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Lee SY, Shoji H, Shimozawa A, Aoyagi H, Sato Y, Tsumagari K, Terumitsu M, Motegi H, Okada K, Sekiguchi K, Kuromitsu J, Nakahara J, Miyakawa T, Ito D. Phenotypic Insights Into Anti-IgLON5 Disease in IgLON5-Deficient Mice. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2024; 11:e200234. [PMID: 38657185 PMCID: PMC11087031 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Anti-IgLON5 disease is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disorder characterized by various phenotypes, notably sleep and movement disorders and tau pathology. Although the disease is known to be associated with the neuronal cell adhesion protein IgLON5, the physiologic function of IgLON5 remains elusive. There are conflicting views on whether autoantibodies cause loss of function, activation of IgLON5, or inflammation-associated neuronal damage, ultimately leading to the disease. We generated IgLON5 knockout (-/-) mice to investigate the functions of IgLON5 and elucidate the pathomechanism of anti-IgLON5 disease. METHODS IgLON5 knockout (-/-) mice underwent behavioral tests investigating motor function, psychiatric function (notably anxiety and depression), social and exploratory behaviors, spatial learning and memory, and sensory perception. Histologic analysis was conducted to investigate tau aggregation in mice with tauopathy. RESULTS IgLON5-/- mice had poorer performance in the wire hang and rotarod tests (which are tests for motor function) than wild-type mice. Moreover, IgLON5-/- mice exhibited decreased anxiety-like behavior and/or hyperactivity in behavior tests, including light/dark transition test and open field test. IgLON5-/- mice also exhibited poorer remote memory in the contextual fear conditioning test. However, neither sleeping disabilities assessed by EEG nor tau aggregation was detected in the knockout mice. DISCUSSION These results suggest that IgLON5 is associated with activity, anxiety, motor ability, and contextual fear memory. Comparing the various phenotypes of anti-IgLON5 disease, anti-IgLON5 disease might partially be associated with loss of function of IgLON5; however, other phenotypes, such as sleep disorders and tau aggregation, can be caused by gain of function of IgLON5 and/or neuronal damage due to inflammation. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of IgLON5 in the pathogenesis of anti-IgLON5 diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin Yi Lee
- From the Department of Neurology (S.Y.L., H.M., K.O., K.S., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Division of Systems Medical Science (H.S., T.M.), Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake; Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia (A.S., H.A., Y.S., M.T., J.K.), Human Biology Integration, DHBL, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku; Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit (K.T.), RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama; Department of Neurology (H.M.), The Jikei University School of Medicine; and Department of Physiology/Memory Center (D.I.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Shoji
- From the Department of Neurology (S.Y.L., H.M., K.O., K.S., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Division of Systems Medical Science (H.S., T.M.), Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake; Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia (A.S., H.A., Y.S., M.T., J.K.), Human Biology Integration, DHBL, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku; Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit (K.T.), RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama; Department of Neurology (H.M.), The Jikei University School of Medicine; and Department of Physiology/Memory Center (D.I.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aki Shimozawa
- From the Department of Neurology (S.Y.L., H.M., K.O., K.S., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Division of Systems Medical Science (H.S., T.M.), Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake; Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia (A.S., H.A., Y.S., M.T., J.K.), Human Biology Integration, DHBL, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku; Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit (K.T.), RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama; Department of Neurology (H.M.), The Jikei University School of Medicine; and Department of Physiology/Memory Center (D.I.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aoyagi
- From the Department of Neurology (S.Y.L., H.M., K.O., K.S., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Division of Systems Medical Science (H.S., T.M.), Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake; Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia (A.S., H.A., Y.S., M.T., J.K.), Human Biology Integration, DHBL, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku; Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit (K.T.), RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama; Department of Neurology (H.M.), The Jikei University School of Medicine; and Department of Physiology/Memory Center (D.I.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sato
- From the Department of Neurology (S.Y.L., H.M., K.O., K.S., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Division of Systems Medical Science (H.S., T.M.), Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake; Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia (A.S., H.A., Y.S., M.T., J.K.), Human Biology Integration, DHBL, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku; Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit (K.T.), RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama; Department of Neurology (H.M.), The Jikei University School of Medicine; and Department of Physiology/Memory Center (D.I.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Tsumagari
- From the Department of Neurology (S.Y.L., H.M., K.O., K.S., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Division of Systems Medical Science (H.S., T.M.), Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake; Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia (A.S., H.A., Y.S., M.T., J.K.), Human Biology Integration, DHBL, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku; Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit (K.T.), RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama; Department of Neurology (H.M.), The Jikei University School of Medicine; and Department of Physiology/Memory Center (D.I.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Terumitsu
- From the Department of Neurology (S.Y.L., H.M., K.O., K.S., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Division of Systems Medical Science (H.S., T.M.), Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake; Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia (A.S., H.A., Y.S., M.T., J.K.), Human Biology Integration, DHBL, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku; Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit (K.T.), RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama; Department of Neurology (H.M.), The Jikei University School of Medicine; and Department of Physiology/Memory Center (D.I.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Motegi
- From the Department of Neurology (S.Y.L., H.M., K.O., K.S., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Division of Systems Medical Science (H.S., T.M.), Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake; Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia (A.S., H.A., Y.S., M.T., J.K.), Human Biology Integration, DHBL, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku; Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit (K.T.), RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama; Department of Neurology (H.M.), The Jikei University School of Medicine; and Department of Physiology/Memory Center (D.I.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Okada
- From the Department of Neurology (S.Y.L., H.M., K.O., K.S., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Division of Systems Medical Science (H.S., T.M.), Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake; Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia (A.S., H.A., Y.S., M.T., J.K.), Human Biology Integration, DHBL, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku; Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit (K.T.), RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama; Department of Neurology (H.M.), The Jikei University School of Medicine; and Department of Physiology/Memory Center (D.I.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Sekiguchi
- From the Department of Neurology (S.Y.L., H.M., K.O., K.S., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Division of Systems Medical Science (H.S., T.M.), Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake; Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia (A.S., H.A., Y.S., M.T., J.K.), Human Biology Integration, DHBL, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku; Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit (K.T.), RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama; Department of Neurology (H.M.), The Jikei University School of Medicine; and Department of Physiology/Memory Center (D.I.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junro Kuromitsu
- From the Department of Neurology (S.Y.L., H.M., K.O., K.S., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Division of Systems Medical Science (H.S., T.M.), Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake; Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia (A.S., H.A., Y.S., M.T., J.K.), Human Biology Integration, DHBL, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku; Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit (K.T.), RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama; Department of Neurology (H.M.), The Jikei University School of Medicine; and Department of Physiology/Memory Center (D.I.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jin Nakahara
- From the Department of Neurology (S.Y.L., H.M., K.O., K.S., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Division of Systems Medical Science (H.S., T.M.), Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake; Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia (A.S., H.A., Y.S., M.T., J.K.), Human Biology Integration, DHBL, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku; Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit (K.T.), RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama; Department of Neurology (H.M.), The Jikei University School of Medicine; and Department of Physiology/Memory Center (D.I.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- From the Department of Neurology (S.Y.L., H.M., K.O., K.S., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Division of Systems Medical Science (H.S., T.M.), Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake; Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia (A.S., H.A., Y.S., M.T., J.K.), Human Biology Integration, DHBL, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku; Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit (K.T.), RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama; Department of Neurology (H.M.), The Jikei University School of Medicine; and Department of Physiology/Memory Center (D.I.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ito
- From the Department of Neurology (S.Y.L., H.M., K.O., K.S., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Division of Systems Medical Science (H.S., T.M.), Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake; Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia (A.S., H.A., Y.S., M.T., J.K.), Human Biology Integration, DHBL, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku; Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit (K.T.), RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama; Department of Neurology (H.M.), The Jikei University School of Medicine; and Department of Physiology/Memory Center (D.I.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Chen PB, Chen R, LaPierre N, Chen Z, Mefford J, Marcus E, Heffel MG, Soto DC, Ernst J, Luo C, Flint J. Complementation testing identifies causal genes at quantitative trait loci underlying fear related behavior. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.03.574060. [PMID: 38260483 PMCID: PMC10802323 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.03.574060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Knowing the genes involved in quantitative traits provides a critical entry point to understanding the biological bases of behavior, but there are very few examples where the pathway from genetic locus to behavioral change is known. Here we address a key step towards that goal by deploying a test that directly queries whether a gene mediates the effect of a quantitative trait locus (QTL). To explore the role of specific genes in fear behavior, we mapped three fear-related traits, tested fourteen genes at six QTLs, and identified six genes. Four genes, Lsamp, Ptprd, Nptx2 and Sh3gl, have known roles in synapse function; the fifth gene, Psip1, is a transcriptional co-activator not previously implicated in behavior; the sixth is a long non-coding RNA 4933413L06Rik with no known function. Single nucleus transcriptomic and epigenetic analyses implicated excitatory neurons as likely mediating the genetic effects. Surprisingly, variation in transcriptome and epigenetic modalities between inbred strains occurred preferentially in excitatory neurons, suggesting that genetic variation is more permissible in excitatory than inhibitory neuronal circuits. Our results open a bottleneck in using genetic mapping of QTLs to find novel biology underlying behavior and prompt a reconsideration of expected relationships between genetic and functional variation.
