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Babinet MN, Demily C, Gobin E, Laurent C, Maillet T, Michael GA. The Time Course of Information Processing During Eye Direction Perception. Exp Psychol 2023; 70:324-335. [PMID: 38602119 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Gaze directed at the observer (direct gaze) is a highly salient social signal. Despite the existence of a preferential orientation toward direct gaze, none of the studies carried out so far seem to have explicitly studied the time course of information processing during gaze direction judgment. In an eye direction judgment task, participants were presented with a sketch of a face. A temporal asynchrony was introduced between the presentation of the eyes and that of the rest of the face. Indeed, the face could be presented before the eyes, the eyes could be presented before the face, or the face and the eyes could be presented simultaneously. In a second time, the face direction was also manipulated. The results suggest that the time course of information processing during eye direction judgment follows a continuum that makes it possible to perceive the eyes first and then to use the facial context to judge the direction of gaze. Furthermore, the congruency between the direction of gaze and that of the face confirms this observation. Although these results are discussed in the light of existing theories about the mechanisms underlying gaze processing, our data provide new information suggesting that, despite their power to capture attention, the eyes probably have to stand out from a more general spatial configuration (i.e., the face) in order for their direction to be adequately processed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Noëlle Babinet
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Troubles du Comportement d'Origine Génétique (GénoPsy Lyon), Centre d'excellence Autisme iMIND, Le Vinatier Etablissement Lyonnais référent en psychiatrie et santé mentale, UMR 5229, CNRS & Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Département de Sciences Cognitives, Psychologie Cognitive & Neuropsychologie, Institut de Psychologie, Unité de Recherche Étude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082), Université Lumiére Lyon 2, Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Demily
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Troubles du Comportement d'Origine Génétique (GénoPsy Lyon), Centre d'excellence Autisme iMIND, Le Vinatier Etablissement Lyonnais référent en psychiatrie et santé mentale, UMR 5229, CNRS & Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Eloïse Gobin
- Département de Sciences Cognitives, Psychologie Cognitive & Neuropsychologie, Institut de Psychologie, Unité de Recherche Étude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082), Université Lumiére Lyon 2, Lyon, France
| | - Clémence Laurent
- Département de Sciences Cognitives, Psychologie Cognitive & Neuropsychologie, Institut de Psychologie, Unité de Recherche Étude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082), Université Lumiére Lyon 2, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Maillet
- Département de Sciences Cognitives, Psychologie Cognitive & Neuropsychologie, Institut de Psychologie, Unité de Recherche Étude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082), Université Lumiére Lyon 2, Lyon, France
| | - George A Michael
- Département de Sciences Cognitives, Psychologie Cognitive & Neuropsychologie, Institut de Psychologie, Unité de Recherche Étude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082), Université Lumiére Lyon 2, Lyon, France
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Eye Direction Detection and Perception as Premises of a Social Brain: A Narrative Review of Behavioral and Neural Data. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 22:1-20. [PMID: 34642895 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-021-00959-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The eyes and the gaze are important stimuli for social interaction in humans. Impaired recognition of facial identity, facial emotions, and inference of the intentions of others may result from difficulties in extracting information relevant to the eye region, mainly the direction of gaze. Therefore, a review of these data is of interest. Behavioral data demonstrating the importance of the eye region and how humans respond to gaze direction are reviewed narratively, and several theoretical models on how visual information on gaze is processed are discussed to propose a unified hypothesis. Several issues that have not yet been investigated are identified. The authors tentatively suggest experiments that might help progress research in this area. The neural aspects are subsequently reviewed to best describe the low-level and higher-level visual information processing stages in the targeted subcortical and cortical areas. A specific neural network is proposed on the basis of the literature. Various gray areas, such as the temporality of the processing of visual information, the question of salience priority, and the coordination between the two hemispheres, remain unclear and require further investigations. Finally, disordered gaze direction detection mechanisms and their consequences on social cognition and behavior are discussed as key deficiencies in several conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder, 22q11.2 deletion, schizophrenia, and social anxiety disorder. This narrative review provides significant additional data showing that the detection and perception of someone's gaze is an essential part of the development of our social brain.
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Bourgeois A, Guedj C, Carrera E, Vuilleumier P. Pulvino-cortical interaction: An integrative role in the control of attention. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 111:104-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Michael G, Barrault Z, Brossat É, Cannarsa C, Ducamp C, Fillod M, Halep H, Lagrevol S, Leite S, Marassot J, Neige C, Nicolin C, Vorreiter V. Le TASC200, une épreuve d’attention et de saillance visuelle : fidélité, validité et normes préliminaires. PSYCHOLOGIE FRANCAISE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psfr.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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A. Michael G, Gálvez-García G, Mizzi R, Couffe C, Labeye É. Spotting from The Rightmost Deep: A Temporal Field Advantage in A Behavioural Task of Attention And Filtering. AIMS Neurosci 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2016.1.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Mizzi R, Michael GA. The role of the collicular pathway in the salience-based progression of visual attention. Behav Brain Res 2014; 270:330-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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