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Gur-Hartman T, Tarrasch R, Zerem A, Sokol-Novinsky R, Elyoseph Z, Lerman-Sagie T, Mintz M. Consequences of vestibular hypofunction in children with ADHD/DCD. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2024; 52:1-9. [PMID: 38968910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2024.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) demonstrate a heterogeneous sensorimotor, emotional, and cognitive profile. Comorbid sensorimotor imbalance, anxiety, and spatial disorientation are particularly prevalent among their non-core symptoms. Studies in other populations presented these three comorbid dysfunctions in the context of vestibular hypofunction. OBJECTIVE To test whether there is a subgroup of children with ADHD who have vestibular hypofunction presenting with concomitant imbalance, anxiety, and spatial disorientation. METHODS Children with ADHD-only (n = 28), ADHD + Developmental Coordination Disorder (ADHD + DCD; n = 38), and Typical Development (TD; n = 19) were evaluated for vestibular function by the Dynamic Visual Acuity test (DVA-t), balance by the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of motor proficiency (BOT-2), panic anxiety by the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders questionnaire-Child version (SCARED-C), and spatial navigation by the Triangular Completion test (TC-t). RESULTS Children with ADHD vs. TD presented with a high rate of vestibular hypofunction (65 vs. 0 %), imbalance (42 vs. 0 %), panic anxiety (27 vs. 11 %), and spatial disorientation (30 vs. 5 %). Children with ADHD + DCD contributed more frequent and severe vestibular hypofunction and imbalance than children with ADHD-only (74 vs. 54 %; 58 vs. 21 %, respectively). A concomitant presence of imbalance, anxiety, and spatial disorientation was observed in 33 % of children with ADHD, all sharing vestibular hypofunction. CONCLUSIONS Vestibular hypofunction may be the common pathophysiology of imbalance, anxiety, and spatial disorientation in children. These comorbidities are preferentially present in children with ADHD + DCD rather than ADHD-only, thus likely related to DCD rather than to ADHD disorder. Children with this profile may benefit from a vestibular rehabilitation intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Gur-Hartman
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Pediatric Neurology Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.
| | - Ricardo Tarrasch
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel; School of Education, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Ayelet Zerem
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Pediatric Neurology Institute, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Riki Sokol-Novinsky
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | | | - Tally Lerman-Sagie
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Matti Mintz
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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Elyoseph Z, Geisinger D, Zaltzman R, Mintz M, Gordon CR. The vestibular symptomatology of Machado-Joseph Disease. J Vestib Res 2024; 34:159-167. [PMID: 37661905 DOI: 10.3233/ves-230038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Machado Joseph Disease (MJD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease. In previous studies, we described significant bilateral horizontal Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR) deficit within this population without any reference to the presence of vestibular symptomatology. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether, beyond cerebellar ataxia complaints, MJD patients have typical vestibular symptomatology corresponding to the accepted diagnostic criteria of Bilateral Vestibulopathy (BVP) according to the definition of the International Barany Society of Neuro-Otology. METHODS Twenty-one MJD, 12 clinically stable chronic Unilateral Vestibulopathy (UVP), 15 clinically stable chronic BVP, and 22 healthy Controls underwent the video Head Impulse Test (vHIT) evaluating VOR gain and filled out the following questionnaires related to vestibular symptomatology: The Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI), the Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC), the Vertigo Visual Scale (VVS) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). RESULTS The MJD group demonstrated significant bilateral vestibular impairment with horizontal gain less than 0.6 in 71% of patients (0.54±0.17). Similar to UVP and BVP, MJD patients reported a significantly higher level of symptoms than Controls in the DHI, ABC, VVS, and BAI questionnaires. CONCLUSIONS MJD demonstrated significant VOR impairment and clinical symptoms typical of BVP. We suggest that in a future version of the International Classification of Vestibular Disorders (ICVD), MJD should be categorized under a separate section of central vestibulopathy with the heading of bilateral vestibulopathy. The present findings are of importance regarding the clinical diagnosis process and possible treatment based on vestibular rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohar Elyoseph
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Psychology and Educational Counseling, The Center for Psychobiological Research, Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Jezreel Valley, Israel
- Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Roy Zaltzman
- Department of Neurology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Matti Mintz
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Psychology, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon, Israel
| | - Carlos R Gordon
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Neurology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Stanley OR, Swaminathan A, Wojahn E, Ahmed ZM, Cullen KE. An Open-Source Tool for Automated Human-Level Circling Behavior Detection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.30.540066. [PMID: 37398316 PMCID: PMC10312579 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.30.540066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying behavior and relating it to underlying biological states is of paramount importance in many life science fields. Although barriers to recording postural data have been reduced by progress in deep-learning-based computer vision tools for keypoint tracking, extracting specific behaviors from this data remains challenging. Manual behavior coding, the present gold standard, is labor-intensive and subject to intra- and inter-observer variability. Automatic methods are stymied by the difficulty of explicitly defining complex behaviors, even ones which appear obvious to the human eye. Here, we demonstrate an effective technique for