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Salluzzo M, Vianello C, Abdullatef S, Rimondini R, Piccoli G, Carboni L. The Role of IgLON Cell Adhesion Molecules in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1886. [PMID: 37895235 PMCID: PMC10606101 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the brain, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are critical for neurite outgrowth, axonal fasciculation, neuronal survival and migration, and synapse formation and maintenance. Among CAMs, the IgLON family comprises five members: Opioid Binding Protein/Cell Adhesion Molecule Like (OPCML or OBCAM), Limbic System Associated Membrane Protein (LSAMP), neurotrimin (NTM), Neuronal Growth Regulator 1 (NEGR1), and IgLON5. IgLONs exhibit three N-terminal C2 immunoglobulin domains; several glycosylation sites; and a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchoring to the membrane. Interactions as homo- or heterodimers in cis and in trans, as well as binding to other molecules, appear critical for their functions. Shedding by metalloproteases generates soluble factors interacting with cellular receptors and activating signal transduction. The aim of this review was to analyse the available data implicating a role for IgLONs in neuropsychiatric disorders. Starting from the identification of a pathological role for antibodies against IgLON5 in an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease with a poorly understood mechanism of action, accumulating evidence links IgLONs to neuropsychiatric disorders, albeit with still undefined mechanisms which will require future thorough investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Salluzzo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Clara Vianello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (C.V.); (R.R.)
| | - Sandra Abdullatef
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (S.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Roberto Rimondini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (C.V.); (R.R.)
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (S.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Lucia Carboni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
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Depression-Associated Negr1 Gene-Deficiency Induces Alterations in the Monoaminergic Neurotransmission Enhancing Time-Dependent Sensitization to Amphetamine in Male Mice. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12121696. [PMID: 36552158 PMCID: PMC9776224 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12121696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In GWAS studies, the neural adhesion molecule encoding the neuronal growth regulator 1 (NEGR1) gene has been consistently linked with both depression and obesity. Although the linkage between NEGR1 and depression is the strongest, evidence also suggests the involvement of NEGR1 in a wide spectrum of psychiatric conditions. Here we show the expression of NEGR1 both in tyrosine- and tryptophan hydroxylase-positive cells. Negr1-/- mice show a time-dependent increase in behavioral sensitization to amphetamine associated with increased dopamine release in both the dorsal and ventral striatum. Upregulation of transcripts encoding dopamine and serotonin transporters and higher levels of several monoamines and their metabolites was evident in distinct brain areas of Negr1-/- mice. Chronic (23 days) escitalopram-induced reduction of serotonin and dopamine turnover is enhanced in Negr1-/- mice, and escitalopram rescued reduced weight of hippocampi in Negr1-/- mice. The current study is the first to show alterations in the brain monoaminergic systems in Negr1-deficient mice, suggesting that monoaminergic neural circuits contribute to both depressive and obesity-related phenotypes linked to the human NEGR1 gene.
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Behavioral Phenotyping of Bbs6 and Bbs8 Knockout Mice Reveals Major Alterations in Communication and Anxiety. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314506. [PMID: 36498834 PMCID: PMC9741393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is an organelle with a central role in cellular signal perception. Mutations in genes that encode cilia-associated proteins result in a collection of human syndromes collectively termed ciliopathies. Of these, the Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is considered one of the archetypical ciliopathies, as patients exhibit virtually all respective clinical phenotypes, such as pathological changes of the retina or the kidney. However, the behavioral phenotype associated with ciliary dysfunction has received little attention thus far. Here, we extensively characterized the behavior of two rodent models of BBS, Bbs6/Mkks, and Bbs8/Ttc8 knockout mice concerning social behavior, anxiety, and cognitive abilities. While learning tasks remained unaffected due to the genotype, we observed diminished social behavior and altered communication. Additionally, Bbs knockout mice displayed reduced anxiety. This was not due to altered adrenal gland function or corticosterone serum levels. However, hypothalamic expression of Lsamp, the limbic system associated protein, and Adam10, a protease acting on Lsamp, were reduced. This was accompanied by changes in characteristics of adult hypothalamic neurosphere cultures. In conclusion, we provide evidence that behavioral changes in Bbs knockout mice are mainly found in social and anxiety traits and might be based on an altered architecture of the hypothalamus.
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Spatiotemporal expression of IgLON family members in the developing mouse nervous system. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19536. [PMID: 34599206 PMCID: PMC8486791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97768-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Differential expression of cell adhesion molecules in neuronal populations is one of the many mechanisms promoting the formation of functional neural circuits in the developing nervous system. The IgLON family consists of five cell surface immunoglobulin proteins that have been associated with various developmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and major depressive disorder. However, there is still limited and fragmented information about their patterns of expression in certain regions of the developing nervous system and how their expression contributes to their function. Utilizing an in situ hybridization approach, we have analyzed the spatiotemporal expression of all IgLON family members in the developing mouse brain, spinal cord, eye, olfactory epithelium, and vomeronasal organ. At one prenatal (E16) and two postnatal (P0 and P15) ages, we show that each IgLON displays distinct expression patterns in the olfactory system, cerebral cortex, midbrain, cerebellum, spinal cord, and eye, indicating that they likely contribute to the wiring of specific neuronal circuitry. These analyses will inform future functional studies aimed at identifying additional roles for these proteins in nervous system development.
