300 North Washington Street, Gettysburg, PA 17325, USA.
| | - Brenda G Kelly
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, 300 North Washington Street, Gettysburg, PA 17325, USA.
| | - J Matthew Kittelberger
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, 300 North Washington Street, Gettysburg, PA 17325, USA.
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13
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Mena A, De la Casa LG. Prepulse inhibition modulation by contextual conditioning of dopaminergic activity. Behav Brain Res 2013; 252:188-94. [PMID: 23756135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
When a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a drug, an association is established between them that can induce two different responses: either an opponent response that counteracts the effect of the drug, or a response that is similar to that induced by the drug. In this paper, we focus on the analysis of the associations that can be established between the contextual cues and the administration of dopamine agonists or antagonists. Our hypothesis suggests that repeated administration of drugs that modulate dopaminergic activity in the presence of a specific context leads to the establishment of an association that subsequently results in a conditioned response to the context that is similar to that induced by the drug. To test this hypothesis, we conducted two experiments that revealed that contextual cues acquired the property to modulate pre-pulse inhibition by prior pairings of such context with the dopamine antagonist haloperidol (Experiment 1), and with the dopamine agonist d-amphetamine (Experiment 2). The implications of these results are discussed both at a theoretical level, and attending to the possibilities that could involve the use of context cues for the therapeutic administration of dopaminergic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auxiliadora Mena
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Seville, 41018 Seville, Spain
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De la Casa L, Fernandez A, Larrauri J, Mena A, Puentes A, Quintero E, Schmajuk N. Different effects of unexpected changes in environmental conditions on prepulse inhibition in rats and humans. Physiol Behav 2012; 106:542-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Larrauri J, Rosenthal M, Levin E, McClernon F, Schmajuk N. Effects of unexpected changes in visual scenes on the human acoustic startle response and prepulse inhibition. Behav Processes 2012; 89:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Thermal imaging of the periorbital regions during the presentation of an auditory startle stimulus. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27268. [PMID: 22073302 PMCID: PMC3207841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infrared thermal imaging of the inner canthi of the periorbital regions of the face can potentially serve as an input signal modality for an alternative access system for individuals with conditions that preclude speech or voluntary movement, such as total locked-in syndrome. However, it is unknown if the temperature of these regions is affected by the human startle response, as changes in the facial temperature of the periorbital regions manifested during the startle response could generate false positives in a thermography-based access system. This study presents an examination of the temperature characteristics of the periorbital regions of 11 able-bodied adult participants before and after a 102 dB auditory startle stimulus. The results indicate that the startle response has no substantial effect on the mean temperature of the periorbital regions. This indicates that thermography-based access solutions would be insensitive to startle reactions in their user, an important advantage over other modalities being considered in the context of access solutions for individuals with a severe motor disability.
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