detecting one such behavior, a form of locomotion characterized by stereotyped spinning, termed 'circling'. Though circling has an extensive history as a behavioral marker, at present there exists no standard automated detection method. Accordingly, we developed a technique to identify instances of the behavior by applying simple postprocessing to markerless keypoint data from videos of freely-exploring (Cib2-/-;Cib3-/-) mutant mice, a strain we previously found to exhibit circling. Our technique agrees with human consensus at the same level as do individual observers, and it achieves >90% accuracy in discriminating videos of wild type mice from videos of mutants. As using this technique requires no experience writing or modifying code, it also provides a convenient, noninvasive, quantitative tool for analyzing circling mouse models. Additionally, as our approach was agnostic to the underlying behavior, these results support the feasibility of algorithmically detecting specific, research-relevant behaviors using readily-interpretable parameters tuned on the basis of human consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- O R Stanley
- Dept. Biomedical Engineering; Johns Hopkins University
| | - A Swaminathan
- Dept. Biomedical Engineering; Johns Hopkins University
| | - E Wojahn
- Dept. Biomedical Engineering; Johns Hopkins University
| | - Z M Ahmed
- Depts. Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Ophthalmology; University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - K E Cullen
- Dept. Biomedical Engineering; Johns Hopkins University
- Depts. Neuroscience, Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University
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How vestibular dysfunction transforms into symptoms of depersonalization and derealization? J Neurol Sci 2023; 444:120530. [PMID: 36586207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychiatric Depersonalization/Derealization (DPDR) symptoms were demonstrated in patients with peripheral vestibular disorders. However, only semicircular canals (SCCs) dysfunction was evaluated, therefore, otoliths' contribution to DPDR is unknown. Also, DPDR symptoms in patients with central vestibular dysfunction are presently unknown. DPDR was also studied in the context of spatial disorientation and anxiety, but the relation of these cognitive and emotional functions to vestibular dysfunction requires clarification. METHODS We tested patients with peripheral Bilateral Vestibular Hypofunction (pBVH), Machado Joseph Disease (MJD) with cerebellar and central bilateral vestibular hypofunction, and healthy controls. Participants completed the video Head Impulse Test (vHIT) for SCCs function, cervical Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials test (cVEMPt) for sacculi function, Body Sensation Questionnaire (BSQ) for panic anxiety, Object Perspective-Taking test (OPTt) for spatial orientation and Cox & Swinson DPDR inventory for DPDR symptoms. RESULTS pBVH patients showed significant SCCs and sacculi dysfunction, spatial disorientation, elevated panic anxiety, and DPDR symptoms. MJD patients showed significant SCCs hypofunction but preserved sacculi function, spatial disorientation but normal levels of panic anxiety and DPDR symptoms. Only pBVH patients demonstrated a positive correlation between the severity of the DPDR and spatial disorientation and panic anxiety. CONCLUSIONS DPDR develops in association with sacculi dysfunction, either with or without SSCs dysfunction. Spatial disorientation and anxiety seem to mediate the transformation of vestibular dysfunction into DPDR symptoms. DPDR does not develop in MJD with central vestibular hypofunction but a normal saccular response. We propose a three-step model that describes the development of DPDR symptoms in vestibular patients.
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Katayama KI, Morimura N, Kobayashi K, Corbett D, Okamoto T, Ornthanalai VG, Matsunaga H, Fujita W, Matsumoto Y, Akagi T, Hashikawa T, Yamada K, Murphy NP, Nagao S, Aruga J. Slitrk2 deficiency causes hyperactivity with altered vestibular function and serotonergic dysregulation. iScience 2022; 25:104604. [PMID: 35789858 PMCID: PMC9250022 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SLITRK2 encodes a transmembrane protein that modulates neurite outgrowth and synaptic activities and is implicated in bipolar disorder. Here, we addressed its physiological roles in mice. In the brain, the Slitrk2 protein was strongly detected in the hippocampus, vestibulocerebellum, and precerebellar nuclei—the vestibular-cerebellar-brainstem neural network including pontine gray and tegmental reticular nucleus. Slitrk2 knockout (KO) mice exhibited increased locomotor activity in novel environments, antidepressant-like behaviors, enhanced vestibular function, and increased plasticity at mossy fiber–CA3 synapses with reduced sensitivity to serotonin. A serotonin metabolite was increased in the hippocampus and amygdala, and serotonergic neurons in the raphe nuclei were decreased in Slitrk2 KO mice. When KO mice were treated with methylphenidate, lithium, or fluoxetine, the mood stabilizer lithium showed a genotype-dependent effect. Taken together, Slitrk2 deficiency causes aberrant neural network activity, synaptic integrity, vestibular function, and serotonergic function, providing molecular-neurophysiological insight into the brain dysregulation in bipolar disorders. Slitrk2 KO mice showed antidepressant-like behaviors and enhanced vestibular function Mossy fiber-CA3 synaptic sensitivity to serotonin was reduced in Slitrk2 KO mice Serotonin metabolite was increased in hippocampus and amygdala of Slitrk2 KO mice Numbers of serotonergic neurons in raphe nuclei were decreased in Slitrk2 KO mice
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Mhatre SD, Iyer J, Puukila S, Paul AM, Tahimic CGT, Rubinstein L, Lowe M, Alwood JS, Sowa MB, Bhattacharya S, Globus RK, Ronca AE. Neuro-consequences of the spaceflight environment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:908-935. [PMID: 34767877 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As human space exploration advances to establish a permanent presence beyond the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) with NASA's Artemis mission, researchers are striving to understand and address the health challenges of living and working in the spaceflight environment. Exposure to ionizing radiation, microgravity, isolation and other spaceflight hazards pose significant risks to astronauts. Determining neurobiological and neurobehavioral responses, understanding physiological responses under Central Nervous System (CNS) control, and identifying putative mechanisms to inform countermeasure development are critically important to ensuring brain and behavioral health of crew on long duration missions. Here we provide a detailed and comprehensive review of the effects of spaceflight and of ground-based spaceflight analogs, including simulated weightlessness, social isolation, and ionizing radiation on humans and animals. Further, we discuss dietary and non-dietary countermeasures including artificial gravity and antioxidants, among others. Significant future work is needed to ensure that neural, sensorimotor, cognitive and other physiological functions are maintained during extended deep space missions to avoid potentially catastrophic health and safety outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhita D Mhatre