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Jagomäe T, Singh K, Philips MA, Jayaram M, Seppa K, Tekko T, Gilbert SF, Vasar E, Lilleväli K. Alternative Promoter Use Governs the Expression of IgLON Cell Adhesion Molecules in Histogenetic Fields of the Embryonic Mouse Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6955. [PMID: 34203377 PMCID: PMC8268470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The members of the IgLON superfamily of cell adhesion molecules facilitate fundamental cellular communication during brain development, maintain functional brain circuitry, and are associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression, autism, schizophrenia, and intellectual disabilities. Usage of alternative promoter-specific 1a and 1b mRNA isoforms in Lsamp, Opcml, Ntm, and the single promoter of Negr1 in the mouse and human brain has been previously described. To determine the precise spatiotemporal expression dynamics of Lsamp, Opcml, Ntm isoforms, and Negr1, in the developing brain, we generated isoform-specific RNA probes and carried out in situ hybridization in the developing (embryonic, E10.5, E11.5, 13.5, 17; postnatal, P0) and adult mouse brains. We show that promoter-specific expression of IgLONs is established early during pallial development (at E10.5), where it remains throughout its differentiation through adulthood. In the diencephalon, midbrain, and hindbrain, strong expression patterns are initiated a few days later and begin fading after birth, being only faintly expressed during adulthood. Thus, the expression of specific IgLONs in the developing brain may provide the means for regionally specific functionality as well as for specific regional vulnerabilities. The current study will therefore improve the understanding of how IgLON genes are implicated in the development of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toomas Jagomäe
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (T.J.); (M.-A.P.); (M.J.); (K.S.); (E.V.); (K.L.)
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 14B Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Katyayani Singh
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (T.J.); (M.-A.P.); (M.J.); (K.S.); (E.V.); (K.L.)
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari-Anne Philips
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (T.J.); (M.-A.P.); (M.J.); (K.S.); (E.V.); (K.L.)
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mohan Jayaram
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (T.J.); (M.-A.P.); (M.J.); (K.S.); (E.V.); (K.L.)
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kadri Seppa
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (T.J.); (M.-A.P.); (M.J.); (K.S.); (E.V.); (K.L.)
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 14B Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Triin Tekko
- The Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal;
| | - Scott F. Gilbert
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA;
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (T.J.); (M.-A.P.); (M.J.); (K.S.); (E.V.); (K.L.)
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kersti Lilleväli
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (T.J.); (M.-A.P.); (M.J.); (K.S.); (E.V.); (K.L.)
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
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Bregin A, Kaare M, Jagomäe T, Karis K, Singh K, Laugus K, Innos J, Leidmaa E, Heinla I, Visnapuu T, Oja EM, Kõiv K, Lilleväli K, Harro J, Philips MA, Vasar E. Expression and impact of Lsamp neural adhesion molecule in the serotonergic neurotransmission system. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 198:173017. [PMID: 32828972 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Limbic system associated membrane protein (Lsamp) is a neural adhesion protein which has been recently found to be differentially expressed between serotonergic neuron subtypes. We have previously shown elevated serotonin (5-HT) turnover rate in Lsamp-deficient mice. The purpose of the current study was to elucidate the role of Lsamp in serotonergic neurotransmission. Chronic (18 days) administration of serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) escitalopram (10 mg/kg) significantly increased general activity in wild-type mice in the open field and protected exploration in Lsamp-/- mice in the elevated-plus maze. An important psychopathology-related endophenotype, elevated 5-HT turnover in the brain of Lsamp-deficient mice, was reproduced in the saline group. Escitalopram restored the elevated 5-HT turnover of Lsamp-deficient mice to a level comparable with their wild-type littermates, suggesting that high 5-HT turnover in mutants is mediated by the increased activity of serotonin transporter (SERT protein encoded by Slc6a4 gene). The baseline level of Slc6a4 transcript was not changed in Lsamp-deficient mice, however, our immunohistochemical analysis showed partial co-expression of Lsamp with both SERT and Tph2 proteins in raphe. Overactivity of SERT in Lsamp-/- mice is further supported by significant elevation of Maoa transcript and increase of DOPAC, another Mao A product, specifically in the raphe. Again, elevation of DOPAC was reduced to the level of wild-type by chronic SSRI treatment. The activity of Lsamp gene promoters varied in 5-HT producing nuclei: both Lsamp 1a and 1b promoters were active in the dorsal raphe; most of the expression in the median raphe was from 1b promoter, whereas Lsamp 1a promoter was almost exclusively active in the caudal subgroup of raphe nuclei. We suggest that Lsamp may have an impact on the integrity of serotonergic synapses, which is possibly the neurochemical basis of the anxiety- and sociability-related phenotype in Lsamp-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Bregin
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maria Kaare
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toomas Jagomäe
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karina Karis
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Katyayani Singh
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karita Laugus
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jürgen Innos
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Este Leidmaa
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Indrek Heinla
- Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tanel Visnapuu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eva-Maria Oja
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kadri Kõiv
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kersti Lilleväli
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaanus Harro
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari-Anne Philips
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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9
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Depression-Associated Gene Negr1-Fgfr2 Pathway Is Altered by Antidepressant Treatment. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081818. [PMID: 32751911 PMCID: PMC7464991 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Negr1 gene has been significantly associated with major depression in genetic studies. Negr1 encodes for a cell adhesion molecule cleaved by the protease Adam10, thus activating Fgfr2 and promoting neuronal spine plasticity. We investigated whether antidepressants modulate the expression of genes belonging to Negr1-Fgfr2 pathway in Flinders sensitive line (FSL) rats, in a corticosterone-treated mouse model of depression, and in mouse primary neurons. Negr1 and Adam10 were the genes mostly affected by antidepressant treatment, and in opposite directions. Negr1 was down-regulated by escitalopram in the hypothalamus of FSL rats, by fluoxetine in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of corticosterone-treated mice, and by nortriptyline in hippocampal primary neurons. Adam10 mRNA was increased by nortriptyline administration in the hypothalamus, by escitalopram in the hippocampus of FSL rats, and by fluoxetine in mouse dorsal dentate gyrus. Similarly, nortriptyline increased Adam10 expression in hippocampal cultures. Fgfr2 expression was increased by nortriptyline in the hypothalamus of FSL rats and in hippocampal neurons. Lsamp, another IgLON family protein, increased in mouse dentate gyrus after fluoxetine treatment. These findings suggest that Negr1-Fgfr2 pathway plays a role in the modulation of synaptic plasticity induced by antidepressant treatment to promote therapeutic efficacy by rearranging connectivity in corticolimbic circuits impaired in depression.