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; KBR, Houston, TX, 77002, USA; COSMIAC Research Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Janani Iyer
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, 21046, USA
| | - Stephanie Puukila
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, 21046, USA; Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Amber M Paul
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, 21046, USA
| | - Candice G T Tahimic
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; KBR, Houston, TX, 77002, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Linda Rubinstein
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, 21046, USA
| | - Moniece Lowe
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, 98154, USA
| | - Joshua S Alwood
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Marianne B Sowa
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Sharmila Bhattacharya
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Ruth K Globus
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - April E Ronca
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; Wake Forest Medical School, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA.
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Osterlund Oltmanns JR, Lipton MH, Adamczyk N, Lake RI, Blackwell AA, Schaeffer EA, Tsai SY, Kartje GL, Wallace DG. Organization of exploratory behavior under dark conditions in female and male rats. Behav Processes 2021; 189:104437. [PMID: 34089779 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sexually dimorphic performance has been observed across humans and rodents in many spatial tasks. In general, these spatial tasks do not dissociate the use of environmental and self-movement cues. Previous work has demonstrated a role for self-movement cue processing in organizing open field behavior; however, these studies have not directly compared female and male movement characteristics. The current study examined the organization of open field behavior under dark conditions in female and male rats. Significant differences between female and male rats were observed in the location of stopping behavior relative to a cue and the topography exhibited during lateral movements. In contrast, no sex differences were observed on measures used to detect self-movement cue processing deficits. These results provide evidence that female and male rats are similar in their use of self-movement cues to organize open field behavior; however, other factors may be contributing to differences in performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan H Lipton
- Psychology Department, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb Illinois, United States
| | - Natalie Adamczyk
- Psychology Department, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb Illinois, United States
| | - Rami I Lake
- Psychology Department, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb Illinois, United States
| | - Ashley A Blackwell
- Psychology Department, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb Illinois, United States
| | - Ericka A Schaeffer
- Psychology Department, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb Illinois, United States
| | - Shih-Yen Tsai
- Loyola University Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, United States; Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Research Service, Hines, IL, United States
| | - Gwendolyn L Kartje
- Loyola University Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, United States; Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Research Service, Hines, IL, United States
| | - Douglas G Wallace
- Psychology Department, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb Illinois, United States
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Banovetz MT, I Lake R, Blackwell AA, Oltmanns JRO, Schaeffer EA, M Yoder R, Wallace DG. Effects of acquired vestibular pathology on the organization of mouse exploratory behavior. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:1125-1139. [PMID: 33555382 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-06032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rodent open field behavior is highly organized and occurs spontaneously in novel environments. This organization is disrupted in mice with vestibular pathology, suggesting vestibular signals provide important contributions to this behavior. A caveat to this interpretation is that previous studies have investigated open field behavior in adult mice with congenital vestibular dysfunction, and the observed deficits may have resulted from developmental changes instead of the lack of vestibular signals. To determine which aspects of open field behavior depend specifically on vestibular signals, mouse movement organization was examined under dark and light conditions at two time points, 1 and 2 months, after bilateral chemical labyrinthectomy. Our results show that acquired vestibular damage selectively disrupted the organization of open field behavior. Access to visual environmental cues attenuated, but did not eliminate, these significant group differences. Improvement in movement organization from the first to the second testing session was limited to progression path circuity. These observations provide evidence for the role of the vestibular system in maintaining spatial orientation and establishes a foundation to investigate neuroplasticity in brain systems that process self-movement information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Banovetz
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, 60115, USA
| | - Rami I Lake
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, 60115, USA
| | - Ashley A Blackwell
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, 60115, USA
| | | | - Ericka A Schaeffer
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, 60115, USA
| | - Ryan M Yoder
- Department of Psychology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, 29528, USA
| | - Douglas G Wallace
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, 60115, USA.
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Ren P, Li B, Dong S, Lyu B, Qu J, Gong S, Zhang Q, Han P. The real identity and sensory overlap mechanism of special vestibular afferent neurons that sense both rotation and linear force. Life Sci 2020; 259:118144. [PMID: 32755624 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Although the vestibular system has been widely investigated over the past 50 years, there is still an unsolved mystery. Some special vestibular afferent (SVA) neurons responding to both rotation and linear force were found through neurophysiological techniques, however, the sensory overlap mechanism of SVA neurons is still unclear, which may be closely related to vestibular-related diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS To address the above-mentioned problem, a cupula buoyancy theory was established in the present study, where SVA neurons were considered semicircular canal afferent (SCCA) neurons. Then labyrinth anatomy and neural response dynamics of vestibular afferent neurons in chinchilla were investigated through vestibular labyrinth reconstruction and single unit recording technique, respectively. KEY FINDINGS We analyzed the deflections of cupulae under multiple conditions with the help of Amira Software and predicted the neural response law of SCCA neurons to linear force based on the cupula buoyancy theory. Data analysis confirmed that the basic response characteristic of SVA neurons had no significant difference to those of SCCA neurons, but were significantly different from those of otolith afferent neurons. Further, the actual responses of SVA neurons to linear force are completely consistent with our predictions. These results strongly suggest that SVA neurons actually are SCCA neurons, and the cupula buoyancy theory is the key to the sensory overlap mechanism of SCCA neurons. SIGNIFICANCE Our study revealed the real identity of SVA neurons and provided a reasonable mechanism for sensory overlap of rotation and linear force, which improved our understanding about the vestibular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 West 5th Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China; Departments of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Bowen Li
- Division of Health Sciences Informatics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 2024 E Monument St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shiyao Dong
- Departments of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Boqiang Lyu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 West 5th Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Jianqiang Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 West 5th Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Shouping Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 West 5th Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, 1665 Kongjiang Rd, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Peng Han
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 227 Yanta West Roud, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
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Donaldson T, Jennings K, Cherep L, Blankenship P, Blackwell A, Yoder R, Wallace D. Progression and stop organization reveals conservation of movement organization during dark exploration across rats and mice. Behav Processes 2019; 162:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Ronca AE, Moyer EL, Talyansky Y, Lowe M, Padmanabhan S, Choi S, Gong C, Cadena SM, Stodieck L, Globus RK. Behavior of mice aboard the International Space Station. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4717. [PMID: 30976012 PMCID: PMC6459880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40789-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in space habitation has grown dramatically with planning underway for the first human transit to Mars. Despite a robust history of domestic and international spaceflight research, understanding behavioral adaptation to the space environment for extended durations is scant. Here we report the first detailed behavioral analysis of mice flown in the NASA Rodent Habitat on the International Space Station (ISS). Following 4-day transit from Earth to ISS, video images were acquired on orbit from 16- and 32-week-old female mice. Spaceflown mice engaged in a full range of species-typical behaviors. Physical activity was greater in younger flight mice as compared to identically-housed ground controls, and followed the circadian cycle. Within 7-10 days after launch, younger (but not older), mice began to exhibit distinctive circling or 'race-tracking' behavior that evolved into coordinated group activity. Organized group circling behavior unique to spaceflight may represent stereotyped motor behavior, rewarding effects of physical exercise, or vestibular sensation produced via self-motion. Affording mice the opportunity to grab and run in the RH resembles physical activities that the crew participate in routinely. Our approach yields a useful analog for better understanding human responses to spaceflight, providing the opportunity to assess how physical movement influences responses to microgravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- April E Ronca
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Division, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA. .,Wake Forest School of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA.