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10
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Choe WH, Lee KA, Goto Y, Lee YA. Concurrent and Delayed Behavioral and Monoamine Alterations by Excessive Sucrose Intake in Juvenile Mice. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:504. [PMID: 32508582 PMCID: PMC7248345 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Our daily diet in the modern society has substantially changed from that in the ancient past. Consequently, new disorders associated with such dietary changes have emerged. For instance, excessive intake of compounds, such as sucrose (SUC), has recently been reported to induce pathological neuronal changes in adults, such as food addiction. It is still largely unclear whether and how excessive intake of such nutrients affects neurodevelopment. We investigated changes in behavior and monoamine signaling caused by excessive, semi-chronic intake of SUC and the non-caloric sweetener saccharin (SAC) in juvenile mice, using a battery of behavioral tests and high-performance liquid chromatography. Both SUC and SAC intake induced behavioral alterations such as altered amphetamine responses, sucrose preference, stress response, and anxiety, but did not affect social behavior and cognitive function such as attention in juvenile and adult mice. Moreover, SUC and SAC also altered dopamine and serotonin transmission in mesocorticolimbic regions. Some of these behavioral and neural alterations were triggered by SAC and SUC but others were distinct between the treatments. Moreover, alterations induced in juvenile mice were also different from those observed in adult mice. These results suggest that excessive SUC and SAC intake during the juvenile period may cause concurrent and delayed behavioral and monoamine signaling alterations in juvenile and adult mice, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Hui Choe
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Kyung-A Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Yukiori Goto
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Young-A Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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11
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Mehrjoo Z, Kahrizi K, Mohseni M, Akbari M, Arzhangi S, Jalalvand K, Najmabadi H, Farhadi M, Mohseni M, Asghari A, Mohebbi S, Daneshi A. Limbic System Associated Membrane Protein Mutation in an Iranian Family Diagnosed with Ménière's Disease. ARCHIVES OF IRANIAN MEDICINE 2020; 23:319-325. [PMID: 32383616 DOI: 10.34172/aim.2020.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ménière's disease (MD) is a common inner ear disorder which is characterized by recurrent attacks of vertigo, fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), tinnitus, and a sense of fullness in the affected ear. MD is a complex disorder; although six genes have been linked to familial autosomal dominant form of the disease, in many cases, the exact genetic etiology remains elusive. METHODS To elucidate the genetic causes of MD in an Iranian family, we performed exome sequencing on all members of the family: consanguineous parents and four children (two affected and two unaffected). Variant filtering was completed using a customized workflow keeping variants based on segregation with MD in autosomal recessive (AR) inheritance pattern, minor allele frequency (MAF), and in-silico prediction of pathogenicity. RESULTS Analysis revealed that in this family, 970 variants co-segregated with MD in AR pattern, out of which eight variants (one intergenic, four intronic, and three exonic) were extremely rare. The exonic variants included a synonymous substitution in USP3 gene, an in-frame deletion in ZBED2 gene, and a rare, highly conserved deleterious missense alteration in LSAMP gene. CONCLUSION The phenotype observed in the proband described here, i.e. vertigo, poor sense of smell, tinnitus, and borderline hearing ability, may originate from aberrant changes in the cerebellum and limbic system due to a deleterious mutation in the LSAMP gene; hence, LSAMP mutation is a possible candidate for the etiology of MD in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Mehrjoo
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Kahrizi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Mohseni
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojdeh Akbari
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Arzhangi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Jalalvand
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Najmabadi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farhadi
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center and Department, Hazrat Rasoul Hospital, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mohseni
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center and Department, Hazrat Rasoul Hospital, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alimohamad Asghari
- Skull Base Research Center, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saleh Mohebbi
- Skull Base Research Center, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Daneshi
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center and Department, Hazrat Rasoul Hospital, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Increased sensitivity to psychostimulants and GABAergic drugs in Lsamp-deficient mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 183:87-97. [PMID: 31163180 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lsamp, in combinations with other members of the IgLON family of cell adhesion molecules, promotes and inhibits neurite outgrowth and synapse formation during development. Mice lacking Lsamp gene display decreased social behaviour, hyperactivity; decreased anxiety level, alongside with altered balance in GABAA receptor α1 and α2 subunits; and decreased sensitivity to amphetamine, alongside with elevated serotonin function. In human studies, Lsamp has been associated with several psychiatric diseases, including schizophrenia, and suicide. Here, we provide a more thorough characterization of the pharmacological phenotype of Lsamp-deficient mice, including testing for sensitivity to morphine, cocaine, MK-801 and ketamine. More thorougly, sensitivity to GABA modulators (diazepam, alprazolam, ethanol, pentobarbital, TP003, and SL651498) was assessed. In brief, Lsamp-deficient mice were more sensitive to the locomotor activating effects of cocaine and morphine, and hypersensitive to the sedative and muscle relaxant effects of GABA modulators, most likely reflecting enhanced function of α1 and α5 subunits of the GABAA receptor. No gross differences in sensitivity to NMDA receptor modulators were observed. Thus, as the lack of Lsamp gene leads to widespread imbalances in major neurotransmitter systems in the brain accompanied by remarkable changes in behavioural phenotype as well, Lsamp-deficient mice are a promising model for mimicking psychiatric disorders.
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13
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Singh K, Jayaram M, Kaare M, Leidmaa E, Jagomäe T, Heinla I, Hickey MA, Kaasik A, Schäfer MK, Innos J, Lilleväli K, Philips MA, Vasar E. Neural cell adhesion molecule Negr1 deficiency in mouse results in structural brain endophenotypes and behavioral deviations related to psychiatric disorders. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5457. [PMID: 30932003 PMCID: PMC6443666 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41991-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal growth regulator 1 (NEGR1) belongs to the immunoglobulin (IgLON) superfamily of cell adhesion molecules involved in cortical layering. Recent functional and genomic studies implicate the role of NEGR1 in a wide spectrum of psychiatric disorders, such as major depression, schizophrenia and autism. Here, we investigated the impact of Negr1 deficiency on brain morphology, neuronal properties and social behavior of mice. In situ hybridization shows Negr1 expression in the brain nuclei which are central modulators of cortical-subcortical connectivity such as the island of Calleja and the reticular nucleus of thalamus. Brain morphological analysis revealed neuroanatomical abnormalities in Negr1−/− mice, including enlargement of ventricles and decrease in the volume of the whole brain, corpus callosum, globus pallidus and hippocampus. Furthermore, decreased number of parvalbumin-positive inhibitory interneurons was evident in Negr1−/− hippocampi. Behaviorally, Negr1−/− mice displayed hyperactivity in social interactions and impairments in social hierarchy. Finally, Negr1 deficiency resulted in disrupted neurite sprouting during neuritogenesis. Our results provide evidence that NEGR1 is required for balancing the ratio of excitatory/inhibitory neurons and proper formation of brain structures, which is prerequisite for adaptive behavioral profiles. Therefore, Negr1−/− mice have a high potential to provide new insights into the neural mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katyayani Singh
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia. .,Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Mohan Jayaram
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maria Kaare
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Este Leidmaa
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str.25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Toomas Jagomäe
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Indrek Heinla
- Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Postboks 6050 Langnes, 9037, Tromso, Norway
| | - Miriam A Hickey
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Allen Kaasik
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Michael K Schäfer
- Department for Anesthesiology, University Medical Center and Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Innos
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kersti Lilleväli
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari-Anne Philips
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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14
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Stroobants S, Wolf H, Callaerts-Vegh Z, Dierks T, Lübke T, D'Hooge R. Sensorimotor and Neurocognitive Dysfunctions Parallel Early Telencephalic Neuropathology in Fucosidosis Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:69. [PMID: 29706874 PMCID: PMC5906539 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucosidosis is a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) caused by lysosomal α-L-fucosidase deficiency. Insufficient α-L-fucosidase activity triggers accumulation of undegraded, fucosylated glycoproteins and glycolipids in various tissues. The human phenotype is heterogeneous, but progressive motor and cognitive impairments represent the most characteristic symptoms. Recently, Fuca1-deficient mice were generated by gene targeting techniques, constituting a novel animal model for human fucosidosis. These mice display widespread LSD pathology, accumulation of secondary storage material and neuroinflammation throughout the brain, as well as progressive loss of Purkinje cells. Fuca1-deficient mice and control littermates were subjected to a battery of tests detailing different aspects of motor, emotional and cognitive function. At an early stage of disease, we observed reduced exploratory activity, sensorimotor disintegration as well as impaired spatial learning and fear memory. These early markers of neurological deterioration were related to the respective stage of neuropathology using molecular genetic and immunochemical procedures. Increased expression of the lysosomal marker Lamp1 and neuroinflammation markers was observed throughout the brain, but appeared more prominent in cerebral areas in comparison to cerebellum of Fuca1-deficient mice. This is consistent with impaired behaviors putatively related to early disruptions of motor and cognitive circuits particularly involving cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and hippocampus. Thus, Fuca1-deficient mice represent a practical and promising fucosidosis model, which can be utilized for pathogenetic and therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Stroobants
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,mINT Behavioral Phenotyping Facility, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heike Wolf
- Biochemistry I, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Callaerts-Vegh
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,mINT Behavioral Phenotyping Facility, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Dierks
- Biochemistry I, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Torben Lübke
- Biochemistry I, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rudi D'Hooge
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,mINT Behavioral Phenotyping Facility, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Singh K, Lilleväli K, Gilbert SF, Bregin A, Narvik J, Jayaram M, Rahi M, Innos J, Kaasik A, Vasar E, Philips MA. The combined impact of IgLON family proteins Lsamp and Neurotrimin on developing neurons and behavioral profiles in mouse. Brain Res Bull 2018; 140:5-18. [PMID: 29605488 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface neural adhesion proteins are critical components in the complex orchestration of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and neuritogenesis essential for proper brain construction and behavior. We focused on the impact of two plasticity-associated IgLON family neural adhesion molecules, Neurotrimin (Ntm) and Limbic system associated membrane protein (Lsamp), on mouse behavior and its underlying neural development. Phenotyping neurons derived from the hippocampi of Lsamp-/-, Ntm-/- and Lsamp-/-Ntm-/- mice was performed in parallel with behavioral testing. While the anatomy of mutant brains revealed no gross changes, the Ntm-/- hippocampal neurons exhibited premature sprouting of neurites and manifested accelerated neurite elongation and branching. We propose that Ntm exerts an inhibitory impact on neurite outgrowth, whereas Lsamp appears to be an enhancer of the said process as premature neuritogenesis in Ntm-/- neurons is apparent only in the presence of Lsamp. We also show interplay between Lsamp and Ntm in regulating tissue homeostasis: the impact of Ntm on cellular proliferation was dependent on Lsamp, and Lsamp appeared to be a positive regulator of apoptosis in the presence of Ntm. Behavioral phenotyping indicated test-specific interactions between Lsamp and Ntm. The phenotypes of single mutant lines, such as reduced swimming speed in Morris water maze and increased activity in the elevated plus maze, were magnified in Lsamp-/-Ntm-/- mice. Altogether, evidence both from behavioral experiments and cultured hippocampal cells show combined and differential interactions between Ntm and Lsamp in the formation of hippocampal circuits and behavioral profiles. We demonstrate that mutual interactions between IgLON molecules regulate the initiation of neurite sprouting at very early ages, and even cell-autonomously, independent of their regulation of cell-cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katyayani Singh
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kersti Lilleväli
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Scott F Gilbert
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA
| | - Aleksandr Bregin
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jane Narvik
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mohan Jayaram
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Märt Rahi
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr.R. Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jürgen Innos
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Allen Kaasik
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari-Anne Philips
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.
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16
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Singh K, Loreth D, Pöttker B, Hefti K, Innos J, Schwald K, Hengstler H, Menzel L, Sommer CJ, Radyushkin K, Kretz O, Philips MA, Haas CA, Frauenknecht K, Lilleväli K, Heimrich B, Vasar E, Schäfer MKE. Neuronal Growth and Behavioral Alterations in Mice Deficient for the Psychiatric Disease-Associated Negr1 Gene. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:30. [PMID: 29479305 PMCID: PMC5811522 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal growth regulator 1 (NEGR1), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecule subgroup IgLON, has been implicated in neuronal growth and connectivity. In addition, genetic variants in or near the NEGR1 locus have been associated with obesity and more recently with learning difficulties, intellectual disability and psychiatric disorders. However, experimental evidence is lacking to support a possible link between NEGR1, neuronal growth and behavioral abnormalities. Initial expression analysis of NEGR1 mRNA in C57Bl/6 wildtype (WT) mice by in situ hybridization demonstrated marked expression in the entorhinal cortex (EC) and dentate granule cells. In co-cultures of cortical neurons and NSC-34 cells overexpressing NEGR1, neurite growth of cortical neurons was enhanced and distal axons occupied an increased area of cells overexpressing NEGR1. Conversely, in organotypic slice co-cultures, Negr1-knockout (KO) hippocampus was less permissive for axons grown from EC of β-actin-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) mice compared to WT hippocampus. Neuroanatomical analysis revealed abnormalities of EC axons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of Negr1-KO mice including increased numbers of axonal projections to the hilus. Neurotransmitter receptor ligand binding densities, a proxy of functional neurotransmitter receptor abundance, did not show differences in the DG of Negr1-KO mice but altered ligand binding densities to NMDA receptor and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors M1 and M2 were found in CA1 and CA3. Activity behavior, anxiety-like behavior and sensorimotor gating were not different between genotypes. However, Negr1-KO mice exhibited impaired social behavior compared to WT littermates. Moreover, Negr1-KO mice showed reversal learning deficits in the Morris water maze and increased susceptibility to pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizures. Thus, our results from neuronal growth assays, neuroanatomical analyses and behavioral assessments provide first evidence that deficiency of the psychiatric disease-associated Negr1 gene may affect neuronal growth and behavior. These findings might be relevant to further evaluate the role of NEGR1 in cognitive and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katyayani Singh
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Desirée Loreth
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bruno Pöttker
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kyra Hefti
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Innos
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kathrin Schwald
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heidi Hengstler
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Menzel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Clemens J Sommer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Konstantin Radyushkin
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Mouse Behavioral Unit, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver Kretz
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mari-Anne Philips
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Carola A Haas
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Frauenknecht
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kersti Lilleväli