| | - Eric L Moyer
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, 98154, USA.,Utrecht University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Regenerative Medicine and Technology Program, Universiteitsweg 98, 3584 CG, UTRECHT, The Netherlands
| | - Yuli Talyansky
- Universities Space Research Association, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA.,San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, 95192, USA.,Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, 2011 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Moniece Lowe
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, 98154, USA
| | - Shreejit Padmanabhan
- San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, 95192, USA.,Duke Empirical Inc., 2829 Mission St, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Sungshin Choi
- KBRwyle, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Cynthia Gong
- KBRwyle, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Samuel M Cadena
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Louis Stodieck
- BioServe Space Technologies, Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80302, USA
| | - Ruth K Globus
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Division, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
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12
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Thompson SM, Berkowitz LE, Clark BJ. Behavioral and Neural Subsystems of Rodent Exploration. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2018; 61:3-15. [PMID: 30270939 PMCID: PMC6159932 DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Animals occupy territories in which resources such as food and shelter are often distributed unevenly. While studies of exploratory behavior have typically involved the laboratory rodent as an experimental subject, questions regarding what constitutes exploration have dominated. A recent line of research has utilized a descriptive approach to the study of rodent exploration, which has revealed that this behavior is organized into movement subsystems that can be readily quantified. The movements include home base behavior, which serves as a central point of attraction from which rats and mice organize exploratory trips into the remaining environment. In this review, we describe some of the features of this organized behavior pattern as well as its modulation by sensory cues and previous experience. We conclude the review by summarizing research investigating the neurobiological bases of exploration, which we hope will stimulate renewed interest and research on the neural systems mediating rodent exploratory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura E. Berkowitz
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Benjamin J. Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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13
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Ren P, Li B, Dong S, Chen L, Zhang Y. The reliability of nonlinear least-squares algorithm for data analysis of neural response activity during sinusoidal rotational stimulation in semicircular canal neurons. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190596. [PMID: 29304173 PMCID: PMC5755832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many mathematical methods were used to analyze the neural activity under sinusoidal stimulation within linear response range in vestibular system, the reliabilities of these methods are still not reported, especially in nonlinear response range. Here we chose nonlinear least-squares algorithm (NLSA) with sinusoidal model to analyze the neural response of semicircular canal neurons (SCNs) during sinusoidal rotational stimulation (SRS) over a nonlinear response range. Our aim was to acquire a reliable mathematical method for data analysis under SRS in vestibular system. Our data indicated that the reliability of this method in an entire SCNs population was quite satisfactory. However, the reliability was strongly negatively depended on the neural discharge regularity. In addition, stimulation parameters were the vital impact factors influencing the reliability. The frequency had a significant negative effect but the amplitude had a conspicuous positive effect on the reliability. Thus, NLSA with sinusoidal model resulted a reliable mathematical tool for data analysis of neural response activity under SRS in vestibular system and more suitable for those under the stimulation with low frequency but high amplitude, suggesting that this method can be used in nonlinear response range. This method broke out of the restriction of neural activity analysis under nonlinear response range and provided a solid foundation for future study in nonlinear response range in vestibular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
- Departments of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Bowen Li
- Division of Health Sciences Informatics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shiyao Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Antisense oligonucleotide therapy rescues disruptions in organization of exploratory movements associated with Usher syndrome type 1C in mice. Behav Brain Res 2017; 338:76-87. [PMID: 29037661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Usher syndrome, Type 1C (USH1C) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder in which a mutation in the gene encoding harmonin is associated with multi-sensory deficits (i.e., auditory, vestibular, and visual). USH1C (Usher) mice, engineered with a human USH1C mutation, exhibit these multi-sensory deficits by circling behavior and lack of response to sound. Administration of an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapeutic that corrects expression of the mutated USH1C gene, has been shown to increase harmonin levels, reduce circling behavior, and improve vestibular and auditory function. The current study evaluates the organization of exploratory movements to assess spatial organization in Usher mice and determine the efficacy of ASO therapy in attenuating any such deficits. Usher and heterozygous mice received the therapeutic ASO, ASO-29, or a control, non-specific ASO treatment at postnatal day five. Organization of exploratory movements was assessed under dark and light conditions at two and six-months of age. Disruptions in exploratory movement organization observed in control-treated Usher mice were consistent with impaired use of self-movement and environmental cues. In general, ASO-29 treatment rescued organization of exploratory movements at two and six-month testing points. These observations are consistent with ASO-29 rescuing processing of multiple sources of information and demonstrate the potential of ASO therapies to ameliorate topographical disorientation associated with other genetic disorders.
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15