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Bernd Heimrich
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Michael K E Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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17
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Tan RPA, Leshchyns'ka I, Sytnyk V. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Immunoglobulin Superfamily Cell Adhesion Molecules and Their Role in Neuronal Development and Synapse Regulation. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:378. [PMID: 29249937 PMCID: PMC5715320 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are cell surface glycoproteins that not only mediate interactions between neurons but also between neurons and other cells in the nervous system. While typical IgSF CAMs are transmembrane molecules, this superfamily also includes CAMs, which do not possess transmembrane and intracellular domains and are instead attached to the plasma membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. In this review, we focus on the role GPI-anchored IgSF CAMs have as signal transducers and ligands in neurons, and discuss their functions in regulation of neuronal development, synapse formation, synaptic plasticity, learning, and behavior. We also review the links between GPI-anchored IgSF CAMs and brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui P A Tan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Iryna Leshchyns'ka
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vladimir Sytnyk
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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18
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Vanaveski T, Singh K, Narvik J, Eskla KL, Visnapuu T, Heinla I, Jayaram M, Innos J, Lilleväli K, Philips MA, Vasar E. Promoter-Specific Expression and Genomic Structure of IgLON Family Genes in Mouse. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:38. [PMID: 28210208 PMCID: PMC5288359 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
IgLON family is composed of five genes: Lsamp, Ntm, Opcml, Negr1, and Iglon5; encoding for five highly homologous neural adhesion proteins that regulate neurite outgrowth and synapse formation. In the current study we performed in silico analysis revealing that Ntm and Opcml display similar genomic structure as previously reported for Lsamp, characterized by two alternative promotors 1a and 1b. Negr1 and Iglon5 transcripts have uniform 5′ region, suggesting single promoter. Iglon5, the recently characterized family member, shares high level of conservation and structural qualities characteristic to IgLON family such as N-terminal signal peptide, three Ig domains, and GPI anchor binding site. By using custom 5′-isoform-specific TaqMan gene-expression assay, we demonstrated heterogeneous expression of IgLON transcripts in different areas of mouse brain and several-fold lower expression in selected tissues outside central nervous system. As an example, the expression of IgLON transcripts in urogenital and reproductive system is in line with repeated reports of urogenital tumors accompanied by mutations in IgLON genes. Considering the high levels of intra-family homology shared by IgLONs, we investigated potential compensatory effects at the level of IgLON isoforms in the brains of mice deficient of one or two family members. We found that the lack of IgLONs is not compensated by a systematic quantitative increase of the other family members. On the contrary, the expression of Ntm 1a transcript and NEGR1 protein was significantly reduced in the frontal cortex of Lsamp-deficient mice suggesting that the expression patterns within IgLON family are balanced coherently. The actions of individual IgLONs, however, can be antagonistic as demonstrated by differential expression of Syp in deletion mutants of IgLONs. In conclusion, we show that the genomic twin-promoter structure has impact on both anatomical distribution and intra-family interactions of IgLON family members. Remarkable variety in the activity levels of 1a and 1b promoters both in the brain and in other tissues, suggests complex functional regulation of IgLONs by alternative signal peptides driven by 1a and 1b promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taavi Vanaveski
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Katyayani Singh
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jane Narvik
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kattri-Liis Eskla
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tanel Visnapuu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of TartuTartu, Estonia; Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Indrek Heinla
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mohan Jayaram
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jürgen Innos
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kersti Lilleväli
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari-Anne Philips
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
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19
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Mazitov T, Bregin A, Philips MA, Innos J, Vasar E. Deficit in emotional learning in neurotrimin knockout mice. Behav Brain Res 2016; 317:311-318. [PMID: 27693610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrimin (Ntm) belongs to the IgLON family of cell adhesion molecules with Lsamp, Obcam and kilon that regulate the outgrowth of neurites mostly by forming heterodimers. IgLONs have been associated with psychiatric disorders, intelligence, body weight, heart disease and tumours. This study provides an initial behavioural and pharmacological characterization of the phenotype of Ntm-deficient mice. We expected to see at least some overlap with the phenotype of Lsamp-deficient mice as Ntm and Lsamp are the main interaction partners in the IgLON family and are colocalized in some brain regions. However, Ntm-deficient mice displayed none of the deviations in behaviour that we have previously shown in Lsamp-deficient mice, but differently from Lsamp-deficient mice, had a deficit in emotional learning in the active avoidance task. The only overlap was decreased sensitivity to the locomotor stimulating effect of amphetamine in both knockout models. Thus, despite being interaction partners, on the behavioural level Lsamp seems to play a much more central role than Ntm and the roles of these two proteins seem to be complementary rather than overlapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur Mazitov
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Aleksandr Bregin
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari-Anne Philips
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jürgen Innos
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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20
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Freudenberg F, Carreño Gutierrez H, Post AM, Reif A, Norton WHJ. Aggression in non-human vertebrates: Genetic mechanisms and molecular pathways. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171:603-40. [PMID: 26284957 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Aggression is an adaptive behavioral trait that is important for the establishment of social hierarchies and competition for mating partners, food, and territories. While a certain level of aggression can be beneficial for the survival of an individual or species, abnormal aggression levels can be detrimental. Abnormal aggression is commonly found in human patients with psychiatric disorders. The predisposition to aggression is influenced by a combination of environmental and genetic factors and a large number of genes have been associated with aggression in both human and animal studies. In this review, we compare and contrast aggression studies in zebrafish and mouse. We present gene ontology and pathway analyses of genes linked to aggression and discuss the molecular pathways that underpin agonistic behavior in these species. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Freudenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Antonia M Post
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - William H J Norton
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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21
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Netrin-G1 regulates fear-like and anxiety-like behaviors in dissociable neural circuits. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28750. [PMID: 27345935 PMCID: PMC4921862 DOI: 10.1038/srep28750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrate mammals, distributed neural circuits in the brain are involved in emotion-related behavior. Netrin-G1 is a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored synaptic adhesion molecule whose deficiency results in impaired fear-like and anxiety-like behaviors under specific circumstances. To understand the cell type and circuit specificity of these responses, we generated netrin-G1 conditional knockout mice with loss of expression in cortical excitatory neurons, inhibitory neurons, or thalamic neurons. Genetic deletion of netrin-G1 in cortical excitatory neurons resulted in altered anxiety-like behavior, but intact fear-like behavior, whereas loss of netrin-G1 in inhibitory neurons resulted in attenuated fear-like behavior, but intact anxiety-like behavior. These data indicate a remarkable double dissociation of fear-like and anxiety-like behaviors involving netrin-G1 in excitatory and inhibitory neurons, respectively. Our findings support a crucial role for netrin-G1 in dissociable neural circuits for the modulation of emotion-related behaviors, and provide genetic models for investigating the mechanisms underlying the dissociation. The results also suggest the involvement of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored synaptic adhesion molecules in the development and pathogenesis of emotion-related behavior.