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Forge A, Taylor RR, Dawson SJ, Lovett M, Jagger DJ. Disruption of SorCS2 reveals differences in the regulation of stereociliary bundle formation between hair cell types in the inner ear. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006692. [PMID: 28346477 PMCID: PMC5386298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioural anomalies suggesting an inner ear disorder were observed in a colony of transgenic mice. Affected animals were profoundly deaf. Severe hair bundle defects were identified in all outer and inner hair cells (OHC, IHC) in the cochlea and in hair cells of vestibular macular organs, but hair cells in cristae were essentially unaffected. Evidence suggested the disorder was likely due to gene disruption by a randomly inserted transgene construct. Whole-genome sequencing identified interruption of the SorCS2 (Sortilin-related VPS-10 domain containing protein) locus. Real-time-qPCR demonstrated disrupted expression of SorCS2 RNA in cochlear tissue from affected mice and this was confirmed by SorCS2 immuno-labelling. In all affected hair cells, stereocilia were shorter than normal, but abnormalities of bundle morphology and organisation differed between hair cell types. Bundles on OHC were grossly misshapen with significantly fewer stereocilia than normal. However, stereocilia were organised in rows of increasing height. Bundles on IHC contained significantly more stereocilia than normal with some longer stereocilia towards the centre, or with minimal height differentials. In early postnatal mice, kinocilia (primary cilia) of IHC and of OHC were initially located towards the lateral edge of the hair cell surface but often became surrounded by stereocilia as bundle shape and apical surface contour changed. In macular organs the kinocilium was positioned in the centre of the cell surface throughout maturation. There was disruption of the signalling pathway controlling intrinsic hair cell apical asymmetry. LGN and Gαi3 were largely absent, and atypical Protein Kinase C (aPKC) lost its asymmetric distribution. The results suggest that SorCS2 plays a role upstream of the intrinsic polarity pathway and that there are differences between hair cell types in the deployment of the machinery that generates a precisely organised hair bundle.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner/metabolism
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner/pathology
- Hearing Loss/genetics
- Hearing Loss/metabolism
- Hearing Loss/physiopathology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Organ of Corti/metabolism
- Organ of Corti/physiopathology
- Organ of Corti/ultrastructure
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Stereocilia/genetics
- Stereocilia/metabolism
- Stereocilia/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Forge
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Ruth R. Taylor
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sally J. Dawson
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Lovett
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Jagger
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Blankenship PA, Cherep LA, Donaldson TN, Brockman SN, Trainer AD, Yoder RM, Wallace DG. Otolith dysfunction alters exploratory movement in mice. Behav Brain Res 2017; 325:1-11. [PMID: 28235587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The organization of rodent exploratory behavior appears to depend on self-movement cue processing. As of yet, however, no studies have directly examined the vestibular system's contribution to the organization of exploratory movement. The current study sequentially segmented open field behavior into progressions and stops in order to characterize differences in movement organization between control and otoconia-deficient tilted mice under conditions with and without access to visual cues. Under completely dark conditions, tilted mice exhibited similar distance traveled and stop times overall, but had significantly more circuitous progressions, larger changes in heading between progressions, and less stable clustering of home bases, relative to control mice. In light conditions, control and tilted mice were similar on all measures except for the change in heading between progressions. This pattern of results is consistent with otoconia-deficient tilted mice using visual cues to compensate for impaired self-movement cue processing. This work provides the first empirical evidence that signals from the otolithic organs mediate the organization of exploratory behavior, based on a novel assessment of spatial orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia A Cherep
- Dept of Psychology, NIU, DeKalb, IL, 60115, United States
| | | | | | | | - Ryan M Yoder
- Dept of Psychology, IPFW, Fort Wayne, IN, 46805, United States
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17
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Adebiyi OE, Olopade JO, Olayemi FO. Neuroprotective Effect of Grewia carpinifolia Extract against Vanadium Induced Behavioural Impairment. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/fv-2016-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Vanadium (V), a heavy metal, has been reported to induce central nervous system toxicity leading to various behavioural impairments. It is characterized by the production of reactive oxygen. The present study was designed to test the possibility of Grewia carpinifolia ethanolic extract in preventing behavioural alterations following acute vanadium toxicity in mice. Twenty five Swiss albino mice (25—27 g) were completely randomized into 5 groups (A—E) of 5 animals each. Group A received distilled water and served as a control; group B, received vitamin E (500 mg.kg−1 b. w. every 72 hours), a known antioxidant orally, along with a daily dose of sodium metavanadate intraperitoneally (i. p.) for 7 days; group C and group D received Grewia carpinifolia leaf extract at 100 and 200 mg.kg−1 b.w orally respectively, along with the sodium metavanadate i. p. for 7 days; while group E received sodium metavanadate i. p. only for 7 days. The behavioural and motor functions were analysed by the open field, negative geotaxis, and hanging wire tests; the daily body and brain weights were recorded. Grewia carpinifolia ethanolic extracts significantly reduced the number of grooming, stretched attend posture, and freezing time that were significantly increased in the vanadium only group and also enhanced the vestibular functions. In addition, the latent time spent on the hanging wire in groups simultaneously administered with the extract and V compared favourably (P > 0.05) with the control groups but a decrease in latent time was observed in the V only group. The results suggest that acute V toxicity results in various behavioural deficits and support a possible role of Grewia carpinifolia as a protective agent against acute vanadium-toxicity with a better result at 200 mg.kg−1 b. w.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. E. Adebiyi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Nigeria
| | - J. O. Olopade
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - F. O. Olayemi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Nigeria
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18
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Boadas-Vaello P, Sedó-Cabezón L, Verdú E, Llorens J. Strain and Sex Differences in the Vestibular and Systemic Toxicity of 3,3′-Iminodipropionitrile in Mice. Toxicol Sci 2016; 156:109-122. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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19
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Yoder RM, Goebel EA, Köppen JR, Blankenship PA, Blackwell AA, Wallace DG. Otolithic information is required for homing in the mouse. Hippocampus 2015; 25:890-9. [PMID: 25565056 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Navigation and the underlying brain signals are influenced by various allothetic and idiothetic cues, depending on environmental conditions and task demands. Visual landmarks typically control navigation in familiar environments but, in the absence of landmarks, self-movement cues are able to guide navigation relatively accurately. These self-movement cues include signals from the vestibular system, and may originate in the semicircular canals or otolith organs. Here, we tested the otolithic contribution to navigation on a food-hoarding task in darkness and in light. The dark test prevented the use of visual cues and thus favored the use of self-movement information, whereas the light test allowed the use of both visual and non-visual cues. In darkness, tilted mice made shorter-duration stops during the outward journey, and made more circuitous homeward journeys than control mice; heading error, trip duration, and peak error were greater for tilted mice than for controls. In light, tilted mice also showed more circuitous homeward trips, but appeared to correct for errors during the journey; heading error, trip duration, and peak error were similar between groups. These results suggest that signals from the otolith organs are necessary for accurate homing performance in mice, with the greatest contribution in non-visual environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Yoder
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana
| | - Elizabeth A Goebel
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana
| | - Jenny R Köppen
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois
| | | | - Ashley A Blackwell
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois
| | - Douglas G Wallace
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois
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20
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Yoder RM, Taube JS. The vestibular contribution to the head direction signal and navigation. Front Integr Neurosci 2014; 8:32. [PMID: 24795578 PMCID: PMC4001061 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2014.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial learning and navigation depend on neural representations of location and direction within the environment. These representations, encoded by place cells and head direction (HD) cells, respectively, are dominantly controlled by visual cues, but require input from the vestibular system. Vestibular signals play an important role in forming spatial representations in both visual and non-visual environments, but the details of this vestibular contribution are not fully understood. Here, we review the role of the vestibular system in generating various spatial signals in rodents, focusing primarily on HD cells. We also examine the vestibular system's role in navigation and the possible pathways by which vestibular information is conveyed to higher navigation centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Yoder
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University – Purdue University Fort WayneFort Wayne, IN, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Taube
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Dartmouth CollegeHanover, NH, USA
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21
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Smith PF, Haslett S, Zheng Y. A multivariate statistical and data mining analysis of spatial memory-related behaviour following bilateral vestibular loss in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2013; 246:15-23. [PMID: 23470901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vestibular dysfunction in animals and humans is associated with a variety of cognitive and anxiety disorders, and it has been difficult to determine how the different symptoms may be related to one another. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which the spatial memory deficits that occur following bilateral vestibular deafferentation (BVD) in rats can be attributed to other behavioural symptoms. Spatial memory was measured using a spatial T maze alternation task (STM), while locomotor activity and anxiety were measured using open field, elevated plus and T mazes, respectively. Using multiple linear and random forest regression, we determined that the best predictors of performance in the STM were whether the animals had received a BVD or sham lesion, and the duration of rearing. Using linear discriminant analysis, random forest classification, support vector machines and cluster analysis, we found that BVD animals could be clearly distinguished from sham controls by their behavioural syndrome, in particular their decreased duration of rearing in the open field maze (suggesting reduced exploration), decreased time spent in the outer zone of the open field maze ('reduced thigmotaxis', suggesting increased risk taking), and spatial memory deficits in the STM. These results suggest that the poor performance of rats with BVD in spatial memory tasks is largely due to spatial memory deficits themselves rather than a result of other changes in locomotor activity or anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago Medical School, New Zealand.
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22
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Arthur JC, Kortte KB, Shelhamer M, Schubert MC. Linear path integration deficits in patients with abnormal vestibular afference. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 25:155-78. [PMID: 22726251 DOI: 10.1163/187847612x629928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Effective navigation requires the ability to keep track of one's location and maintain orientation during linear and angular displacements. Path integration is the process of updating the representation of body position by integrating internally-generated self-motion signals over time (e.g., walking in the dark). One major source of input to path integration is vestibular afference. We tested patients with reduced vestibular function (unilateral vestibular hypofunction, UVH), patients with aberrant vestibular function (benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, BPPV), and healthy participants (controls) on two linear path integration tasks: experimenter-guided walking and target-directed walking. The experimenter-guided walking task revealed a systematic underestimation of self-motion signals in UVH patients compared to the other groups. However, we did not find any difference in the distance walked between the UVH group and the control group for the target-directed walking task. Results from neuropsychological testing and clinical balance measures suggest that the errors in experimenter-guided walking were not attributable to cognitive and/or balance impairments. We conclude that impairment in linear path integration in UVH patients stem from deficits in self-motion perception. Importantly, our results also suggest that patients with a UVH deficit do not lose their ability to walk accurately without vision to a memorized target location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joeanna C Arthur
- Department of Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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23