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22
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Zhang Q, Goto H, Akiyoshi-Nishimura S, Prosselkov P, Sano C, Matsukawa H, Yaguchi K, Nakashiba T, Itohara S. Diversification of behavior and postsynaptic properties by netrin-G presynaptic adhesion family proteins. Mol Brain 2016; 9:6. [PMID: 26746425 PMCID: PMC4706652 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertebrate-specific neuronal genes are expected to play a critical role in the diversification and evolution of higher brain functions. Among them, the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored netrin-G subfamily members in the UNC6/netrin family are unique in their differential expression patterns in many neuronal circuits, and differential binding ability to their cognate homologous post-synaptic receptors. RESULTS To gain insight into the roles of these genes in higher brain functions, we performed comprehensive behavioral batteries using netrin-G knockout mice. We found that two netrin-G paralogs that recently diverged in evolution, netrin-G1 and netrin-G2 (gene symbols: Ntng1 and Ntng2, respectively), were responsible for complementary behavioral functions. Netrin-G2, but not netrin-G1, encoded demanding sensorimotor functions. Both paralogs were responsible for complex vertebrate-specific cognitive functions and fine-scale regulation of basic adaptive behaviors conserved between invertebrates and vertebrates, such as spatial reference and working memory, attention, impulsivity and anxiety etc. Remarkably, netrin-G1 and netrin-G2 encoded a genetic "division of labor" in behavioral regulation, selectively mediating different tasks or even different details of the same task. At the cellular level, netrin-G1 and netrin-G2 differentially regulated the sub-synaptic localization of their cognate receptors and differentiated the properties of postsynaptic scaffold proteins in complementary neural pathways. CONCLUSIONS Pre-synaptic netrin-G1 and netrin-G2 diversify the complexity of vertebrate behaviors and differentially regulate post-synaptic properties. Our findings constitute the first genetic analysis of the behavioral and synaptic diversification roles of a vertebrate GPI protein and presynaptic adhesion molecule family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Hiromichi Goto
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Akiyoshi-Nishimura
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Pavel Prosselkov
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Chie Sano
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Matsukawa
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Kunio Yaguchi
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Nakashiba
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Shigeyoshi Itohara
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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23
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Veroude K, Zhang-James Y, Fernàndez-Castillo N, Bakker MJ, Cormand B, Faraone SV. Genetics of aggressive behavior: An overview. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171B:3-43. [PMID: 26345359 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) address three types of aggression: frustrative non-reward, defensive aggression and offensive/proactive aggression. This review sought to present the evidence for genetic underpinnings of aggression and to determine to what degree prior studies have examined phenotypes that fit into the RDoC framework. Although the constructs of defensive and offensive aggression have been widely used in the animal genetics literature, the human literature is mostly agnostic with regard to all the RDoC constructs. We know from twin studies that about half the variance in behavior may be explained by genetic risk factors. This is true for both dimensional, trait-like, measures of aggression and categorical definitions of psychopathology. The non-shared environment seems to have a moderate influence with the effects of shared environment being unclear. Human molecular genetic studies of aggression are in an early stage. The most promising candidates are in the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems along with hormonal regulators. Genome-wide association studies have not yet achieved genome-wide significance, but current samples are too small to detect variants having the small effects one would expect for a complex disorder. The strongest molecular evidence for a genetic basis for aggression comes from animal models comparing aggressive and non-aggressive strains or documenting the effects of gene knockouts. Although we have learned much from these prior studies, future studies should improve the measurement of aggression by using a systematic method of measurement such as that proposed by the RDoC initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Veroude
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yanli Zhang-James
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.,Departments of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Noèlia Fernàndez-Castillo
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain
| | - Mireille J Bakker
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bru Cormand
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.,Departments of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.,K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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24
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Heinla I, Leidmaa E, Kongi K, Pennert A, Innos J, Nurk K, Tekko T, Singh K, Vanaveski T, Reimets R, Mandel M, Lang A, Lilleväli K, Kaasik A, Vasar E, Philips MA. Gene expression patterns and environmental enrichment-induced effects in the hippocampi of mice suggest importance of Lsamp in plasticity. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:205. [PMID: 26136648 PMCID: PMC4470440 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Limbic system associated membrane protein (Lsamp) gene is involved in behavioral adaptation in social and anxiogenic environments and has been associated with a broad spectrum of psychiatric diseases. Here we studied the activity of alternative promoters of Lsamp gene in mice in three rearing conditions (standard housing, environmental enrichment and social isolation) and in two different genetic backgrounds (129S6/SvEv and C57BL/6). Isolation had no effect on the expression levels of Lsamp. Environmental enrichment elevated the expression levels of Lsamp 1b transcript specifically in the hippocampus in B6 mice, and the same tendency existed across both mouse lines and both transcripts. Furthermore, we showed that the density of cells exhibiting 1b promoter activity is remarkably higher in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampal formation which is a specific area of enrichment-induced neurogenesis in adult rodents. On the contrary to 1b, 1a promoter is selectively active in the pyramidal and granule cell layers. We provide evidence that Lsamp modulates enrichment-induced activation of Bdnf as the enrichment-induced elevation of Bdnf in the hippocampus is significantly diminished in Lsamp-deficient mice; furthermore, a significant correlation was found between the expression levels of Lsamp and Bdnf transcripts in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. Significant strain differences in Lsamp expression were detected in the hippocampus, frontal cortex and thalamus that could be related to the different behavioral phenotype of B6 and 129Sv mice. Our data provides further evidence that LSAMP is implicated in the hippocampal connectivity and plasticity thereby modulating adaptability in changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrek Heinla
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Este Leidmaa
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia ; Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry Munich, Germany
| | - Karina Kongi
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Airi Pennert
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jürgen Innos
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kaarel Nurk
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Triin Tekko
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Katyayani Singh
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Taavi Vanaveski
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Riin Reimets
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Merle Mandel
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Aavo Lang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kersti Lilleväli
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Allen Kaasik
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari-Anne Philips
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
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25
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Schmidt ERE, Brignani S, Adolfs Y, Lemstra S, Demmers J, Vidaki M, Donahoo ALS, Lilleväli K, Vasar E, Richards LJ, Karagogeos D, Kolk SM, Pasterkamp RJ. Subdomain-mediated axon-axon signaling and chemoattraction cooperate to regulate afferent innervation of the lateral habenula. Neuron 2014; 83:372-387. [PMID: 25033181 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A dominant feature of neural circuitry is the organization of neuronal projections and synapses into specific brain nuclei or laminae. Lamina-specific connectivity is controlled by the selective expression of extracellular guidance and adhesion molecules in the target field. However, how (sub)nucleus-specific connections are established and whether axon-derived cues contribute to subdomain targeting are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the lateral subnucleus of the habenula (lHb) determines its own afferent innervation by sending out efferent projections that express the cell adhesion molecule LAMP to reciprocally collect and guide dopaminergic afferents to the lHb-a phenomenon we term subdomain-mediated axon-axon signaling. This process of reciprocal axon-axon interactions cooperates with lHb-specific chemoattraction mediated by Netrin-1, which controls axon target entry, to ensure specific innervation of the lHb. We propose that cooperation between pretarget reciprocal axon-axon signaling and subdomain-restricted instructive cues provides a highly precise and general mechanism to establish subdomain-specific neural circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewoud Roberto Eduard Schmidt
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sara Brignani
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Youri Adolfs
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Lemstra
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Demmers
- Proteomics Centre and Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Dr Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marina Vidaki
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion GR-7110, Greece
| | - Amber-Lee Skye Donahoo
- Queensland Brain Institute and The School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Building 79, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Kersti Lilleväli
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Linda Jane Richards
- Queensland Brain Institute and The School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Building 79, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion GR-7110, Greece
| | - Sharon Margriet Kolk