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Saman Y, Bamiou DE, Gleeson M, Dutia MB. Interactions between Stress and Vestibular Compensation - A Review. Front Neurol 2012; 3:116. [PMID: 22866048 PMCID: PMC3406321 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of stress and anxiety often accompany vestibular dysfunction, while conversely complaints of dizziness and loss of balance are common in patients with panic and other anxiety disorders. The interactions between stress and vestibular function have been investigated both in animal models and in clinical studies. Evidence from animal studies indicates that vestibular symptoms are effective in activating the stress axis, and that the acute stress response is important in promoting compensatory synaptic and neuronal plasticity in the vestibular system and cerebellum. The role of stress in human vestibular disorders is complex, and definitive evidence is lacking. This article reviews the evidence from animal and clinical studies with a focus on the effects of stress on the central vestibular pathways and their role in the pathogenesis and management of human vestibular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yougan Saman
- Department of Neuro-otology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurology, University College London London, UK
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24
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Zheng Y, Cheung I, Smith PF. Performance in anxiety and spatial memory tests following bilateral vestibular loss in the rat and effects of anxiolytic and anxiogenic drugs. Behav Brain Res 2012; 235:21-9. [PMID: 22824589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vestibular dysfunction in humans is associated with anxiety and cognitive disorders. However, various animal studies of the effects of vestibular loss have yielded conflicting results, from reduced anxiety to increased anxiety, depending on the particular model of vestibular dysfunction and the anxiety test used. In this study we revisited the question of whether rats with surgical bilateral vestibular deafferentation (BVD) exhibit changes in anxiety-related behaviour by testing them in the open field maze (OFM), elevated plus maze (EPM) and elevated T maze (ETM) in the presence of a non-sedating anxiolytic drug, buspirone, or an anxiogenic drug, FG-7142. We also tested the animals in a spatial T maze (STM) in order to evaluate their cognitive function under the same set of conditions. We found that BVD animals exhibited increased locomotor activity (P≤0.003), reduced supported and unsupported rearing (P≤0.02 and P≤0.000, respectively) and reduced thigmotaxis (P≤0.000) in the OFM, which for the most part the drugs did not modify. By contrast, there were no significant differences between BVD and sham control animals in the EPM and the BVD animals exhibited a marginally longer escape latency in the ETM (P≤0.03), with no change in avoidance latency. In the STM, the BVD animals demonstrated a large and significant decrease in accuracy compared to the sham control animals (P≤0.000), which was not affected by drug treatment. These results have replicated previous findings regarding increased locomotor activity, reduced rearing and thigmotaxis in the OFM, and impaired performance in the STM. However, they failed to replicate some previous results obtained using the EPM and ETM. Overall, they do not support the hypothesis that BVD animals exhibit increased anxiety-like behaviour and suggest that the cognitive deficits may be independent of the emotional effects of vestibular loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago Medical School, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
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25
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Stiles L, Zheng Y, Darlington CL, Smith PF. The D₂ dopamine receptor and locomotor hyperactivity following bilateral vestibular deafferentation in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2011; 227:150-8. [PMID: 22101174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Rats and mice with bilateral vestibular loss exhibit dramatic locomotor hyperactivity and circling behaviours, which to date cannot be explained. Dysfunction of the striatal dopaminergic system is responsible for a number of known movement disorders and the D(2) dopamine receptor is known to be implicated. Therefore, it is possible that changes in striatal function are responsible for locomotor hyperactivity and circling following bilateral vestibular lesions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the D(2) receptor antagonist, eticlopride (0.02, 0.04 and 0.06mg/kg; s.c.), on locomotor behaviour in rats at 5 months following bilateral vestibular deafferentation (BVD), using an open field maze. The levels of the D(2) receptor protein in the striatum were measured at 1 and 6 months post-BVD using western blotting. BVD rats exhibited locomotor hyperactivity and circling, which eticlopride did not eliminate. However, BVD rats did exhibit a decreased response to the inhibitory effect of eticlopride compared to sham controls at the 0.02 mg/kg dose. There were no changes in the amount of the D(2) receptor in the striatum at 1 or 6 months post-BVD; however, D(2) receptor levels were significantly higher on the right side than the left in both sham and BVD animals. These results suggest that locomotor hyperactivity and circling behaviours following BVD are not due simply to changes in D(2) receptor protein expression in the striatum and that other neurophysiological changes in the brain account for these behaviours following BVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Stiles
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand
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26
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Neo P, Carter D, Zheng Y, Smith P, Darlington C, McNaughton N. Septal elicitation of hippocampal theta rhythm did not repair cognitive and emotional deficits resulting from vestibular lesions. Hippocampus 2011; 22:1176-87. [PMID: 21748822 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bilateral vestibular lesions cause atrophy of the hippocampus in humans and subsequent deficits in spatial memory and the processing of emotional stimuli in both rats and humans. Vestibular lesions also impair hippocampal theta rhythm in rats. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether restoring theta rhythm to the hippocampus of a rat, via stimulation of the medial septum, would repair the deficits caused by vestibular lesions. It was hypothesized that the restoration of theta would repair the deficits and the vestibular rats would exhibit behavior and EEG similar to that of the sham rats. Rats were given either sham surgery or bilateral vestibular deafferentation (BVD) followed in a later operation by electrode implants. Half of the lesioned rats received stimulation. Subjects were tested in open field, elevated T-maze and spatial nonmatching to sample tests. BVD caused a deficit in hippocampal theta rhythm. Stimulation restored theta power at a higher frequency in the vestibular-lesioned rats, however, the stimulation did not repair the cognitive and emotional deficits caused by the lesions. It was concluded that stimulation, at least in the form used here, would not be a viable treatment option for vestibular damaged humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Neo
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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27
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Progressive vestibular mutation leads to elevated anxiety. Brain Res 2010; 1317:157-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/19/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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