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Heinla I, Leidmaa E, Visnapuu T, Philips MA, Vasar E. Enrichment and individual housing reinforce the differences in aggressiveness and amphetamine response in 129S6/SvEv and C57BL/6 strains. Behav Brain Res 2014; 267:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Philips MA, Lilleväli K, Heinla I, Luuk H, Hundahl CA, Kongi K, Vanaveski T, Tekko T, Innos J, Vasar E. Lsamp is implicated in the regulation of emotional and social behavior by use of alternative promoters in the brain. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:1381-93. [PMID: 24633737 PMCID: PMC4409639 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0732-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Limbic system-associated membrane protein (LSAMP) is a neural cell adhesion molecule involved in neurite formation and outgrowth. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the distribution of alternatively transcribed Lsamp isoforms in the mouse brain and its implications on the regulation of behavior. Limbic system-associated membrane protein 1b transcript was visualized by using a mouse strain expressing beta-galactosidase under the control of Lsamp 1b promoter. The distribution of Lsamp 1a transcript and summarized expression of the Lsamp transcripts was investigated by non-radioactive in situ RNA hybridization analysis. Cross-validation was performed by using radioactive in situ hybridization with oligonucleotide probes. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to study correlations between the expression of Lsamp isoforms and behavioral parameters. The expression pattern of two promoters differs remarkably from the developmental initiation at embryonic day 12.5. Limbic system-associated membrane protein 1a promoter is active in “classic” limbic structures where the hippocampus and amygdaloid area display the highest expression. Promoter 1b is mostly active in the thalamic sensory nuclei and cortical sensory areas, but also in areas that regulate stress and arousal. Higher levels of Lsamp 1a transcript had significant correlations with all of the measures indicating higher trait anxiety in the elevated plus-maze test. Limbic system-associated membrane protein transcript levels in the hippocampus and ventral striatum correlated with behavioral parameters in the social interaction test. The data are in line with decreased anxiety and alterations in social behavior in Lsamp-deficient mice. We propose that Lsamp is involved in emotional and social operating systems by complex regulation of two alternative promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari-Anne Philips
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50411, Estonia,
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Innos J, Koido K, Philips MA, Vasar E. Limbic system associated membrane protein as a potential target for neuropsychiatric disorders. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:32. [PMID: 23532449 PMCID: PMC3607788 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The studies performed in laboratory animals and psychiatric patients suggest a possible role of limbic system-associated membrane protein (LAMP) in the mechanisms of psychiatric disorders. Stressful manipulations and genetic invalidation have revealed a role of the Lsamp gene in the regulation of anxiety in rodents. Besides that, Lsamp-deficient mice display reduced aggressiveness and impaired adaptation in novel and stressful environments. The behavioral effects of amphetamine were blunted in genetically modified mice. Recent pharmacological and biochemical studies point toward altered function of GABA-, 5-hydroxytryptamine-, and dopaminergic systems in Lsamp-deficient mice. Moreover, we found an association between the gene polymorphisms of LSAMP and major depressive disorder (MDD). Patients suffering from MDD had significantly increased ratio between risk and protective haplotypes of the LSAMP gene compared to healthy volunteers. However, the impact of these haplotypes for the function of LAMP is not clear and remains to be elucidated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Innos
- Department of Physiology, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
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29
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Innos J, Leidmaa E, Philips MA, Sütt S, Alttoa A, Harro J, Kõks S, Vasar E. Lsamp⁻/⁻ mice display lower sensitivity to amphetamine and have elevated 5-HT turnover. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012. [PMID: 23206697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In mice, the limbic system-associated membrane protein (Lsamp) gene has been implicated in locomotion, anxiety, fear reaction, learning, social behaviour and adaptation. Human data links the LSAMP gene to several psychiatric disorders and completed suicide. Here, we investigated changes in major monoamine systems in mice lacking the Lsamp gene. First, the locomotor and rewarding effects of amphetamine were studied in Lsamp(-/-) mice and Lsamp(+/+) mice. Second, monoamine levels in major brain regions in response to saline and amphetamine injections were measured and, third, the expression levels of dopamine system-related genes in the brain were studied in these mice. Lsamp(-/-) mice displayed lower sensitivity to amphetamine in the motility box. Likewise, in the place preference test, the rewarding effect of amphetamine was absent in Lsamp(-/-) mice. In all brain regions studied, Lsamp(-/-) mice displayed lower serotonin (5-HT) baseline levels, but a greater 5-HT turnover rate, and amphetamine increased the level of 5-HT and lowered 5-HT turnover to a greater extent in Lsamp(-/-) mice. Finally, Lsamp(-/-) mice had lower level of dopamine transporter (DAT) mRNA in the mesencephalon. In conclusion, Lsamp-deficiency leads to increased endogenous 5-HT-ergic tone and enhanced 5-HT release in response to amphetamine. Elevated 5-HT function and reduced activity of DAT are the probable reasons for the blunted effects of amphetamine in these mice. Lsamp(-/-) mice are a promising model to study the neurobiological mechanisms of deviant social behaviour and adaptation impairment observed in many psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Innos
- Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
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30
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Koido K, Traks T, Balõtšev R, Eller T, Must A, Koks S, Maron E, Tõru I, Shlik J, Vasar V, Vasar E. Associations between LSAMP gene polymorphisms and major depressive disorder and panic disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2012; 2:e152. [PMID: 22892717 PMCID: PMC3432189 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2012.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this case-control genetic association study was to explore potential relationships between polymorphisms in the limbic system-associated membrane protein (LSAMP) gene and mood and anxiety disorders. A total of 21 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the LSAMP gene were analyzed in 591 unrelated patients with the diagnoses of major depressive disorder (MDD) or panic disorder (PD) and in 384 healthy control subjects. The results showed a strong association between LSAMP SNPs and MDD, and a suggestive association between LSAMP SNPs and PD. This is the first evidence of a possible role of LSAMP gene in mood and anxiety disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Koido
- Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - T Traks
- Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia,Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - R Balõtšev
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - T Eller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - A Must
- Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia,Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - S Koks
- Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia,Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - E Maron
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia,Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Molecular Imaging, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - I Tõru
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - J Shlik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - V Vasar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - E Vasar
- Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia,Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Functional inactivation of the genome-wide association study obesity gene neuronal growth regulator 1 in mice causes a body mass phenotype. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41537. [PMID: 22844493 PMCID: PMC3402391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified at least 32 novel loci for obesity and body mass-related traits. However, the causal genetic variant and molecular mechanisms of specific susceptibility genes in relation to obesity are yet to be fully confirmed and characterised. Here, we examined whether the candidate gene NEGR1 encoding the neuronal growth regulator 1, also termed neurotractin or Kilon, accounts for the obesity association. To characterise the function of NEGR1 for body weight control in vivo, we generated two novel mutant mouse lines, including a constitutive NEGR1-deficient mouse line as well as an ENU-mutagenised line carrying a loss-of-function mutation (Negr1-I87N) and performed metabolic phenotypic analyses. Ablation of NEGR1 results in a small but steady reduction of body mass in both mutant lines, accompanied with a small reduction in body length in the Negr1-I87N mutants. Magnetic resonance scanning reveals that the reduction of body mass in Negr1-I87N mice is due to a reduced proportion of lean mass. Negr1-I87N mutants display reduced food intake and physical activity while normalised energy expenditure remains unchanged. Expression analyses confirmed the brain-specific distribution of NEGR1 including strong expression in the hypothalamus. In vitro assays show that NEGR1 promotes cell-cell adhesion and neurite growth of hypothalamic neurons. Our results indicate a role of NEGR1 in the control of body weight and food intake. This study provides evidence that supports the link of the GWAS candidate gene NEGR1 with body weight control.
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Innos J, Philips MA, Raud S, Lilleväli K, Kõks S, Vasar E. Deletion of the Lsamp gene lowers sensitivity to stressful environmental manipulations in mice. Behav Brain Res 2011; 228:74-81. [PMID: 22155487 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Lsamp gene gives rise to limbic system-associated membrane protein (LAMP), which is expressed on the surface of somata and proximal dendrites of neurons. Lsamp-deficient mice have been shown to be slightly hyperactive in novel environments and less anxious, and they display alterations in swimming speed, fear reaction, fear conditioning and social behaviour. In human studies, links between the LSAMP gene and several psychiatric disorders have been found and LSAMP has been established as a tumour suppressor gene. To study the impact of environmental manipulations on the phenotype, we exposed male Lsamp-deficient mice to environmental enrichment (EE), a technique that has often been shown to abolish phenotypic deviations in knockout mice, and to social isolation, a stressful manipulation, after which all the mice were tested in a behavioural battery. EE abolished differences between the genotypes in body weight and anogenital sniffing, a behaviour related to aggressiveness, and amplified the anxiolytic-like phenotype of Lsamp-deficient mice both in the plus maze and motility box. Isolation abolished differences between the genotypes in body weight and anxiety and amplified the differences in swimming speed and anogenital sniffing. EE and isolation failed to modify the results as compared to standard housing in whisker trimming, locomotor activity, marble burying and corticosterone levels. In conclusion, Lsamp-deficient mice were less sensitive to isolation stress than their wild-type littermates. Lack of LAMP protein seemingly leads to a deterioration in the ability to adapt to novel stressful environments and stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Innos
- Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
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